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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward (page does not exist)">MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward</a> </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==History== ===Prehistoric to Pre-Hispanic period=== [[File:Hueso sacro de Tequixquiac.JPG|thumb|left|[[Sacrum bone of Tequixquiac|Sacrum]] bone found in Tequixquiac is considered a work of prehistoric art]] The earliest evidence of human habitation in the current territory of the state is a [[quartz]] scraper and [[obsidian]] blade found in the [[Tlapacoya (Mesoamerican site)|Tlapacoya area]], which was an island in the former [[Lake Chalco]]. They are dated to the [[Pleistocene]] era which dates human habitation back to 20,000 years. The first people were hunter-gatherers. Stone age implements have been found all over the territory from mammoth bones to stone tools to human remains. Most have been found in the areas of [[Los Reyes Acozac]], [[Tizayuca]], [[Tepexpan]], [[San Francisco Mazapa]], [[El Risco]] and [[Tequixquiac]]. Between 20,000 and 5000 BCE, the people here eventually went from hunting and gathering to sedentary villages with farming and domesticated animals. The main crop was corn, and stone tools for the grinding of this grain became common. Later crops include beans, chili peppers, and squash grown near established villages. Evidence of ceramics appears around 2500 BCE with the earliest artifacts of these appearing in Tlapacoya, Atoto, [[Malinalco]], [[Acatzingo]] and [[Tlatilco]].<ref name="enchistoria">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_mexico |title=Historia |year=2010 |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=History |access-date=December 6, 2012 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091025/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_mexico |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the pre-historic State of Mexico, the [[Tepexpan Man]] is an important finding for Mexican and foreign anthropologists; it is an important key to understanding what the [[Valley of Mexico]] area was like, 5,000 years ago, as well as helping establish the occupation chronology of the region. Currently, some scholars attribute an age of 11,000 years, others 8,000, and some have suggested 5,000 years old. This individual was originally identified as a male, but recent research confirms a female identity, although this is still a subject of discussion.<ref name=" WikiEDO" >[[:es:Estado de México#Origen]]</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2015}} [[Sacrum]] bone found in Tequixquiac is considered a work of prehistoric art. These people were thought to be nomadic, hunting large animals such as mammoths and gathering fruits as evidenced by archaeological evidence found at the site. One of the most salient discoveries of primitive art in America was found in here, called the Tequixquiac Bone,<ref name= WikiEDO/><ref name=Rescate>{{cite web| title=Rescate del pasado| url= http://www.deporte.org.mx/biblioteca/M68/Disco1/libro/capitulo_2.pdf|publisher=Deporte.org.com|language=es| trans-title= Rescue of the past|url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061129063252/http://www.deporte.org.mx/biblioteca/M68/Disco1/libro/capitulo_2.pdf|archive-date=2006-11-29}}</ref> which had no known purpose, but reflected the ideological sense of the artist who carved the piece of bone from a [[camelid]] around 22,000 years BCE. The first native settlers of Tequixquiac were the Aztecs and Otomi, who decided to settle here permanently for the abundance of rivers and springs. They were engaged mainly in agriculture and the breeding of domestic animals.<ref name=Bone >[[Tequixquiac]]</ref> The earliest major civilization of the state is [[Teotihuacan]], with the [[Pyramid of the Sun|Pyramids of the Sun]] and [[Pyramid of the Moon|Moon]] being built between 100 BCE and 100 CE. Between 800 and 900 CE, the [[Matlatzinca people|Matlatzinca]]s established their dominion with [[Teotenango]] as capital. This city is walled with plazas, terraces, temples, altars, living quarters, and a [[Mesoamerican ball game]] court. In the 15th century, the Aztecs conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys to the west and east of the [[Valley of Mexico]] respectively. Part of the Toluca Valley was held by the [[Purépecha people|Purépecha]]s as well. Other dominions during the pre-Hispanic period include that of the [[Chichimeca]]s in [[Tenayuca]] and of the [[Acolhua]]s in [[Huexotla]], [[Texcotizingo]] and Los Melones. Other important groups were the [[Mazahua people|Mazahuas]] in the [[Atlacomulco]] area. Their center was at Mazahuacán, next to [[Jocotitlán (volcano)|Jocotitlán volcano]]. The [[Otomi people|Otomi]]s were centered in [[Jilotepec de Abasolo|Jilotepec]].<ref name="enchistoria"/> ===Spanish Colonial period=== The origin of the modern state is the reorganization of Aztec lands starting after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire. These lands were initially called the ''audiencia'' of Mexico and included Mexico City and much of the modern states of Guerrero, Morelos, and Hidalgo. As the Spanish expanded their control west and south, the entirety was called "New Spain" with former Aztec lands being called "Mexico". The organization of New Spain would change throughout the colonial period, but the territory of the Aztecs would keep the name "Mexico".<ref name="origenfun"/><ref name="enchistoria"/> After the Conquest in 1521, [[Hernán Cortés]]' cousin [[Juan Altamirano]] was given dominion of the Toluca Valley. Other conquistadors such as Antonio Caicedo, Juan de Jaramillo, Cristobal Hernandez, and Juan de Samano received [[encomienda]]s in the state. [[Franciscan]] missionaries came soon after such as [[Martin de Valencia]], Juan de Tecto, Juan de Ahora, and Pedro de Gante, who established missions and the first school called San Antonio de Padua.<ref name="enchistoria"/> In 1535, the areas around Mexico City were divided into several ''alcaldías mayores'' called [[Chalco (altépetl)|Chalco]] y [[Amecameca|Ameca]], Tlayacapan y Coatepec, [[Otumba de Gómez Farías|Otumba]], [[Ecatepec de Morelos|Ecatepec]], [[Sultepec]], [[Zacualpan, Mexico State|Zacualpan]], [[Temascaltepec]], Malinalco, [[Metepec, State of Mexico|Metepec]] and [[Ixtlahuaca]] with Toluca and [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] recognized as cities. Other orders followed such as the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s, the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]]s and the [[Jesuit]]s.<ref name="enchistoria"/> During the colonial period, most of the area's economy was based on agriculture, with some mining in the areas of Temascaltepec, Sultepec, [[Valle de Bravo]], [[Tlatlaya]], [[Amatepec]], and Zacualpan and the production of [[pulque]]<ref name=EB1911/> in Otumba and Texcoco. In addition, certain areas were known for crafts such as wool processing in Texcoco and Sultepec, soap in Toluca, saddles in Almoloya de Juárez, and [[rebozo]]s in various areas. However, the vast majority of the area's population was extremely poor due to exploitation.<ref name="enchistoria"/> === Independence === [[File:Batalla del Monte de las Cruces-30 oct 1810-México.jpg|thumb|Monument to the [[Battle of Monte de las Cruces]]]] During the Mexican War of Independence, [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] marched into what is now Mexico State from [[Michoacán]] in 1810, passing from the northwest to Toluca on his way to Mexico City. East of Toluca, he fought royalist forces at the [[Battle of Monte de las Cruces]] on 30 October 1810. While Hidalgo won the battle, he chose not to proceed to Mexico City and then turned towards [[Celaya]]. During the rest of the War, most battles were fought between local insurgent leaders such as Manuel de la Concha and Castillo Bustamante and royalist forces. Battles were fought in [[Sultepec]], [[Amanalco]], Temascaltepec, [[Lerma, Mexico State|Lerma]], [[Tenango del Valle|Tenango]], [[Tenancingo, Mexico State|Tenancingo]] and [[Tecualoya]].<ref name="enchistoria" /> After the War, the State of Mexico was created by the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 Constitution]], with the first state congress convening in March of that year in Mexico City. This state still encompassed the vast territory of the old [[Aztec Empire]]. The first head of the state was [[Melchor Múzquiz]]. The vast territory of the state was divided into eight districts: [[Acapulco]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Huejutla]], Mexico, [[Taxco]], Toluca, [[Tula, Hidalgo|Tula]] and [[Tulancingo]]. Mexico City was the capital of the state.<ref name="enchistoria" /> However, soon after, the federal government chose Mexico City as the capital of the new nation. Under the guidelines of the 1824 Constitution, the capital was appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The choice was made official on 18 November 1824 and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 ac) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing the state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not yet include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico. As the "federal district" of Mexico City grew in size, these and other territories were taken from the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia| last=Alvarez|first=Jose Rogelio| encyclopedia= Enciclopedia de Mexico| title=Distrito Federal| year=2003|publisher=Sabeco International Investment Corp.| volume= IV|language=es|isbn=1-56409-063-9| pages=2293–2314}}</ref> The capital of the state was moved permanently to Toluca in 1830.<ref name="nomen">{{cite web|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/mexico/ |title=nomenclatura |year=2005 |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=State of Mexico |access-date=July 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070608031957/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/mexico/ |archive-date=June 8, 2007}}</ref> The struggles between the liberals (federalists) and the conservatives (centralized power) in the 19th century affected the state, especially in those areas that would later break away to form the states of Hidalgo, Morelos, and Guerrero. During the [[Mexican–American War]], the Americans occupied Toluca and Mexico City, with the state government temporarily located in the unoccupied [[Sultepec]].<ref name="enchistoria" /> By 1852, the state had lost a significant amount of territory to the creation of the state of Guerrero, which prompted the reorganization of the municipalities here. During the [[Reform War]], General José María Cobos took and sacked a number of municipalities in the territory remaining. During this war, a number of major figures such as [[Melchor Ocampo]], [[Santos Degollado]] and {{Ill|Leandro Valle|es|Leandro Valle Martínez}} were executed by firing squad in the Toluca Valley regions.<ref name="enchistoria" /> [[File:Cuautitlan.tif|left|thumb|Inhabitants of [[Cuautitlán]] photographed between {{circa|1880 and 1897}}]] In 1869, the areas to the northeast and south of Mexico City were converted to the states of Hidalgo and Morelos, respectively. The state promulgated a new constitution in 1869, which established the state as consisting of the districts of Chalco, Cuautitlan, Ixtlahuaca, Jilotepec, Lerma, Otumba, Sultepec, Temascaltepec, Tenango del Valle, Tenancingo and Texcoco, which is the territory the state has today.<ref name="enchistoria" /> The period before the [[Mexican Revolution]] was relatively prosperous for the state, especially under governor [[José Vicente Villada]], who promoted public education, government reform, the establishment of a teachers' college for women, and the Instituto Cientifico y Literario (later UAEM). Mines in various parts of the state were at maximum production.<ref name="enchistoria" /> ===Mexican Revolution to present=== Battles were fought in the state during the Mexican Revolution, especially by [[Liberation Army of the South|Zapatistas]] in the southwest part of the state, with [[Genovevo de la O]] and [[Francisco de Pacheco]] entering with their armies in 1912. Fighting intensified after [[Victoriano Huerta]] took power in 1913. In 1915, Toluca was the site of the Convencion de Generales y Gobernadores Revolucionaries (Convention of Generals and Revolutionary Governors) on two occasions. In 1917, the state had another new constitution, which divided the state into sixteen districts and 118 municipalities.<ref name="enchistoria"/> The extension of the [[Greater Mexico City|Mexico City Metropolitan Area]] began in 1940 with the creation of the industrial zone of [[Naucalpan]]. The increase of the metro area's population, commerce, and industry has continued to this day. The Consejo del Area Metropolitana was created in 1988 to coordinate concerns and actions of the Greater Mexico City area in both the Distrito Federal and the State of Mexico.<ref name="enchistoria"/> From 1824 to 1941, the state had no seal. Governor [[Wenceslao Labra]] proposed one in 1940, which was adopted the following year. It was designed by Pastor Velázquez with the motto of ''Patria, Libertad, Trabajo y Cultura'' ("Country, Liberty, Work, and Culture").<ref name="nomen"/> In 1956, the Instituto Cientifico y Literario was converted into the [[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México]].<ref name="enchistoria"/> During much of the rest of the 20th century, works to divert water from the [[Lerma River]] and other locations to Mexico City were built as well as highways through the state to connect Mexico City with the rest of the country.<ref name="enchistoria"/> In 1990, the ''Comisión Coordinadora para la Recuperación Ecológica de la Cuenca del Alto Lerma'' ("Coordinating Commission for the Ecological Recuperation of the Upper Lerma River Basin") was established.<ref name="enchistoria"/> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a>.</p> <noscript><img 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