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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tide_raising_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tide_raising_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tide raising force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tide_raising_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_tide_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_tide_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Body tide components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Body_tide_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Body tide components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Body_tide_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidal_constituents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_constituents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tidal constituents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_constituents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_tidal_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_tidal_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ocean tidal loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_tidal_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_astronomical_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_astronomical_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In other astronomical objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_astronomical_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_link"> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_terrestre" title="Marea terrestre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marea terrestre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdgezeiten" title="Erdgezeiten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdgezeiten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_de_la_Tierra" title="Marea de la Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marea de la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Displacement of the solid Earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun</div> <p><b>Earth tide</b> (also known as <b>solid-Earth tide</b>, <b>crustal tide</b>, <b>body tide</b>, <b>bodily tide</b> or <b>land tide</b>) is the displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_earth" title="Solid earth">solid earth</a>'s surface caused by the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer. The largest body tide constituents are semi-<a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a>, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions. Though the gravitational force causing earth tides and ocean <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tides</a> is the same, the responses are quite different. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tide_raising_force">Tide raising force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tide raising force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tideforcenw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tideforcenw.jpg/150px-Tideforcenw.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tideforcenw.jpg/225px-Tideforcenw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tideforcenw.jpg/300px-Tideforcenw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tideforcese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tideforcese.jpg/150px-Tideforcese.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tideforcese.jpg/225px-Tideforcese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tideforcese.jpg/300px-Tideforcese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Lunar tidal force: these images depict the Moon directly over 30° N (or 30° S) viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere, showing both sides of the planet. Red up, blue down.</div></div></div></div> <p>The larger of the periodic gravitational forces is from the Moon but that of the Sun is also important. The images here show lunar <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> when the Moon appears directly over 30° N (or 30° S). This pattern remains fixed with the red area directed toward (or directly away from) the Moon. Red indicates upward pull, blue downward. If, for example the Moon is directly over 90° W (or 90° E), the red areas are centred on the western northern hemisphere, on upper right. Red up, blue down. If for example the Moon is directly over 90° W (90° E), the centre of the red area is 30° N, 90° W and 30° S, 90° E, and the centre of the bluish band follows the <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a> equidistant from those points. At 30° latitude a strong peak occurs once per lunar day, giving a significant diurnal force at that latitude. Along the equator two equally sized peaks (and depressions) impart semi-diurnal force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_tide_components">Body tide components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Body tide components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectorialvert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sectorialvert.jpg/150px-Sectorialvert.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sectorialvert.jpg/225px-Sectorialvert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sectorialvert.jpg/300px-Sectorialvert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vertical displacements of sectorial movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red up, blue down.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectorialeastwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sectorialeastwest.jpg/150px-Sectorialeastwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sectorialeastwest.jpg/225px-Sectorialeastwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sectorialeastwest.jpg/300px-Sectorialeastwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">East-west displacements of sectorial movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red east, blue west.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg/150px-Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg/225px-Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg/300px-Sectorialnorthsouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">North-south displacements of sectorial movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red north, blue south.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesseralvert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tesseralvert.jpg/150px-Tesseralvert.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tesseralvert.jpg/225px-Tesseralvert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tesseralvert.jpg/300px-Tesseralvert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vertical displacements of tesseral movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red up, blue down.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesseraleastwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tesseraleastwest.jpg/150px-Tesseraleastwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tesseraleastwest.jpg/225px-Tesseraleastwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tesseraleastwest.jpg/300px-Tesseraleastwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">East-West displacements of tesseral movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red east, blue west.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg/150px-Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg/225px-Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg/300px-Tesseralnorthsouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">North-South displacements of tesseral movement. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Red north, blue south.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and land masses of the surface, on scales that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant. Ocean tides are a consequence of tangent forces (see: <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium tide">equilibrium tide</a>) and the resonance of the same driving forces with water movement periods in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean basin">ocean basins</a> accumulated over many days, so that their amplitude and timing are quite different and vary over short distances of just a few hundred kilometres. The oscillation periods of the Earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its flexing is due to the forces of the moment. </p><p>The tide components with a period near twelve hours have a lunar amplitude (Earth bulge/depression distances) that are a little more than twice the height of the solar amplitudes, as tabulated below. At new and full moon, the Sun and the Moon are aligned, and the lunar and the solar tidal maxima and minima (bulges and depressions) add together for the greatest tidal range at particular latitudes. At first- and third-quarter phases of the moon, lunar and solar tides are perpendicular, and the tidal range is at a minimum. The semi-diurnal tides go through one full cycle (a high and low tide) about once every 12 hours and one full cycle of maximum height (a spring and neap tide) about once every 14 days. </p><p>The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> is purely solar) and gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Sectorial_harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectorial harmonics">sectorial</a> (or sectoral) deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectorial variations of vertical and east-west displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles. There are two cycles along each latitude, the bulges opposite one another, and the depressions similarly opposed. The diurnal tide is lunisolar, and gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Tesseral_harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesseral harmonics">tesseral</a> deformations. The vertical and east-west movement is maximum at 45° latitude and is zero on the equator and at the poles. The tesseral variation has one cycle per latitude, one bulge and one depression; the bulges are opposed (antipodal), in other words the western part of the northern hemisphere and the eastern part of the southern hemisphere, for example. Similarly, the depressions are opposed, in this case the eastern part of the northern hemisphere and the western part of the southern hemisphere. Finally, fortnightly and semi-annual tides have <a href="/wiki/Zonal_harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonal harmonics">zonal</a> deformations (constant along a circle of latitude), as the Moon or Sun gravitation is directed alternately away from the northern and southern hemispheres due to tilt. There is zero vertical displacement at 35°16' latitude. </p><p>Since these displacements affect the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">vertical direction</a>, the east-west and north-south variations are often tabulated in <a href="/wiki/Arc_seconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc seconds">milliarcseconds</a> for <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> use. The vertical displacement is frequently tabulated in <a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">μGal</a>, since the gradient of gravity is location dependent, so that the distance conversion is only approximately 3 μGal per centimetre. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonalvert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zonalvert.jpg/150px-Zonalvert.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zonalvert.jpg/225px-Zonalvert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zonalvert.jpg/300px-Zonalvert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption> Vertical displacements of zonal movement. Red up, blue down.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_constituents">Tidal constituents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tidal constituents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principal <a href="/wiki/Tidal_constituents" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal constituents">tidal constituents</a>. The amplitudes may vary from those listed within several per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See also <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides#Tidal_constituents" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides#Tidal constituents</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:0; cellpadding:0; cellspacing:0; vertical-align:top; align:left"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDDDDD"> <td colspan="5"><b>Semi-diurnal</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td rowspan="2"><b>Species</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Tidal<br />constituent</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Period</b> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Amplitude (mm)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td align="center"><b>vertical</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>horiz.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Principal lunar semidiurnal</b> </td> <td><i>M</i><sub>2</sub> </td> <td>12.421 h </td> <td>384.83 </td> <td>53.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Principal solar semidiurnal</b> </td> <td><i>S</i><sub>2</sub> </td> <td><b>12 h</b> </td> <td>179.05 </td> <td>25.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Larger lunar elliptic semidiurnal</b> </td> <td><i>N</i><sub>2</sub> </td> <td>12.658 h </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.69 </td> <td>10.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lunisolar semidiurnal </td> <td><i>K</i><sub>2</sub> </td> <td>11.967 h </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>48.72 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.82 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#DDDDDD"> <td colspan="5"><b>Diurnal</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td rowspan="2"><b>Species</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Tidal<br />constituent</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Period</b> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Amplitude (mm)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td align="center"><b>vertical</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>horiz.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lunar diurnal</b> </td> <td><i>K</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td>23.934 h </td> <td>191.78 </td> <td>32.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lunar diurnal</b> </td> <td><i>O</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td>25.819 h </td> <td>158.11 </td> <td>22.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar diurnal </td> <td><i>P</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td>24.066 h </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>70.88 </td> <td>10.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>φ</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td>23.804 h </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>3.44 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>ψ</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td>23.869 h </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>2.72 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar diurnal </td> <td><i>S</i><sub>1</sub> </td> <td><b>24 h</b> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>1.65 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.25 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#DDDDDD"> <td colspan="5"><b>Long Term</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td rowspan="2"><b>Species</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Tidal<br />constituent</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Period</b> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Amplitude (mm)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td align="center"><b>vertical</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>horiz.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lunisolar fortnightly </td> <td><i>M</i><sub>f</sub> </td> <td>13.661 d </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>40.36 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lunar monthly </td> <td><i>M</i><sub>m</sub> </td> <td>27.555 d </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>21.33 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar semiannual </td> <td><i>S</i><sub>sa</sub> </td> <td><b>0.5 yr</b> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>18.79 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Lunar node </td> <td>18.613 yr </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>16.92 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar annual </td> <td><i>S</i><sub>a</sub> </td> <td><b>1 yr</b> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>2.97 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.41 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ocean_tidal_loading">Ocean tidal loading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ocean tidal loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In coastal areas, because the ocean tide is quite out of step with the Earth tide, at high ocean tide there is an excess of water above what would be the gravitational equilibrium level, and therefore the adjacent ground falls in response to the resulting differences in weight. At low tide there is a deficit of water and the ground rises. Displacements caused by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean_tidal_loading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean tidal loading (page does not exist)">ocean tidal loading</a> can exceed the displacements due to the Earth body tide. Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seismologists have determined that microseismic events are correlated to tidal variations in Central Asia (north of the Himalayas);<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> see: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_triggering_of_earthquakes" title="Tidal triggering of earthquakes">tidal triggering of earthquakes</a>. Volcanologists use the regular, predictable Earth tide movements to calibrate and test sensitive volcano deformation monitoring instruments; tides may also trigger volcanic events.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semidiurnal amplitude of terrestrial tides can reach about 55 cm (22 in) at the equator which is important in <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> using <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">very-long-baseline interferometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging" title="Satellite laser ranging">satellite laser ranging</a> measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, to make precise astronomical angular measurements requires accurate knowledge of the Earth's rate of rotation (<a href="/wiki/Fluctuations_in_the_length_of_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluctuations in the length of day">length of day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">precession</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Nutation" title="Nutation">nutation</a>), which is influenced by Earth tides (see also: <a href="/wiki/Pole_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole tide">pole tide</a>). </p><p>Terrestrial tides also need to be taken in account in the case of some <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> experiments. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, at the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> or the <a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a>, the very large <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> were designed while taking terrestrial tides into account for proper operation. Among the effects that need to be taken into account are circumference deformation for circular accelerators and also particle-beam energy. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_astronomical_objects">In other astronomical objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In other astronomical objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Body tides also exist in other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical objects">astronomical objects</a>, such as planets and moons. In Earth's moon, body tides "vary by about ±0.1 m each month."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_Boggs_2015_pp._689–724_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_Boggs_2015_pp._689–724-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It plays a key role in long-term dynamics of planetary systems. For example, it is due to body tides in the Moon that it is captured into the 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">spin-orbit resonance</a> and is always showing us one side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Body tides in Mercury make it trapped in the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same reason, it is believed that many of the exoplanets are captured in higher spin-orbit resonances with their host stars. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_number" title="Love number">Love numbers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Melchior, "Earth Tides", <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, <b>1</b>, pp. 275–303, March, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wahr, "Earth Tides", <i>Global Earth Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constants</i>, <i>AGU Reference Shelf, 1</i>, pp. 40–46, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. House, "Orbital forcing timescales: an introduction", Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 1995; v. 85; p. 1-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/1/1">http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/1/1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sottili G., Martino S., Palladino D.M., Paciello A., Bozzano F. (2007), Effects of tidal stresses on volcanic activity at Mount Etna, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01311, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL028190">10.1029/2006GL028190</a>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_05_28.html">Volcano watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IERS Conventions (2010). Gérard Petit and Brian Luzum (eds.). (IERS Technical Note ; 36) Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 2010. 179 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783898889896" title="Special:BookSources/9783898889896">9783898889896</a>, Sec. 7.1.1, "Effects of the solid Earth tides" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/TechnicalNotes/tn36.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">User manual for the Bernese GNSS Software, Version 5.2 (November 2015), Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern. Section 10.1.2. "Solid Earth Tides, Solid and Ocean Pole Tides, and Permanent Tides" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bernese.unibe.ch/docs/DOCU52.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/march29/linac-329.html">Accelerator on the move, but scientists compensate for tidal effects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325213043/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/march29/linac-329.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Stanford online</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324150503/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e00/PAPERS/MOP5A04.pdf">"circumference deformation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e00/PAPERS/MOP5A04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=circumference+deformation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccelconf.web.cern.ch%2Faccelconf%2Fe00%2FPAPERS%2FMOP5A04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+tide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p93/PDF/PAC1993_0044.PDF">particle beam energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112324/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p93/PDF/PAC1993_0044.PDF">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> affects</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_Boggs_2015_pp._689–724-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Boggs_2015_pp._689–724_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBoggs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale. H. (2015). "Tides on the Moon: Theory and determination of dissipation". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>120</b> (4). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 689–724. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRE..120..689W">2015JGRE..120..689W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014je004755">10.1002/2014je004755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9097">2169-9097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120669399">120669399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Tides+on+the+Moon%3A+Theory+and+determination+of+dissipation&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=689-724&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2014je004755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120669399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2169-9097&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JGRE..120..689W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Boggs%2C+Dale.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+tide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyelles,_B.Frouard,_J.Makarov,_V._V.Efroimsky,_M.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Noyelles, B.; Frouard, J.; Makarov, V. V. & Efroimsky, M. (2014). "Spin-orbit evolution of Mercury revisited". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>241</b>: 26–44. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0136">1307.0136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..241...26N">2014Icar..241...26N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.05.045">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53690707">53690707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Spin-orbit+evolution+of+Mercury+revisited.&rft.volume=241&rft.pages=26-44&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1307.0136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53690707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.05.045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..241...26N&rft.au=Noyelles%2C+B.&rft.au=Frouard%2C+J.&rft.au=Makarov%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Efroimsky%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+tide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarov,_V._V.Berghea,_C.Efroimsky,_M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Makarov, V. V.; Berghea, C. & Efroimsky, M. (2012). "Dynamical Evolution and Spin–Orbit Resonances of Potentially Habitable Exoplanets: The Case of GJ 581d". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>761</b> (2): 83. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.0814">1208.0814</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761...83M">2012ApJ...761...83M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F2%2F83">10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/83</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:926755">926755</a>. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Dynamical+Evolution+and+Spin%E2%80%93Orbit+Resonances+of+Potentially+Habitable+Exoplanets%3A+The+Case+of+GJ+581d.&rft.volume=761&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.0814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A926755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F2%2F83&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ApJ...761...83M&rft.au=Makarov%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Berghea%2C+C.&rft.au=Efroimsky%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+tide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McCully, James Greig, <i>Beyond the Moon, A Conversational, Common Sense Guide to Understanding the Tides</i>, World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, 2006.</li> <li>Paul Melchior, <i>Earth Tides</i>, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983.</li> <li>Wylie, Francis E, <i>Tides and the Pull of the Moon</i>, The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vermont, 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_link">External link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_tide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Short <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary on earth tides <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0jt8x5z/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a 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title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" 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