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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specific definitions of an open standard</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_definitions_of_an_open_standard-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific definitions of an open standard subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_definitions_of_an_open_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Made_by_standardization_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Made_by_standardization_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Made by standardization bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Made_by_standardization_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_IEEE,_ISOC,_W3C,_IETF_and_IAB_Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_IEEE,_ISOC,_W3C,_IETF_and_IAB_Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Joint IEEE, ISOC, W3C, IETF and IAB Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_IEEE,_ISOC,_W3C,_IETF_and_IAB_Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITU-T_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITU-T_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>ITU-T definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITU-T_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IETF_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IETF_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>IETF definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IETF_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_legislative_or_governmental_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_legislative_or_governmental_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>By legislative or governmental bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_legislative_or_governmental_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Interoperability_Framework_for_Pan-European_eGovernment_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Interoperability_Framework_for_Pan-European_eGovernment_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Interoperability_Framework_for_Pan-European_eGovernment_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_Centric_Operations_Industry_Consortium_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_Centric_Operations_Industry_Consortium_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_Centric_Operations_Industry_Consortium_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish_government_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_government_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Danish government definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_government_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_law_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_law_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>French law definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_law_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Government_Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Government_Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Indian Government Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Government_Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Law_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Law_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Italian Law definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Law_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_official_interoperability_framework_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_official_interoperability_framework_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>New Zealand official interoperability framework definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_official_interoperability_framework_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_law_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_law_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Portuguese law definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_law_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_law_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_law_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Spanish law definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_law_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Government_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Government_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>South African Government definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Government_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_government_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_government_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>UK government definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_government_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuelan_law_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuelan_law_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>Venezuelan law definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuelan_law_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_recognized_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_recognized_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>By recognized persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_recognized_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bruce_Perens'_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruce_Perens'_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Bruce Perens' definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruce_Perens'_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ken_Krechmer's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ken_Krechmer's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Ken Krechmer's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ken_Krechmer's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>By companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microsoft's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Microsoft's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_non-profit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_non-profit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>By non-profit organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_non-profit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_Source_Initiative's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Source_Initiative's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Open Source Initiative's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Source_Initiative's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wide_Web_Consortium's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wide_Web_Consortium's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>World Wide Web Consortium's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wide_Web_Consortium's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Standards_Organization_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Standards_Organization_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Digital Standards Organization definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Standards_Organization_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Software_Foundation_Europe's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Software_Foundation_Europe's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Free Software Foundation Europe's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Software_Foundation_Europe's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FFII's_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FFII's_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>FFII's definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FFII's_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison of definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_open_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_open_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of open standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_open_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of open standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_open_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Programming languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open standard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD" title="معيار مفتوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معيار مفتوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A0ndard_obert" title="Estàndard obert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estàndard obert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safon_agored" title="Safon agored – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Safon agored" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ben_standard" title="Åben standard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åben standard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offener_Standard" title="Offener Standard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Offener Standard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_standard" title="Avatud standard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud standard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Ανοιχτά πρότυπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοιχτά πρότυπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1ndar_abierto" title="Estándar abierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estándar abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estandar_ireki" title="Estandar ireki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estandar ireki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="استاندارد باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استاندارد باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_ouvert" title="Format ouvert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format ouvert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9%ED%98%95_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80" title="개방형 표준 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개방형 표준" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="मुक्त मानक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त मानक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standar_terbuka" title="Standar terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Standar terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_aperto" title="Standard aperto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Standard aperto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADlt_szabv%C3%A1ny" title="Nyílt szabvány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyílt szabvány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standaard" title="Open standaard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open standaard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96" title="オープン標準 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープン標準" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_standard" title="Åpen standard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Standard that can be easily accessed and used by all market participants</div> <p>An <b>open standard</b> is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. It is also a common prerequisite that open standards use an open license that provides for extensibility. Typically, anybody can participate in their development due to their inherently open nature. There is no single definition, and interpretations vary with usage. Examples of open standards include the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> standards that allow most modern <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> to work world-wide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>open</i> and <i>standard</i> have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. There are a number of definitions of open standards which emphasize different aspects of openness, including the openness of the resulting specification, the openness of the drafting process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. The term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis. </p><p>The definitions of the term <i>open standard</i> used by academics, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and some of its member governments or parliaments such as <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> preclude open standards requiring fees for use, as do the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan">Venezuelan</a> governments. On the standard organisation side, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) ensures that its specifications can be implemented on a <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> basis. </p><p>Many definitions of the term <i>standard</i> permit <a href="/wiki/Patent_holder" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent holder">patent holders</a> to impose "<a href="/wiki/Reasonable_and_non-discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasonable and non-discriminatory">reasonable and non-discriminatory</a> licensing" <a href="/wiki/Royalty_fee" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalty fee">royalty fees</a> and other licensing terms on implementers or users of the standard. For example, the rules for standards published by the major internationally recognized standards bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF), <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), and <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> permit their standards to contain specifications whose implementation will require payment of patent licensing fees. Among these organizations, only the IETF and ITU-T explicitly refer to their standards as "open standards", while the others refer only to producing "standards". The IETF and ITU-T use definitions of "open standard" that allow "reasonable and non-discriminatory" patent licensing fee requirements. </p><p>There are those in the open-source software community who hold that an "open standard" is only open if it can be freely adopted, implemented and extended.<sup id="cite_ref-book_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While open standards or architectures are considered non-proprietary in the sense that the standard is either unowned or owned by a collective body, it can still be publicly shared and not tightly guarded.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical example of "open source" that has become a standard is the personal computer originated by IBM and now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a>, the combination of the Microsoft operating system and Intel microprocessor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three others that are most widely accepted as "open" which include the <a href="/wiki/GSM_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM phone">GSM phones</a> (adopted as a government standard), <a href="/wiki/Open_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Group">Open Group</a> which promotes <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which created the first standards of SMTP and TCP/IP. Buyers tend to prefer open standards which they believe offer them cheaper products and more choice for access due to network effects and increased competition between vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open standards which specify formats are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open formats</a>. </p><p>Many specifications that are sometimes referred to as standards are proprietary, and only available (if they can be obtained at all) under restrictive contract terms from the organization that owns the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> on the specification. As such these specifications are not considered to be fully <i>open</i>. Joel West has argued that "open" standards are not black and white but have many different levels of "openness".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more open standard tends to occur when the knowledge of the technology becomes dispersed enough that competition is increased and others are able to start copying the technology as they implement it. This occurred with the Wintel architecture as others were able to start imitating the software.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less open standards exist when a particular firm has much power (not ownership) over the standard, which can occur when a firm's platform "wins" in standard setting or the market makes one platform most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_definitions_of_an_open_standard">Specific definitions of an open standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific definitions of an open standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Made_by_standardization_bodies">Made by standardization bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Made by standardization bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_IEEE,_ISOC,_W3C,_IETF_and_IAB_Definition"><span id="Joint_IEEE.2C_ISOC.2C_W3C.2C_IETF_and_IAB_Definition"></span>Joint IEEE, ISOC, W3C, IETF and IAB Definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint IEEE, ISOC, W3C, IETF and IAB Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 12, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC), <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a> (IAB), jointly affirmed a set of principles which have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential growth</a> of the Internet and related technologies. The "OpenStand Principles" define open standards and establish the building blocks for innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards developed using the OpenStand principles are developed through an open, participatory process, support interoperability, foster global competition, are voluntarily adopted on a global level and serve as building blocks for products and services targeted to meet the needs of markets and consumers. This drives innovation which, in turn, contributes to the creation of new markets and the growth and expansion of existing markets. </p><p><b>There are five, key OpenStand Principles, as outlined below:</b> </p><p><b>1. Cooperation</b> Respectful cooperation between standards organizations, whereby each respects the autonomy, integrity, processes, and intellectual property rules of the others. </p><p><b>2. Adherence to Principles</b> – Adherence to the five fundamental principles of standards development, namely </p> <ul><li><i><b>Due process:</b></i> Decisions are made with equity and fairness among participants. No one party dominates or guides standards development. Standards processes are transparent and opportunities exist to appeal decisions. Processes for periodic standards review and updating are well defined.</li> <li><i><b>Broad consensus:</b></i> Processes allow for all views to be considered and addressed, such that agreement can be found across a range of interests.</li> <li><i><b>Transparency:</b></i> Standards organizations provide advance public notice of proposed standards development activities, the scope of work to be undertaken, and conditions for participation. Easily accessible records of decisions and the materials used in reaching those decisions are provided. Public comment periods are provided before final standards approval and adoption.</li> <li><i><b>Balance:</b></i> Standards activities are not exclusively dominated by any particular person, company or interest group.</li> <li><i><b>Openness:</b></i> Standards processes are open to all interested and informed parties.</li></ul> <p><b>3. Collective Empowerment</b> Commitment by affirming standards organizations and their participants to collective <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a> by striving for standards that: </p> <ul><li>are chosen and defined based on technical merit, as judged by the contributed expertise of each participant;</li> <li>provide global interoperability, scalability, stability, and resiliency;</li> <li>enable global competition;</li> <li>serve as building blocks for further innovation; and</li> <li>contribute to the creation of global communities, benefiting humanity.</li></ul> <p><b>4. Availability</b> Standards specifications are made accessible to all for implementation and deployment. Affirming standards organizations have defined procedures to develop specifications that can be implemented under fair terms. Given market diversity, fair terms may vary from royalty-free to <a href="/wiki/Fair,_reasonable,_and_non-discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory">fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory</a> terms (FRAND). </p><p><b>5. Voluntary Adoption</b> Standards are voluntarily adopted and success is determined by the market. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ITU-T_definition">ITU-T definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ITU-T definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Standards_development_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards development organization">standards development organization</a> (SDO) that is one of the three sectors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (a specialized agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>). The ITU-T has a Telecommunication Standardization Bureau director's <i>Ad Hoc</i> group on IPR that produced the following definition in March 2005, which the ITU-T as a whole has endorsed for its purposes since November 2005:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> has a long history of open standards development. However, recently some different external sources have attempted to define the term "Open Standard" in a variety of different ways. In order to avoid confusion, the ITU-T uses for its purpose the term "Open Standards" per the following definition:</dd> <dd>"Open Standards" are standards made available to the general public and are developed (or approved) and maintained via a collaborative and consensus driven process. "Open Standards" facilitate <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> and data exchange among different products or services and are intended for widespread adoption.</dd> <dd>Other elements of "Open Standards" include, but are not limited to: <ul><li>Collaborative process – voluntary and market driven development (or approval) following a transparent consensus driven process that is reasonably open to all interested parties.</li> <li>Reasonably balanced – ensures that the process is not dominated by any one interest group.</li> <li>Due process – includes consideration of and response to comments by interested parties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">Intellectual property rights</a> (IPRs) – IPRs essential to implement the standard to be licensed to all applicants on a worldwide, non-discriminatory basis, either (1) for free and under other reasonable terms and conditions or (2) on reasonable terms and conditions (which may include monetary compensation). Negotiations are left to the parties concerned and are performed outside the <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">SDO</a>.</li> <li>Quality and level of detail – sufficient to permit the development of a variety of competing implementations of interoperable products or services. Standardized interfaces are not hidden, or controlled other than by the SDO promulgating the standard.</li> <li>Publicly available – easily available for implementation and use, at a reasonable price. Publication of the text of a standard by others is permitted only with the prior approval of the SDO.</li> <li>On-going support – maintained and supported over a long period of time.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> have harmonized on a common patent policy <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/World_Standards_Cooperation" title="World Standards Cooperation">WSC</a>. However, the ITU-T definition should not necessarily be considered also applicable in ITU-R, ISO and IEC contexts, since the Common Patent Policy <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not make any reference to "open standards" but rather only to "standards." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IETF_definition">IETF definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IETF definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In section 7 of its RFC 2026, the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> classifies specifications that have been developed in a manner similar to that of the IETF itself as being "open standards," and lists the standards produced by <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> as examples. As the IETF standardization processes and IPR policies have the characteristics listed above by ITU-T, the IETF standards fulfill the ITU-T definition of "open standards." </p><p>However, the IETF has not adopted a specific definition of "open standard"; both RFC 2026 and the IETF's mission statement (RFC 3935) talks about "open process," but RFC 2026 does not define "open standard" except for the purpose of defining what documents IETF standards can link to. </p><p>RFC 2026 belongs to a set of RFCs collectively known as BCP 9 (Best Common Practice, an IETF policy).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFC 2026 was later updated by BCP 78 and 79 (among others). As of 2011 BCP 78 is RFC 5378 (Rights Contributors Provide to the IETF Trust),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BCP 79 consists of RFC 3979 (Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology) and a clarification in RFC 4879.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes are intended to be compatible with the "Simplified <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> License" as stated in the IETF Trust Legal Provisions and Copyright FAQ based on RFC 5377.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2012, the IETF combined with the W3C and <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> to launch OpenStand <sup id="cite_ref-OpenStand_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenStand-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to publish The Modern Paradigm for Standards. This captures "the effective and efficient standardization processes that have made the Internet and Web the premiere platforms for innovation and borderless commerce". The declaration is then published in the form of RFC 6852 in January 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_legislative_or_governmental_bodies">By legislative or governmental bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By legislative or governmental bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Interoperability_Framework_for_Pan-European_eGovernment_Services">European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> defined the term for use within its European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services, Version 1.0<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it does not claim to be a universal definition for all <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> use and documentation. </p> <blockquote> <p>To reach interoperability in the context of pan-European eGovernment services, guidance needs to focus on open standards. </p> </blockquote> <p>The word "open" is here meant in the sense of fulfilling the following requirements: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit organization, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an open decision-making procedure available to all interested parties (consensus or majority decision etc.).</li> <li>The standard has been published and the standard specification document is available either freely or at a nominal charge. It must be permissible to all to copy, distribute and use it for no fee or at a nominal fee.</li> <li>The intellectual property – i.e. patents possibly present – of (parts of) the standard is made irrevocably available on a <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> basis.</li> <li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network_Centric_Operations_Industry_Consortium_definition">Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Network_Centric_Operations_Industry_Consortium" title="Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium">Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium</a> (NCOIC) defines open standard as the following: </p> <blockquote><p>Specifications for hardware and/or software that are publicly available implying that multiple vendors can compete directly based on the features and performance of their products. It also implies that the existing open system can be removed and replaced with that of another vendor with minimal effort and without major interruption.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danish_government_definition">Danish government definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Danish government definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish government">Danish government</a> has attempted to make a definition of open standards,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also is used in pan-European software development projects. It states: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>An open standard is accessible to everyone free of charge (i.e. there is no discrimination between users, and no payment or other considerations are required as a condition of use of the standard)</li> <li>An open standard of necessity remains accessible and free of charge (i.e. owners renounce their options, if indeed such exist, to limit access to the standard at a later date, for example, by committing themselves to openness during the remainder of a possible patent's life)</li> <li>An open standard is accessible free of charge and documented in all its details (i.e. all aspects of the standard are transparent and documented, and both access to and use of the documentation is free)</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_law_definition">French law definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: French law definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> approved a definition of "open standard" in its "Law for Confidence in the Digital Economy."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition is (Article 4): </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>By open standard is understood any communication, interconnection or interchange protocol, and any interoperable data format whose specifications are public and without any restriction in their access or implementation.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Government_Definition">Indian Government Definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian Government Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A clear <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> stance and far reaching requirements case is the one for <a href="/wiki/India%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="India's Government">India's Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-Policy_in_India_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_in_India-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><b>4.1 Mandatory Characteristics</b> An Identified Standard will qualify as an "Open Standard", if it meets the following criteria: </p> <ul><li>4.1.1 Specification document of the Identified Standard shall be available with or without a nominal fee.</li> <li>4.1.2 The Patent claims necessary to implement the Identified Standard shall be made available on a Royalty-Free basis for the lifetime of the Standard.</li> <li>4.1.3 Identified Standard shall be adopted and maintained by a not-for-profit organization, wherein all stakeholders can opt to participate in a transparent, collaborative and consensual manner.</li> <li>4.1.4 Identified Standard shall be recursively open as far as possible.</li> <li>4.1.5 Identified Standard shall have technology-neutral specification.</li> <li>4.1.6 Identified Standard shall be capable of localization support, where applicable, for all Indian official Languages for all applicable domains.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Law_definition">Italian Law definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italian Law definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy has a general rule for the entire public sector dealing with Open Standards, although concentrating on data formats, in Art. 68 of the Code of the Digital Administration (<i>Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>[applications must] allow representation of data under different formats, at least one being an open data format. </p><p>[...] </p><p>[it is defined] an open data format, a data format which is made public, is thoroughly documented and neutral with regard to the technological tools needed to peruse the same data. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand_official_interoperability_framework_definition">New Zealand official interoperability framework definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Zealand official interoperability framework definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/E-Government_Interoperability_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Government Interoperability Framework">E-Government Interoperability Framework</a> (e-GIF) <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines open standard as royalty-free according to the following text: </p> <blockquote> <p>While a universally agreed definition of "open standards" is unlikely to be resolved in the near future, the e-GIF accepts that a definition of "open standards" needs to recognise a continuum that ranges from closed to open, and encompasses varying degrees of "openness." To guide readers in this respect, the e-GIF endorses "open standards" that exhibit the following properties: </p> <ul><li>Be accessible to everyone free of charge: no discrimination between users, and no payment or other considerations should be required as a condition to use the standard.</li> <li>Remain accessible to everyone free of charge: owners should renounce their options, if any, to limit access to the standard at a later date.</li> <li>Be documented in all its details: all aspects of the standard should be transparent and documented, and both access to and use of the documentation should be free.</li></ul> <p>The e-GIF performs the same function in e-government as the Road Code does on the highways. Driving would be excessively costly, inefficient, and ineffective if road rules had to be agreed each time one vehicle encountered another. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese_law_definition">Portuguese law definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portuguese law definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Portuguese Open Standards Law,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted in 2011, demands the use of Open Standards, and is applicable to sovereign entities, central public administration services (including decentralized services and public institutes), regional public administration services and the public sector. In it, Open Standards are defined thus: </p> <blockquote> <p>a) Its adoption is fruit off an open decision process accessible to all interested parties; </p><p>b) The specifications document must have been freely published, allowing its copy, distribution and use without restrictions; </p><p>c) The specifications document cannot cover undocumented actions of processes; </p><p>d) The applicable intellectual property rights, including patents, have been made available in a full, irrevocable and irreversible way to the Portuguese State; </p><p>e) There are no restrictions to its implementation. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_law_definition">Spanish law definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish law definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Law passed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Parliament">Spanish Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires that all electronic services provided by the Spanish public administration must be based on open standards. It defines an open standard as royalty-free, according to the following definition (ANEXO Definiciones k): </p> <blockquote> <p>An open standard fulfills the following conditions: </p> <ul><li>it is public, and its use is available on a free [gratis] basis, or at a cost that does not imply a difficulty for the user.</li> <li>its use is not subject to the payment of any intellectual [copyright] or industrial [patents and trademarks] property right.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_African_Government_definition">South African Government definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South African Government definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Government">South African Government</a> approved a definition in the "Minimum Interoperability Operating Standards Handbook" (MIOS).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the purposes of the MIOS, a standard shall be considered open if it meets all of these criteria. There are standards which we are obliged to adopt for pragmatic reasons which do not necessarily fully conform to being open in all respects. In such cases, where an open standard does not yet exist, the degree of openness will be taken into account when selecting an appropriate standard: </p> <ol><li>it should be maintained by a non-commercial organization</li> <li>participation in the ongoing development work is based on decision-making processes that are open to all interested parties.</li> <li>open access: all may access committee documents, drafts and completed standards free of cost or for a negligible fee.</li> <li>It must be possible for everyone to copy, distribute and use the standard free of cost.</li> <li>The intellectual rights required to implement the standard (e.g.essential patent claims) are irrevocably available, without any royalties attached.</li> <li>There are no reservations regarding reuse of the standard.</li> <li>There are multiple implementations of the standard.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_government_definition">UK government definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UK government definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a>'s definition of open standards applies to software interoperability, data and document formats. The criteria for open standards are published in the "Open Standards Principles" policy paper and are as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Collaboration – the standard is maintained through a collaborative decision-making process that is consensus based and independent of any individual supplier. Involvement in the development and maintenance of the standard is accessible to all interested parties.</li> <li>Transparency – the decision-making process is transparent, and a publicly accessible review by subject matter experts is part of the process.</li> <li>Due process – the standard is adopted by a specification or standardisation organisation, or a forum or consortium with a feedback and ratification process to ensure quality.</li> <li>Fair access – the standard is well documented, publicly available and free to use.</li> <li>Mature – completely developed, unless they are in the context of creating innovative solutions.</li> <li>Independent of platform, application and vendor – supported by the market with several implementations.</li> <li>Rights – rights essential to implementation of the standard, and for interfacing with other implementations which have adopted that same standard, are licensed on a royalty-free basis that is compatible with both open source and proprietary licensed solutions. These rights should be irrevocable unless there is a breach of licence conditions.</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> in the UK recommends that <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">government departments</a> specify requirements using open standards when undertaking <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> exercises in order to promote interoperability and re-use, and avoid technological lock-in.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuelan_law_definition">Venezuelan law definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Venezuelan law definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Government">Venezuelan Government</a> approved a "free software and open standards law."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree includes the requirement that the Venezuelan public sector must use free software based on open standards, and includes a definition of open standard: </p> <blockquote> <p>Article 2: for the purposes of this Decree, it shall be understood as </p><p>k) Open standards: technical specifications, published and controlled by an organization in charge of their development, that have been accepted by the industry, available to everybody for their implementation in free software or other [type of software], promoting competitivity, interoperability and flexibility. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_recognized_persons">By recognized persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: By recognized persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bruce_Perens'_definition"><span id="Bruce_Perens.27_definition"></span>Bruce Perens' definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bruce Perens' definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most popular definitions of the term "open standard", as measured by Google ranking, is the one developed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His definition lists a set of principles that he believes must be met by an open standard:<sup id="cite_ref-parens_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Availability: Open Standards are available for all to read and implement.</li> <li>Maximize End-User Choice: Open Standards create a fair, competitive market for implementations of the standard. They do not lock the customer into a particular vendor or group.</li> <li>No Royalty: Open Standards are free for all to <i>implement</i>, with no royalty or fee. <i>Certification</i> of compliance by the standards organization may involve a fee.</li> <li>No Discrimination: Open Standards and the organizations that administer them do not favor one implementor over another for any reason other than the technical standards compliance of a vendor's implementation. Certification organizations must provide a path for low and zero-cost implementations to be validated, but may also provide enhanced certification services.</li> <li>Extension or Subset: Implementations of Open Standards may be extended, or offered in subset form. However, certification organizations may decline to certify subset implementations, and may place requirements upon extensions (see <i>Predatory Practices</i>).</li> <li>Predatory Practices: Open Standards may employ license terms that protect against subversion of the standard by <i><a href="/wiki/Embrace,_extend_and_extinguish" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrace, extend and extinguish">embrace-and-extend</a></i> tactics. The licenses attached to the standard may require the publication of reference information for extensions, and a license for all others to create, distribute, and sell software that is compatible with the extensions. An Open Standard may not otherwise prohibit extensions.</li></ol> <p>Bruce Perens goes on to explain further the points in the standard in practice. With regard to availability, he states that "any software project should be able to afford a copy without undue hardship. The cost should not far exceed the cost of a college textbook".<sup id="cite_ref-parens_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ken_Krechmer's_definition"><span id="Ken_Krechmer.27s_definition"></span>Ken Krechmer's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ken Krechmer's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Krechmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Krechmer (page does not exist)">Ken Krechmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifies ten "rights": </p> <ol><li>Open Meeting</li> <li>Consensus</li> <li>Due Process</li> <li>Open <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">IPR</a></li> <li>One World</li> <li>Open Change</li> <li>Open Documents</li> <li>Open Interface</li> <li>Open Use</li> <li>On-going Support</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_companies">By companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: By companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsoft's_definition"><span id="Microsoft.27s_definition"></span>Microsoft's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Microsoft's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></div> <p>Vijay Kapoor, national technology officer, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, defines what open standards are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Let's look at what an open standard means: 'open' refers to it being royalty-free, while 'standard' means a technology approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis. An open standard is publicly available, and developed, approved and maintained via a collaborative and consensus driven process. </p> </blockquote> <p>Overall, Microsoft's relationship to open standards was, at best, mixed. While Microsoft participated in the most significant standard-setting organizations that establish open standards, it was often seen as oppositional to their adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-CassonRyan2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CassonRyan2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_non-profit_organizations">By non-profit organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By non-profit organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_Source_Initiative's_definition"><span id="Open_Source_Initiative.27s_definition"></span>Open Source Initiative's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Open Source Initiative's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> defines the requirements and criteria for open standards as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Requirement </p><p>An "open standard" must not prohibit conforming implementations in open source software. </p><p>The Criteria </p><p>To comply with the Open Standards Requirement, an "open standard" must satisfy the following criteria. If an "open standard" does not meet these criteria, it will be discriminating against open source developers. </p> <ol><li>No Intentional Secrets: The standard MUST NOT withhold any detail necessary for interoperable implementation. As flaws are inevitable, the standard MUST define a process for fixing flaws identified during implementation and interoperability testing and to incorporate said changes into a revised version or superseding version of the standard to be released under terms that do not violate the OSR.</li> <li>Availability: The standard MUST be freely and publicly available (e.g., from a stable web site) under royalty-free terms at reasonable and non-discriminatory cost.</li> <li>Patents: All patents essential to implementation of the standard MUST: <ul><li>be licensed under royalty-free terms for unrestricted use, or</li> <li>be covered by a promise of non-assertion when practiced by open source software</li></ul></li> <li>No Agreements: There MUST NOT be any requirement for execution of a license agreement, NDA, grant, click-through, or any other form of paperwork to deploy conforming implementations of the standard.</li> <li>No OSR-Incompatible Dependencies: Implementation of the standard MUST NOT require any other technology that fails to meet the criteria of this Requirement.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium's_definition"><span id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium.27s_definition"></span>World Wide Web Consortium's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World Wide Web Consortium's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a provider of Web technology <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communications_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communications Technology">ICT</a> Standards, notably <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Http" class="mw-redirect" title="Http">http</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WAI" class="mw-redirect" title="WAI">WAI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) follows a process that promotes the development of quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking at the result, the spec alone, up for adoption, is not enough. The participative/inclusive process leading to a particular design, and the supporting resources available with it should be accounted when we talk about Open Standards: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>transparency (due process is public, and all technical discussions, meeting minutes, are archived and referencable in decision making)</li> <li>relevance (new standardization is started upon due analysis of the market needs, including requirements phase, e.g. accessibility, multi-linguism)</li> <li>openness (anybody can participate, and everybody does: industry, individual, public, government bodies, academia, on a worldwide scale)</li> <li>impartiality and consensus (guaranteed fairness by the process and the neutral hosting of the W3C organization, with equal weight for each participant)</li> <li>availability (free access to the standard text, both during development, at final stage, and for translations, and assurance that core Web and Internet technologies can be implemented Royalty-Free)</li> <li>maintenance (ongoing process for testing, errata, revision, permanent access, validation, etc.)</li></ul> </blockquote> <p>In August 2012, the W3C combined with the IETF and IEEE to launch OpenStand <sup id="cite_ref-OpenStand_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenStand-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to publish The Modern Paradigm for Standards. This captures "the effective and efficient standardization processes that have made the Internet and Web the premiere platforms for innovation and borderless commerce". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_Standards_Organization_definition">Digital Standards Organization definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Digital Standards Organization definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Standards_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Standards Organization">Digital Standards Organization</a> (DIGISTAN) states that "an open standard must be aimed at creating unrestricted competition between vendors and unrestricted choice for users."<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_Open_Standard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining_Open_Standard-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its brief definition of "open standard" (or "free and open standard") is "a published specification that is immune to vendor capture at all stages in its life-cycle." Its more complete definition as follows: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>"The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit organization, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an open decision-making procedure available to all interested parties.</li> <li>The standard has been published and the standard specification document is available freely. It must be permissible to all to copy, distribute, and use it freely.</li> <li>The patents possibly present on (parts of) the standard are made irrevocably available on a royalty-free basis.</li> <li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.</li></ul> <p>A key defining property is that an open standard is immune to vendor capture at all stages in its life-cycle. Immunity from vendor capture makes it possible to improve upon, trust, and extend an open standard over time."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This definition is based on the EU's EIF v1 definition of "open standard," but with changes to address what it terms as "vendor capture." They believe that "Many groups and individuals have provided definitions for 'open standard' that reflect their economic interests in the standards process. We see that the fundamental conflict is between vendors who seek to capture markets and raise costs, and the market at large, which seeks freedom and lower costs... Vendors work hard to turn open standards into franchise standards. They work to change the statutory language so they can cloak franchise standards in the sheep's clothing of 'open standard.' A robust definition of "free and open standard" must thus take into account the direct economic conflict between vendors and the market at large."<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_Open_Standard_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining_Open_Standard-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_Software_Foundation_Europe's_definition"><span id="Free_Software_Foundation_Europe.27s_definition"></span>Free Software Foundation Europe's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Free Software Foundation Europe's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Free Software Foundation Europe</a> (FSFE) uses a definition which is based on the <a href="/wiki/European_Interoperability_Framework" title="European Interoperability Framework">European Interoperability Framework</a> v.1, and was extended after consultation with industry and community stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FSFE's standard has been adopted by groups such as the SELF EU Project, the 2008 Geneva Declaration on Standards and the Future of the Internet, and international <a href="/wiki/Document_Freedom_Day" title="Document Freedom Day">Document Freedom Day</a> teams. </p><p>According to this definition an Open Standard is a format or protocol that is: </p> <ol><li>Subject to full public assessment and use without constraints in a manner equally available to all parties;</li> <li>Without any components or extensions that have dependencies on formats or protocols that do not meet the definition of an Open Standard themselves;</li> <li>Free from legal or technical clauses that limit its utilisation by any party or in any business model;</li> <li>Managed and further developed independently of any single vendor in a process open to the equal participation of competitors and third parties;</li> <li>Available in multiple complete implementations by competing vendors, or as a complete implementation equally available to all parties.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FFII's_definition"><span id="FFII.27s_definition"></span>FFII's definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: FFII's definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_a_Free_Information_Infrastructure" title="Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure">Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure</a>'s definition is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to coincide with the definition issued in the European Interoperability Framework released in 2004. </p> <blockquote> <p>A specification that is public, the standard is inclusive and it has been developed and is maintained in an open standardization process, everybody can implement it without any restriction, neither payment, to license the IPR (granted to everybody for free and without any condition). This is the minimum license terms asked by standardization bodies as W3C. Of course, all the other bodies accept open standards. But specification itself could cost a fair amount of money (i.e. 100–400 Eur per copy as in ISO because copyright and publication of the document itself).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_definitions">Comparison of definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison of definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Publisher</th> <th rowspan="2">Time of publication </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr title="Redistribution of Specification">Availability</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr title="Licensing of essential patents">Usage rights</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr title="Process of further development">Process</abbr> </th> <th>Completeness </th></tr> <tr> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">Free of charge </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">FRAND terms </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">Royalty-free, irrevocably </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">FRAND terms </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">Open participation </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">Open viewing </th> <th style="writing-mode:vertical-rl;">Needs multiple vendor<br />implementations or open<br />reference for maturity </th></tr> <tr> <td>Joint IEEE, ISOC, W3C, IETF, IAB</td> <td>2012-08-12</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Red herring</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>ITU-T</td> <td>2005-03</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pan-European eGovernment</td> <td>2004</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">0 or nominal</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danish government</td> <td>2004</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="automatic table-automatic">Unclear</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>French law</td> <td>2004</td> <td style="background: #8FD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Implied</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #8FD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Implied</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian government</td> <td>2014</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">0 or nominal</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian law</td> <td>2005-03-07</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand e-GIF</td> <td>2007-06-22</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="automatic table-automatic">Unclear</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portuguese law</td> <td>2011-06-21</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>South African government</td> <td>2007</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish law</td> <td>2007-06-22</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">0 or low</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK government</td> <td>2012</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">0 or low</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuelan law</td> <td>2004-12-23</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #8FD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Implied</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bruce Perens</td> <td data-sort-value="2002">before 2002</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Preferred</td> <td style="background: #8FD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Implied</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft</td> <td data-sort-value="2006">c. 2006</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Open Source Initiative</td> <td>2006–09</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ken Krechmer</td> <td>2005-01</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>W3C</td> <td>2005–09</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>DIGISTAN</td> <td data-sort-value="2008">c. 2008</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>FSFE</td> <td>2001</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #8FD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Implied</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>FFII</td> <td data-sort-value="2004">before 2004</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_open_standards">Examples of open standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Examples of open standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that because the various definitions of "open standard" differ in their requirements, the standards listed below may not be open by every definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System">System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> architecture specified by <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETIM_(standard)" title="ETIM (standard)">ETIM Technical Information Model</a>, a classification model for technical products</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">Extended Industry Standard Architecture</a> (EISA) (a specification for plug-in boards to 16-bit IBM-architecture PCs, later standardized by the IEEE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA) (is a retroactively named specification for plug-in boards to 8-bit IBM-architecture PCs. The short-lived EISA, and renaming of ISA was in response to IBM's move from "AT standard bus" to proprietary <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Channel Architecture">Micro Channel Architecture</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI) (a specification by Intel Corporation for plug-in boards to IBM-architecture PCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP) (a specification by Intel Corporation for plug-in boards to IBM-architecture PCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Industrial_Computer_Manufacturers_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group">PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group</a> (PICMG) (an industry consortium developing Open Standards specifications for computer architectures )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">Synchronous dynamic random-access memory</a> (SDRAM) and its <a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR SDRAM</a> variants (by <a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a> Solid State Technology Association)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB) (by <a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">Open format</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">Computer Graphics Metafile</a> (CGM) (file format for 2D <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">text</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> 8632<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture" title="Darwin Information Typing Architecture">Darwin Information Typing Architecture</a> (DITA) (a format and architecture to create and maintain technical documentation defined by <a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">OASIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Hypertext Markup Language</a> (HTML), <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">Extensible HTML</a> (XHTML) and <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> (specifications of the <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> for structured hyperlinked document formatting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a> (a specification by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for document, spreadsheet and presentation formats, approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29500" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 29500">ISO/IEC 29500</a>) (openness is contested <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a> (a container for <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a>, Opus (audio formats) & <a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> (a video format), by the <a href="/wiki/Xiph.Org_Foundation" title="Xiph.Org Foundation">Xiph.Org Foundation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> Format (ODF) (by <a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">OASIS</a> for document, spreadsheet, presentation, graphics, math and other formats, approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_26300" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 26300">ISO/IEC 26300</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a>, defined by <a href="/wiki/IETF_RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF RFC">IETF RFC</a> 6716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF/X) (a specification by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems Incorporated">Adobe Systems Incorporated</a> for formatted documents, later approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as ISO 15930-1:2001 <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) (a <a href="/wiki/Bitmapped" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmapped">bitmapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Image format">image format</a> that employs <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a>, approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as ISO/IEC 15948:2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">Scalable Vector Graphics</a> (SVG) (a specification for two-dimensional vector graphics developed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocols">Protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connected_Home_over_IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected Home over IP">Connected Home over IP</a> (also known as "<i>Project Connected Home over IP</i>" or "<i>CHIP</i>" for short) is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">home automation</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">connectivity standard</a> project which features compatibility among different <a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT) products and software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) (a specification of the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> for transmitting packets of data on a network – specifically, IETF RFC 791</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)</a> is a lightweight, <a href="/wiki/Publish-subscribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Publish-subscribe">publish-subscribe</a> network <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocol</a> that transports messages between devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) (a specification of the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> for implementing streams of data on top of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> – specifically, IETF RFC 793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SyncML" title="SyncML">OMA Data Synchronization and Device Management</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Platform-independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform-independent">platform-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">data synchronization</a> protocol, specified by <a href="/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative" title="The SyncML Initiative">The SyncML Initiative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> – an open <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">protocol</a> for near-real-time <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> (IM) and <a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">presence information</a> (a.k.a. buddy lists)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a> (a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>, approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9899" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 9899">ISO/IEC 9899</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>, defined by joint <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> standard,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with major Amendment ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamically typed programming language</a>, originally designed for <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>-driven applications in the <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare industry</a> approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as ISO/IEC 11756:1992 and ISO/IEC 11756:1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data2Dome_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Data2Dome_logo.jpg/220px-Data2Dome_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Data2Dome_logo.jpg/330px-Data2Dome_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Data2Dome_logo.jpg/440px-Data2Dome_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Data2Dome logo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data2Dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data2Dome (page does not exist)">Data2Dome</a> a standard for <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> dome content distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apdex" title="Apdex">Apdex (Application Performance Index)</a> (specifies a uniform way to analyze and report on the degree to which the measured performance of <a href="/wiki/Software_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Software applications">software applications</a> meets user expectations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Response_Measurement" title="Application Response Measurement">Application Response Measurement</a> (ARM) (defines an API for C and Java programming language to measure application transaction response times, adopted by <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (Yellow Book) (a specification for data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks, approved by <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> as ISO/IEC 10149 and <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> as ECMA-130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Information_Model_(computing)" title="Common Information Model (computing)">Common Information Model</a> (CIM) (a specification by <a href="/wiki/DMTF" class="mw-redirect" title="DMTF">DMTF</a> for defining how managed elements in an <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT environment</a> are represented as a common set of <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> and relationships between them)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Data_Element_Framework" title="Universal Data Element Framework">Universal Data Element Framework</a> (UDEF) an open standard by <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a> that provides the foundation for building an enterprise-wide <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a> enabling <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">Interoperability</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a> an open standard by <a href="/w/index.php?title=OSPT_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSPT Alliance (page does not exist)">OSPT Alliance</a> which is a set of specifications to implement secure element (contactless smart card, NFC SIM, Embedded Secure element)for Urban Transport Network and Value Added Services.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenReference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenReference (page does not exist)">OpenReference</a>, an open reference model for business performance, processes and practices,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Transit_Feed_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="General Transit Feed Specification">General Transit Feed Specification</a> (GTFS) standard for <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> data developed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_Open_Data_Standard" title="Pipeline Open Data Standard">Pipeline Open Data Standard</a> (PODS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_associations">Examples of associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Examples of associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a> Solid State Technology Association – sets <a href="/wiki/SDRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SDRAM">SDRAM</a> Open standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> – develops and publishes open standards for spatial data and services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> – sets Open standards mobile device hardware.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSPT_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSPT Alliance (page does not exist)">OSPT Alliance</a> – sets open standard named CIPURSE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_Interoperability_Framework" title="Schools Interoperability Framework">A4L</a> – the Access For Learning Association sets k12 educational data interoperability structures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a> – sets standards for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) – sets Open standards for the Internet, such as <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">protocols</a>, programming languages, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 and 2003 the controversy about using <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_and_non-discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasonable and non-discriminatory">reasonable and non-discriminatory</a> (RAND) <a href="/wiki/Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a> for the use of patented technology in <a href="/wiki/Web_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Web standard">web standards</a> increased. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>, important associations as <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_a_Free_Information_Infrastructure" title="Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure">FFII</a> and others have argued that the use of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> restricts who can implement a standard to those able or willing to pay for the use of the patented technology. The <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirement</a> to pay some small amount per user, is often an insurmountable problem for free/open source software implementations which can be redistributed by anyone. <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">Royalty-free</a> (RF) licensing is generally the only possible license for free/open source software implementations. Version 3 of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> includes a section that enjoins anyone who distributes a program released under the GPL from enforcing patents on subsequent users of the software or derivative works. </p><p>One result of this controversy was that many governments (including the Danish, French and Spanish governments singly and the EU collectively) specifically affirmed that "open standards" required royalty-free licenses. Some standards organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>, modified their processes to essentially only permit royalty-free licensing. </p><p>Patents for <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software, formulas and algorithms</a> are currently enforceable in the US but not in the EU. The European Patent Convention expressly prohibits algorithms, business methods and software from being covered by patents.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US has only allowed them since 1989 and there has been growing controversy in recent years as to either the benefit or feasibility. </p><p>A standards body and its associated processes cannot <i>force</i> a patent holder to give up its right to charge license fees, especially if the company concerned is not a member of the standards body and unconstrained by any rules that were set during the standards development process. In fact, this element discourages some standards bodies from adopting an "open" approach, fearing that they will lose out if their members are more constrained than non-members. Few bodies will carry out (or require their members to carry out) a full patent search. Ultimately, the only sanctions a standards body can apply on a non-member when patent licensing is demanded is to cancel the standard, try to rework around it, or work to invalidate the patent. Standards bodies such as W3C and OASIS require<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the use of required patents be granted under a royalty-free license as a condition for joining the body or a particular working group, and this is generally considered enforceable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of patent claims brought against standards previously thought to be open include <a href="/wiki/JPEG#Patent_controversy" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus">Rambus</a> case over <a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR SDRAM</a>. The <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC#Patent_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264 video codec</a> is an example of a standards organization producing a standard that has known, non-royalty-free required patents. </p><p>Often the scope of the standard itself determines how likely it is that a firm will be able to use a standard as patent-like protection. Richard Langlois argues that standards with a wide scope may offer a firm some level of protection from competitors but it is likely that Schumpeterian creative destruction will ultimately leave the firm open to being "invented around" regardless of the standard a firm may benefit from.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>EU Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Liikanen" title="Erkki Liikanen">Erkki Liikanen</a>: "Open standards are important to help create interoperable and affordable solutions for everybody. They also promote competition by setting up a technical playing field that is level to all market players. This means lower costs for enterprises and, ultimately, the consumer." (<a href="/wiki/World_Standards_Day" title="World Standards Day">World Standards Day</a>, 14 October 2003) <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jorma Ollila, Chairman of Nokia's Board of Directors: "... Open standards and platforms create a foundation for success. They enable interoperability of technologies and encourage innovativeness and healthy competition, which in turn increases <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choice</a> and opens entirely new markets,"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>W3C Director <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>: "The decision to make the Web an open system was necessary for it to be universal. You can't propose that something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the opening address of The Southern African Telecommunications Networks and Applications Conference (SATNAC) 2005, then Minister of Science and Technology, <a href="/wiki/Mosibudi_Mangena" title="Mosibudi Mangena">Mosibudi Mangena</a> stressed need for open standards in ICT:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] The tsunami that devastated South Eastern Asian countries and the north-eastern parts of Africa, is perhaps the most graphic, albeit unfortunate, demonstration of the need for global collaboration, and open ICT standards. The incalculable loss of life and damage to property was exacerbated by the fact that responding agencies and non-governmental groups were unable to share information vital to the rescue effort. Each was using different data and document formats. Relief was slowed, and coordination complicated. [...] </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mosibudi Mangena, Opening address of SATNAC 2005</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conformity_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformity assessment">Conformity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">Open format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_standard" title="Free standard">Free standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_specifications" title="Open specifications">Open specifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_system_(computing)" title="Open system (computing)">Open system (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">Specification (technical standard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-book-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChesbroughVanhaverbekeWest2008" class="citation web cs1">Chesbrough, Henry William; Vanhaverbeke, Wim; West, Joel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232957368">"Tim Simcoe: 'Chapter 8: Open Standards and Intellectual Property Rights' in Open Innovation: Researching A New Paradigm"</a>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tim+Simcoe%3A+%27Chapter+8%3A+Open+Standards+and+Intellectual+Property+Rights%27+in+Open+Innovation%3A+Researching+A+New+Paradigm&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Chesbrough&rft.aufirst=Henry+William&rft.au=Vanhaverbeke%2C+Wim&rft.au=West%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232957368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+standard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langlois,_Richard_N_1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langlois, Richard N. "Technological Standards, Innovation, and Essential Facilities: Toward a Schmpeterian Post-Chicago Approach." (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1994" class="citation cs2">Gordon, Richard L. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_6">"Transaction Costs, Property Rights, and the Limits of Government"</a>, <i>Regulation and Economic Analysis</i>, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 61–78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2620-9_6">10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6123-7"><bdi>978-1-4613-6123-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regulation+and+Economic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Transaction+Costs%2C+Property+Rights%2C+and+the+Limits+of+Government&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2620-9_6&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-6123-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2620-9_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+standard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenstein, Shane, and Victor Sango, eds. <i>Standards and Public Policy</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation cs2">West, Joel (2006-12-21), Greenstein, Shane; Stango, Victor (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511493249A012/type/book_part">"The economic realities of open standards: black, white, and many shades of gray"</a>, <i>Standards and Public Policy</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–122, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511493249.004">10.1017/cbo9780511493249.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86450-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86450-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17934389">17934389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standards+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+economic+realities+of+open+standards%3A+black%2C+white%2C+and+many+shades+of+gray&rft.pages=87-122&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17934389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511493249.004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86450-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9780511493249A012%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+standard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel West as cited Greenstein, Shane, and Victor Sango, eds. Standards and Public Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open-stand.org/about-us/affirmation/">"Affirmation Statement"</a>. <i>OpenStand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenStand&rft.atitle=Affirmation+Statement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen-stand.org%2Fabout-us%2Faffirmation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+standard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open-stand.org/about-us/principles/">"The Modern Standards Paradigm – Five Key Principles"</a>. <i>OpenStand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenStand&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Standards+Paradigm+%E2%80%93+Five+Key+Principles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen-stand.org%2Fabout-us%2Fprinciples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+standard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: www.open-stand.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/othergroups/ipr-adhoc/openstandards.html">"ITU-T"</a>. <i>www.itu.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Experts from industry, academia, and public policy examine what is at stake economically and politically in debates about open standards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_standard&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316222000/http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/about/index.cfm">Open U.S. Standards Development for Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804013956/http://perens.com/OpenStandards/">Open Standards: Principles and Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Krechmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Krechmer (page does not exist)">Ken Krechmer</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csrstds.com/openstds.html">The Principles of Open Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Sutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Sutor (page does not exist)">Bob Sutor</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060602141254/http://www.sutor.com/newsite/essays/e-OsVsOss.php">Open Standards vs. Open Source: How to think about software, standards, and Service Oriented Architecture at the beginning of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/servlets/Doc?id=1928">Valoris report on Open Document Formats</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/technology/09open.html?ex=1283918400&en=91f207f077cec245&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Steve Lohr: 'Plan by 13 Nations Urges Open Technology Standards'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOSN" class="mw-redirect" title="IOSN">UNDP-APDIP International Open Source Network</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720192929/http://www.iosn.net/open-standards/foss-open-standards-primer/">Free/Open Source Software: Open Standards Primer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openstandards.net">OpenStandards.net: An Open Standards Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420004634/http://www.openstandards.net/">Archived</a> 2021-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/opendocument-open.html">Is OpenDocument an Open Standard? Yes!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322043712/http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/opendocument-open.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> develops a unified definition of "open standard" from multiple sources, then applies it to a particular standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.org/osr/">Open Standard Requirement for Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Standards">Open Standards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xml.coverpages.org/openStandards.html">Definitions of "Open Standards" from the Cover Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_a_Free_Information_Infrastructure" title="Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure">Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure</a> <i>FFII Workgroup on Open Standards</i>. "Standard Categories and Definitions": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820133650/http://action.ffii.org/openstandards">Categories and definitions of the different types of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> Critical Issue Paper: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034656/http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/Standards%20Activities/Critical%20Issues/Open-Stds.pdf"><i>Current Attempts to Change Established Definition of "Open" Standards</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/scp/en/meetings/session_14/studies/itssd_1.pdf">ITSSD Comments Concerning SCP/13/2 – Standards and Patents</a>, Institute for Trade, Standards and Sustainable Development, (March 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/scp/en/meetings/session_14/studies/itssd_supplement.pdf">Supplement to ITSSD Comments Concerning the WIPO Report on Standards and Patents (SCP/13/2) Paragraph 44</a>, Institute for Trade, Standards and Sustainable Development, (January 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418133914/http://www.opendatastandards.org/">Open Data Standards Association, RY</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306214524/http://openstandardlicense.org/">Open Standard License</a>, A license dedicated to open standards</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> 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