CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ancient Aleppo - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a821934c-300d-42eb-b02c-36d1b6a387da","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ancient_Aleppo","wgTitle":"Ancient Aleppo","wgCurRevisionId":1274086299,"wgRevisionId":1274086299,"wgArticleId":34072305,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","World Heritage Sites in Syria", "World Heritage Sites in Danger","Historic sites in Syria","Neighborhoods of Aleppo","Architecture in Syria","Arabic architecture","History of Aleppo","Amorite cities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ancient_Aleppo","wgRelevantArticleId":34072305,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Ancient_City_of_Aleppo","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo","wgCoordinates":{"lat":36.2025,"lon":37.16277777777778},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4115349","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/1200px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="674"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/800px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/640px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ancient Aleppo - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ancient_Aleppo rootpage-Ancient_Aleppo skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ancient+Aleppo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ancient+Aleppo" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ancient+Aleppo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ancient+Aleppo" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-history and pre-classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Middle Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Late Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period_and_the_expansion_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period_and_the_expansion_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval period and the expansion of the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period_and_the_expansion_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Souqs_and_Khans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souqs_and_Khans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Souqs and Khans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souqs_and_Khans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historic buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrasas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrasas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Madrasas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrasas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hammams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_and_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Districts and subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_of_the_ancient_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_of_the_ancient_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preservation of the ancient city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_of_the_ancient_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Aleppo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حلب القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلب القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A7%D5%BA" title="Հին Հալէպ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հին Հալէպ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="আলেপ্পোর প্রাচীন শহর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেপ্পোর প্রাচীন শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" title="Ancient City of Aleppo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ancient City of Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt_von_Aleppo" title="Altstadt von Aleppo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altstadt von Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_vieja_de_Alepo" title="Ciudad vieja de Alepo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad vieja de Alepo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepoko_Hiri_Zaharra" title="Alepoko Hiri Zaharra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alepoko Hiri Zaharra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" title="Ancient City of Aleppo – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Ancient City of Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="شهر باستانی حلب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر باستانی حلب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieille_ville_d%27Alep" title="Vieille ville d'Alep – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieille ville d'Alep" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97en_Birnin_Aleppo" title="Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राचीन अलेप्पो शहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन अलेप्पो शहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kuno_Aleppo" title="Kota Kuno Aleppo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota Kuno Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91" title="העיר העתיקה של חלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העיר העתיקה של חלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="एलेपोक पुरान सहर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एलेपोक पुरान सहर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Антички Алеп – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антички Алеп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അലെപ്പോയിലെ പുരാതന നഗരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലെപ്പോയിലെ പുരാതന നഗരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Purba_Aleppo" title="Kota Purba Aleppo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kota Purba Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Tsetse_Kurow" title="Aleppo Tsetse Kurow – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Aleppo Tsetse Kurow" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="एलेपोको पुरानो सहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलेपोको पुरानो सहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D" title="古代都市アレッポ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代都市アレッポ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_Antiga_de_Alepo" title="Cidade Antiga de Alepo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade Antiga de Alepo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Старый город Алеппо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старый город Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qyteti_i_lasht%C3%AB_i_Halepit" title="Qyteti i lashtë i Halepit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qyteti i lashtë i Halepit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்டைய அலெப்போ நகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய அலெப்போ நகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halep_Antik_%C5%9Eehri" title="Halep Antik Şehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halep Antik Şehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete_Kurow_Aleppo" title="Tete Kurow Aleppo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tete Kurow Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قدیم حلب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم حلب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_c%E1%BB%95_Aleppo" title="Thành phố cổ Aleppo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố cổ Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="阿勒颇古城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿勒颇古城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" title="Ancient City of Aleppo – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Ancient City of Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4115349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ancient_Aleppo" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ancient_Aleppo" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ancient_Aleppo" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&oldid=1274086299" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ancient_Aleppo&id=1274086299&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAncient_Aleppo"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAncient_Aleppo"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ancient_Aleppo&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4115349" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ancient_Aleppo&params=36_12_09_N_37_09_46_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°09′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20250°N 37.16278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20250; 37.16278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_City_of_Aleppo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Ancient Aleppo</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo,_View_of_the_city,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/260px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/390px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg/520px-Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ancient Aleppo</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (iii), (iv)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/21">21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 (10th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2013–2020</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">364 ha (1.41 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ancient_Aleppo&params=36_12_09_N_37_09_46_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°09′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20250°N 37.16278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20250; 37.16278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Aleppo is located in Syria"><img alt="Ancient Aleppo is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.955%;left:29.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ancient Aleppo"><img alt="Ancient Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Ancient Aleppo in Syria</div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Aleppo is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Ancient Aleppo is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.242%;left:31.546%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ancient Aleppo"><img alt="Ancient Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ancient Aleppo (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ancient City of Aleppo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدينة حلب القديمة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madīnat Ḥalab al-Qadīma</i></span>) is the historic city centre of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, many districts of the ancient city remained essentially unchanged since they were initially constructed between the 11th and 16th centuries. Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build economically independent cell-like quarters and districts, most of which were delineated along ethnic and religious lines. These urban subdistricts, along with the ancient walled city that they surround, comprise an approximate area of 350 hectares (860 acres; 3.5 km<sup>2</sup>) and are home to more than 120,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characterized by its large mansions, narrow alleys, covered <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souqs</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Caravanserais" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanserais">caravanserais</a>, the Ancient City of Aleppo became a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_plan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 30% of the Ancient City of Aleppo was <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian Civil War">destroyed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–13)">Battle of Aleppo</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including many sections of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a> and other structures dating back to medieval times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_founding">Origins and founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lying on the left bank of <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a> the ancient city was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected in the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>. The radius of the circle is about 10 km (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta.<sup id="cite_ref-Duden6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duden6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an approximate area of 160 hectares (400 acres; 1.6 km<sup>2</sup>), the ancient city was enclosed within a historic wall of 5 km (3 mi) in circuit that was last rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluke">Mamlukes</a>. The wall has since mostly disappeared. It had nine gates (5 of them are well preserved) and was surrounded by a broad deep ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-Duden6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duden6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newer <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a></i> quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal from Aleppo. <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MapAleppo_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo in 1912"><img alt="Aleppo in 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MapAleppo_1912.jpg/180px-MapAleppo_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MapAleppo_1912.jpg/270px-MapAleppo_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MapAleppo_1912.jpg/360px-MapAleppo_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aleppo in 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pattern of ancient Aleppo"><img alt="Pattern of ancient Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG/180px-Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG/270px-Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG/360px-Al-Shibani_Alp12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pattern of ancient Aleppo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque, Khan al-Shouneh and Carlton Citadel Hotel were all destroyed during the battle of Aleppo"><img alt="Khusruwiyah Mosque, Khan al-Shouneh and Carlton Citadel Hotel were all destroyed during the battle of Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg/180px-Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg/270px-Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg/360px-Aleppo_skyline_2011-01-08_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a>, Khan al-Shouneh and Carlton Citadel Hotel were all destroyed during the battle of Aleppo</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_timeline">Historical timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">List of rulers of Aleppo</a></div> <p>Throughout its history, Aleppo has been part of the following states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400 BC</span> – mid 23rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Kingdom of Armi</a></li> <li>mid 23rd century BC – mid 22nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li>21st century BC – 19th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite Kingdom</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800 BC</span> – 1595 BC, <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li>1595 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Hittite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hittite Kingdom">Hittite Kingdom</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350 BC</span> – early 12th century BC, <a href="/wiki/New_Hittite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hittite Kingdom">Hittite Kingdom</a></li> <li>11th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Hittite">Syro-Hittite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li>10th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Hittite">Syro-Hittite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li>9th century BC – late 7th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li>early 6th century BC – mid-6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Chaldean Empire</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span> – c. 350 BC, Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li>333–312 BC, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li>312–88 BC, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li>88–64 BC, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Empire">Armenian Empire</a></li> <li>64–27 BC, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li>27 BC – 395 AD, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li>476–608, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>608–622, <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a></li> <li>622–637, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (restored)</li> <li>637–661, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li>661–750, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li>750–878, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li>878–905, <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li> <li>905–941, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (restored)</li> <li>941–944, <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidids</a></li> <li>944–1003, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li>1003–1038, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li>1038–1080, <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></li> <li>1080–1086, <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylid Dynasty">Uqaylids</a></li> <li>1086–1118, <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li>1118–1128, <a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a></li> <li>1128–1183, <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li>1183–1260, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li>1260 March–October, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li>1260–1400, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li>1400 <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li>1400–1516, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> (restored)</li> <li>1516–1918, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li>1920 March–July, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a></li> <li>1920–1924, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a> under the French Mandate</li> <li>1924–1946, <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a></li> <li>1946–1958, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Republic_(1946%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Republic (1946–63)">Syrian Republic</a></li> <li>1958–1961, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li>1961–2024, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></li> <li>2024–present, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era">Pre-history and pre-classical era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history and pre-classical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udgravning_(Citadellet_Aleppo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/220px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/330px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/440px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Hadad Temple Inside <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Citadel">Aleppo Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Bronze_Age">Early Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The first record of Aleppo may be from the third millennium BC if the identification of Aleppo as <a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a>, a city-state closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> is correct. Armi has also been identified with the modern <a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tell Bazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</a> describes Armi as Ebla's alter ego. <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> (or his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a>) destroyed both Ebla and Arman in the 23rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze_Age">Middle Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Dynasty">Old Babylonian</a> period, Aleppo's name appears as Ḥalab (Ḥalba) for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleppo was the capital of the important <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamḥad</a>. The kingdom of Yamḥad (c. 1800–1600 BC), alternatively known as the 'land of Ḥalab', was the most powerful in the Near East at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yamḥad was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mursilis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursilis I">Mursilis I</a> in the 16th century BC. However, Aleppo soon resumed its leading role in Syria when the Hittite power in the region waned due to internal strife.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze_Age">Late Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region, <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, conquered Aleppo in the 15th century BC. Subsequently, Aleppo found itself on the frontline in the struggle between the Mitanni and the Hittites and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hittite <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliumas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliumas I">Suppiluliumas I</a> permanently defeated Mitanni and conquered Aleppo in the 14th century BC. Aleppo had <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cultic</a> importance to the Hittites for being the center of worship of the <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Storm-God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Hittite kingdom collapsed in the 12th century BC, Aleppo became part of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Hittite">Syro-Hittite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the <a href="/wiki/Aramaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaean">Aramaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Hittite">Syro-Hittite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a> (which had its capital at <a href="/wiki/Arpad_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpad (Syria)">Arpad</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it stayed part of that kingdom until conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in the 9th century BC, and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> until the late 7th century BC, before passing through the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid Persians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> took over the city in 333 BC. <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_Nicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus Nicator">Seleucus Nicator</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Republic">Hellenic</a> settlement in the site between 301 and 286 BC. He called it <i>Beroea</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βέροια</span></span>), after <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Beroea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. </p><p>Northern Syria was the centre of gravity of the Hellenistic colonizing activity, and therefore of Hellenistic culture in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. As did other Hellenized cities of the Seleucid kingdom, Beroea probably enjoyed a measure of local autonomy, with a local civic assembly or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boulē</a></i></span> composed of free Hellenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beroea remained under Seleucid rule for nearly 300 years until the last holdings of the Seleucid dynasty were handed over to <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 64 BC, at which time they became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman province</a>. Rome's presence afforded relative stability in northern Syria for over three centuries. Although the province was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> from Rome, Rome did not impose its administrative organization on the Greek-speaking ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beroea is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 13:3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period_and_the_expansion_of_the_city">Medieval period and the expansion of the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval period and the expansion of the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Citadel_18_-_Throne_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The throne hall of the citadel restored during the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> period</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> pillaged and burned Aleppo in 540 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the Sassanid Persians invaded Syria briefly in the early 7th century. Soon after, Aleppo fell to <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab Muslims</a> under <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> in 637. In 944, it became the seat of an independent emirate under the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf al-Daula">Sayf al-Daula</a>, and enjoyed a period of great prosperity. </p><p>On 9 August 1138, <a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">a deadly earthquake</a> ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes#Deadliest_earthquakes_on_record" class="mw-redirect" title="List of earthquakes">fifth deadliest</a> earthquake in recorded history. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(1400)" title="Sack of Aleppo (1400)">invaded Aleppo</a> in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a>. The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between foreign traders and local merchants. Many other districts were built outside the historic walls during the 15th and 16th centuries. </p><p>Mention is made of the city, by one of the witches, in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>, written between 1603 and 1607.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aleppo is characterized by mixed architectural styles, having been ruled, among the other, by Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks and Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">old city</a>. The quarters of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> district are home to numerous 16th and 17th-century houses of the Aleppine bourgeoisie, featuring stone engravings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Souqs_and_Khans">Souqs and Khans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Souqs and Khans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayda_alley,_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg/255px-Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg/340px-Ayda_alley%2C_Aleppo_Christian_Quarter_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption><i>Bawabet al-Yasmin</i> near the wool market, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeideh</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/220px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/330px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/440px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Aleppo, the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the south. The largest covered <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a>-market in the world is in Aleppo, with an approximate length of 13 kilometres (8.1 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></i>, as it is locally known, is an active trade centre for imported luxury goods, such as raw <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, spices and dyes from India, and coffee from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Souq al-Madina is also home to local products such as wool, agricultural products and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">soap</a>. Most of the souqs date back to the 14th century and are named after various professions and crafts, hence the wool souq, the copper souq, and so on. Aside from trading, the souq accommodated the traders and their goods in <i>khans</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>) and scattered in the souq. Other types of small market-places were called <i>caeserias</i> (قيساريات). Caeserias are smaller than khans in their sizes and functioned as workshops for craftsmen. Most of the khans took their names after their location in the souq and function, and are characterized with their beautiful façades and entrances with fortified wooden doors. </p><p>The most significant khans within and along the covered area of Souq al-Madina are: <i>Khan al-Qadi</i> from 1450, <i>Khan al-Saboun</i> from the early 16th century, <i>Khan al-Nahhaseen</i> from 1539, <i>Khan al-Shouneh</i> from 1546, <i>Khan al-Jumrok</i> from 1574, <i>Souq Khan al-Wazir</i> from 1682, <i>Souq al-Farrayin</i>, <i>Souq al-Dira'</i>, <i>Souq al-Hiraj</i>, <i>Souq al-Attarine</i>, <i>Souq az-Zirb</i>, <i>Souq Marcopoli</i>, <i>Souq as-Siyyagh</i>, <i>The Venetians' Khan</i>,*<i>Souq Khan al-Harir</i> from the second half of the 16th century, <i>Suweiqa</i>, etc. </p><p>Other traditional souqs and khans in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> quarter (outside the walled city): </p> <ul><li><i>Souq al-Hokedun</i> or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun means "the spiritual house" in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, as it was built to serve as a settlement for the Armenian pilgrims on their way to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The old part of the Hokedun dates back to the late 15th and early 16th centuries while the newer part was built during the 17th century. Nowadays, it is turned into a big souq with a large number of stores specialized in garment trade.</li> <li><i>Souq as-Souf</i> or the wool market, located at Salibeh street, surrounded with the old churches of the quarter.</li> <li><i>Bawabet al-Qasab</i>, a trade centre for wooden products.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khan al-Shouneh"><img alt="Khan al-Shouneh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/140px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/210px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/280px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khan al-Shouneh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Souq al-Hiraj"><img alt="Souq al-Hiraj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG/140px-05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG/210px-05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG/280px-05-03-23_InsideTheSoukInAleppo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Souq al-Hiraj</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suq_al-Atmah,_al-Madina_Souq,_Aleppo_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Souq al-'Atmah"><img alt="Souq al-'Atmah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg/93px-Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg/140px-Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg/186px-Suq_al-Atmah%2C_al-Madina_Souq%2C_Aleppo_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Souq al-'Atmah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Souq al-Dira'"><img alt="Souq al-Dira'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/140px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/210px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/280px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Souq al-Dira'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khan al-Wazir"><img alt="Khan al-Wazir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG/140px-Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG/210px-Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG/280px-Khan_al-Wazir_Alp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khan al-Wazir</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_buildings">Historic buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historic buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Aleppo Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo,_Aleppo,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Great Mosque of Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/220px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/330px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/440px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani Church</a>-School</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg/220px-Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg/330px-Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg/440px-Bimaristan_Argun_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> Arghun al-Kamili, 1354</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district,_Aleppo,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Dar_Basile_alley_of_Jdayde_Historic_district%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><i>Dar Basile</i> alley in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></i> (Arabic: جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيْـر, Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo, Syria. It is located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient City of Aleppo, a World Heritage Site, near the entrance to Al-Madina Souq. The mosque is purportedly home to the remains of Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist, both of whom are revered in Islam[5][6] and Christianity.[7] It was built in the beginning of the 8th century CE. However, the current building dates back to the 11th through 14th centuries. The minaret in the mosque was built in 1090,[8] and was destroyed during fighting in the Syrian Civil War in April 2013.[9]</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">The Citadel</a></i>, a large fortress built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50 m (164 ft) above the city, dates back to the first millennium BC. Recent excavations unearthed a temple and 25 statues dating back to the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the current structures date from the 13th century. The Citadel was extensively damaged by earthquakes, notably during the <a href="/wiki/1822_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1822 Aleppo earthquake">1822 Aleppo earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sbeinati_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sbeinati-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Al-Matbakh al-Ajami</i>, an early 12th-century palace located near the citadel, built by the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid</a> emir <i>Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya</i>. The building was renovated during the 15th century. It was the home of the <i>Popular Traditions Museum</i> between 1967–1975.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani Church</a>-School</i> of the 12th century, an old church and school of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Missionaries of Mary">Franciscan Missionaries of Mary</a> located in the old city, currently used as a cultural centre.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_al-Farafira" title="Khanqah al-Farafira">Khanqah al-Farafira</a></i>, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">sufi</a> monastery built in 1237 by <a href="/wiki/Dayfa_Khatun" title="Dayfa Khatun">Dayfa Khatun</a>.</li> <li><i>Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili</i>, an asylum functioned from 1354 until the early 20th century.</li> <li><i>Dar Rajab Pasha</i>, a large mansion built during the 16th century near <i>al-Khandaq street</i>. During the first decade of the 21st century, the house was renovated and turned into an important cultural centre with a nearby large theatre hall.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junblatt_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Junblatt Palace">Junblatt Palace</a></i>, built during the 2nd half of the 16th century by the emir of Kurds in Aleppo and the founder of the Janpolad (Jumblatt) family; Janpolad bek ibn Qasim.</li> <li><i>Beit Marrash</i>, an old Aleppine mansion located in al-Farafira quarter, built at the end of the 18th century by the Marrash family.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></i>, built in 1898–1899 by the Austrian architect <i>Chartier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_d%27Alep" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail d'Alep">Grand Serail d'Alep</a></i>, the former seat of the governor of Aleppo, built during the 1920s and opened in 1933.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aleppo" title="National Library of Aleppo">National Library of Aleppo</a></i>, built during the 1930s and opened in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The most significant historic buildings of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> Christian quarter include:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Beit Wakil</i>, an Aleppine mansion built in 1603, with unique wooden decorations. One of its decorations was taken to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, known as the <i>Aleppo Room</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></i>, an old 17th-century mansion characterized with fine decorations, carved by the Armenian sculptor <i>Khachadur Bali</i> in 1691. It was used as an Armenian elementary school during the 20th century.</li> <li><i>Dar Zamaria</i>, built at the end of the 17th century and owned by <i>Zamaria</i> family since the early 18th century. Nowadays, the house is turned into a <a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">boutique hotel</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></i>, an old Aleppine house built in 1757. The building is home to the <i>Popular Traditions Museum</i> since 1975, showing fine decorations of the Aleppine art.</li> <li><i>Dar Basile</i>, an early 18th-century Aleppine house, operating as a private school since 2001.</li> <li><i>Beit Dallal</i> or Dallal House, built in 1826 on the place of an old church and a monastery, nowadays operating as a boutique hotel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrasas">Madrasas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Madrasas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turantayi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turantayi_%282%29.jpg/200px-Turantayi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turantayi_%282%29.jpg/300px-Turantayi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turantayi_%282%29.jpg/400px-Turantayi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah Madrasa</a></i>, built in 1124 on the site of Aleppo's 5th century Great Byzantine Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Saint Helena</a>, where, according to tradition, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> temple once stood. <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Saint Helena</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, built a great <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> cathedral here. When the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> were pillaging the surrounding countryside, the city's chief judge converted the cathedral into a mosque. In 1149, <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur al-Din</a> converted it into a <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a>; an Islamic-religious school.<sup id="cite_ref-Arch_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, the 6th century Byzantine columns of the old cathedral can be seen in the hall.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa</a></i>, located in the Khan al-Tutun alley, was originally a church before 1123. It was converted into a mosque by the judge of Aleppo <i>Ibn-Khashab</i>, then into a <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> in 1168 by Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam during Nur al-Din's reign. It is the oldest operating madrasah in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa</a></i>, one of the earliest preserved <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> madrasas, built in 1193 by Jamal al-Din Shadbakht, a freed slave of <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> ruler Nur al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa</a></i>, built in 1217 outside the city walls to the south of <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa</a></i>, begun by Aleppo governor Az-Zahir Ghazi and completed between 1223–1225 by his son Malek al-Aziz Mohammed. The building is most famous for the mirhab of the prayer room. It contains the tomb of sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik_az-Zahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik az-Zahir">Malik al-Zaher</a> the son of <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws Madrasa</a></i>, defined as "the most beautiful of the mosques of Aleppo".<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns_1999_35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built outside the city walls to the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a> gate, by <a href="/wiki/Dayfa_Khatun" title="Dayfa Khatun">Dayfa Khatun</a>; the widow of governor <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a> in 1235–1236, then regent for the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">An-Nasir Yusuf</a>. It is known for its large iwan (courtyard) with a pool in the middle surrounded by arches and ancient columns, sporting capitals with a honeycomb pattern. The same style characterizes the domes of the prayer hall. The mihrab is made of veined white marble, red porphyry and green diorite.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamiliyah_Madrasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa">Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa</a></i>, built between 1230–37 outside the city walls by Fatima Khatun daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Malik al-Kamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa</a></i>, located to the northeast of the Great Mosque, founded by <i>Abd al-Rahim ibn al-'Ajami</i> and his son <i>Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman</i> in 1242.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa</a></i>, located outside the city walls to the east of Bab al-Nairab, built between 1241–51 by the Aleppine historian <i>Ibn al-Udaym</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa</a></i>, opened in 1724 in al-Jalloum district. It has an architectural style of <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Tekyes</a> structures.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa</a></i>, located near <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a>, founded by the Ottoman pasha <i>Al-Duraki</i> in 1730, and was originally named <i>Madrasa Ridaiya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Aleppo" title="List of churches in Aleppo">List of churches in Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Aleppo" title="List of mosques in Aleppo">List of mosques in Aleppo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khusruwiyah_Mosque,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Khusruwiyah_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo,_the_belfry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg/220px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg/330px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg/440px-Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral_of_Aleppo%2C_the_belfry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Forty_Martyrs_(Aleppo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs (Aleppo)">Forty Martyrs Armenian Cathedral</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a></i>, also known as al-Omari, al-Tuteh and al-Atras mosque, is the oldest mosque in Aleppo, built in 637. It absorbed the ancient Roman triumphal arch, which once marked the beginning of the <i><a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a></i>. The building was entirely renovated in 1146 and 1401. It is known for its 12th century <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">kufic</a> inscriptions and decorations.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></i> (<i>Jāmi‘ Bani Omayya al-Kabīr</i>), founded c. 715 by Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Walid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Walid I">Walid I</a> and most likely completed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a>. The building contains a tomb associated with <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zachary</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. Construction of the present structure for Nur al-Din commenced in 1158. However, it was damaged during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invasion of 1260, and was rebuilt. The 45-metre-high (148 ft) tower (described as "the principal monument of medieval Syria")<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns_1999_35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was erected in 1090–1092 under the first Seljuk sultan, <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a>. It has four façades with different styles.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a></i> ("Mosque of the Crows") of the 12th century, decorated with two ancient columns in basalt at the entrance. On the walls of the mosque, a stone block with an <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a> inscription could be seen.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a></i> of the Mamluk era, built in 1318.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a></i> of 1350, built adjacent to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Wazir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan al-Wazir (page does not exist)">Khan al-Wazir</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a></i> built in 1398 and restored in 1537. It has a great façade decorated with colonnettes.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a></i>, built in 1398 in <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> style. It is famous for its decorated façade and the entrance which is topped with traditional Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a>. It was restored in 1922.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a></i>, erected in 1425 and partly renovated in 1925. It is famous for its preciously decorated octagonal minaret.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></i> completed in 1547, designed by the famous Ottoman architect <i><a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a></i>, built in 1557<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Ottoman governor of Aleppo <i>Muhammed Pasha</i>. It has a prayer hall preceded by an arcade, with a dome, a <i>mihrab</i> with local <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> tiles.</li> <li>The old church of the <i>Holy Mother of God</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a> quarter, built before 1429.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">The Forty Martyrs</a></i> Armenian Apostolic cathedral of 1429, located in Jdeydeh quarter.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a></i> Syrian Catholic church of the 15th century in Jdeydeh.</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Dormition of Our Lady</a></i> Greek Orthodox church of the 15th century in Jdeydeh.</li> <li>Churches of Jdeydeh Christian quarter such as the Maronite <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elias Cathedral">Saint Elias Cathedral</a></i>, the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of <i>Our Mother of Reliefs</i> and the Melkite Greek Catholic <i>Cathedral of Virgin Mary</i>.</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></i> or <i>al-Bandara synagogue</i>, completed as early as the 9th century by the efforts of the Jewish community. The synagogue was ruined several times until 1428 when it was restored. The Jewish quarter collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/1822_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1822 Aleppo earthquake">1822 Aleppo earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sbeinati_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sbeinati-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the building was renovated by the efforts of Aleppine Jewish migrants in United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gates">Gates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/220px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/330px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/440px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo city walls and the Gate of Qinnasrin, restored in 1256 by <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">An-Nasir Yusuf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The old part of the city is surrounded with 5-kilometre-long (3.1-mile) thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of the old town. These are, clockwise from the north-east of the citadel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a> (Iron Gate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a> (Red Gate, completely ruined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a> (Gate of Nairab, completely ruined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a> (Gate of the Shrine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a> (Gate of Qinnasrin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a> (Gate of Antioch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81b_Jn%C4%93n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāb Jnēn">Bāb Jnēn</a> (Gate of Gardens, completely ruined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a> (Gate of Deliverance, completely ruined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a> (Victory Gate, partially ruined)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammams">Hammams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hammams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo was home to 177 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a> during the medieval period, until the Mongol invasion when many vital structures in the city were destroyed. Nowadays, roughly 18 hammams are operating in the old city. </p> <ul><li>Hammam al-Sultan built in 1211 by <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a> built during the 12th century near Khan al-Nahhasin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a> built by Ottomans.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam_al-Bayadah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammam al-Bayadah (page does not exist)">Hammam al-Bayadah</a> of the Mamluk era built in 1450.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a> built in 1491 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Emir of Aleppo</a> Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts_and_subdivisions">Districts and subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Districts and subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG/220px-Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG/330px-Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG/440px-Downtown_Aleppo_2011_resize.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the old walls at the entrance to Bab Al-Faraj</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_called_around_the_Citadel,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Street_called_around_the_Citadel%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The old street around the citadel at Oghlubek, Altunbogha district</figcaption></figure> <p>Old quarters around the citadel inside the walls of the ancient city: </p> <ul><li>Al-A'jam (الأعجام) district with the neighborhood of ad-Dahdileh (الدحديلة).</li> <li>Altunbogha (ألتونبوغا) district with the neighborhoods of Oghlubek (أوغلبك) and Sahet al-Milh (ساحة الملح).</li> <li>Aqabeh (العقبة) district with the neighborhoods of Bahsita (بحسيتا), Khan al-Harir (خان الحرير), al-Masaben (المصابن) and Jebb Asad Allah (جب أسد الله).</li> <li>Bayadah (البياضة) district with the neighborhoods of Jbeileh الجبيلة, Keltawiyeh (الكلتاوية) and Mustadamiyeh (المستدامية).</li> <li>Farafira (الفرافرة) district with the neighborhoods of Bandara (البندرة), Qastal Hajjarin (قسطل الحجارين), ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa (الدباغة العتيقة), Suweiqat Ali (سويقة علي) and Suweiqat Hatem (سويقة حاتم).</li> <li>Jalloum (الجلوم) district with the neighborhoods of Saffahiyeh (السفاحية), Khan al-Wazir (خان الوزير) and Souq al-Madina (سوق المدينة).</li> <li>Qal'at al-Sharif (قلعة الشريف) district with the neighborhood of Tallet Alsauda (تلة السودا).</li> <li>Al-Qasileh (القصيلة) district with the neighborhood of al-Hawraneh (الحورانة).</li> <li>Sahet Bizzeh (ساحة بزة) district with the neighborhood of Maghazleh (المغازلة).</li></ul> <p>Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg/220px-Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg/330px-Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg/440px-Al-Hatab_Square_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeideh</a> quarter</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Abraj (الأبراج) district with the neighborhoods of Haret al-Pasha (حارة الباشا) and Shaker Agha (شاكر آغا).</li> <li>Aghyol (أقيول) district with the neighborhood of Shmesatiyeh (الشميصاتية).</li> <li>Almaji (ألمه جي) with the neighborhoods of Qastal Harami (قسطل الحرامي), Wakiliyeh (الوكيلية) and Shara'sous (شرعسوس).</li> <li>Bab al-Maqam (باب المقام) district with the neighborhoods of al-Maghayer (المغاير) and Maqamat (المقامات).</li> <li>Ballat (البلاط) with the neighborhoods of Qattaneh (القطانة) and Sahet Hamad (ساحة حمد).</li> <li>Ad-Dallalin (الدلالين) district.</li> <li>Ad-Dudu (الضوضو) with the neighborhoods of Safsafeh (الصفصافة), Jubb al-Qubbeh (جب القبة), Jubb Qaraman (جب قرمان) and Barriyet al-Maslakh (برية المسلخ).</li> <li>Fardos (الفردوس) district.</li> <li>Hazzazeh (الهزازة) with the neighborhoods of at-Tadribeh (التدريبة) and Zuqaq al-Arba'in (زقاق الأربعين).</li> <li>Ibn Ya'qoub (ابن يعقوب) district with the neighborhoods of Banqusa (بانقوسا) and Mushatiyeh (المشاطية).</li> <li>Beit Meheb district or <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde</a> quarter (بيت محب أو الجديدة) with the neighborhoods of Sissi (سيسي), Salibeh (الصليبة), Bawabet al-Qasab (بوابة القصب), Basatneh (البساتنة), al-Muballet (المبلط) and Sahet at-Tananir (ساحة التنانير).</li> <li>Kallaseh (الكلاسة) district.</li> <li>Muhammad Bek (محمد بك) district (also called <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a>) with the neighborhoods of Badenjk (بادنجك), Baggara (البكارة) and Sakhaneh (السخانة).</li> <li>Qadi Askar (قاضي عسكر) district with the neighborhood of Hamza Bek (حمزة بك).</li> <li>Qarleq (قرلق) district.</li> <li>Qastal al-Mosht (قسطل المشط) district with the neighborhoods of al-Aryan (العريان), Trab al-Ghuraba (تراب الغرباء) and Mawardi (الماوردي).</li> <li>Sajlikhan (صاجليخان) district with the neighborhood of Aghajek (أغاجك).</li> <li>As-Salheen (الصالحين) district.</li> <li>Tatarlar (تاتارلار) district.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_of_the_ancient_city">Preservation of the ancient city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preservation of the ancient city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo's impressive <i><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souqs</a></i>, <i>khans</i>, <i>hammams</i>, <i>madrasas</i>, mosques and churches are all in need of more care and preservation work. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gutton" title="André Gutton">André Gutton</a> had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954-1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a>). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and <a href="/wiki/Urban_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban designer">urban designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Bianca" title="Stefano Bianca">Stefano Bianca</a>, which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for prominent local activists, among them <a href="/wiki/Adli_Qudsi" title="Adli Qudsi">Adli Qudsi</a>, to convince <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to declare the <b>Ancient City of Aleppo</b> as a World Heritage Site in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_plan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The armed conflict in Syria started in March 2011 and has constantly escalated leading to significant violence and degradation of humanitarian conditions. Since the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee (Bonn, 2015), the armed conflict has caused severe damage to the inscribed properties and to the twelve sites inscribed on the Tentative List, by shelling, street fighting, underground explosions, extensive illegal excavations, military use, construction violations, quarrying, in addition to intentional destructions and inappropriate use of archaeological sites by internally displaced populations. </p><p>Several international institutions joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality were implementing serious programmes directed towards the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter. </p><p>The German Technical Cooperation (<a href="/wiki/GTZ" class="mw-redirect" title="GTZ">GTZ</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation" title="Aga Khan Foundation">Aga Khan Foundation</a> (within the frames of <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Programme" title="Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme">Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme</a>) had a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. The local representative of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture from 1999 until 2008 was the architect <a href="/wiki/Adli_Qudsi" title="Adli Qudsi">Adli Qudsi</a>, who played a large role in the protection of the Old City from the destructive forces of urban expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo has received the <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Rudge_Green_Prize_in_Urban_Design" title="Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design">Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Graduate School of Design</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-gsd_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsd-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Syria" title="Tourism in Syria">Tourism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Aleppo history">Timeline of Aleppo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Danger" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Danger">World Heritage Sites in Danger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFbleeker" class="citation web cs1">bleeker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historische-aleppo-seife.de/engl_history.html">"Alepposeife: Aleppo history"</a>. Historische-aleppo-seife.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326040544/http://www.historische-aleppo-seife.de/engl_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alepposeife%3A+Aleppo+history&rft.pub=Historische-aleppo-seife.de&rft.au=bleeker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historische-aleppo-seife.de%2Fengl_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleppo_plan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=misc&filename=201009251220032">"eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history"</a> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030249/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3AAleppo+city+major+plans+throughout+the+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dmisc%26filename%3D201009251220032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-01-20/unesco-30-percent-of-aleppos-ancient-city-destroyed">"UNESCO: 30 percent of Aleppo's ancient city destroyed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. 2017-01-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211014527/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-01-20/unesco-30-percent-of-aleppos-ancient-city-destroyed">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=UNESCO%3A+30+percent+of+Aleppo%27s+ancient+city+destroyed&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2017-01-20%2Funesco-30-percent-of-aleppos-ancient-city-destroyed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duden6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duden6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duden6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Russell1856" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Russell, ed. (1856). <i>The Natural History of Aleppo</i> (1st ed.). London: Unknown. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Aleppo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Unknown&rft.date=1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiaeMarchetti2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicoló (2013-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA501"><i>Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Left Coast Press. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611322286" title="Special:BookSources/9781611322286"><bdi>9781611322286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.isbn=9781611322286&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+Nicol%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaZg0ypYrnQC%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettinato, Giovanni (1991), <i>Ebla, a new look at history</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, p.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, John David (2000), <i>Inscriptions of the iron age</i>, p.388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt, Amélie (1998), <i>The ancient Near East</i>, p.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191002922" title="Special:BookSources/9780191002922"><bdi>9780191002922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923073432/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=9780191002922&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1924" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA389"><i>The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.</i></a> The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. Part 1, p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521224963" title="Special:BookSources/9780521224963"><bdi>9780521224963</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923073432/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA389">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prehistory+of+the+Balkans%3B+and+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+world%2C+tenth+to+eighth+centuries+B.C.&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=Part+1%2C+p.+389&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=9780521224963&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXljf8JqmkoC%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phenix, Robert R. (2008) <i>The sermons on Joseph of <a href="/wiki/Balai_of_Qenneshrin" title="Balai of Qenneshrin">Balai of Qenneshrin</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/aleppo">"Aleppo"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010212416/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/aleppo">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Aleppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcontent%2Faleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aleppo">"Aleppo"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 11 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729085943/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aleppo">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Aleppo&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/macbeth.1.3.html"><i>The Tragedy of Macbeth</i></a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Act 1, Scene 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527064628/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/macbeth.1.3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Macbeth&rft.pages=Act+1%2C+Scene+3&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshakespeare.mit.edu%2Fmacbeth%2Fmacbeth.1.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacoub2010" class="citation news cs1">Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE66F1ED20100716">"Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230154929/https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE66F1ED20100716">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Travel+Postcard%3A+48+hours+in+Aleppo%2C+Syria&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.aulast=Yacoub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlifestyleMolt%2FidUSTRE66F1ED20100716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=round&filename=201010291220021">"eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic)"</a>. Esyria.sy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131845/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=round&filename=201010291220021">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3A+The+old+Souqs+of+Aleppo+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.pub=Esyria.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dround%26filename%3D201010291220021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114054450/http://www.aleppo.us/news/view/47/ar/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.html">"Aleppo.us: Khans of Aleppo (in Arabic)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppo.us/news/view/47/ar/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo.us%3A+Khans+of+Aleppo+%28in+Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleppo.us%2Fnews%2Fview%2F47%2Far%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582_%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=80968&l=2">"Aleppo…Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub by the Chinese News Agency (Xinhua)"</a>. DP-news. 2011-04-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010341/http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=80968">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo%E2%80%A6Cultural+Landmark%2C+Trade+Hub+by+the+Chinese+News+Agency+%28Xinhua%29&rft.pub=DP-news&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dp-news.com%2Fpages%2Fdetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3D80968%26l%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sbeinati-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sbeinati_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sbeinati_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSbeinatiDarawcheh,_R.Mouty,_M.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sbeinati, M.R.; Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf">"The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>435. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726011234/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+historical+earthquakes+of+Syria%3A+an+analysis+of+large+and+moderate+earthquakes+from+1365+B.C.+to+1900+A.D.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sbeinati&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Darawcheh%2C+R.&rft.au=Mouty%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-prints.org%2Fbitstream%2F2122%2F908%2F1%2F01Sbeinati.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eAleppo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=places&filename=200808080930013">Bab al-Faraj tower (in Arabic)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222151/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=places&filename=200808080930013">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleppo Culture <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211022614/http://www.aleppo-cult.org/vb/showthread.php?t=1">National Library of Aleppo (in Arabic)</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101034/http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2081">"Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2081">the original</a> on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Syria%3A+Aleppine+House+%28in+Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriatourism.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dsubjects%26func%3Dviewpage%26pageid%3D2081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arch-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arch_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2693">Halawiyya Mosque and Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084347/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2693">Archived</a> 2012-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2703">Muqaddamiyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084435/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2703">Archived</a> 2012-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2710">Shadbakhtiyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426161918/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2710">Archived</a> April 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2720">Zahiriyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112013455/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2720">Archived</a> 2014-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5282">Sultaniyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426161758/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5282">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_1999_35-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1999" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Russ (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn"><i>Monuments of Syria</i></a></span>. New York, London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860642449" title="Special:BookSources/9781860642449"><bdi>9781860642449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Syria&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781860642449&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonumentsofsyria0000burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2003" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Allan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/ch8.htm#alep.firdaus"><i>Ayyubid Architecture</i></a>. Solipsist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944940-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-944940-02-1"><bdi>0-944940-02-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926105030/http://www.sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/ch8.htm#alep.firdaus">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayyubid+Architecture&rft.pub=Solipsist+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-944940-02-1&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonic.net%2F~tallen%2Fpalmtree%2Fayyarch%2Fch8.htm%23alep.firdaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2697">Kamiliyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231341/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2697">Archived</a> 2009-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2711">Sharafiyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426161922/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2711">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508071236/http://www.aleppo.us/news/view/49/ar/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_2_.html">"مدارس حلب القديمة ( 2 )"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppo.us/news/view/49/ar/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_2_.html">the original</a> on 2021-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%28+2+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleppo.us%2Fnews%2Fview%2F49%2Far%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9_2_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2686">Ahmadiyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426161944/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2686">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7513">Uthmaniyya Madrasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426161750/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7513">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archnet Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrian Ministry of Tourism <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=1986">Baba Antakya & Qennesrin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909235411/http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=1986">Archived</a> 2017-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDunstonHumphreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333"><i>Syria & Lebanon</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-333-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-333-3"><bdi>978-1-86450-333-3</bdi></a>. <q>Hammam yalbougha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-333-3&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dunston%2C+Lara&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781864503333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWriter2007" class="citation news cs1">Writer, Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary, Staff (2007-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192656/http://gulfnews.com/culture/people/a-true-cityzen-1.25266">"A true cityzen"</a>. <i>GulfNews</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/culture/people/a-true-cityzen-1.25266">the original</a> on 2018-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GulfNews&rft.atitle=A+true+cityzen&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft.aulast=Writer&rft.aufirst=Suchitra+Bajpai+Chaudhary%2C+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fculture%2Fpeople%2Fa-true-cityzen-1.25266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsd-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsd_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/urban-planning-design/fellowships-prizes-and-travel-programs/veronica-rudge-green-prize-in-urban-design/">"Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design"</a>. <i>gsd.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsd.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Veronica+Rudge+Green+Prize+in+Urban+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsd.harvard.edu%2Furban-planning-design%2Ffellowships-prizes-and-travel-programs%2Fveronica-rudge-green-prize-in-urban-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Aleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315104152/http://www.udp-aleppo.org/?id=155">3-D Old Aleppo map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/">Aleppo news and services (eAleppo)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovpm.org/en/syrian_arab_rep/aleppo/">Organization of World Heritage Cities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?date.slider=&date.slider=&date.slider=&q=ernst+herzfeld+&view=grid&fq=place:%22Aleppo+%28Syria%29%22">Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 5: Drawings and Maps, Records of Aleppo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008044851/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?date.slider=&date.slider=&date.slider=&q=ernst+herzfeld+&view=grid&fq=place:%22Aleppo+(Syria)%22">Archived</a> 2011-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040817102050/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200402/suq.4000.years.behind.the.counter.in.aleppo.htm">Louis Werner, <i>4000 Years Behind the Counters in Aleppo</i>, 2004, Saudi Aramco World</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Syria">World Heritage Sites in Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li>Ancient City of <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Damascus" title="Old city of Damascus">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Ancient Villages of Northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Crac des Chevaliers</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Qal’at Salah El-Din</a></li> <li><small>Site of </small><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aleppo286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aleppo" title="Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aleppo" title="Template talk:Aleppo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Aleppo_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="New Aleppo Neighborhood">New Aleppo Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramouseh" title="Ramouseh">Ramouseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaheddine_District" title="Salaheddine District">Salaheddine District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_al-Farafira" title="Khanqah al-Farafira">Khanqah al-Farafira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bimaristan_Arghun_al-Kamili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili (page does not exist)">Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Junblatt" title="Beit Junblatt">Beit Junblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Hotel" title="Baron Hotel">Baron Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_railway_station" title="Aleppo railway station">Aleppo railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Aleppo" title="Grand Serail of Aleppo">Grand Serail of Aleppo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Kameliyah Madrasa">Al-Kameliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Aleppo" title="List of mosques in Aleppo">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmandar_Mosque" title="Mahmandar Mosque">Mahmandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahsita_Mosque" title="Bahsita Mosque">Bahsita Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behramiyah_Mosque" title="Behramiyah Mosque">Behramiyah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo">Ar-Rahman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid_Mosque" title="Tawhid Mosque">Tawhid Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Aleppo" title="List of churches in Aleppo">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">Forty Martyrs Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Church of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Saint Elijah Cathedral</a> (Maronite)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi,_Aleppo" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Aleppo">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Cross, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Aleppo">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Elijah_the_Prophet,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet, Aleppo">Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet</a> (Greek Orthodox)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Aleppo)" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Syria">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Emmanuel Church, Aleppo">Emmanuel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Bethel Church, Aleppo">Bethel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Church,_Aleppo" title="Martyrs' Church, Aleppo">Martyrs' Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo_Citadel_Amphitheatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre (page does not exist)">Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aleppo" title="National Library of Aleppo">National Library of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Centre_for_Culture_and_Arts" title="Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts">Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Private_University" title="Cordoba Private University">Mamoun University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahba_University" title="Al-Shahba University">Al-Shahba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_College" title="Aleppo College">Aleppo College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Amal" title="École Amal">École Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aleppo" title="International School of Aleppo">International School of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alep" title="Lycée français d'Alep">Lycée français d'Alep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabil_Park" title="Al-Sabil Park">Al-Sabil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Snoubari_Park" title="Al-Snoubari Park">Al-Snoubari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdo" title="Abu Abdo">Abu Abdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_d%27Alep" title="Club d'Alep">Club d'Alep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Aleppo_Hotel" title="Sheraton Aleppo Hotel">Sheraton Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhat_Square" title="Farhat Square">Farhat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square,_Aleppo" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square, Aleppo">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square,_Aleppo" title="Liberty Square, Aleppo">Liberty Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_Sassounian" title="Harut Sassounian">Harut Sassounian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Capucci" title="Hilarion Capucci">Hilarion Capucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Safra" title="Joseph Safra">Joseph Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon Ter-Petrossian">Levon Ter-Petrossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louay_Kayali" title="Louay Kayali">Louay Kayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Akkad" title="Moustapha Akkad">Moustapha Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Mouchawar" title="Ronaldo Mouchawar">Ronaldo Mouchawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu-Riche" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abu-Riche">Omar Abu-Riche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Aleppo" title="Paul of Aleppo">Paul of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maron">Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahab_River" title="Dhahab River">Dhahab River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon" title="Mount Simeon">Mount Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barsa" title="Mount Barsa">Mount Barsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_al-Hass" title="Mount al-Hass">Mount al-Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_plateau" title="Aleppo plateau">Aleppo plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Massif" title="Limestone Massif">Limestone Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">Sabkhat al-Jabbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_April_Stadium_(Aleppo)" title="7 April Stadium (Aleppo)">7 April Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%27ayet_al-Shabab_Stadium" title="Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium">Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad Sports Arena">Al-Assad Sports Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Stadium" title="Al-Hamadaniah Stadium">Al-Hamadaniah Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Stadium" title="Al-Ittihad Stadium">Al-Ittihad Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Swimming_Complex" title="Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex">Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Tennis_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Olympic_Swimming_and_Diving_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">Al-Ittihad SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">Al-Hurriya SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yarmouk_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Yarmouk SC (Syria)">Al-Yarmouk SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Herafyeen_SC" title="Al-Herafyeen SC">Al-Herafyeen SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC" title="Jalaa SC">Jalaa SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommal_Aleppo_SC" title="Ommal Aleppo SC">Ommal Aleppo SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroube_SC" title="Ouroube SC">Ouroube SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorta_Aleppo_SC" title="Shorta Aleppo SC">Shorta Aleppo SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Rulers of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Kingdom of Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">Siege of Aleppo (637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">1138 Aleppo earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">Siege of Aleppo (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">Massacre of Aleppo (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Baghdad Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 Aleppo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Railways#History" title="Syrian Railways">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">Aleppo Artillery School massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1980)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1980)">Siege of Aleppo (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="February 2012 Aleppo bombings">February 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="March 2012 Aleppo bombing">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="September 2012 Aleppo bombing">September 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="October 2012 Aleppo bombings">October 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_University_bombings" title="Aleppo University bombings">University bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Aleppo" title="Category:Aleppo">Category:Aleppo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&oldid=1274086299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&oldid=1274086299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Syria">World Heritage Sites in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Danger" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger">World Heritage Sites in Danger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_sites_in_Syria" title="Category:Historic sites in Syria">Historic sites in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neighborhoods_of_Aleppo" title="Category:Neighborhoods of Aleppo">Neighborhoods of Aleppo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Syria" title="Category:Architecture in Syria">Architecture in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Aleppo" title="Category:History of Aleppo">History of Aleppo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amorite_cities" title="Category:Amorite cities">Amorite cities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 11:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aleppo&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Aleppo</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-vm8xh","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.844","walltime":"1.024","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3970,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":145047,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14879,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":132038,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 846.942 1 -total"," 27.98% 236.974 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.99% 160.863 1 Template:Infobox_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"," 17.60% 149.072 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.01% 118.695 11 Template:Cite_web"," 12.62% 106.861 6 Template:Navbox"," 11.13% 94.258 1 Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria"," 10.93% 92.562 1 Template:Langx"," 7.14% 60.486 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.26% 53.018 2 Template:Gallery"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.546","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27400947,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-l2cpl","timestamp":"20250219114104","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ancient Aleppo","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Aleppo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4115349","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4115349","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-12-16T00:22:37Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T11:39:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Aleppo%2C_View_of_the_city%2C_Syria.jpg","headline":"historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria"}</script> </body> </html>