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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لويس بلاك هاميت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس بلاك هاميت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="লুই প্ল্যাক হ্যামমেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই প্ল্যাক হ্যামমেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="لوئیس پلاک هامت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیس پلاک هامت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لويس بلاك هاميت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس بلاك هاميت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ルイス・ハメット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイス・ハメット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Plack Hammett" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гаммет, Луис Плак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаммет, Луис Плак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="லூயிஸ் ஹாம்மெட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூயிஸ் ஹாம்மெட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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Nichols Medal">William H. Nichols Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service_to_Science" title="Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science">Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Chemistry">Physical Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Plack Hammett</b> (April 7, 1894 – February 9, 1987) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a>. He is known for the <a href="/wiki/Hammett_equation" title="Hammett equation">Hammett equation</a>, which relates <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rate" title="Reaction rate">reaction rates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constants</a> for certain classes of organic reactions involving <a href="/wiki/Substitution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substitution (chemistry)">substituted</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> compounds. He is also known for his research into <a href="/wiki/Superacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Superacids">superacids</a> and his development of a scheme for comparing their acidities based on what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Curtin%E2%80%93Hammett_principle" title="Curtin–Hammett principle">Curtin–Hammett principle</a> bears his name. </p><p>The awards he obtained included the <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1967, and in 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service_to_Science" title="Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science">Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science</a>. </p><p>Hammett grew up in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>, and studied in Harvard and Switzerland. He earned his Ph.D. at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. He authored an influential textbook on <a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">physical organic chemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited with coining the term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Plack_Hammett&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagoacs.org/content.php?page=Willard_Gibbs_Award">American Chemical Society - Chicago Section</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammett, Louis P. (1940) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168388/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Physical Organic Chemistry</i></a> New York: McGraw Hill. (Link added 15 May 2024)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Plack_Hammett&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hammond, George S. (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1997/pdf/6909x1919.pdf">Physical organic chemistry after 50 years: It has changed, but is it still there?</a></i> <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> V9. 69, No. 9, pp. 1919–1922.</li> <li>Westheimer, F. H. (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/lhammett.html">Biographical Memoirs</a></i> V72, pp. 136–149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030703083530/http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/lhammett.html">Archived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hammett-louis-p.pdf">PDF Version</a> (Archived and PDF Links added 15 May 2024)</li> <li>Young, Robin V., Sessine, Suzanne (1999) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/louis-hammett-woc/">World of Chemistry</a></i> Thomson Gale.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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