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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Hafnium - Wikikids</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","maart","april","mei","juni","juli","augustus","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"eb759b1797eca3325d544033","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hafnium","wgTitle":"Hafnium","wgCurRevisionId":690446,"wgRevisionId":690446,"wgArticleId":138328,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Chemische elementen","Scheikunde"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hafnium","wgRelevantArticleId":138328,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"nl", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nl"},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":!1};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.EditCount2","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});mw.user.options.set({"variant":"nl"}); 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margin: 0 0 .7em .7em; width: 260px; border: 2px solid #e3e3e3; border-collapse: separate; -moz-border-radius: 1.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 1.5em; border-radius: 1.5em; font-size: 11px; background: transparent; line-height:1.5;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" height="20px" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; background: #e3e3e3; -moz-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0; -webkit-border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0; border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;">Chemisch element </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 4px;"><a href="/Bestand:Hf-crystal_bar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Hf-crystal bar.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/250px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="71" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/375px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/500px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Hafnium kristallen </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Naam</b> </td> <td>Hafnium, van Hafnia (<a href="/Latijn" title="Latijn">Latijn</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="display: none;"> <td><b>Latijn</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Symbool</b> </td> <td>Hf </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Atoomnummer</b> </td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Soort</b> </td> <td>Overgangsmetaal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kleur</b> </td> <td>Zilvergrijs </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Smeltpunt</b> </td> <td>2233 <a href="/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius"><sup>o</sup>C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kookpunt</b> </td> <td>4603 <a href="/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius"><sup>o</sup>C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="height: 20px; background: #e3e3e3; -moz-border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em; border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em;">Portaal <a href="/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-25px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-38px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/langnl-50px-Portal.svg.png 2x" /></a> <a href="/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde"><font color="black">Scheikunde</font></a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hafnium</b> is een <a href="/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element">chemisch element</a> met symbool <b>Hf</b> en <a href="/Atoomnummer" title="Atoomnummer">atoomnummer</a> 72 in het <a href="/Periodiek_Systeem" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodiek Systeem">Periodiek Systeem</a> van de <a href="/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhoud</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Voorkomen"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Voorkomen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hafnium_in_erts_of_mineraal"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hafnium in erts of mineraal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geschiedenis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geschiedenis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Gebruik"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gebruik</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Biologie"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biologie</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Veiligheid"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Veiligheid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Toepassingen"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Toepassingen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Plaats_in_het_periodiek_systeem"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Plaats in het periodiek systeem</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Voorkomen">Voorkomen</span></h2> <p>Het is een glanzend, zilvergrijs overgangsmetaal, dat chemisch lijkt op <a href="/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a> en in veel zirkoon <a href="/Mineralen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralen">mineralen</a> voorkomt. Hafnium is daarin bijna altijd aanwezig in hoeveelheden variërend van 1 tot 4%. Hafnium bestaat dus niet als een vrij element op aarde. </p><p>Een belangrijke bron van zirkoon (en dus van hafnium) <a href="/Erts" title="Erts">ertsen</a> zijn zware minerale zandertsafzettingen, de zogeheten <i>pegmatieten</i>, worden met name in <a href="/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië">Brazilië</a> en <a href="/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> gevonden, en in zogeheten <i>carbonatietintrusies</i>, in met name de Crown Polymetallic Deposit bij Mount Weld, <a href="/West-Australi%C3%AB" title="West-Australië">West-Australië</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hafnium_in_erts_of_mineraal">Hafnium in erts of mineraal</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Zircon-dtn1a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zircon-dtn1a.jpg/116px-Zircon-dtn1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zircon-dtn1a.jpg/174px-Zircon-dtn1a.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zircon-dtn1a.jpg/232px-Zircon-dtn1a.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><b>Zirkoon</b>, een <a href="/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a> erts. Hafnium is bijna altijd aanwezig in hoeveelheden variërend van 1 tot 4%. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:38px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg/120px-Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg/180px-Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg/240px-Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><b>Pegmatiet</b>, een stollingsgesteente </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Carbonatite.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/120px-Carbonatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/180px-Carbonatite.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/240px-Carbonatite.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><b>Carbonatiet</b> </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</span></h2> <p>Het bestaan ervan werd voorspeld door <a href="/Dmitri_Mendelejev" title="Dmitri Mendelejev">Dmitri Mendelejev</a> in 1869, hoewel het pas in 1923 werd ontdekt door <a href="/index.php?title=Dirk_Coster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirk Coster (de pagina bestaat niet)">Dirk Coster</a> en <a href="/index.php?title=George_de_Hevesy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George de Hevesy (de pagina bestaat niet)">George de Hevesy</a>, waardoor het 't op één na laatste stabiele element was dat werd ontdekt (de laatste is <a href="/index.php?title=Rhenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium (de pagina bestaat niet)">rhenium</a>). Het werd uiteindelijk gevonden in het mineraal <i>zirkoon</i> uit <a href="/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen">Noorwegen</a> door middel van <i>röntgenspectroscopie-analyse</i>. Hafnium is vernoemd naar <i>Hafnia</i> , de <a href="/Latijn" title="Latijn">Latijnse</a> naam voor <a href="/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, waar het werd ontdekt. </p><p><a href="/index.php?title=Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel (de pagina bestaat niet)">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> en <a href="/index.php?title=Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> waren de eersten die het zuivere overgangsmetaal hafnium maakten in 1924. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gebruik">Gebruik</span></h2> <p>Het grootste deel van het geproduceerde hafnium wordt gebruikt bij het maken van regelstaven voor kernreactoren. </p><p>Hafnium wordt gebruikt in <a href="/Legering" title="Legering">legeringen</a> met <a href="/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element)">ijzer</a>, <a href="/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/Tantaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantaal">tantaal</a> en andere metalen. Een legering die wordt gebruikt voor vloeibare raketstraalpijpen, zoals bijvoorbeeld de hoofdmotor van de <i>Apollo Lunar Modules</i> (<a href="/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo</a> maanlander) </p><p>Hafnium wordt gebruikt om verbindingen naar <i>microprocessoren</i> in computers beter te laten werken. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biologie">Biologie</span></h3> <p>Hafnium heeft geen betekenis voor de biologie. Mensen die met hafnium werken lopen wel gevaar. Voorzichtigheid is dus geboden bij het bewerken van hafnium omdat het makkelijk ontbrandbaar is - fijne deeltjes kunnen spontaan ontbranden wanneer ze met lucht in aanraking komen. Chemische verbindingen die dit metaal bevatten, zul je maar zelden tegenkomen. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Veiligheid">Veiligheid</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/180px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/240px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Met name Hafnium in poedervorm metaal kan makkelijk ontbranden (mogelijk explosief) </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Toepassingen">Toepassingen</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg/119px-Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg/178px-Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg/238px-Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Straalpijp van de Apollo maanlander (achter de trap) </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG/120px-Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG/180px-Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG/240px-Ignite_Ia_microprocessor.JPG 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Hafnium verbeterd de verbindingen van een microprocessor </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:34px auto;"><a href="/Bestand:BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/120px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/180px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/240px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Opengewerkt model van een kernreactor met binnen in de regelstaven </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plaats_in_het_periodiek_systeem">Plaats in het periodiek systeem</span></h2> <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 95%; margin: 0; background: #eee; border:1px black dotted; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" bgcolor="#cedaf2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><b><a href="/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">Periodiek systeem</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="background:none; font-size:85%; padding:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;" border="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.8em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element)">H</a> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.9em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.9em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em;"> </td> <td style="width:1.8em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element)">B</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">C</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Stikstof_(element)" title="Stikstof (element)">N</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element)">O</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Fluor_(element)" title="Fluor (element)">F</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbff77;"><a href="/Zwavel" title="Zwavel">S</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Chloor" title="Chloor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Chroom_(element)" title="Chroom (element)">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element)">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element)">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Arseen" title="Arseen">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ccccff;" align="right"><a href="/Seleen" title="Seleen">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#bbff77;" align="left"><a href="/Seleen" title="Seleen">e</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Broom_(element)" title="Broom (element)">Br</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Krypton_(element)" title="Krypton (element)">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Palladium_(element)" title="Palladium (element)">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Zilver" title="Zilver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Tin_(element)" title="Tin (element)">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Antimoon" title="Antimoon">Sb</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Telluur" title="Telluur">Te</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Jodium_(element)" title="Jodium (element)">I</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Cesium" title="Cesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Lanthanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide">*</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Tantalium" title="Tantalium">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam">W</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Iridium_(element)" title="Iridium (element)">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Goud" title="Goud">Au</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Kwik" title="Kwik">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element)">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ccccff;"><a href="/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Radon_(element)" title="Radon (element)">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbbff;"><a href="/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffbb77;"><a href="/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#dd88dd;"><a href="/Actinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinide">**</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#bbffff;"><a href="/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77bbff;"><a href="/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ffffbb;"><a href="/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#77ffbb;"><a href="/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/Lanthanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide">*</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Lanthanium" title="Lanthanium">La</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#ddbbdd;"><a href="/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; 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