CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: S. frugiperda</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: S. frugiperda"> <meta name="keywords" content="S. frugiperda"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="S. frugiperda" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="S. frugiperda"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: S. frugiperda</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Evaluation of the Most Effective Insecticides against the Spodoptera Frugiperda, on the Maize Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ali%20Hassan">Ahmed Ali Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 2016, the Fall Armyworm (FAW) was first discovered in Africa. FAW is abundantly present in Somalia and seriously harms the maize crop. This investigation examined the impact on maize productivity of three different pesticides used to combat the autumn armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). During the 2020–2021 growing season, three insecticides (Malathion 57 EC, Ampligo150 ZC, and Carbryle 85 WP) were evaluated at field demonstration plots. Our result showed that, significant mortality of S. frugiperda was observed on the treatment plot treated with Amplico. Ampligo caused over 90% larval mortality after application. Malathion had moderate activity, causing 53.733% mortality after application, while Carbaryl was less effective, causing 36.367% mortality after application. Consequently, the current finding shows that the three selected insecticides reduced the damage and infestation level of S. frugiperda in the maize field conditions and the most effective treatment were Amplico. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pesticides" title="pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize%20fall%20army%20worm" title=" maize fall army worm"> maize fall army worm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecticides" title=" insecticides"> insecticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20frugiperda" title=" S. frugiperda"> S. frugiperda</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169800/evaluation-of-the-most-effective-insecticides-against-the-spodoptera-frugiperda-on-the-maize-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Natural Enemies of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Smith) and Comparing Neem Aqueous Extracts against Its Larvae in Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abera%20Hailu%20Degaga">Abera Hailu Degaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emana%20Getu%20Degaga"> Emana Getu Degaga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive insect pest that infests and feeds various crops, particularly affecting maize yields. However, nature has its own way of maintaining balance, and in this case, natural enemies play a crucial role in regulating the population of S. frugiperda. Locally available and easily prepared botanical sources, bio-pesticides, are also important. The objectives of the study were to investigate the natural enemies of S. frugiperda in the Gurage zone and to compare Neem aqueous extracts against its larvae in central Ethiopia. S. frugiperda larvae and egg masses were collected randomly from smallholder maize farms infested with pests between June and August 2023. Our findings revealed the existence of diverse types of parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogenic fungi associated with S. frugiperda. Notably, we documented three species of parasitoids, namely Exorista xanthaspis and Tachina spp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Charops annulipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). All three species of parasitoids were recorded from Ethiopia for the first time. The overall parasitism rate was 5.3%, with individual rates ranging from 1.3 to 4%. Additionally, we identified ten species of predator insects from four different orders, including Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, and Mantodea, in the maize farms infested with S. frugiperda. Aqueous extract of Neem seed and leaf powder and green leaf exhibited similar mortality rates of S. frugiperda larvae at 72 hours even though there was a significant difference at 24 and 48 hours of the test. For effective management of S. frugiperda further research is necessary to fully exploit the potential of these natural enemies and additionally to use botanical source pesticides like Azadirachta indica. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-pesticide" title="bio-pesticide">bio-pesticide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20enemy" title=" natural enemy"> natural enemy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasitoids" title=" parasitoids"> parasitoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predators" title=" predators"> predators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tachinid%20flies" title=" Tachinid flies"> Tachinid flies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180993/natural-enemies-of-the-fall-armyworm-spodoptera-frugiperda-smith-and-comparing-neem-aqueous-extracts-against-its-larvae-in-gurage-zone-central-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> The Impact of Three Different Insecticides Against Fall Armyworms on Maize Productivity, in Somalia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ali%20Hassan">Ahmed Ali Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fall armyworm (FAW) was first identified in 2016 in Africa. FAW is widely distributed in Somalia and severely damages the maize crop. The effect of three different pesticides used to control the autumn armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), on maize productivity was investigated in this study. During the 2020–2021 growing season, three insecticides (Malathion 57 EC, Ampligo150 ZC, and Carbryle 85 WP) were evaluated at field demonstration plots. Our result showed that significant mortality of S. frugiperda was observed on the treatment plot treated with Amplico. After spraying, Ampligo resulted in (92.200%) larval death. Compared to Carbaryl, which was less active and only caused 36.367% mortality after application, Malathion had a moderate mortality rate of 53.733%. Consequently, our current finding shows that the three selected insecticides reduced the damage and infestation level of S. frugiperda in the maize field conditions, and the most effective treatment was Amplico. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize" title="maize">maize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fall%20armyworm" title=" fall armyworm"> fall armyworm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecticides" title=" insecticides"> insecticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191889/the-impact-of-three-different-insecticides-against-fall-armyworms-on-maize-productivity-in-somalia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Occurrence of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), on Maize in Katsina State, Nigeria and preliminary study of its Developmental Characteristics under Laboratory Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Sani">Ibrahim Sani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suleiman%20Mohammed."> Suleiman Mohammed.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salisu%20Sulaiman"> Salisu Sulaiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminu%20Musa"> Aminu Musa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) has recently become one of the major threats to maize production in the world. It is native to tropical and subtropical America and began to spread to many African and a few Asian Countries. A survey for the observation of infestation and collection of fall armyworm was conducted in field planted with maize in the northern part of Katsina state. Eggs and immature stages were collected, place in a plastic container and brought to the laboratory for observation and study of developmental stages. FAW was identified based on the morphological characteristics, i.e. the “Y” inverted shape on the head capsule and the patterns of black spots on the abdominal segments (square and trapezoidal forms). Different growing stage of maize are affected by fall armyworm, but the damage is greatest during the early growing phase of corn. Heavy infestation on the leaves also cause defoliation. Four developmental stages (eggs larvae, pupae and adults) of the FAW were studied when fed with young corn under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, effective scouting or monitoring of FAW could be practice at early stage of growth of maize. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infestation" title="infestation">infestation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=katsina" title=" katsina"> katsina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize" title=" maize"> maize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fall%20armyworm" title=" fall armyworm"> fall armyworm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180992/occurrence-of-the-fall-armyworm-spodoptera-frugiperda-j-e-smith-lepidoptera-noctuidae-on-maize-in-katsina-state-nigeria-and-preliminary-study-of-its-developmental-characteristics-under-laboratory-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Density and Relationships Between the Assassin Bugs Sycanus Falleni Stal and Sycanus Croceovittatus Dohrn (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Their Prey (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn Biomass in the Hoa Binh Province in Northwest Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Truong%20Xuan%20Lam">Truong Xuan Lam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Th%E1%BB%8B%20Phuong%20Lien"> Nguyen Thị Phuong Lien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Quang%20Cuong"> Nguyen Quang Cuong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Th%E1%BB%8B%20Ngat"> Tran Thị Ngat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Corn biomass is a feed for livestock including dairy cows. The Spodoptera frugiperda, Agrotis ypsilon, Heliothis armigera, Mythimna loreyi (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are key pests and very dangerous to Corn biomass crops. These pest species are very difficult to control in the field because of genetic resistance to insecticides. Furthermore, corn biomass is feed for livestock so the use of pesticides is always limited to the lowest level. In Vietnam, the assassin bug species Sycanus falleni and Sycanus croceouittatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are the common predators on trees agricultural ecosystems. The reduviid S. falleni and S. croceouittatus have the potential for biological control of pest insects in cotton, corn and vegetable plants as this species attacks many lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, the nymphal instars and adults of S. falleni and S. croceouittatus can be easily reared in the laboratory by the rice meal moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). To conserve the species S. falleni and S. croceouittatus in Corn biomass field in Northwest Vietnam. The results of this study report on the roles and relationships between S. falleni Stal and S. croceovittatus and their prey (key pests and dangerous to Corn) on Corn biomass to provide the basis for using and conserving the species S. falleni and S. croceouittatus as biological control agents on Corn biomass growing areas in Vietnam. Methods: The survey site is at the field of Corn biomass growing in Hoa Binh Province, Northwest Vietnam. The survey of the density of the assassin bugs species and their prey were conducted in 4 Corn biomass fields (each field = 10,000 m2), each point has an area of 1 m2. The survey was conducted every 10 days (3 times/month). The unit of measurement is individual/m2. The relationship between the density of assassin bug species and their prey is expressed through the correlation coefficient R Results: On Corn biomass in Northwest Vietnam, the S. falleni and S. croceouittatus species are such potential candidates for biocontrol of the fall armyworm S. frugiperda, black cutworm A. ypsilon, cotton bollworm H. armigera Hübner, maize caterpillar M. loreyi. Six species of assassin bugs belonging to the family Reduviidae were recorded on Corn biomass, of which S. falleni and S. croceovittatus were common. The relationship between the density of the group of assassin bugs and species S. fallen and S. croceovittatus had a close relationship with each other. The relationship between the density of the group of assassin bugs and the density of their prey in the Winter crops and Summer-Fall crops was a close relationship with each other. The relationship between the density of the S. falleni and S. croceovittatus species and the density of their prey on the Corn biomass were a close relationship in the Summer-Fall crops and the Winter crops. The S. falleni and S. croceouittatus species are such potential biocontrol of the pests on Corn. Possible to conserve and use them for biological control of the dangerous pests S. frugiperda, A. ypsilon, H. armigera , M. loreyi on Corn in Vietnam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20biomass" title="corn biomass">corn biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prey" title=" prey"> prey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relationship" title=" relationship"> relationship</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189848/density-and-relationships-between-the-assassin-bugs-sycanus-falleni-stal-and-sycanus-croceovittatus-dohrn-hemiptera-reduviidae-and-their-prey-noctuidae-lepidoptera-on-corn-biomass-in-the-hoa-binh-province-in-northwest-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Understanding the Effect of Fall Armyworm and Integrated Pest Management Practices on the Farm Productivity and Food Security in Malawi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Innocent%20Pangapanga">Innocent Pangapanga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Mungatana"> Eric Mungatana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), an invasive lepidopteran pest, has caused substantial yield loss since its first detection in September 2016, thereby threatening the farm productivity food security and poverty reduction initiatives in Malawi. Several stakeholders, including households, have adopted chemical pesticides to control FAW without accounting for its costs on welfare, health and the environment. Thus, this study has used panel data endogenous switching regression model to investigate the impact of FAW and the integrated pest management (IPM) –related practices on-farm productivity and food security. The study finds that FAW substantively reduces farm productivity by seven (7) percent and influences the adoption of IPM –related practices, namely, intercropping, mulching, and agroforestry, by 6 percent, ceteris paribus. Interestingly, multiple adoptions of the IPM -related practices noticeably increase farm productivity by 21 percent. After accounting for potential endogeneity through the endogenous switching regression model, the IPM practices further demonstrate tenfold more improvement on food security, implying the role of the IPM –related practices in containing the effect of FAW at the household level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hunger" title="hunger">hunger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invasive%20fall%20army%20worms" title=" invasive fall army worms"> invasive fall army worms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20pest%20management%20practices" title=" integrated pest management practices"> integrated pest management practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20productivity" title=" farm productivity"> farm productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endogenous%20switching%20regression" title=" endogenous switching regression"> endogenous switching regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147296/understanding-the-effect-of-fall-armyworm-and-integrated-pest-management-practices-on-the-farm-productivity-and-food-security-in-malawi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>