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<a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%95%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%95%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%95%AD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%95%AD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%2595%25AD%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%2595%25AD%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">镭</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是：<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议，您可以： </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>：前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==历史== [[File:Curie and radium by Castaigne.jpg|thumb|居里夫妇对镭进行实验，由{{le|André Castaigne}}绘制]] [[File:US radium standard 1927.jpg|thumb|由美国标准组织保管的氯化镭玻璃管，于1927年成为美国放射性的主要标准。]] {{details|玛丽·居里#新元素}} 1898年12月21日，[[玛丽亚·居里|玛丽·居里]]与丈夫[[皮埃尔·居里]]从[[沥青铀矿]]中发现了镭。<ref>{{cite book| editor-last = Haynes | editor-first = William M. | date = 2011| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_e9l0 | edition = 92nd| publisher = CRC Press| location = Boca Raton, FL| isbn = 1439855110}}</ref><ref name=crc>Hammond, C. R. "Radium" in {{RubberBible92nd}}</ref>早先研究这种矿物时，居里夫妇从中移除铀，发现剩余的物质仍然具有放射性。1898年7月，他们从沥青铀矿里分离了一种类似[[铋]]的元素，也就是[[钋]]。之后，他们分离出一种放射性混合物，主要由两种成分组成：会产生绿色火焰的[[钡]]化合物，还有一种不明的放射性化合物，产生未曾记载的[[胭脂紅]][[谱线]]。居里夫妇发现这种放射性化合物和钡化合物非常相似，但溶解度较低。夫妇二人得以分离出放射性化合物，并在其中发现一种新元素。居里夫妇于1898年12月26日向[[法国科学院]]宣布了他们的发现。<ref>{{cite journal |year=1898 |title=Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende) |journal=Comptes Rendus |volume=127 |pages=1215–1217 |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm |access-date=2009-08-01 |author=Curie, Pierre |author2=Curie, Marie |author3=Bémont, Gustave |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806083923/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm |archive-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ed010p79 | title = The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements |year = 1933 | last1 = Weeks | first1 = Mary Elvira |author-link1=Mary Elvira Weeks| journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 79|bibcode = 1933JChEd..10...79W }}</ref> 1910年9月，玛丽·居里和[[安德烈-路易·德比埃尔内]]宣布他们分离了[[金属]]镭。他们使用[[汞]][[阴极]][[电解]][[氯化镭]] (RaCl<sub>2</sub>) 溶液，产生镭[[汞齐]]。<ref name="ColbyChurchill1911">{{cite book|author1=Frank Moore Colby|author2=Allen Leon Churchill|title=New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ|year=1911|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n176 152]–}}</ref>之后，镭汞齐在[[氢气]]中加热去除汞，生成金属镭。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Curie, Marie|author2=Debierne, André|name-list-style=amp|year=1910|title=Sur le radium métallique" (On metallic radium)|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=151|pages=523–525|url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm|language=fr|access-date=2009-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205637/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm|archive-date=2011-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref>同年，E. Eoler通过[[热分解]]镭的[[叠氮化物]] Ra(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>，分离出金属镭。{{sfn|Kirby et al.|p=3}} [[放射性活度]]的旧单位[[居里 (单位)|居里]]由<sup>226</sup>Ra的放射性活度定义。<ref>{{cite web | author = Frame, Paul W. | title = How the Curie Came to Be | url = http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm | accessdate = 2008-04-30 | archive-date = 2013-07-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723210402/http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref> ===历史用途=== ====发光颜料==== [[File:Radium-paint.jpg|left|thumb|upright|在旧时钟的表面和指针上有含镭的自发光的白色涂料]] [[File:Radium 2.jpg|thumb|在紫外光下的含镭手表指针]] 镭曾用于手表、核电面板、飞机开关、时钟和仪表盘的自发光涂料。使用镭涂料的自发光手表通常含有大约1微克镭。<ref name="PMC2024184" />1920年代中期，五名垂死的“[[镭女孩]]”起诉[[美国镭企业]]——她们负责用镭基{{le|夜光涂料|Luminous paint}}画表盘时，按要求舔画笔来保持笔尖精细。<ref name="OakRidge">Frame, Paul. [http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm Radioluminescent Paint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731220027/http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm|date=31 July 2014}}, [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]]. Retrieved September 17, 2007.</ref>她们因而摄入镭，导致健康严重恶化，出现溃疡、[[贫血]]、[[骨癌]]等病症——人体会把镭当作[[钙]]沉积于骨骼中，然后放射性会分解[[骨髓]]，使[[骨细胞]]变异。<ref name=epa/> 诉讼期间，人们发现该公司专家和管理层已将自己层层保护，以免受辐射影响，却没有采取适当措施保护员工。此外，多年来公司一直坚称这些镭女孩患有[[梅毒]]，试图掩盖影响并避免承担责任。这种完全忽视员工福利的做法深刻影响了[[职业病]][[劳动法]]的制订。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environmentalhistory.org/people/radiumgirls/|title=Environmental history timeline&nbsp;– Radium Girls|access-date=2018-09-01|date=2012-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084212/http://environmentalhistory.org/people/radiumgirls/|archive-date=2018-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> 诉讼使放射性的危害广为人知；表盘工人得到指示，采取恰当的安全预防措施（尤其是不再舔笔尖），还获得防护装备。直到1960年代，表盘中仍在使用镭，但表盘工没有进一步受伤害——可见镭女孩所受的伤害本来可以轻易避免。<ref>Rowland, R. E. (1995) [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf Radium in humans: a review of U.S. studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109003623/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf |date=9 November 2011 }}. Argonne National Laboratory. p. 22</ref> 含镭涂料自1960年代起停用。夜光表盘是大多由非放射性的光致发光材料取代，在光线下暴露后可在暗处发光，但光强会逐渐衰弱。<ref name=epa/>在需要持久发光的场合，至今仍在使用较安全的[[钷]]-147（半衰期2.6年）和[[氚]]（半衰期12年）。<ref>{{Cite book|title = Man-made and natural radioactivity in environmental pollution and radiochronology|url = https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse|date = 2004|page = [https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse/page/78 78]|isbn = 978-1-4020-1860-2|last1 = Tykva|first1 = Richard|last2 = Berg|first2 = Dieter|publisher=Springer}}</ref>它们和镭相比还有一大优势——不会随时间推移让磷光剂分解。<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ru:Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция |trans-title=Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium |language=ru |first1=Avgusta Konstantinovna |last1=Lavrukhina |first2=Aleksandr Aleksandrovich |last2=Pozdnyakov |date=1966 |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |page=118}}</ref>氚的[[β辐射]]能量非常低，甚至低于钷的β辐射{{NUBASE2016|ref}}；与镭放出的强穿透性γ辐射不同，氚的[[β辐射]]无法穿透皮肤，被视为更安全的放射源。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184942/http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-forms/3anuclidedatasafetysheets.pdf Nuclide safety data sheet: Hydrogen-3]. ehso.emory.edu</ref><ref name=ieer>{{cite web|author=Zerriffi, Hisham|date=January 1996|title=Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energy's decision to produce tritium|url=http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)|publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]|access-date=2010-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713051055/http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)|archive-date=2010-07-13|url-status=live}}</ref> 20世纪上半叶的时钟、手表、仪表等可能涂有放射性发光涂料；如果是军用装备，可能性会更高。这些镭涂料通常已不发光；但并非因为放射性衰变——镭的半衰期足有1600年；而是因为镭的辐射破坏了荧光介质硫化锌。<ref name=emsley>{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/351 351]–|access-date=2015-06-27}}</ref>20世纪上半叶生产的仪表中，如果有一层厚厚的绿色或黄褐色油漆，则表明可能有放射性危害。如果器件保存完好，辐射剂量会相对较低，通常不会有急性风险；但如果涂料释放出来，被吸入或摄入，则会产生危险。<ref name=brit>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033023/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489270/radium-Ra Radium]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm Luminous Radium Paint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304002823/http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm |date=4 March 2013 }}. vintagewatchstraps.com</ref> ====商业用途==== [[File:Radium Water Bath Department, top floor, Hotel Will Rogers, Claremore, Okla., U.S.A (63053).jpg|thumb|约1940年代的酒店镭浴明信片广告]] {{Main|{{le|放射性庸医|Radioactive quackery}}}} 由于镭所谓的“治疗能力”，它曾经是牙膏、护发霜甚至食品等产品中的添加剂。<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-08-01|title=French Web site featuring products (medicines, mineral water, even underwear) containing radium|url=http://www.dissident-media.org/infonucleaire/radieux.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315181647/http://www.dissident-media.org/infonucleaire/radieux.html|archive-date=2011-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref>此类产品很快就不再流行，并在发现它们可能对健康产生严重的不利影响后被许多国家禁止。（例如[[镭补]]或''{{le|Revigator}}''等“镭水”或“饮用标准镭溶液”）<ref name=emsley/>以富含镭的水为特色的{{le|地点spa|Destination spa}}偶尔仍被吹捧为有益的，例如日本[[三朝町]]的spa。从1940年代末到1970年代初，美国还用镭照射儿童的鼻腔，以预防中耳问题或扁桃体肿大。<ref name="Baltimore">{{cite news|url=http://baltimorechronicle.com/rupnose.html|title=Nasal Radium Irradiation of Children Has Health Fallout|last=Cherbonnier|first=Alice|date=1997-10-01|work=Baltimore Chronicle|access-date=2009-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021006/http://www.baltimorechronicle.com/rupnose.html|archive-date=2011-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref> ====医药用途==== [[File:Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg|thumb|制造商声称含有镭的Radior化妆品广告，对皮肤有健康益处。粉末、护肤霜和肥皂都是该系列的一部分。]] 镭（通常以[[氯化镭]]或[[溴化镭]]的形式）可用作产生氡气的[[药物]]，而氡气用于治疗[[癌症]]。加拿大在1920年代和1930年代使用了镭来作为氡源。<ref name=brit/><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKUdnjaCxMC&pg=PA135|title = An Element of Hope: Radium and the Response to Cancer in Canada, 1900–1940|first = Charles|last = Hayter|publisher = McGill-Queen's Press|date = 2005|isbn = 978-0-7735-2869-7|chapter = The Politics of Radon Therapy in the 1930s|access-date = 2021-08-06|archive-date = 2022-05-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220521044727/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKUdnjaCxMC&pg=PA135}}</ref>然而，由于溴化镭暴露造成的有害影响，许多在1900年代早期使用的治疗方法已不再使用。这些影响的一些例子是[[贫血]]、癌症和基因[[突变]]。<ref name="Harvie">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01201-6| pmid = 10589294| title = The radium century| journal = Endeavour| volume = 23| issue = 3| pages = 100–5|year = 1999| last1 = Harvie| first1 = David I.}}</ref>像是[[钴-60|<sup>60</sup>Co]]等更安全的γ射线源的成本更低，数量更多，如今用于替代该应用中历史上使用的镭。<ref name=Ullmann97/> 早在1900年代，生物学家就使用镭来诱导突变，研究[[遗传学]]。早在1904年，Daniel MacDougal就使用镭来试图确定它是否会引发突然的大突变并导致重大的进化。[[托马斯·亨特·摩尔根]]使用镭来诱导白眼果蝇的变化。获得诺贝尔奖的生物学家[[赫尔曼·约瑟夫·马勒]]在转向更实惠的X光实验之前，简要研究了镭对果蝇突变的影响。<ref name="Hamilton">{{cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=Vivien|title=The Secrets of Life: Historian Luis Campos resurrects radium's role in early genetics research|journal=Distillations|date=2016|volume=2|issue=2|pages=44–45|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-secrets-of-life|access-date=2018-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154857/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-secrets-of-life|archive-date=2018-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref> [[霍华德·爱特伍德·凯利]]是[[约翰·霍普金斯医院]]（镭在医学上用于治疗癌症的主要先驱）的创始医师之一。<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html | title = The Four Founding Physicians | access-date = 2013-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150310220741/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html | archive-date = 2015-03-10 | url-status = live }}</ref>他的第一个病人是自己的姑姑，她在1904年手术后不久就去世了。<ref name="DasturTank2011">{{cite journal|last1=Dastur|first1=Adi E.|last2=Tank|first2=P. D.|title=Howard Atwood Kelly: much beyond the stitch|journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India|volume=60|issue=5|year=2011|pages=392–394|doi=10.1007/s13224-010-0064-6|pmc=3394615}}</ref>凯利使用了过量的镭来治疗各种癌症和肿瘤。结果，他的一些病人死于镭照射。<ref name="AronowitzRobison2010">{{cite journal|last1=Aronowitz|first1=Jesse N.|last2=Robison|first2=Roger F.|title=Howard Kelly establishes gynecologic brachytherapy in the United States|journal=Brachytherapy|volume=9|issue=2|year=2010|pages=178–184|doi=10.1016/j.brachy.2009.10.001|pmid=20022564}}</ref>他使用镭的方法是在受影响区域附近插入镭胶囊，然后将镭直接缝到[[肿瘤]]上。<ref name="AronowitzRobison2010" />这与用于治疗[[海莉耶塔·拉克斯]]（原始[[海拉细胞]]的宿主）的[[宫颈癌]]的方法相同。<ref name="Skloot2010">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Skloot|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC|access-date=2013-04-08|date=2010-02-02|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-58938-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617115412/http://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC|archive-date=2013-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>目前，镭已被更安全、更容易获得的放射性同位素取代。<ref name=epa/> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">返回<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">镭</a>。</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/镭">https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/镭</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B8%A6%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:带电邮地址的页面">带电邮地址的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"mediawiki.ui.button\".\n[1.41] Please use Codex. 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