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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_cultural_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developing_a_market_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_a_market_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Developing a market economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_a_market_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Immigration and labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_upheaval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_upheaval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political upheaval</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_upheaval-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political upheaval subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_upheaval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wilmot_Proviso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilmot_Proviso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wilmot Proviso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilmot_Proviso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_sovereignty_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_sovereignty_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Popular sovereignty debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_sovereignty_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>California Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compromise_of_1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compromise_of_1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compromise of 1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compromise_of_1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Presidential election of 1852</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antislavery_and_abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antislavery_and_abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Antislavery and abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antislavery_and_abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kansas–Nebraska_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kansas–Nebraska_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Kansas–Nebraska Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kansas–Nebraska_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Bleeding Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_new_Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_new_Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>The new Republican Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1856" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1856"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Presidential election of 1856</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1856-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dred_Scott_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dred_Scott_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Dred Scott decision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dred_Scott_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lincoln-Douglas_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln-Douglas_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Lincoln-Douglas debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln-Douglas_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Brown's_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Brown's_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>John Brown's raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Brown's_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Presidential election of 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War in the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War in the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>End of the Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_fronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_fronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Home fronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_fronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Confederate States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United States (1849–1865)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_(1849_%E2%80%93_1865)" title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1849 – 1865) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1849 – 1865)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC_(1849%EB%85%84~1865%EB%85%84)" title="미국의 역사 (1849년~1865년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 역사 (1849년~1865년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_1849-1865_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ-ի պատմությունը 1849-1865 թվականներին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ-ի պատմությունը 1849-1865 թվականներին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America_(1849-1865)" title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America (1849-1865) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America (1849-1865)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Verenigde_Staten_(1849-1865)" title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten (1849-1865) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten (1849-1865)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(1849-1865)" title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1849-1865) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1849-1865)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_historie_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="USAs historie (1849–1865) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs historie (1849–1865)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1849%E2%80%941865)" title="История США (1849—1865) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История США (1849—1865)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_SAD_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="Historija SAD (1849–1865) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija SAD (1849–1865)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1849-1865)" title="Історія США (1849-1865) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія США (1849-1865)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="美國歷史 (1849–1865) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國歷史 (1849–1865)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2519710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civil War era</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">The United States of America<br />—<br />Civil War era</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1849–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span 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title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Including</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to the Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a><br />Migrations:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Westward_Expansion_Trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward Expansion Trails">Westward Expansion Trails</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_Decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Dred Scott Decision">Dred Scott Decision</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Formation of the Confederacy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"><small>History of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the United States from 1849 to 1865</b> was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">tensions that led to the American Civil War</a> between North and South, and the bloody fighting in 1861–1865 that produced Northern victory in <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">the war</a> and ended slavery. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and the transportation revolution changed the economics of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>. Heavy immigration from Western Europe shifted the center of population further to the North. </p><p>Industrialization went forward in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, from Pennsylvania to New England. <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">A rail network</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> network linked the nation economically, opening up new markets. Immigration brought millions of European workers and farmers to the Northern United States. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> shifted operations (and slaves) from the poor soils of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> to the rich cotton lands of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. </p><p>Issues of slavery in the new territories acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848) were temporarily resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. One provision, the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a>, sparked intense controversy, as revealed in the enormous interest in the plight of the escaped slave in <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a>,</i> an 1852 anti-slavery novel and play. </p><p>In 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> reversed long-standing compromises by providing that each new state of the Union would decide its posture on slavery (<a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>). The newly formed <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> stood against the expansion of slavery and won control of most Northern states (with enough electoral votes to win the presidency in 1860). The invasion of Kansas by sponsored pro- and anti-slavery factions intent on voting slavery up or down, with resulting bloodshed (<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Kansas">Bloody Kansas</a>), angered both North and South. The Supreme Court tried unsuccessfully to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories with a pro-slavery ruling, in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>, that angered the North. </p><p>After the 1860 election of Republican <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> declared their secession from the United States between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> on February 9, 1861. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> began when Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Beauregard">Pierre Beauregard</a> opened fire upon Union troops at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. Four more states seceded as Lincoln called for troops to fight an insurrection. </p><p>The next four years were the darkest in American history as the nation tore at itself using the latest military technology and highly motivated soldiers. The urban, industrialized <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern states</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>) eventually defeated the mainly rural, agricultural Southern states (the Confederacy), but between 600,000 and 700,000 American soldiers (on both sides combined) were killed, and much of the infrastructure of the South was devastated. About 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, slavery was abolished, and the Union was restored, richer and more powerful than ever, while the South was embittered and impoverished. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_cultural_changes">Economic and cultural changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic and cultural changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg/500px-USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg/750px-USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg/1000px-USA_Territorial_Growth_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Growth in the United States, 1850–1860</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_a_market_economy">Developing a market economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Developing a market economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was transforming the Northeast, with a dense network of railroads, canals, textile mills, small industrial cities, and growing commercial centers, with hubs in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. Although manufacturing interests, especially in Pennsylvania, sought a high tariff, the actual tariff in effect was low, and was reduced several times, with the 1857 tariff the lowest in decades. The Midwest region, based on farming and increasingly on animal production, was growing rapidly, using the railroads and river systems to ship food to slave plantations in the south, industrial cities in the East, and industrial cities in Britain and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1962_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1962-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, the cotton plantations were flourishing, thanks to the very high price of cotton on the world market. Cotton production wears out the land, and so the center of gravity was continually moving west. The annexation of Texas in 1845 opened up the last great cotton lands. Meanwhile, other commodities, such as tobacco in Virginia and North Carolina, were in the doldrums. Slavery was dying out in the upper South, and survived because of sales of slaves to the growing cotton plantations in the Southwest. While the Northeast was rapidly urbanizing, and urban centers such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Chicago were rapidly growing in the Midwest, the South remained overwhelmingly rural. The great wealth generated by slavery was used to buy new lands, and more slaves. At all times the great majority of Southern whites owned no slaves, and operated farms on a subsistence basis, serving small local markets.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A transportation revolution was underway thanks to heavy infusions of capital from London, Paris, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Hundreds of local short haul lines were being consolidated to form a railroad system, that could handle long-distance shipment of farm and industrial products, as well as passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, there were few systems, and most railroad lines were short haul project designed to move cotton to the nearest river or ocean port.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, steamboats provided a good transportation system on the inland rivers. </p><p>With the use of <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a> popularized by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a> began in which workers assembled at one location to produce goods. The early textile factories such as the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_mills" title="Lowell mills">Lowell mills</a> employed mainly women, but generally factories were a male domain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicht199521–45_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicht199521–45-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860, 16% of Americans lived in cities with 2500 or more people; a third of the nation's income came from manufacturing. Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast; cotton cloth production was the leading industry, with the manufacture of shoes, woolen clothing, and machinery also expanding. Energy was provided in most cases by water power from the rivers, but steam engines were being introduced to factories as well. By 1860, the railroads had made a transition from use of local wood supplies to coal for their locomotives. Pennsylvania became the center of the coal industry. Many, if not most, of the factory workers and miners were recent immigrants from Europe, or their children. Throughout the North, and in southern cities, entrepreneurs were setting up factories, mines, mills, banks, stores, and other business operations. In the great majority of cases, these were relatively small, locally owned, and locally operated enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_labor">Immigration and labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immigration and labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To fill the new factory jobs, immigrants poured into the United States in the first mass wave of immigration in the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the period of <a href="/wiki/Old_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Old immigration">old immigration</a>, this time saw 4.2 million immigrants come into the United States raising the overall population by 20 million people. Historians often describe this as a time of "push-pull" immigration. People who were "pushed" to the United States immigrated because of poor conditions back home that made survival dubious while immigrants who were "pulled" came from stable environments to find greater economic success. One group who was "pushed" to the United States was the Irish, who were attempting to escape the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> in their nation. Settling around the coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the Irish were not initially welcomed because of their poverty and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> beliefs. They lived in crowded, filthy neighborhoods and performed low-paying and physically demanding jobs. The Catholic Church was widely distrusted by many Americans as a symbol of European autocracy. German immigration, on the other hand, was "pulled" to America to avoid a looming financial disaster in their nation. Unlike the Irish, the German immigrants often sold their possessions and arrived in America with money in hand. German immigrants were both <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and Catholic, although the latter did not face the discrimination that the Irish did. Many Germans settled in communities in the Midwest rather than on the coast. Major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> developed large German populations. Unlike the Irish, most German immigrants were educated, middle-class people who mainly came to America for political rather than economic reasons. In the big cities such as New York, immigrants often lived in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a> called "ghettos" that were often impoverished and crime-ridden. The most infamous of these immigrant neighborhoods was the <a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> in New York City. With increasing labor agitation for higher wages and better working conditions, such as by the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_mill_girls" title="Lowell mill girls">Lowell mill girls</a> in Massachusetts, many factory owners began to replace female workers with immigrants who would work cheaper and were less demanding about factory conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_upheaval">Political upheaval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political upheaval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilmot_Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wilmot Proviso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a></div> <p>In 1848 the acquisition of new territory from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> renewed the sectional debate over slavery. The question of whether the new territory would allow slavery was the main question, with Northern Congressmen hoping to limit slavery and Southern Congressmen hoping to expand the territory in which it was legal. Soon after the Mexican–American War began, Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> proposed that territory won from Mexico should be free from the institution of slavery. Called the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, the measure failed to pass Congress and thus never became law. This served to unify the majority of Southerners, who saw the Proviso as an attack on their society and their constitutional rights.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_sovereignty_debate">Popular sovereignty debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular sovereignty debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the failure of the Wilmot Proviso, Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> in Congress. In an attempt to hold the Congress together as it continued to divide along sectional rather than party lines, Cass proposed that Congress did not have the power to determine whether territories could allow slavery, since this was not an <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumerated power">enumerated power</a> listed in the Constitution. Instead, Cass proposed that the people living in the territories themselves should decide the slavery issue. For the Democrats, the solution was not as clear as it appeared. Northern Democrats called for "squatter sovereignty", in which the people living in the territory could decide the issue when a territorial legislature was convened. Southern Democrats disputed this idea, arguing that the issue of slavery must be decided at the time of adoption of a state constitution, when the request was made to Congress for admission as a state. Cass and other Democratic leaders failed to clarify the issue so that neither section of the country felt slighted as the election approached. After Cass' defeat in 1848, Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> assumed a leading role in the party and became closely associated with popular sovereignty with his proposal of the Kansas–Nebraska Act.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_Gold_Rush">California Gold Rush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: California Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">election of 1848</a> produced a new president from the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">President Polk</a> did not seek reelection because he achieved all his objectives in his first term and because his health was declining. From the election emerged the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, a group of anti-slavery Democrats who supported Wilmot's Proviso. The creation of the Free Soil Party foreshadowed the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>; the existing parties could not contain the debate over slavery for much longer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The question of slavery became all the more urgent with the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">discovery of gold in California</a> in 1848. The next year, there was a massive influx of <a href="/wiki/Prospectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospectors">prospectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Miners">miners</a> looking to strike it rich. Most migrants to California (so-called 'Forty-Niners') abandoned their jobs, homes, and families looking for gold. This huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast led to confrontations with Native populations, including the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of thousands of Native inhabitants. Some historians (and a state governor)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have referred to this period lasting into the early 1870s as the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also attracted some of the first <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> to the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>. Most Forty-Niners never found gold but instead settled in the urban center of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> or in the new municipality of <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compromise_of_1850">Compromise of 1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compromise of 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></div> <p>The influx of population led to California's application for statehood in 1850. This created a renewal of sectional tension because California's admission into the Union threatened to upset the balance of power in Congress. The imminent admission of Oregon, <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a> also threatened to upset the balance. Many Southerners also realized that the climate of those territories did not lend themselves to the extension of slavery (it was not yet foreseen that the Central Valley in California would someday become a center of cotton farming). Debate raged in Congress until a resolution was found in 1850. </p><p>President Taylor threatened to personally command an army against any Southern state that would secede from the Union, and he also threatened force against Texas, which laid claim to the eastern half of New Mexico. However, Taylor died of an intestinal ailment in July 1850, and his successor, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, was a lawyer by training and far less war-like. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> was proposed by "The Great Compromiser," <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and was passed by Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. Through the compromise, California was admitted as a free state, Texas was financially compensated for the loss of its Western territories, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> (not slavery) was abolished in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a> was passed as a concession to the South, and, most importantly, the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> (including modern day <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>) would determine its status (either free or slave) by <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular vote</a>. A group of Southern extremists, still not satisfied with the compromise, held two conventions in Nashville, Tennessee calling for secession, one during the summer of 1850 and the other late in the year, but by that point the Compromise had already passed through Congress and been accepted by the Southern states. </p><p>The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused the divisive issue, but the peace was not to last long.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1852">Presidential election of 1852</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Having lost two presidential elections to Whig war heroes, the Democratic Party tried their own by nominating <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> of New Hampshire, who had served without great distinction in the Mexican War. Endorsed by Southern Democrats, Pierce openly supported the Compromise and the Fugitive Slave Act. The Whigs rejected the idea of running incumbent President Fillmore, and so instead turned to another war hero in General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>. Although a capable man, Scott's haughty personality alienated many voters and Pierce won an easy victory at the ballot box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acquisition of the Southwest had made the United States a Pacific power. Diplomatic and commercial ties with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> had been first established in 1844, and American merchants and shippers began urging an opening of ties with Japan, a country that had virtually isolated itself from the outside world for the past 300 years. In 1853, a fleet commanded by Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> arrived in Japan and forced the shogunate to sign a treaty with US, although Japanese fears of Russian encroachment also moved matters along. </p><p>Closer to home, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> was long coveted by Southerners as the choicest slave territory available. If annexed by the US and split into 3–4 states, it would restore the slave versus free state balance in Congress. President Polk had in 1845 offered the island's owner, Spain, $100 million for the island, but it was refused and Madrid made it clear that they would not part with the island under any circumstance. Southerners were not about to give up their designs on Cuba, and several filibustering expeditions were mounted. They were easily repulsed by the Spanish authorities, and the last attempt ended in fifty Americans being captured and executed for piracy, including many men from the leading families of the South. A group of enraged Southerners responded by ransacking the Spanish consulate in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Warrior_Affair" title="Black Warrior Affair">Spanish authorities captured the steamer <i>Black Warrior</i></a> on a technicality. War appeared to threaten, and Southerners in Congress were aggressively pushing President Pierce for it. Since the European powers were distracted with the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, there was also nobody that could come to Madrid's assistance. Meanwhile, the US ambassadors to Spain, Britain, and France met in secret in <a href="/wiki/Ostend,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostend, Belgium">Ostend, Belgium</a> where they proposed a "battle plan" that involved offering Spain up to $120 million for Cuba. If Madrid still refused, then US was justified in taking the island by force. However, the Ostend Manifesto soon leaked out, and an outcry from free soil Northerners forced the Pierce Administration to give up its ambitions on Cuba. Coincidentally, just as Southerners had their eye on territories in the Caribbean, Northerners in the 1850s also developed renewed designs on <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. In the end, both sides stalemated each other and got nothing as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antislavery_and_abolitionism">Antislavery and abolitionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antislavery and abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <p>The debate over slavery in the pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> United States has several sides. Abolitionists grew directly out of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">European Enlightenment</a> and saw slavery as an affront to God and/or reason. Abolitionism had roots similar to the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>. The publishing of <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, in 1852, galvanized the abolitionist movement. </p><p>Most debates over slavery, however, had to do with the constitutionality of the extension of slavery rather than its morality. The debates took the form of arguments over the powers of Congress rather than the merits of slavery. The result was the so-called "Free Soil Movement." Free-soilers believed that slavery was dangerous because of what it did to whites. The "<a href="/wiki/Peculiar_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar institution">peculiar institution</a>" ensured that elites controlled most of the land, property, and capital in the South. The Southern United States was, by this definition, undemocratic. To fight the "slave power conspiracy," the nation's democratic ideals had to be spread to the new territories and the South. </p><p>In the South, however, slavery was justified in many ways. The <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner Uprising</a> of 1831 had terrified Southern whites. Moreover, the expansion of "<a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a>" into the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> further entrenched the institution into Southern society. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John Calhoun's</a> treatise, <i>The Pro-Slavery Argument</i>, stated that slavery was not simply a necessary evil but a positive good. Slavery was a blessing to so-called African savages. It civilized them and provided them with the lifelong security that they needed. Under this argument, the pro-slavery proponents believed that the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> were unable to take care of themselves because they were biologically inferior. Furthermore, white Southerners looked upon the North and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> as soulless industrial societies with little culture. Whereas the North was dirty, dangerous, industrial, fast-paced, and greedy, pro-slavery proponents believed that the South was civilized, stable, orderly, and moved at a 'human pace.' </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 1860">1860 U.S. census</a>, fewer than 385,000 individuals (i.e. 1.4% of <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">whites</a> in the country, or 4.8% of southern whites) owned one or more slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 95% of blacks lived in the South, comprising one-third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kansas–Nebraska_Act"><span id="Kansas.E2.80.93Nebraska_Act"></span>Kansas–Nebraska Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kansas–Nebraska Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States,_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States%2C_1856.jpg/300px-Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States%2C_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States%2C_1856.jpg/450px-Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States%2C_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Monteith%27s_map_of_United_States%2C_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Period map of United States from a geography textbook published in 1856.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></div> <p>With the admission of California as a state in 1850, the Pacific Coast had finally been reached. <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> had brought Americans to the end of the continent. President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> hoped to continue Manifest Destiny, and with this aim he sent <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Matthew_Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore Matthew Perry">Commodore Matthew Perry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the hopes of arranging trade agreements in 1853. </p><p>A railroad to the Pacific was planned, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> wanted the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railway</a> to pass through <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Southerners protested, insisting that it run through Texas, Southern California and end in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Douglas decided to compromise and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854. In exchange for having the railway run through Chicago, he proposed 'organizing' (open for white settlement) the territories of Kansas and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. </p><p>Douglas anticipated Southern opposition to the act and added in a provision that stated that the status of the new territories would be subject to popular sovereignty. In theory, the new states could become slave states under this condition. Under Southern pressure, Douglas added a clause which explicitly repealed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> supported the bill as did the South and a fraction of northern Democrats. </p><p>The act split the Whigs. Northern Whigs generally opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act while Southern Whigs supported it. Most Northern Whigs joined the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. Some joined the <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Party">Know-Nothing Party</a> which refused to take a stance on slavery. The southern Whigs tried different political moves, but could not reverse the regional dominance of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding_Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bleeding Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></div> <p>With the opening of Kansas, both pro- and anti-slavery supporters rushed to settle in the new territory. Violent clashes soon erupted between them. Abolitionists from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Topeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeka">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan</a>. Pro-slavery advocates, mainly from Missouri, settled in <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lecompton,_Kansas" title="Lecompton, Kansas">Lecompton</a>. </p><p>In 1855, elections were held for the territorial legislature. While there were only 1,500 legal voters, migrants from Missouri swelled the population to over 6,000. The result was that a pro-slavery majority was elected to the legislature. Free-soilers were so outraged that they set up their own delegates in Topeka. A group of pro-slavery Missourians sacked Lawrence on May 21, 1856. Violence continued for two more years until the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a>. </p><p>The violence, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>," scandalized the Democratic administration and began a more heated sectional conflict. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> gave a speech in the Senate entitled "The Crime Against Kansas." The speech was a scathing criticism of the South and the "<a href="/wiki/Peculiar_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar institution">peculiar institution</a>." As an example of rising sectional tensions, days after delivering the speech, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brooks" title="Preston Brooks">Preston Brooks</a> approached Sumner during a recess of the Senate and <a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">caned</a> him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_Republican_Party">The new Republican Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The new Republican Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new Republican party emerged in 1854–56 in the North; it had minimal support in the South. Most members were former Whigs or Free Soil Democrats. The Party was ideological, with a focus on stopping the spread of slavery, and modernizing the economy through tariffs, banks, railroads and free homestead land for farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without using the term "<a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>", the new Party in the mid-1850s proposed a system of containing slavery, once it gained control of the national government. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a> explains the strategy: </p> <dl><dd>"The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a 'cordon of freedom' around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/250px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/375px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/500px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>This Democratic editorial cartoon links Frémont to other radical movements popular in the Northeast, including <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, Catholicism, and abolition.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1856">Presidential election of 1856</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1856"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>President Pierce was too closely associated with the horrors of "Bleeding Kansas" and was not renominated. Instead, the Democrats nominated former Secretary of State and current ambassador to Great Britain <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore, who campaigned on a platform that mainly opposed immigration and urban corruption of the sort associated with Irish Catholics. The Republicans nominated famed soldier-explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Fr%C3%A9mont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frémont">John Frémont</a> under the slogan of "Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men, Frémont and victory!" Frémont won most of the North and nearly won the election. A slight shift of votes in Pennsylvania and Illinois would have resulted in a Republican victory. It had a strong base with majority support in most Northern states. It dominated in New England, New York and the northern Midwest, and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South, where it was roundly denounced in 1856–60 as a divisive force that threatened civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election campaign was a bitter one with a high degree of personal attacks levied at all three candidates—Buchanan, aged 65, was mocked as being too old to be president and for not being married. Fremont was ridiculed for being born out of wedlock to a teenage mother. More damaging to the latter was the accusation by Know-Nothings that he was a secret Roman Catholic. Some Southern leaders threatened secession if a "free soiler" Northern candidate were elected. The two-year-old Republican Party nonetheless had a strong showing in its first presidential contest, and might have won except for Fillmore.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An uninspiring figure, Buchanan won the election with 174 electoral votes to Fremont's 114. Immediately following Buchanan's inauguration in March 1857, there was a sudden depression, known as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>, which weakened the credibility of the Democratic Party further. He feuded incessantly with Stephen Douglas for control of the Democratic Party, while the Republicans remained united and the Fillmore's third party collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dred_Scott_decision">Dred Scott decision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dred Scott decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></div> <p>On March 6, 1857, a mere two days after Buchanan's inauguration, the Supreme Court handed down the infamous <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott vs. Sanford</a> decision. Dred Scott, a slave, had lived with his master for a few years in Illinois and Wisconsin, and with the support of abolitionist groups, was now suing for his freedom on the grounds that he resided in a free state. The Supreme Court quickly ruled on the very obvious—that slaves were not US citizens and thus had no right to sue in a Federal court. It also ruled that since slaves were private property, their master was fully within his rights to reclaim runaways, even if they were in a state where slavery did not exist, on the grounds that the Fifth Amendment forbade Congress to deprive a citizen of his property without due process of law. Furthermore, the Supreme Court decided that the Missouri Compromise, which had been replaced a few years earlier by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, had always been unconstitutional and Congress had no authority to restrict slavery within a territory, regardless of its citizens' wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision outraged Northern opponents of slavery such as Abraham Lincoln and lent substance to the Republican charge that a <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a> controlled the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had sanctioned the hardline Southern view. This emboldened Southerners to demand even more rights for slavery, just as Northern opposition hardened. Anti-slavery speakers protested that the Supreme Court could merely interpret law, not make it, and thus the Dred Scott Decision could not legally open a territory to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln-Douglas_debates">Lincoln-Douglas debates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lincoln-Douglas debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates_of_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858">Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858</a></div> <p>The seven famous Lincoln-Douglas debates were held for the Senatorial election in Illinois between incumbent <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> and Abraham Lincoln, whose political experience was limited to a single term in Congress that had been mainly notable for his opposition to the Mexican War. The debates are remembered for their relevance and eloquence. </p><p>Lincoln was opposed to the extension of slavery into any new territories. Douglas, however, believed that the people should decide the future of slavery in their own territories. This was known as popular sovereignty. Lincoln, however, argued that popular sovereignty was pro-slavery since it was inconsistent with the Dred Scott Decision. Lincoln said that Chief Justice Roger Taney was the first person who said that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> did not apply to blacks and that Douglas was the second. In response, Douglas came up with what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine" title="Freeport Doctrine">Freeport Doctrine</a>. Douglas stated that while slavery may have been legally possible, the people of the state could refuse to pass laws favourable to slavery. </p><p>In his famous "<a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided Speech</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, Lincoln stated: </p> <dl><dd>"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest further the spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward until it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>During the debates, Lincoln argued that his speech was not abolitionist, writing at the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Illinois" title="Charleston, Illinois">Charleston</a> debate that: </p> <dl><dd>I am not in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson196230_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson196230-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The debates attracted thousands of spectators and featured parades and demonstrations. Lincoln ultimately lost the election but vowed: </p> <dl><dd>The fight must go on. The cause of civil liberty must not be surrendered at the end of one or even 100 defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson196231_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson196231-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Brown's_raid"><span id="John_Brown.27s_raid"></span>John Brown's raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: John Brown's raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The debate took a new, violent turn with the actions of an abolitionist from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> was a militant abolitionist who advocated <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> to combat pro-slavery advocates. Receiving arms and financial aid from a group of prominent Massachusetts business and social leaders known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a>, Brown participated in the violence of Bleeding Kansas and directed the <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a> on May 24, 1856, in response to the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas. In 1859, Brown went to Virginia to liberate slaves. On October 17, Brown seized the federal armory at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry, Virginia">Harpers Ferry, Virginia</a>. His plan was to arm slaves in the surrounding area, creating a slave army to sweep through the South, attacking slaveowners and liberating slaves. Local slaves did not rise up to support Brown. He killed five civilians and took hostages. He also stole a sword that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> had given <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. He was captured by an armed military force under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>. He was tried for treason to the Commonwealth of Virginia and hanged on December 2, 1859. On his way to the gallows, Brown handed a jailkeeper a note, chilling in its prophecy, predicting that the "sin" of slavery would never be cleansed from the United States without bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raid on <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harper's Ferry</a> horrified Southerners who saw Brown as a criminal, and they became increasingly distrustful of Northern abolitionists who celebrated Brown as a hero and a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1860">Presidential election of 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg/250px-Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg/375px-Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg/500px-Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="3660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diagram_of_the_Federal_Government_and_American_Union" title="Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union">Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union</a>, 1862.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> for the Election of 1860 was held in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, despite it usually being held in the North. When the convention endorsed the doctrine of popular sovereignty, 50 Southern delegates walked out. The inability to come to a decision on who should be nominated led to a second meeting in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>. At Baltimore, 110 Southern delegates, led by the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Fire_eaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire eaters">fire eaters</a>," walked out of the convention when it would not adopt a platform that endorsed the extension of slavery into the new territories. The remaining Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> held a convention in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, and nominated <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John Breckinridge</a>. Both claimed to be the true voice of the Democratic Party. </p><p>Former Know Nothings and some Whigs formed the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a> which ran on a platform based around supporting only the Constitution and the laws of the land. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won the support of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> after it became apparent that <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> had alienated certain branches of the Republican Party. Moreover, Lincoln had been made famous in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates and was well known for his eloquence and his moderate position on slavery. </p><p>Lincoln won a majority of votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_electoral_college" class="mw-redirect" title="United States electoral college">electoral college</a>, but only won two-fifths of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a>. The Democratic vote was split three ways and Lincoln was elected as the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession">Secession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lincoln's election in November led to a declaration of <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> by South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, six other states had declared their secession from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (January 9, 1861), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a> (January 10), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a> (January 11), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (January 19), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (January 26), and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a> (February 1). </p><p>Men from both North and South met in Virginia to try to hold together the Union, but the proposals for amending the Constitution were unsuccessful. In February 1861, the seven states met in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, and formed a new government: the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Congress">Confederate Congress</a> was held on February 4, 1861, and adopted a provisional constitution. On February 8, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> was nominated <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">President of the Confederate States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union (American Civil War)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Secession_map_1863_(BlankMap_derived).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/220px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/330px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/440px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>: blue (free), yellow (slave);<br /> The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>: brown<br />*territories in light shades</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 12, 1861, after President Lincoln refused to give up <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, the federal base in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, the new Confederate government under President Jefferson Davis ordered General <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a> to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">open fire on the fort</a>. It fell two days later, without casualty, spreading the flames of war across America. Immediately, rallies were held in every town and city, north and south, demanding war. Lincoln called for troops to retake lost federal property, which meant an invasion of the South. In response, four more states seceded: <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (April 17, 1861), <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> (May 6, 1861), <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (May 7, 1861), and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (May 20, 1861). The four remaining slave states, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, under heavy pressure from the Federal government did not secede; Kentucky tried, and failed, to remain neutral. </p><p>Each side had its relative strengths and weaknesses. The North had a larger population and a far larger industrial base and transportation system. It would be a defensive war for the South and an offensive one for the North, and the South could count on its huge geography, and an unhealthy climate, to prevent an invasion. In order for the North to emerge victorious, it would have to conquer and occupy the Confederate States of America. The South, on the other hand, only had to keep the North at bay until the Northern public lost the will to fight. The Confederacy adopted a military strategy designed to hold their territory together, gain worldwide recognition, and inflict so much punishment on invaders that the North would grow weary of the war and negotiate a peace treaty that would recognize the independence of the CSA. The only point of seizing Washington, or invading the North (besides plunder) was to shock Yankees into realizing they could not win. The Confederacy moved its capital from a safe location in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, to the more cosmopolitan city of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, only 100 miles from the enemy capital in Washington. Richmond was heavily exposed, and at the end of a long supply line; much of the Confederacy's manpower was dedicated to its defense. The North had far greater potential advantages, but it would take a year or two to mobilize them for warfare. Meanwhile, everyone expected a short war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_East">War in the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War in the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg/220px-US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg/330px-US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg/440px-US_-Civil-War-overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>The Union assembled an army of 35,000 men (the largest ever seen in North America up to that point) under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>. With great fanfare, these untrained soldiers set out from Washington DC with the idea that they would capture Richmond in six weeks and put a quick end to the conflict. At the Battle of Bull Run on July 21, however, disaster ensued as McDowell's army was completely routed and fled back to the nation's capitol. Major General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George McClellan</a> of the Union was put in command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> following the battle on July 26, 1861. He began to reconstruct the shattered army and turn it into a real fighting force, as it became clear that there would be no quick, six-week resolution of the conflict. Despite pressure from the White House, McClellan did not move until March 1862, when the Peninsular Campaign began with the purpose of capturing the capitol of the Confederacy, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. It was initially successful, but in the final days of the campaign, McClellan faced strong opposition from <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, the new commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. From June 25 to July 1, in a series of battles known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>, Lee forced the Army of the Potomac to retreat. McClellan was recalled to Washington and a new army assembled under the command of John Pope. </p><p>In August, Lee fought the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a> (Second Manassas) and defeated John Pope's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>. Pope was dismissed from command and his army merged with McClellan's. The Confederates then invaded Maryland, hoping to obtain European recognition and an end to the war. The two armies met at Antietam on September 17. This was the single bloodiest day in American history. The Union victory allowed Abraham Lincoln to issue the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which declared that all slaves in states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863 were freed. This did not actually end slavery, but it served to give a meaningful cause to the war and prevented any possibility of European intervention. </p><p>Militarily, the Union could not follow up its victory at Antietam. McClellan failed to pursue the Confederate army, and President Lincoln finally became tired of his excuses and unwillingness to fight. He was dismissed from command in October and replaced by Ambrose Burnside, despite his pleas that he was not ready for the job. He attempted to invade Richmond from the north (McClellan had tried from the east), but the campaign ended in disaster at Fredericksburg when Burnside ordered waves of futile attacks against an entrenched Confederate position. The next year also proved difficult for the Union initially. Burnside was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker</a> in January 1863, but he proved unable to stop Lee and <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">"Stonewall" Jackson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a> in May. Lee's second invasion of the North, however, proved disastrous. Hooker was replaced by George Meade, and four days later the Battle of Gettysburg took place. Lee's army lost scores of irreplaceable men and would never be the same again. Abraham Lincoln was angered by <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>'s failure to pursue Lee after Gettysburg, but decided to let him stay in command, a decision endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> who was appointed General-in-Chief of all the Union armies early in 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_West">War in the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: War in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>While the Confederacy fought the Union to a bloody stalemate in the East, the Union army was much more successful in the West. Confederate insurrections in Missouri were put down by the federal government by 1863, despite the initial Confederate victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Battle of Perryville</a>, the Confederates were also driven from Kentucky, resulting in a major Union victory. Lincoln once wrote of Kentucky, "I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." The fall of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vicksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a> gave the Union control of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and cut the Confederacy in two. Sherman's successes in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> left few Confederate forces to resist his destruction of Georgia and the Carolinas. The <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Confederacy">End of the Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: End of the Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">General Grant</a> assigned himself as direct commander of <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a> and the Army of the Potomac, and placed General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Sherman</a> in command of the Western Theatre. Grant began to wage a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> against the Confederacy. He knew that the Union's strength lay in its resources and manpower and thus began to wage a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a> against Lee while Sherman devastated the West. Grant's <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Wilderness Campaign</a> forced Lee into <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>. There he waged—and with Lee, pioneered—<a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>. In the meantime, General Sherman seized <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, securing <a href="/wiki/Election_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of 1864">President Lincoln's reelection</a>. He then began his famous <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a> which devastated Georgia and South Carolina. Lee attempted to escape from Petersburg in March–April 1865, but was trapped by Grant's superior number of forces. Lee surrendered at the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>. Four years of bloody warfare had come to a conclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_fronts">Home fronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Home fronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union (American Civil War)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>The Union began the war with overwhelming long-term advantages in manpower, industry, and financing. It took a couple years for the potential to be realized, but with the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863, the Confederacy was doomed. </p><p>Lincoln, an ungainly giant, did not look the part of a president, but historians have overwhelmingly praised the "political genius" of his performance in the role.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first priority was military victory, and that required that he master entirely new skills as a master strategist and diplomat. He supervised not only the supplies and finances, but as well the manpower, the selection of generals, and the course of overall strategy. Working closely with state and local politicians he rallied public opinion and (at Gettysburg) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. Lincoln's charm and willingness to cooperate with political and personal enemies made Washington work much more smoothly than Richmond. His wit smoothed many rough edges. Lincoln's cabinet proved much stronger and more efficient than Davis's, as Lincoln channeled personal rivalries into a competition for excellence rather than mutual destruction. With <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> at State, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> at the Treasury, and (from 1862) <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> at the War Department, Lincoln had a powerful cabinet of determined men; except for monitoring major appointments, Lincoln gave them full rein to destroy the Confederacy. Malaise led to sharp Democratic gains in the 1862 off-year elections, but the Republicans kept control of Congress and the key states. Despite grumbling by <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, who disliked Lincoln's leniency toward the South, Lincoln kept control of politics. The Republicans expanded with the addition of <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a> and ran as the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a> in 1864, blasting the Democrats as Copperheads and sympathizers with disunion. With the Democrats in disarray, Lincoln's ticket won in a landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Civil War the key policy-maker in Congress was <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means Committee</a>, Republican floor leader, and spokesman for the Radical Republicans. Although he thought Lincoln was too moderate regarding slavery, he worked well with the president and Treasury Secretary in handling major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation's economic policies regarding tariffs, bonds, income and excise taxes, national banks, suppression of money issued by state banks, greenback currency, and western railroad land grants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederate_States">Confederate States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Confederate States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></div> <p>The Confederacy was beset by growing problems as its territory steadily shrank, its people grew impoverished, and hopes of victory changed from reliance on Confederate military prowess to dreams of foreign intervention, to finally a desperate hope that the Yankees would grow so weary of war they would sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South lost its lucrative export market as the Union blockade shut down all commercial traffic, with only very expensive blockade runners getting in and out. In 1861 the South lost most of its border regions, with Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri gained for the enemy, and western Virginia broken off. The Southern transportation system depended on a river system that the Union gunboats soon dominated, as control of the Mississippi, Missouri, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers fell to the Union in 1862–63. That meant all the river towns fell to the Union as well, and so did New Orleans in 1862. The rickety railroad system was not designed for long-distance traffic (it was meant to haul cotton to the nearest port), and it steadily deteriorated until by the end practically no trains were running. Civilian morale and recruiting held up reasonably well, as did the morale of the army, until the last year or so.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy had democratic elections (for all white men), but no political parties. One result was that governors became centers of opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and his increasingly unpopular central administration in Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financially the South was in bad shape as it lost its export market, and internal markets failed one after the other. By 1864 women in the national capital were rioting because of soaring food prices they could not afford. With so few imports available, it was necessary to make do, use ersatz (such as local beans for coffee), use up, and do without.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large slave population never rose up in armed revolt, but black men typically took the first opportunity to escape to Union lines, where over 150,000 enrolled in the Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the end came the South had a shattered economy, 300,000 dead, hundreds of thousands wounded, and millions impoverished, but three million former slaves were now free.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/230px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/345px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/460px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> was murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate</a> sympathizer <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, April 14, 1865.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>On April 14, 1865, four days after the news of Lee's surrender reached <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington</a>, an air of celebration pervaded the capital. That evening, President Lincoln attended a performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>. During the third act, a Confederate sympathizer named <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> shot and killed Abraham Lincoln. As he fled the scene, he yelled "<a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a>", the Virginia state motto. John Wilkes Booth was tracked, twelve days later, to a farm near <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Virginia" title="Bowling Green, Virginia">Bowling Green, Virginia</a>, on April 26. He was shot and killed by Union Army Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Boston_Corbett" title="Boston Corbett">Boston Corbett</a>. His co-conspirators were tried before a <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military commission</a> and were hanged on July 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1820%E2%80%931859)" title="Timeline of the history of the United States (1820–1859)">Timeline of the history of the United States (1820–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1860%E2%80%931899)" title="Timeline of the history of the United States (1860–1899)">Timeline of the history of the United States (1860–1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union (American Civil War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency of James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFaust2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Faust, Drew Gilpin</a> (2009) [2008]. <i>This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ng-hNXC1P0C&pg=PA274">274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375703836" title="Special:BookSources/9780375703836"><bdi>9780375703836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Republic+of+Suffering%3A+Death+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780375703836&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Drew+Gilpin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1962-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1962_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1962">Taylor (1962)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avery_Craven" title="Avery Craven">Craven, Avery O.</a> (February 1953). <i>The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807100066" title="Special:BookSources/9780807100066"><bdi>9780807100066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Southern+Nationalism%2C+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1953-02&rft.isbn=9780807100066&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Avery+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoloVolo2000" class="citation book cs1">Volo, James M.; Volo, Dorothy Denneen (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of the Antebellum South</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313308864" title="Special:BookSources/9780313308864"><bdi>9780313308864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Antebellum+South&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780313308864&rft.aulast=Volo&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Volo%2C+Dorothy+Denneen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStover1997" class="citation book cs1">Stover, John F. (1997). <i>American Railroads</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 35–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226776606" title="Special:BookSources/9780226776606"><bdi>9780226776606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Railroads&rft.pages=35-95&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780226776606&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrs2009" class="citation book cs1">Marrs, Aaron W. (2009). <i>Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801898457" title="Special:BookSources/9780801898457"><bdi>9780801898457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+in+the+Old+South%3A+Pursuing+Progress+in+a+Slave+Society&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780801898457&rft.aulast=Marrs&rft.aufirst=Aaron+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELicht199521–45-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicht199521–45_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLicht1995">Licht (1995)</a>, p. 21–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a> (2004). <i>An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060093624" title="Special:BookSources/9780060093624"><bdi>9780060093624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empire+of+Wealth%3A+The+Epic+History+of+American+Economic+Power&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780060093624&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=John+Steele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, "The Wilmot Proviso Revisited." <i>Journal of American History</i> 56.2 (1969): 262–279. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericfoner.com/articles/Wilmot.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022044122/http://www.ericfoner.com/articles/Wilmot.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Childers, "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," <i>Civil War History</i> 57#1 (2011) pp. 48–70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A251474970/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=b5d33688">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193602/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA251474970&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=b5d33688">Archived</a> 2023-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2019" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Jill (June 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/newsom-native-american-apology.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506120106/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/newsom-native-american-apology.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+Called+Genocide%27%3A+Newsom+Apologizes+to+the+State%27s+Native+Americans&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F19%2Fus%2Fnewsom-native-american-apology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2016" class="citation book cs1">Madley, Benjamin (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americangenocide0000madl"><i>An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300230697" title="Special:BookSources/9780300230697"><bdi>9780300230697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Genocide%3A+The+United+States+and+the+California+Indian+Catastrophe%2C+1846%E2%80%931873.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300230697&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericangenocide0000madl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1990" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Russell (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianho0000thor/page/107/mode/1up"><i>American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 107–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Holocaust+and+Survival%3A+A+Population+History+since+1492&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=107-109&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanindianho0000thor%2Fpage%2F107%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (2002). <i>The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385502160" title="Special:BookSources/9780385502160"><bdi>9780385502160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Gold%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+New+American+Dream&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780385502160&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Bordewich" title="Fergus Bordewich">Bordewich, Fergus M.</a> (2012). <i>America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439141687" title="Special:BookSources/9781439141687"><bdi>9781439141687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Debate%3A+Henry+Clay%2C+Stephen+A.+Douglas%2C+and+the+Compromise+That+Preserved+the+Union&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781439141687&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemler1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Zemler, Jeffrey A. (May 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663395/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775825-Zemler.pdf"><i>The Texas Press and the Filibusters of the 1850s: Lopez, Carajal, and Walker</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton, Texas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803092655/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663395/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775825-Zemler.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Texas+Press+and+the+Filibusters+of+the+1850s%3A+Lopez%2C+Carajal%2C+and+Walker&rft.date=1983-05&rft.aulast=Zemler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc663395%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F1002775825-Zemler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen, O.H. (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720231457/http://www.southernhistory.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9406&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">"Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_History" title="Civil War History">Civil War History</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): 401–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2004.0074">10.1353/cwh.2004.0074</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143943479">143943479</a>. Archived from the original on July 20, 2007 – via southernhistory.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Historians+and+the+extent+of+slave+ownership+in+the+Southern+United+States&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=401-417&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.2004.0074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143943479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=O.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernhistory.net%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D9406%26mode%3Dthread%26order%3D0%26thold%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (18 April 1996). <i>Drawn with the Sword</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195096798" title="Special:BookSources/9780195096798"><bdi>9780195096798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawn+with+the+Sword&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1996-04-18&rft.isbn=9780195096798&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2004" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael (2004). <i>The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809095186" title="Special:BookSources/9780809095186"><bdi>9780809095186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Their+Country%3A+Politicians%2C+Slavery+Extension%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780809095186&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">Gould, Lewis</a> (2003). <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375507410" title="Special:BookSources/9780375507410"><bdi>9780375507410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Old+Party%3A+A+History+of+the+Republicans&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780375507410&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGienapp1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Gienapp" title="William Gienapp">Gienapp, William E.</a> (1987). <i>The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198021148" title="Special:BookSources/9780198021148"><bdi>9780198021148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Republican+Party%2C+1852-1856&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780198021148&rft.aulast=Gienapp&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">Oakes, James</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaVp-YES1F0C&pg=PR12"><i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393065312" title="Special:BookSources/9780393065312"><bdi>9780393065312</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193628/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Freedom_National_The_Destruction_of_Slav/MaVp-YES1F0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR12&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+National%3A+The+Destruction+of+Slavery+in+the+United+States%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393065312&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaVp-YES1F0C%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2003" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis (2003). "1". <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375507410" title="Special:BookSources/9780375507410"><bdi>9780375507410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Grand+Old+Party%3A+A+History+of+the+Republicans&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780375507410&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsKlein1971" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Roy F.; Klein, Philip S. (1971). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur Jr.</a> (ed.). <i>The Election of 1856</i>. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Election+of+1856&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1971" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Victor B. (1971). "The 1856 Election in Ohio: Moral Issues in Politics". <i><a href="/wiki/Ohio_History" title="Ohio History">Ohio History</a></i>. <b>80</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=The+1856+Election+in+Ohio%3A+Moral+Issues+in+Politics&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Victor+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1948" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Roy F. (1948). <i>The Disruption of American Democracy</i>. Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608039565" title="Special:BookSources/9780608039565"><bdi>9780608039565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disruption+of+American+Democracy&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780608039565&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203024458/http://www.cklawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/vol82no1/Finkelman.pdf">"Scott v. Sandford: The Court's Most Dreadful Case and How it Changed History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Kent_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Kent Law Review">Chicago-Kent Law Review</a></i>. <b>82</b> (3): 3–48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cklawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/vol82no1/Finkelman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Scott+v.+Sandford%3A+The+Court%27s+Most+Dreadful+Case+and+How+it+Changed+History&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-48&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cklawreview.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fvol82no1%2FFinkelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> (1976). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis,_1848-1861" class="mw-redirect" title="The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861">The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861</a></i>. Harper Collins. pp. 267–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061319297" title="Special:BookSources/9780061319297"><bdi>9780061319297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis%2C+1848-1861&rft.pages=267-296&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780061319297&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hansen_(author)" title="Harry Hansen (author)">Hanson, Henry</a> (1962). <i>The Civil War: A History</i>. New York. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780451603326" title="Special:BookSources/9780451603326"><bdi>9780451603326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780451603326&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson196230-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson196230_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson1962">Hanson (1962)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson196231-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson196231_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson1962">Hanson (1962)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust1986" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Patricia L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000412210754/https://civilwarhome.com/johnbrownbio.htm"><i>Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War</i></a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061812613" title="Special:BookSources/9780061812613"><bdi>9780061812613</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwarhome.com/johnbrownbio.htm">the original</a> on 2000-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-16</span></span> – via civilwarhome.com/johnbrownbio.htm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Times+Encyclopedia+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780061812613&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Patricia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilwarhome.com%2Fjohnbrownbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunnen-Jones2002" class="citation web cs1">Kunnen-Jones, Marianne (August 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm">"Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anniversary+Volume+Gives+New+Voice+To+Pioneer+Accounts+of+Sioux+Uprising&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=2002-08-21&rft.aulast=Kunnen-Jones&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.edu%2Fnews%2Fsioux.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolzmann2002" class="citation book cs1">Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (2002). <i>German Pioneer Accounts of the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862</i>. Little Miami Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971365766" title="Special:BookSources/9780971365766"><bdi>9780971365766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Pioneer+Accounts+of+the+Great+Sioux+Uprising+of+1862&rft.pub=Little+Miami+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780971365766&rft.aulast=Tolzmann&rft.aufirst=Don+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals:_The_Political_Genius_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</a></i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684824901" title="Special:BookSources/9780684824901"><bdi>9780684824901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780684824901&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Shaw_Paludan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Shaw Paludan">Paludan, Phillip Shaw</a> (1994). <i>The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</i>. University Press of Kansas. pp. 21–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700606719" title="Special:BookSources/9780700606719"><bdi>9780700606719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=21-48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780700606719&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Cox_Richardson" title="Heather Cox Richardson">Richardson, Heather Cox</a> (1997). <i>The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZVjReDrxKYC&pg=PA9">9</a>, 41, 52, 111, 116, 120, 182, 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674059658" title="Special:BookSources/9780674059658"><bdi>9780674059658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Nation+of+the+Earth%3A+Republican+Economic+Policies+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=9%2C+41%2C+52%2C+111%2C+116%2C+120%2C+182%2C+202&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780674059658&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Heather+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> (September 2009). "Disaffection, Persistence, and Nation: Some Directions in Recent Scholarship on the Confederacy". <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_History" title="Civil War History">Civil War History</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 329–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0065">10.1353/cwh.0.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144977161">144977161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Disaffection%2C+Persistence%2C+and+Nation%3A+Some+Directions+in+Recent+Scholarship+on+the+Confederacy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-353&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144977161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> (2002). <i>Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743227711" title="Special:BookSources/9780743227711"><bdi>9780743227711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+Away%21+A+History+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780743227711&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRable1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Rable" title="George C. Rable">Rable, George C.</a> (1994). <i>The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics</i>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807821442" title="Special:BookSources/9780807821442"><bdi>9780807821442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Republic%3A+A+Revolution+against+Politics&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780807821442&rft.aulast=Rable&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Massey" title="Mary Massey">Massey, Mary</a> (1993). <i>Ersatz in the Confederacy: shortages and substitutes on the southern homefront</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872498778" title="Special:BookSources/9780872498778"><bdi>9780872498778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ersatz+in+the+Confederacy%3A+shortages+and+substitutes+on+the+southern+homefront&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780872498778&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacovoneFuller2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Yacovone" title="Donald Yacovone">Yacovone, Donald</a>; Fuller, Charles (2004). <i>Freedom's Journey: African American Voices of the Civil War</i>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556525216" title="Special:BookSources/9781556525216"><bdi>9781556525216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Journey%3A+African+American+Voices+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781556525216&rft.aulast=Yacovone&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Anne Sarah (2005). <i>A Shattered Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5149%2F9780807888957_rubin">10.5149/9780807888957_rubin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807829288" title="Special:BookSources/9780807829288"><bdi>9780807829288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shattered+Nation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5149%2F9780807888957_rubin&rft.isbn=9780807829288&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Anne+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeringerJonesStillHattaway1988" class="citation book cs1">Beringer, Richard E.; Jones, Archer; Still, William N.; Hattaway, Herman (1988). <i>The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion</i>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820310770" title="Special:BookSources/9780820310770"><bdi>9780820310770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Confederate+Defeat%3A+Nationalism%2C+War+Aims%2C+and+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780820310770&rft.aulast=Beringer&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Archer&rft.au=Still%2C+William+N.&rft.au=Hattaway%2C+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2007" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Vernon O. (2007) [2006]. <i>The Age of Lincoln</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809095131" title="Special:BookSources/9780809095131"><bdi>9780809095131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Lincoln&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780809095131&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Vernon+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a> (1971) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCkbnAEACAAJ"><i>The Civil War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070102668" title="Special:BookSources/9780070102668"><bdi>9780070102668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780070102668&rft.aulast=Catton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCkbnAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathemTerry2016" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark R.; Terry, Corps (2016). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny</i> (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442273207" title="Special:BookSources/9781442273207"><bdi>9781442273207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Jacksonian+Era+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442273207&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft.au=Terry%2C+Corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldRandall2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">Randall, James Garfield</a>; et al. (et al.) (2001) [1937]. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393974270" title="Special:BookSources/9780393974270"><bdi>9780393974270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780393974270&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft.au=Randall%2C+James+Garfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fellman" title="Michael Fellman">Fellman, Michael</a>; et al. (et al.) (2007). <i>This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath</i> (2nd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321125583" title="Special:BookSources/9780321125583"><bdi>9780321125583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Terrible+War%3A+The+Civil+War+and+its+Aftermath&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780321125583&rft.aulast=Fellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfield2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Goldfield" title="David Goldfield">Goldfield, David</a> (2011). <i>America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608193745" title="Special:BookSources/9781608193745"><bdi>9781608193745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Aflame%3A+How+the+Civil+War+Created+a+Nation&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781608193745&rft.aulast=Goldfield&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> (2012). <i>Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199843282" title="Special:BookSources/9780199843282"><bdi>9780199843282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Lightning%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199843282&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicht1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Licht" title="Walter Licht">Licht, Walter</a> (1995). <i>Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801850141" title="Special:BookSources/9780801850141"><bdi>9780801850141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrializing+America%3A+The+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780801850141&rft.aulast=Licht&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwack1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_F._Litwack" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon F. Litwack">Litwack, Leon F.</a> (1979). <i>Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394500997" title="Special:BookSources/9780394500997"><bdi>9780394500997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Been+in+the+Storm+So+Long%3A+The+Aftermath+of+Slavery&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780394500997&rft.aulast=Litwack&rft.aufirst=Leon+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a>; et al. (et al.) (1988). <i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195038637" title="Special:BookSources/9780195038637"><bdi>9780195038637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780195038637&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayWei-siang_Hsieh2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Williamson" title="Murray Williamson">Murray, Williamson</a>; Wei-siang Hsieh, Wayne (2016). <i>A Savage War: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691169408" title="Special:BookSources/9780691169408"><bdi>9780691169408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691169408&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Wei-siang+Hsieh%2C+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1992) [1947]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ordeal_of_the_Union" title="Ordeal of the Union">Ordeal of the Union</a></i>. Collier Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780020354451" title="Special:BookSources/9780020354451"><bdi>9780020354451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordeal+of+the+Union&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780020354451&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Shaw_Paludan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Shaw Paludan">Paludan, Phillip Shaw</a> (1996). <i>A People's Contest: The Union and Civil War 1861–1865</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060159030" title="Special:BookSources/9780060159030"><bdi>9780060159030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Contest%3A+The+Union+and+Civil+War+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780060159030&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> (1976). <i>The Impending Crisis, America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061319297" title="Special:BookSources/9780061319297"><bdi>9780061319297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis%2C+America+Before+the+Civil+War%2C+1848-1861&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780061319297&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResch2004" class="citation book cs1">Resch, John, ed. (2004). <i>Americans at War: Society, Culture, and the Homefront</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Reference_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Reference USA">Macmillan Reference USA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+at+War%3A+Society%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Homefront&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord_Rhodes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">Ford Rhodes, James</a> (2012) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycivilwar03rhodgoog"><i>A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865</i></a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486137780" title="Special:BookSources/9780486137780"><bdi>9780486137780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Civil+War%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780486137780&rft.aulast=Ford+Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycivilwar03rhodgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Anne S. (2005). <i>A Shattered Nation: The Rise & Fall of the Confederacy 1861–1868</i>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807829288" title="Special:BookSources/9780807829288"><bdi>9780807829288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shattered+Nation%3A+The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+the+Confederacy+1861%E2%80%931868&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780807829288&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Anne+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan-Dean" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1444351311.html"><i>A Companion to the U.S. Civil War</i></a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351316" title="Special:BookSources/9781444351316"><bdi>9781444351316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+U.S.+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=9781444351316&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-1444351311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> (6 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgCJAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 18371861</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118609293" title="Special:BookSources/9781118609293"><bdi>9781118609293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Antebellum+Presidents+18371861&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.isbn=9781118609293&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgCJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Taylor" title="George Rogers Taylor">Taylor, George Rogers</a> (1962) [1951]. <i>The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873321013" title="Special:BookSources/9780873321013"><bdi>9780873321013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transportation+Revolution%2C+1815%E2%80%931860&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780873321013&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=George+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBurnsBurns1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_C._Ward" title="Geoffrey C. Ward">Ward, Geoffrey C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Burns, Ken</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ric_Burns" title="Ric Burns">Burns, Ric</a> (1990). <i>The Civil War</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679742777" title="Special:BookSources/9780679742777"><bdi>9780679742777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780679742777&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ken&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281849%E2%80%931865%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">Years in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in the United States">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_the_United_States" title="1776 in the United States">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_the_United_States" title="1777 in the United States">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_the_United_States" title="1778 in the United States">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_the_United_States" title="1779 in the United States">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_the_United_States" title="1780 in the United States">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_the_United_States" title="1781 in the United States">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_the_United_States" title="1782 in the United States">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_the_United_States" title="1783 in the United States">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_the_United_States" title="1784 in the United States">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_the_United_States" title="1785 in the United States">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_the_United_States" title="1786 in the United States">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_the_United_States" title="1787 in the United States">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_the_United_States" title="1788 in the United States">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_the_United_States" title="1789 in the United States">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_the_United_States" title="1790 in the United States">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_the_United_States" title="1791 in the United States">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_the_United_States" title="1792 in the United States">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_the_United_States" title="1793 in the United States">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_the_United_States" title="1794 in the United States">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_the_United_States" title="1795 in the United States">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_the_United_States" title="1796 in the United States">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_the_United_States" title="1797 in the United States">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_the_United_States" title="1798 in the United States">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_the_United_States" title="1799 in the United States">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_the_United_States" title="1800 in the United States">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in the United States">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_in_the_United_States" title="1801 in the United States">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_the_United_States" title="1802 in the United States">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_in_the_United_States" title="1803 in the United States">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_in_the_United_States" title="1804 in the United States">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_in_the_United_States" title="1805 in the United States">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_in_the_United_States" title="1806 in the United States">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_in_the_United_States" title="1807 in the United States">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_in_the_United_States" title="1808 in the United States">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_in_the_United_States" title="1809 in the United States">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_in_the_United_States" title="1810 in the United States">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_the_United_States" title="1811 in the United States">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_the_United_States" title="1812 in the United States">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_the_United_States" title="1813 in the United States">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_the_United_States" title="1814 in the United States">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_the_United_States" title="1815 in the United States">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_the_United_States" title="1816 in the United States">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_the_United_States" title="1817 in the United States">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_the_United_States" title="1818 in the United States">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_the_United_States" title="1819 in the United States">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_the_United_States" title="1820 in the United States">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_the_United_States" title="1821 in the United States">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_the_United_States" title="1822 in the United States">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_the_United_States" title="1823 in the United States">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_the_United_States" title="1824 in the United States">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_the_United_States" title="1825 in the United States">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_the_United_States" title="1826 in the United States">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_the_United_States" title="1827 in the United States">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_the_United_States" title="1828 in the United States">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_in_the_United_States" title="1829 in the United States">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_the_United_States" title="1830 in the United States">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_the_United_States" title="1831 in the United States">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_in_the_United_States" title="1832 in the United States">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_in_the_United_States" title="1833 in the United States">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_the_United_States" title="1834 in the United States">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_the_United_States" title="1835 in the United States">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_in_the_United_States" title="1836 in the United States">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_the_United_States" title="1837 in the United States">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_the_United_States" title="1838 in the United States">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_the_United_States" title="1839 in the United States">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_the_United_States" title="1840 in the United States">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_the_United_States" title="1841 in the United States">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_in_the_United_States" title="1842 in the United States">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_the_United_States" title="1843 in the United States">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_the_United_States" title="1844 in the United States">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_in_the_United_States" title="1845 in the United States">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_the_United_States" title="1846 in the United States">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_the_United_States" title="1847 in the United States">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_in_the_United_States" title="1848 in the United States">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_the_United_States" title="1849 in the United States">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_the_United_States" title="1850 in the United States">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_in_the_United_States" title="1851 in the United States">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_in_the_United_States" title="1852 in the United States">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_the_United_States" title="1853 in the United States">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_in_the_United_States" title="1854 in the United States">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_the_United_States" title="1855 in the United States">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_in_the_United_States" title="1856 in the United States">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_the_United_States" title="1857 in the United States">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_the_United_States" title="1858 in the United States">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_the_United_States" title="1859 in the United States">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_the_United_States" title="1860 in the United States">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_the_United_States" title="1861 in the United States">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_the_United_States" title="1862 in the United States">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_the_United_States" title="1863 in the United States">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_the_United_States" title="1864 in the United States">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_the_United_States" title="1865 in the United States">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_the_United_States" title="1866 in the United States">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_the_United_States" title="1867 in the United States">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_the_United_States" title="1868 in the United States">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_the_United_States" title="1869 in the United States">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_the_United_States" title="1870 in the United States">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_the_United_States" title="1871 in the United States">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_the_United_States" title="1872 in the United States">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_the_United_States" title="1873 in the United States">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_the_United_States" title="1874 in the United States">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_the_United_States" title="1875 in the United States">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_the_United_States" title="1876 in the United States">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_the_United_States" title="1877 in the United States">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_the_United_States" title="1878 in the United States">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_the_United_States" title="1879 in the United States">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_the_United_States" title="1880 in the United States">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_the_United_States" title="1881 in the United States">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_the_United_States" title="1882 in the United States">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_the_United_States" title="1883 in the United States">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_the_United_States" title="1884 in the United States">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_the_United_States" title="1885 in the United States">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_the_United_States" title="1886 in the United States">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_the_United_States" title="1887 in the United States">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_the_United_States" title="1888 in the United States">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_the_United_States" title="1889 in the United States">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_the_United_States" title="1890 in the United States">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_the_United_States" title="1891 in the United States">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_the_United_States" title="1892 in the United States">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_the_United_States" title="1893 in the United States">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_the_United_States" title="1894 in the United States">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_the_United_States" title="1895 in the United States">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_the_United_States" title="1896 in the United States">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_the_United_States" title="1897 in the United States">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_the_United_States" title="1898 in the United States">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_the_United_States" title="1899 in the United States">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_the_United_States" title="1900 in the United States">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in the United States">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_the_United_States" title="1901 in the United States">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_the_United_States" title="1902 in the United States">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_United_States" title="1903 in the United States">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_the_United_States" title="1904 in the United States">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_the_United_States" title="1905 in the United States">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_the_United_States" title="1906 in the United States">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_the_United_States" title="1907 in the United States">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_the_United_States" title="1908 in the United States">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_the_United_States" title="1909 in the United States">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_the_United_States" title="1910 in the United States">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_the_United_States" title="1911 in the United States">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_the_United_States" title="1912 in the United States">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_the_United_States" title="1913 in the United States">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_the_United_States" title="1914 in the United States">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_the_United_States" title="1915 in the United States">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_the_United_States" title="1916 in the United States">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_the_United_States" title="1917 in the United States">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_the_United_States" title="1918 in the United States">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_the_United_States" title="1919 in the United States">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_the_United_States" title="1920 in the United States">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_the_United_States" title="1921 in the United States">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_the_United_States" title="1922 in the United States">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_the_United_States" title="1923 in the United States">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_the_United_States" title="1924 in the United States">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_the_United_States" title="1925 in the United States">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_the_United_States" title="1926 in the United States">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_the_United_States" title="1927 in the United States">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_the_United_States" title="1928 in the United States">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_the_United_States" title="1929 in the United States">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_the_United_States" title="1930 in the United States">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_the_United_States" title="1931 in the United States">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_the_United_States" title="1932 in the United States">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_the_United_States" title="1933 in the United States">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_the_United_States" title="1934 in the United States">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_the_United_States" title="1935 in the United States">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_United_States" title="1936 in the United States">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_United_States" title="1937 in the United States">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_the_United_States" title="1938 in the United States">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_the_United_States" title="1939 in the United States">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_the_United_States" title="1940 in the United States">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_the_United_States" title="1941 in the United States">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_the_United_States" title="1942 in the United States">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_the_United_States" title="1943 in the United States">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_the_United_States" title="1944 in the United States">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_the_United_States" title="1945 in the United States">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_the_United_States" title="1946 in the United States">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_the_United_States" title="1947 in the United States">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_the_United_States" title="1948 in the United States">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_the_United_States" title="1949 in the United States">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_the_United_States" title="1950 in the United States">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_the_United_States" title="1951 in the United States">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_the_United_States" title="1952 in the United States">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_the_United_States" title="1953 in the United States">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_the_United_States" title="1954 in the United States">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_the_United_States" title="1955 in the United States">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_the_United_States" title="1956 in the United States">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_the_United_States" title="1957 in the United States">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_the_United_States" title="1958 in the United States">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_United_States" title="1959 in the United States">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_the_United_States" title="1960 in the United States">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_the_United_States" title="1961 in the United States">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_the_United_States" title="1962 in the United States">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_the_United_States" title="1963 in the United States">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_the_United_States" title="1964 in the United States">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_the_United_States" title="1965 in the United States">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_the_United_States" title="1966 in the United States">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_the_United_States" title="1967 in the United States">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_the_United_States" title="1968 in the United States">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_the_United_States" title="1969 in the United States">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_the_United_States" title="1970 in the United States">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_the_United_States" title="1971 in the United States">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_the_United_States" title="1972 in the United States">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_the_United_States" title="1973 in the United States">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_the_United_States" title="1974 in the United States">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_the_United_States" title="1975 in the United States">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_the_United_States" title="1976 in the United States">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_the_United_States" title="1977 in the United States">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_the_United_States" title="1978 in the United States">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_the_United_States" title="1979 in the United States">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_the_United_States" title="1980 in the United States">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_the_United_States" title="1981 in the United States">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_the_United_States" title="1982 in the United States">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_the_United_States" title="1983 in the United States">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_the_United_States" title="1984 in the United States">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_the_United_States" title="1985 in the United States">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_the_United_States" title="1986 in the United States">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_the_United_States" title="1987 in the United States">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_the_United_States" title="1988 in the United States">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_the_United_States" title="1989 in the United States">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_the_United_States" title="1990 in the United States">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_United_States" title="1991 in the United States">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_the_United_States" title="1992 in the United States">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_the_United_States" title="1993 in the United States">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_the_United_States" title="1994 in the United States">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_the_United_States" title="1995 in the United States">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_the_United_States" title="1996 in the United States">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_the_United_States" title="1997 in the United States">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_the_United_States" title="1998 in the United States">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_the_United_States" title="1999 in the United States">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_the_United_States" title="2000 in the United States">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in the United States">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_the_United_States" title="2001 in the United States">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_the_United_States" title="2002 in the United States">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_the_United_States" title="2003 in the United States">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_the_United_States" title="2004 in the United States">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_the_United_States" title="2005 in the United States">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_the_United_States" title="2006 in the United States">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_the_United_States" title="2007 in the United States">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_the_United_States" title="2008 in the United States">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_the_United_States" title="2009 in the United States">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_the_United_States" title="2010 in the United States">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_the_United_States" title="2011 in the United States">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_the_United_States" title="2012 in the United States">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_the_United_States" title="2013 in the United States">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_the_United_States" title="2014 in the United States">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_the_United_States" title="2015 in the United States">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_the_United_States" title="2016 in the United States">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_the_United_States" title="2017 in the United States">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_the_United_States" title="2018 in the United States">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_the_United_States" title="2019 in the United States">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_the_United_States" title="2020 in the United States">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_the_United_States" title="2021 in the United States">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_the_United_States" title="2022 in the United States">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_the_United_States" title="2023 in the United States">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_the_United_States" title="2024 in the United States">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_the_United_States" title="2025 in the United States">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_the_United_States" title="2026 in the United States">2026</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By U.S. state/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Alabama (page does not exist)">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Alaska" title="List of years in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arizona" title="List of years in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arkansas" title="List of years in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_California" title="List of years in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Colorado" title="List of years in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Delaware" title="List of years in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Florida" title="List of years in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Georgia (U.S. state) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Hawaii" title="List of years in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Illinois (page does not exist)">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Indiana (page does not exist)">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iowa" title="List of years in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kansas (page does not exist)">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kentucky (page does not exist)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Louisiana (page does not exist)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maryland (page does not exist)">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Massachusetts (page does not exist)">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Michigan" title="List of years in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Minnesota (page does not exist)">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Mississippi (page does not exist)">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Missouri (page does not exist)">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Montana (page does not exist)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nebraska (page does not exist)">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Jersey (page does not exist)">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Mexico (page does not exist)">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New York (page does not exist)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in North Carolina (page does not exist)">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_North_Dakota" title="List of years in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Ohio (page does not exist)">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Oregon" title="List of years in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Pennsylvania (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Dakota" title="List of years in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Tennessee (page does not exist)">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Utah (page does not exist)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Virginia (page does not exist)">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Washington (state) (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in West Virginia (page does not exist)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Wyoming" title="List of years in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washington D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_American_Samoa" title="List of years in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Guam" title="List of years in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of years in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of years in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of years in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monetary_policy_and_central_banking_in_the_United_States_(pre–1913)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Money_and_central_banking_within_the_contemporary_United_States_(pre%E2%80%931913)" title="Template:Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Money_and_central_banking_within_the_contemporary_United_States_(pre%E2%80%931913)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Money_and_central_banking_within_the_contemporary_United_States_(pre%E2%80%931913)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monetary_policy_and_central_banking_in_the_United_States_(pre–1913)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">Monetary policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">central banking in the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">pre–1913</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a><br />(1607–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bills_of_credit" title="Bills of credit">Bills of credit</a> (c. 1690–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Inspection_Act" title="Tobacco Inspection Act">Tobacco Inspection Act</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Tobacco_Inspection_Act_of_1747" title="Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747">Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Acts</a> (1751; 1764)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1776–1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Banknotes of the United States dollar">U.S. dollar banknotes</a> (1775–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a> (1775–1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Pennsylvania" title="Bank of Pennsylvania">Bank of Pennsylvania</a> (1780–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">U.S. Finance Superintendent</a> (1781–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> (1781–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I of the U.S. Constitution</a> <ul><li>1787–1788; <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury Department</a> <ul><li>1789–1913; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security" title="United States Treasury security">U.S. Treasury security</a> (1789–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> (1791–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> (1792–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">U.S. dollar coins</a> (1792–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_dime" title="Half dime">Half dime</a> (1792–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_half_disme" title="1792 half disme">1792 half disme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_cent_(United_States_coin)" title="Half cent (United States coin)">Half cent</a> (1793–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_cent" title="Large cent">Large cent</a> (1793–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(19th_century)" title="Treasury Note (19th century)">Treasury Note</a> (1812–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, 1816–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Bank" title="Suffolk Bank">Suffolk Bank</a>, 1818–1858</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a></i>, 1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Fund_System" title="Safety Fund System">New York Safety Fund System</a>, 1829–1842</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>, 1832–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1834" title="Coinage Act of 1834">Coinage Act of 1834</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War Era</a><br />(1840–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a> (1836–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_banking" title="Wildcat banking">Wildcat banking</a> (1836–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forstall_System" title="The Forstall System">Forstall System</a> (1842–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent U.S. Treasury</a> (1846–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1849" title="Coinage Act of 1849">Coinage Act of 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_silver" title="Three-cent silver">Three-cent silver</a> (1851–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1853" title="Coinage Act of 1853">Coinage Act of 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clearing_House" title="The Clearing House">New York Clearing House Association</a> (1853–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1857" title="Coinage Act of 1857">Coinage Act of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_Note" title="Demand Note">Demand Note</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Note</a> (1862–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_currency" title="Fractional currency">Fractional currency</a> (1862–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Acts</a> (1863; 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_bearing_note" title="Interest bearing note">Interest bearing note</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">National banks system</a> (1863–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Note" title="National Bank Note">National Bank Note</a> (1863–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificate</a> (1863–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_interest_treasury_note" title="Compound interest treasury note">Compound interest treasury note</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1864" title="Coinage Act of 1864">Coinage Act of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">Two-cent piece</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_nickel" title="Three-cent nickel">Three-cent nickel</a> (1865–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_Act_of_1866" title="Contraction Act of 1866">Contraction Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_v._Griswold" title="Hepburn v. Griswold">Hepburn v. Griswold</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1870" title="Currency Act of 1870">Currency Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gold_Bank_Note" title="National Gold Bank Note">National Gold Bank Note</a> (1870–1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Lee" title="Knox v. Lee">Knox v. Lee</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">Free silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-cent_piece_(United_States_coin)" title="Twenty-cent piece (United States coin)">Twenty-cent piece</a> (1875–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">Silver certificate</a> (1878–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a> (1879–1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_v._Greenman" title="Juilliard v. Greenman">Juilliard v. Greenman</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(1890%E2%80%931891)" title="Treasury Note (1890–1891)">Treasury Note</a> (1890–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_Act" title="Gold Standard Act">Gold Standard Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_expansions_and_recessions_in_the_United_States_and_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Template:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Template talk:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_expansions_and_recessions_in_the_United_States_and_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_expansions_in_the_United_States" title="List of economic expansions in the United States">Economic expansions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States" title="List of recessions in the United States">recessions in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_glut" title="General glut">General glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift" title="Paradox of thrift">Paradox of thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Price-and-wage stickiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underconsumption" title="Underconsumption">Underconsumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_dichotomy" title="Classical dichotomy">Classical dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a>/<a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_of_money" title="Neutrality of money">Neutrality of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">Real and nominal values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">Velocity of money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_recovery" title="Economic recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_expansions_in_the_United_States" title="List of economic expansions in the United States">U.S. expansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">Nominal interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_interest_rate" title="Real interest rate">Real interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve">Yield curve</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inverted_yield_curve" title="Inverted yield curve">Inverted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet_recession" title="Balance sheet recession">Balance sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_recession" title="Global recession">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_recession" title="Rolling recession">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_shapes" title="Recession shapes">Shapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">U.K. recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States" title="List of recessions in the United States">U.S. recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">Shock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump</a> (1430–1490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">Slump of 1706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">Great Frost of 1709</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a> <ul><li>1772–1774; <a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773#Effects_in_London" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773#Scotland" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">American Colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li>1785–1788</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a> (1789–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a> (1796–1799)</li> <li>1802–1804</li> <li>1807–1810</li> <li>1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Napoleonic_Depression" title="Post-Napoleonic Depression">Post-Napoleonic Depression</a> (1815–1821)</li> <li>1822–23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a> (1825–1826)</li> <li>1828–29</li> <li>1833–34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> (1836–1838 and 1839–1843)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Early Victorian Britain</a>/<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War-era United States</a><br />(1840–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1845–46</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li>1853–54</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li>1860–61</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Deflation" title="The Great Deflation">Great Deflation</a> <ul><li>1873–1879; <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression#United_Kingdom" title="Long Depression">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression#United_States" title="Long Depression">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1882%E2%80%931885" title="Depression of 1882–1885">Depression of 1882–1885</a></li> <li>1887–88</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li>1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a> (1907–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a> (1910–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a> (1913–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_I_recession" title="Post–World War I recession">Post–World War I recession</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%931921" title="Depression of 1920–1921">Depression of 1920–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li>1923–1924</li> <li>1926–1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li>1929–1939; <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1949" title="Recession of 1949">Recession of 1949</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1953" title="Recession of 1953">Recession of 1953</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1958" title="Recession of 1958">Recession of 1958</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1960%E2%80%931961" title="Recession of 1960–1961">Recession of 1960–1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1969%E2%80%931970" title="Recession of 1969–1970">Recession of 1969–1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973–1975 recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession#United_Kingdom" title="1973–1975 recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession#United_States" title="1973–1975 recession">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">Early 1980s recession</a> <ul><li>1980–1982; <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession#Canada" title="Early 1980s recession">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession#United_Kingdom" title="Early 1980s recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_United_States_boom" title="1990s United States boom">1990s United States boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a> <ul><li>1990–1991; <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_Australia" title="Early 1990s recession in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession#Canada" title="Early 1990s recession">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession#United_Kingdom" title="Early 1990s recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1990s recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_2000s_recession" title="Early 2000s recession">Early 2000s recession</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li>2007–2009; <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania#Australia" title="Great Recession in Oceania">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Bangladesh" title="Great Recession in Asia">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_Americas#Canada" title="Great Recession in the Americas">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#India" title="Great Recession in Asia">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Malysia" title="Great Recession in Asia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania#New_Zealand" title="Great Recession in Oceania">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Pakistan" title="Great Recession in Asia">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Africa" title="Great Recession in Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Sri_Lanka" title="Great Recession in Asia">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a> <ul><li>2020–2022; <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Australia" title="COVID-19 recession">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Bangladsh" title="COVID-19 recession">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Belize" title="COVID-19 recession">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Botswana" title="COVID-19 recession">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Namibia" title="COVID-19 recession">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Economic_impact" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Zambia" title="COVID-19 recession">Zambia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849–1865)&oldid=1248201365">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1849–1865)&oldid=1248201365</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1860s in the United States">1860s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1840s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1840s in the United States">1840s in the 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