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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scientific revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newton's_theory_of_gravitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newton's_theory_of_gravitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Newton's theory of gravitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newton's_theory_of_gravitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>General relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Einstein_field_equations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein_field_equations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Einstein field equations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein_field_equations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravity_and_quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravity_and_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gravity and quantum mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravity_and_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests_of_general_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests_of_general_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tests of general relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tests_of_general_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specifics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth's_gravity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth's_gravity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Earth's gravity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth's_gravity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gravitational radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_of_gravity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_of_gravity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Speed of gravity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_of_gravity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomalies_and_discrepancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomalies_and_discrepancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anomalies and discrepancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomalies_and_discrepancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_alternative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_alternative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical alternative theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_alternative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_alternative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_alternative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern alternative theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_alternative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 163 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaartekrag" title="Swaartekrag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swaartekrag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ግስበት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግስበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4dduvyeimi" title="Tiädduvyeimi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tiädduvyeimi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جاذبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاذبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedat" title="Gravedat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gravedat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="মহাকৰ্ষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাকৰ্ষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graved%C3%A1" title="Gravedá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gravedá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaretepyte" title="Mbaretepyte – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbaretepyte" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazib%C9%99_q%C3%BCvv%C9%99si" title="Cazibə qüvvəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cazibə qüvvəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جاذیبه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاذیبه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7" title="মহাকর্ষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকর্ষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Dng-le%CC%8Dk" title="Tiōng-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiōng-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гравітацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гравітацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гравітацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гравітацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabidad" title="Grabidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Grabidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaakroft" title="Schwaakroft – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwaakroft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gravitacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitadur" title="Gravitadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gravitadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravetat" title="Gravetat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gravetat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Гравитаци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гравитаци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitace" title="Gravitace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gravitace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunganidzo" title="Gunganidzo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gunganidzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgyrchiant" title="Disgyrchiant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Disgyrchiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جابدية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جابدية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatsioon" title="Gravitatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gravitatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βαρύτητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρύτητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedad" title="Gravedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gravedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravito" title="Gravito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gravito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graved%C3%A1" title="Gravedá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Gravedá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabitazio" title="Grabitazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grabitazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="گرانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiertekr%C3%AAft" title="Swiertekrêft – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swiertekrêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtharraingt" title="Imtharraingt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Imtharraingt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ym-hayrn" title="Ym-hayrn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ym-hayrn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iom-tharraing" title="Iom-tharraing – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iom-tharraing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gravidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="중력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձգողականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձգողականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gravitacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravito" title="Gravito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gravito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7" title="অভিকর্ষ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="অভিকর্ষ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNyondo" title="UmNyondo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNyondo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eyngdarafl" title="Þyngdarafl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þyngdarafl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione gravitazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="כבידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89ama_h%C9%94m_%C9%96o%C5%8B_(gravitation)" title="Ɖama hɔm ɖoŋ (gravitation) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖama hɔm ɖoŋ (gravitation)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಗುರುತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გრავიტაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრავიტაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0" title="گرٛٲنؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛٲنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvutano" title="Uvutano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uvutano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasyon" title="Gravitasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gravitasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasyon" title="Gravitasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gravitasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%AA%C5%9F" title="Rakêş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rakêş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Тартылуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тартылуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ກາວິທັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກາວິທັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitas_(physica)" title="Gravitas (physica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gravitas (physica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C4%81cija" title="Gravitācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gravitācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatioun" title="Gravitatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gravitatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gravitacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaordjekraf" title="Zwaordjekraf – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwaordjekraf" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita" title="Gravita – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gravita" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/maircpukai" title="maircpukai – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="maircpukai" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essikirizo_(Gravity)" title="Essikirizo (Gravity) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essikirizo (Gravity)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_de_gravit%C3%A0" title="Forza de gravità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Forza de gravità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Gravitáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gravitáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Гравитација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гравитација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഗുരുത്വാകർഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരുത്വാകർഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გრავიტაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრავიტაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جاذبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاذبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Graviti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabidade" title="Grabidade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grabidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Гравитаци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гравитаци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi" title="Bibi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bibi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaartekracht" title="Zwaartekracht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwaartekracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुत्व बल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरुत्व बल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="गेँसु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गेँसु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="重力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaarkr%C3%A4%C3%A4ft" title="Swaarkrääft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaarkrääft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasjon" title="Gravitasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravitasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasjon" title="Gravitasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravitasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatione" title="Gravitatione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gravitatione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacion" title="Gravitacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gravitacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkisoo" title="Harkisoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Harkisoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gravitatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਗੁਰੂਤਾ ਖਿੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂਤਾ ਖਿੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="گریویٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریویٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%DB%90_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%87" title="د جاذبې قوه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جاذبې قوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitieshan" title="Gravitieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gravitieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatschoon" title="Gravitatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gravitatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawitacja" title="Grawitacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grawitacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gravitație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llasaturaku" title="Llasaturaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llasaturaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґравітація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґравітація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षणशक्तिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षणशक्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%84" title="کشش ثقل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کشش ثقل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gravidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweerkraft" title="Sweerkraft – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sweerkraft" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviteti" title="Graviteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Graviteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitazzioni_univirsali" title="Gravitazzioni univirsali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gravitazzioni univirsali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gravity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B4%D8%B4_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%84" title="ڪشش ثقل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪشش ثقل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C3%A1cia" title="Gravitácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gravitácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%BEnost" title="Težnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Težnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufisjiidad" title="Cufisjiidad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cufisjiidad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ڕاکێشان (فیزیک) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاکێشان (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Гравитација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гравитација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gravitacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painovoima" title="Painovoima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Painovoima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gravitation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabedad" title="Grabedad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grabedad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="ஈர்ப்பு விசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈர்ப்பு விசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taldayt" title="Taldayt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taldayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="గురుత్వాకర్షణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురుత్వాకర్షణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="ความโน้มถ่วง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความโน้มถ่วง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Гирониш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гирониш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavite" title="Kalavite – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kalavite" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᎾᏌᏁᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎾᏌᏁᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtle%C3%A7ekim" title="Kütleçekim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kütleçekim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гравитация" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гравітація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гравітація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ثقالت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثقالت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%95%D9%85%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B4_%D9%83%DB%88%DA%86%D9%89" title="ئالەملىك تارتىش كۈچى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالەملىك تارتىش كۈچى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C3%A0" title="Gravità – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gravità" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacii" title="Gravitacii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gravitacii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_h%E1%BA%A5p_d%E1%BA%ABn" title="Tương tác hấp dẫn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác hấp dẫn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="重力 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="重力" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulog-bug-%C3%A1t" title="Hulog-bug-át – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hulog-bug-át" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooley_%C3%B1oddi" title="Dooley ñoddi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dooley ñoddi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="引力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גראוויטאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראוויטאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="萬有引力 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬有引力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C4%B1%C5%9F%C3%AA_erdi" title="Antışê erdi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antışê erdi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Gravitacėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gravitacėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="引力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_s%C3%A8ngg%C3%A8t" title="Gaya sènggèt – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gaya sènggèt" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Graviti" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11412#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gravity" rel="discussion" 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nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2ad0a6d6780c3abc5247abd82bd8a2249d56ff3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of motion">Second law of motion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: bold; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics" title="List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">Angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)" title="Couple (mechanics)">Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power (physics)">Mechanical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Mechanical work</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></b></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a></b> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routhian_mechanics" title="Routhian mechanics">Routhian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appell%27s_equation_of_motion" title="Appell's equation of motion">Appell's equation of motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_classical_mechanics" title="Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics">Koopman–von Neumann mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">Equations of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Euler's laws of motion"><span class="wrap">Euler's laws of motion</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">Fictitious force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">Non-inertial reference frame</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_motion" title="Linear motion">linear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation"><span class="wrap">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">Relative velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">Rigid body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)" title="Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)">Euler's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion" title="Simple harmonic motion">Simple harmonic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">Rotation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_motion" title="Circular motion">Circular motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame" title="Rotating reference frame">Rotating reference frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">Centripetal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">Centrifugal force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_centrifugal_force" title="Reactive centrifugal force">reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(mechanics)" title="Pendulum (mechanics)">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_speed" title="Tangential speed">Tangential speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_frequency" title="Rotational frequency">Rotational frequency</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">Angular acceleration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_displacement" title="Angular displacement">displacement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">frequency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">velocity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Liouville" title="Joseph Liouville">Liouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89mile_Appell" title="Paul Émile Appell">Appell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Koopman" title="Bernard Koopman">Koopman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_mechanics" title="Category:Classical mechanics">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanics" title="Template talk:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In physics, <b>gravity</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> gravitas</i> 'weight'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interaction</a> primarily observed as a mutual attraction between all things that have <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10<sup>38</sup> times weaker than the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>, 10<sup>36</sup> times weaker than the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a>, and 10<sup>29</sup> times weaker than the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_scale" title="Macroscopic scale">macroscopic scale</a>, and it determines the motion of <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">light</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">On Earth</a>, gravity gives <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> to <a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">physical objects</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Moon's gravity</a> is responsible for sublunar <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> in the oceans. The corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through the process of <a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">gravitropism</a> and influencing the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> of fluids in <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>. </p><p>The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> caused it to <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(physics)" title="Coalescence (physics)">coalesce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">form stars</a> which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away. </p><p>Gravity is most accurately described by the <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general theory of relativity</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1915, which describes gravity not as a force, but as the <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along <a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">geodesic</a> lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>, from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the black hole's <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a>, which describes gravity as a <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the product of their masses and <a href="/wiki/Inversely_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversely proportional">inversely proportional</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Square_(algebra)" title="Square (algebra)">square</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a> between them. </p><p>Current models of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> imply that the earliest instance of gravity in the universe, possibly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">supergravity</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">gravitational singularity</a>, along with ordinary <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, developed during the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Planck_epoch" title="Chronology of the universe">Planck epoch</a> (up to 10<sup>−43</sup> seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">birth</a> of the universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a <a href="/wiki/False_vacuum" title="False vacuum">false vacuum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum vacuum">quantum vacuum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual particle</a>, in a currently unknown manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Planck-UOregon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planck-UOregon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists are currently working to develop a theory of gravity consistent with <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, a quantum gravity theory,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20221010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20221010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">theory of everything</a>) with the other three fundamental interactions of physics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p><dfn>Gravitation</dfn>, also known as gravitational attraction, is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe. Gravity is the gravitational attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gravity may also include, in addition to gravitation, the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> resulting from the planet's rotation <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Earth's_gravity">§ Earth's gravity</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HWM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gravitational_theory" title="History of gravitational theory">History of gravitational theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h3></div> <p>The nature and mechanism of gravity were explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight, a conclusion that was later shown to be false.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Aristotle's view was widely accepted throughout Ancient Greece, there were other thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> who correctly predicted that the attraction of gravity was not unique to the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he did not understand gravity as a force, the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> of a triangle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He postulated that if two equal weights did not have the same center of gravity, the center of gravity of the two weights together would be in the middle of the line that joins their centers of gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centuries later, the Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius contended in his <i>De architectura</i> that gravity is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its "nature".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 6th century CE, the Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by incorporating a causative force that diminishes over time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 628 CE, the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> proposed the idea that gravity is an attractive force that draws objects to the Earth and used the term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:गुरुत्वाकर्षण">gurutvākarṣaṇ</a></i> to describe it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, gravity was a topic of fierce debate. The <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> intellectual <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> believed that the force of gravity was not unique to the Earth, and he correctly assumed that other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">heavenly bodies</a> should exert a gravitational attraction as well.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a> held the same position as Aristotle that all matter in the Universe is attracted to the center of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/170px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/255px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/340px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3875" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>, where according to legend Galileo performed an experiment about the speed of falling objects</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_revolution">Scientific revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a></div> <p>In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian</a> notion that heavier objects <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">fall</a> at a faster rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> Dominican priest <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Domingo de Soto</a> wrote in 1551 that bodies in <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> uniformly accelerate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experiments conducted by other <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priests in Italy, including those by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Varchi" title="Benedetto Varchi">Benedetto Varchi</a>, Francesco Beato, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Ghini" title="Luca Ghini">Luca Ghini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso" title="Giovan Battista Bellaso">Giovan Bellaso</a> which contradicted Aristotle's teachings on the fall of bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mid-16th century Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Benedetti" title="Giambattista Benedetti">Giambattista Benedetti</a> published papers claiming that, due to <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">specific gravity</a>, objects made of the same material but with different masses would fall at the same speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Drabkin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drabkin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the 1586 <a href="/wiki/Delft_tower_experiment" title="Delft tower experiment">Delft tower experiment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> observed that two cannonballs of differing sizes and weights fell at the same rate when dropped from a tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>'s careful measurements of balls rolling down <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">inclines</a> allowed him to firmly establish that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galileo postulated that <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a> is the reason that objects with a low density and high <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> fall more slowly in an atmosphere. </p><p>In 1604, Galileo correctly hypothesized that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Square_(algebra)" title="Square (algebra)">square</a> of the time elapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later confirmed by Italian scientists <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi" title="Francesco Maria Grimaldi">Grimaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Riccioli</a> between 1640 and 1650. They also calculated the magnitude of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">the Earth's gravity</a> by measuring the oscillations of a pendulum.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newton's_theory_of_gravitation"><span id="Newton.27s_theory_of_gravitation"></span>Newton's theory of gravitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newton-Hooke_priority_controversy_for_the_inverse_square_law" title="Newton-Hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law">Newton-Hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law</a></div> <p>In 1657, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>, in which he hypothesized that the Moon must have its own gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin201757_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin201757-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1666, he added two further principles: that all bodies move in straight lines until deflected by some force and that the attractive force is stronger for closer bodies. In a communication to the Royal Society in 1666, Hooke wrote<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will explain a system of the world very different from any yet received. It is founded on the following positions. 1. That all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre, but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action. 2. That all bodies having a simple motion, will continue to move in a straight line, unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force, causing them to describe a circle, an ellipse, or some other curve. 3. That this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer. As to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance, I own I have not discovered it....</p></blockquote> <p>Hooke's 1674 Gresham lecture, <i>An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth</i>, explained that gravitation applied to "all celestial bodies"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooke1679''_An_Attempt_to_prove_the_Annual_Motion_of_the_Earth'',_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLectionesCutler00Hookpagen23mode2up_page_2,_3]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooke1679''_An_Attempt_to_prove_the_Annual_Motion_of_the_Earth'',_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLectionesCutler00Hookpagen23mode2up_page_2,_3]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="2671" /></a><figcaption>English physicist and mathematician, Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1642–1727)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> titled <i><a href="/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum" title="De motu corporum in gyrum">De motu corporum in gyrum</a> ('On the motion of bodies in an orbit')</i>, which provided a physical justification for <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagan-1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagan-1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley was impressed by the manuscript and urged Newton to expand on it, and a few years later Newton published a groundbreaking book called <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (<i>Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</i>). In this book, Newton described gravitation as a universal force, and claimed that "the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must [be] reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve." This statement was later condensed into the following inverse-square law: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48f74b3b4d591ba1996c4d481f74ac3ab7e279d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.338ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},}"></span>where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> is the force, <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>1</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>2</sub></span> are the masses of the objects interacting, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span> is the distance between the centers of the masses and <span class="texhtml"><i>G</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989667400000000000♠"></span>6.674<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅s<sup>−2</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-G_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-G-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton's <i>Principia</i> was well received by the scientific community, and his law of gravitation quickly spread across the European world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a century later, in 1821, his theory of gravitation rose to even greater prominence when it was used to predict the existence of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. In that year, the French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard" title="Alexis Bouvard">Alexis Bouvard</a> used this theory to create a table modeling the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, which was shown to differ significantly from the planet's actual trajectory. In order to explain this discrepancy, many astronomers speculated that there might be a large object beyond the orbit of Uranus which was disrupting its orbit. In 1846, the astronomers <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> independently used Newton's law to predict Neptune's location in the night sky, and the planet was discovered there within a day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction to general relativity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacetime curvature schematic"><img alt="Spacetime curvature schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/220px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/330px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/440px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="469" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.5em 0.2em 0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; display:block;margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>κ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/124ab80fcb17e2733cc17ff6f93da5e52f355c77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity" title="Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Fundamental concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold" title="Pseudo-Riemannian manifold">Pseudo-Riemannian manifold</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Kepler problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">Gravitational redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">Frame-dragging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">Geodetic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ececff; font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_diagram" title="Spacetime diagram">Spacetime diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Einstein–Rosen bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Equations</li><li>Formalisms</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Equations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathisson%E2%80%93Papapetrou%E2%80%93Dixon_equations" title="Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations">Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Formalisms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Advanced theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Rosen_metric" title="Einstein–Rosen metric">Einstein–Rosen waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%E2%80%93de%E2%80%93Sitter_metric" title="Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter metric">Kerr–Newman–de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Robertson–Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Snyder_model" title="Oppenheimer–Snyder model">Oppenheimer–Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%80%93Lewis%E2%80%93Papapetrou_coordinates" title="Weyl–Lewis–Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Thorne_metric" title="Hartle–Thorne metric">Hartle–Thorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reissner" title="Hans Reissner">Reissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Nordstr%C3%B6m" title="Gunnar Nordström">Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Bardeen" title="James M. Bardeen">Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker" title="Arthur Geoffrey Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Kumar_Raychaudhuri" title="Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Jacob_van_Stockum" title="Willem Jacob van Stockum">van Stockum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Taub" title="Abraham H. Taub">Taub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Newman" title="Ezra T. Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_relativity" title="Category:General relativity">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template talk:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in the orbit of the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98 <a href="/wiki/Arcseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcseconds">arcseconds</a> per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body, such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury, but all efforts to find such a body turned out to be fruitless. In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> which was able to accurately model Mercury's orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>, a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to inertial motion, meaning that free-falling inertial objects are accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Newtonian physics</a>, Einstein believed that it was possible for this acceleration to occur without any force being applied to the object. </p><p>Einstein proposed that <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_(general_relativity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodesic (general relativity)">geodesics</a>. As in Newton's first law of motion, Einstein believed that a force applied to an object would cause it to deviate from a geodesic. For instance, people standing on the surface of the Earth are prevented from following a geodesic path because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on them. This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial. </p><p>Einstein's description of gravity was quickly accepted by the majority of physicists, as it was able to explain a wide variety of previously baffling experimental results.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the coming years, a wide range of experiments provided additional support for the idea of general relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Will_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.1-9">: p.1-9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Einstein's theory of relativity is used for all gravitational calculations where absolute precision is desired, although Newton's inverse-square law is accurate enough for virtually all ordinary calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-Will_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.79">: p.79 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hassani_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_research">Modern research</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">modern physics</a>, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicists continue to work to find <a href="/wiki/Solutions_of_the_Einstein_field_equations" title="Solutions of the Einstein field equations">solutions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a> that form the basis of general relativity and continue to test the theory, finding excellent agreement in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceNews2019_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceNews2019-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lea_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Will_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.9">: p.9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Einstein_field_equations">Einstein field equations</h3></div> <p>The Einstein field equations are a <a href="/wiki/System_of_equations" title="System of equations">system</a> of 10 <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a> which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system is often expressed in the form <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>κ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af02c490b2f4c2a53af6cb41e344ec514a7b1f5f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.115ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },}"></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">G<sub>μν</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_tensor" title="Einstein tensor">Einstein tensor</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g<sub>μν</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)" title="Metric tensor (general relativity)">metric tensor</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T<sub>μν</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Stress–energy tensor">stress–energy tensor</a>, <span class="texhtml">Λ</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constant <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84041b96187448c82749df5c23e1414ce6bf7e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.595ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}}"></span> is referred to as the Einstein gravitational constant.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwarzchild-metric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schwarzchild-metric.jpg/220px-Schwarzchild-metric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schwarzchild-metric.jpg/330px-Schwarzchild-metric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schwarzchild-metric.jpg/440px-Schwarzchild-metric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild solution">Schwarzschild metric</a>, which describes spacetime around a spherical, uncharged, and nonrotating object with mass</figcaption></figure> <p>A major area of research is the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">exact solutions</a> to the Einstein field equations. Solving these equations amounts to calculating a precise value for the metric tensor (which defines the curvature and geometry of spacetime) under certain physical conditions. There is no formal definition for what constitutes such solutions, but most scientists agree that they should be expressable using <a href="/wiki/Elementary_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary functions">elementary functions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linear_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear differential equations">linear differential equations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most notable solutions of the equations include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild solution">Schwarzschild solution</a>, which describes spacetime surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Circular_symmetry" title="Circular symmetry">spherically symmetric</a> non-<a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotating</a> uncharged massive object. For compact enough objects, this solution generated a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> with a central <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">singularity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At points far away from the central mass, the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are nearly identical to those predicted by Newton's theory of gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström solution</a>, which analyzes a non-rotating spherically symmetric object with charge and was independently discovered by several different researchers between 1916 and 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, this solution can predict the existence of black holes with double <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr solution</a>, which generalizes the Schwarzchild solution to rotating massive objects. Because of the difficulty of factoring in the effects of rotation into the Einstein field equations, this solution was not discovered until 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman solution</a> for charged, rotating massive objects. This solution was derived in 1964, using the same technique of complex coordinate transformation that was used for the Kerr solution.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker solution</a>, discovered in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Alexander Friedmann</a> and then confirmed in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a>. This solution was revolutionary for predicting the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of the Universe">expansion of the Universe</a>, which was confirmed seven years later after a series of measurements by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It even showed that general relativity was incompatible with a <a href="/wiki/Static_universe" title="Static universe">static universe</a>, and Einstein later conceded that he had been wrong to design his field equations to account for a Universe that was not expanding.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chief among these is the <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body problem</a>, which concerns the geometry of spacetime around two mutually interacting massive objects, such as the Sun and the Earth, or the two stars in a <a href="/wiki/Binary_star_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary star system">binary star system</a>. The situation gets even more complicated when considering the interactions of three or more massive bodies (the "<i>n</i>-body problem"), and some scientists suspect that the Einstein field equations will never be solved in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is still possible to construct an approximate solution to the field equations in the <i>n</i>-body problem by using the technique of <a href="/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion" title="Post-Newtonian expansion">post-Newtonian expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the extreme nonlinearity of the Einstein field equations makes it difficult to solve them in all but the most specific cases.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravity_and_quantum_mechanics">Gravity and quantum mechanics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></div> <p>Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of discrete particles known as <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>. This contradiction is especially vexing to physicists because the other three fundamental forces (strong force, weak force and electromagnetism) were reconciled with a quantum framework decades ago.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, modern researchers have begun to search for a theory that could unite both gravity and quantum mechanics under a more general framework.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One path is to describe gravity in the framework of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>, which has been successful to accurately describe the other <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a>. The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">gravitons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description reproduces general relativity in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_limit" title="Classical limit">classical limit</a>. However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the <a href="/wiki/Planck_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck length">Planck length</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_Lisa_2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_Lisa_2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a more complete theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> (or a new approach to quantum mechanics) is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests_of_general_relativity">Tests of general relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests of general relativity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_eclipse_positive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/220px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/330px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/440px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Total_solar_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Total solar eclipse">total solar eclipse</a> provided one of the first opportunities to test the predictions of general relativity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Testing the predictions of general relativity has historically been difficult, because they are almost identical to the predictions of Newtonian gravity for small energies and masses.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-2022_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, since its development, an ongoing series of experimental results have provided support for the theory:<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-2022_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, the British astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> was able to confirm the predicted <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a> of light during <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_May_29,_1919" title="Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919">that year's solar eclipse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eddington measured starlight deflections twice those predicted by Newtonian corpuscular theory, in accordance with the predictions of general relativity. Although Eddington's analysis was later disputed, this experiment made Einstein famous almost overnight and caused general relativity to become widely accepted in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, American physicists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glen_Rebka" title="Glen Rebka">Glen Rebka</a> performed <a href="/wiki/Pound%E2%80%93Rebka_experiment" title="Pound–Rebka experiment">an experiment</a> in which they used <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> to confirm the prediction of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">gravitational time dilation</a>. By sending the rays down a 74-foot tower and measuring their frequency at the bottom, the scientists confirmed that light is <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shifted</a> as it moves towards a source of gravity. The observed shift also supports the idea that time runs more slowly in the presence of a gravitational field (many more wave crests pass in a given interval). If light moves outward from a strong source of gravity it will be observed with a <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Time_delay_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Time delay of light">time delay of light</a> passing close to a massive object was first identified by <a href="/wiki/Irwin_I._Shapiro" title="Irwin I. Shapiro">Irwin I. Shapiro</a> in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, scientists discovered the first-ever black hole in the galaxy <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_A" title="Cygnus A">Cygnus</a>. The black hole was detected because it was emitting bursts of <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">x-rays</a> as it consumed a smaller star, and it came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery confirmed yet another prediction of general relativity, because Einstein's equations implied that light could not escape from a sufficiently large and compact object.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General relativity states that gravity acts on light and matter equally, meaning that a sufficiently massive object could warp light around it and create a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational lensing">gravitational lens</a>. This phenomenon was first confirmed by observation in 1979 using the 2.1 meter telescope at <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> in Arizona, which saw two mirror images of the same quasar whose light had been bent around the galaxy <a href="/wiki/YGKOW_G1" class="mw-redirect" title="YGKOW G1">YGKOW G1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frame_dragging" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame dragging">Frame dragging</a>, the idea that a rotating massive object should twist spacetime around it, was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a> results in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> observatory detected faint <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>, the existence of which had been predicted by general relativity. Scientists believe that the waves emanated from a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Black hole merger">black hole merger</a> that occurred 1.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Light-years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-years">light-years</a> away.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifics">Specifics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth's_gravity"><span id="Earth.27s_gravity"></span>Earth's gravity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falling_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/100px-Falling_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/150px-Falling_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/200px-Falling_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>An initially-stationary object that is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance that is proportional to the square of the elapsed time. This image spans half a second and was captured at 20 flashes per second.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></div> <p>Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_action-reaction.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gravity_action-reaction.gif/220px-Gravity_action-reaction.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gravity_action-reaction.gif/330px-Gravity_action-reaction.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gravity_action-reaction.gif/440px-Gravity_action-reaction.gif 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>If an object with comparable mass to that of the Earth were to fall towards it, then the corresponding acceleration of the Earth would be observable.</figcaption></figure> <p>The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high or low sub-surface densities.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For purposes of weights and measures, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a> value is defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI). </p><p>The force of gravity experienced by objects on Earth's surface is the vector sum of two forces:<sup id="cite_ref-HWM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is weakest at the equator because of the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are farthest from the center of the Earth. The force of gravity varies with latitude, and the resultant acceleration increases from about 9.780 m/s<sup>2</sup> at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s<sup>2</sup> at the poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Boynton_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boynton-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_radiation">Gravitational radiation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LIGO Hanford Observatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg/220px-LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg/330px-LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg/440px-LIGO_Hanford_aerial_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> Hanford Observatory located in Washington, United States, where gravitational waves were first observed in September 2015</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></div> <p>General relativity predicts that energy can be transported out of a system through gravitational radiation. The first indirect evidence for gravitational radiation was through measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a> in 1973. This system consists of a pulsar and neutron star in orbit around one another. Its orbital period has decreased since its initial discovery due to a loss of energy, which is consistent for the amount of energy loss due to gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-npp1993_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npp1993-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first direct evidence for gravitational radiation was measured on 14 September 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> detectors. The gravitational waves emitted during the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth were measured.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of Einstein and others that such waves exist. It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including the Big Bang.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> formation also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-PhysRev2017_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysRev2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_of_gravity">Speed of gravity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_gravity" title="Speed of gravity">Speed of gravity</a></div> <p>In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of <a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tides</a> during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting the vacant point normally for 8 minutes, which is the time light takes to travel that distance. The team's findings were released in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Bulletin" title="Science Bulletin">Science Bulletin</a></i> in February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anomalies_and_discrepancies">Anomalies and discrepancies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">Gravity anomaly</a>.</div> <p>There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for, which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalacticRotation2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/220px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/330px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/440px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (<b>A</b>) and observed (<b>B</b>). The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Extra-fast stars</b>: Stars in galaxies follow a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">distribution of velocities</a> where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they should according to the observed distributions of normal matter. Galaxies within <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">galaxy clusters</a> show a similar pattern. <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a>, which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically, would account for the discrepancy. Various <a href="/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics" title="Modified Newtonian dynamics">modifications to Newtonian dynamics</a> have also been proposed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated expansion">Accelerated expansion</a></b>: The <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a> seems to be speeding up.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> has been proposed to explain this.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flyby_anomaly" title="Flyby anomaly">Flyby anomaly</a></b>: Various spacecraft have experienced greater acceleration than expected during <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly" title="Pioneer anomaly">Pioneer anomaly</a> has been shown to be explained by thermal recoil due to the distant sun radiation on one side of the space craft.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_theories">Alternative theories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Alternatives to general relativity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_alternative_theories">Historical alternative theories</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_theory_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian theory of gravity">Aristotelian theory of gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sage%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Le Sage's theory of gravitation">Le Sage's theory of gravitation</a> (1784) also called LeSage gravity but originally proposed by Fatio and further elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Le_Sage" title="Georges-Louis Le Sage">Georges-Louis Le Sage</a>, based on a fluid-based explanation where a light gas fills the entire Universe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz%27s_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritz's Equation">Ritz's theory of gravitation</a>, <i>Ann. Chem. Phys.</i> 13, 145, (1908) pp. 267–271, Weber–Gauss electrodynamics applied to gravitation. Classical advancement of perihelia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordstr%C3%B6m%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Nordström's theory of gravitation">Nordström's theory of gravitation</a> (1912, 1913), an early competitor of general relativity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Whitehead's theory of gravitation">Whitehead's theory of gravitation</a> (1922), another early competitor of general relativity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_alternative_theories">Modern alternative theories</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a> of gravity (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-2014Schpj...931358B_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014Schpj...931358B-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_gravity" title="Induced gravity">Induced gravity</a> (1967), a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> according to which <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> might arise from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theories</a> of matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> (late 1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F(R)_gravity" title="F(R) gravity">ƒ(R) gravity</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horndeski%27s_theory" title="Horndeski's theory">Horndeski theory</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-1974IJTP...10..363H_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1974IJTP...10..363H-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a> (1976)</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics" title="Modified Newtonian dynamics">modified Newtonian dynamics</a> (MOND) (1981), <a href="/wiki/Mordehai_Milgrom" title="Mordehai Milgrom">Mordehai Milgrom</a> proposes a modification of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's second law">Newton's second law</a> of motion for small accelerations<sup id="cite_ref-2014SchpJ...931410M_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014SchpJ...931410M-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-creation_cosmology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-creation cosmology (page does not exist)">self-creation cosmology</a> theory of gravity (1982) by G.A. Barber in which the Brans–Dicke theory is modified to allow mass creation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a> (1988) by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Smolin" title="Lee Smolin">Lee Smolin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abhay_Ashtekar" title="Abhay Ashtekar">Abhay Ashtekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory" title="Nonsymmetric gravitational theory">Nonsymmetric gravitational theory</a> (NGT) (1994) by <a href="/wiki/John_Moffat_(physicist)" title="John Moffat (physicist)">John Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93scalar_gravity" title="Tensor–vector–scalar gravity">Tensor–vector–scalar gravity</a> (TeVeS) (2004), a relativistic modification of MOND by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameleon_particle" title="Chameleon particle">Chameleon theory</a> (2004) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Khoury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin Khoury (page does not exist)">Justin Khoury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Weltman" title="Amanda Weltman">Amanda Weltman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressuron" title="Pressuron">Pressuron theory</a> (2013) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Minazzoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Minazzoli (page does not exist)">Olivier Minazzoli</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A9lien_Hees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurélien Hees (page does not exist)">Aurélien Hees</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_gravity" title="Conformal gravity">Conformal gravity</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_as_an_entropic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity as an entropic force">Gravity as an entropic force</a>, gravity arising as an emergent phenomenon from the thermodynamic concept of entropy.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">superfluid vacuum theory</a> the gravity and curved spacetime arise as a <a href="/wiki/Collective_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective excitation">collective excitation</a> mode of non-relativistic background <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_gravity" title="Massive gravity">Massive gravity</a>, a theory where gravitons and gravitational waves have a non-zero mass</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity</a> – Idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_gravity" title="Artificial gravity">Artificial gravity</a> – Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_for_a_falling_body" title="Equations for a falling body">Equations for a falling body</a> – Mathematical description of a body in free fall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a> – Concept in celestial mechanics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">Atmospheric escape</a> – Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_gravity" title="Gauss's law for gravity">Gauss's law for gravity</a> – Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential" title="Gravitational potential">Gravitational potential</a> – Fundamental study of potential theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_biology" title="Gravitational biology">Gravitational biology</a> – study of the effects gravity has on living organisms<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> – Laws in physics about force and motion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter" title="Standard gravitational parameter">Standard gravitational parameter</a> – Concept in celestial mechanics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a> – Zero apparent weight, microgravity</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://browse.dict.cc/latin-english/gravitas.html">"dict.cc dictionary :: gravitas :: English-Latin translation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203625/https://browse.dict.cc/latin-english/gravitas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dict.cc+dictionary+%3A%3A+gravitas+%3A%3A+English-Latin+translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrowse.dict.cc%2Flatin-english%2Fgravitas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs1999" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificdevelo0000kreb"><i>Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages: A Reference Guide</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificdevelo0000kreb/page/133">133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30226-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Development+and+Misconceptions+Through+the+Ages%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30226-8&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificdevelo0000kreb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/home.html">"HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull"</a>. <i>hubblesite.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226185228/http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hubblesite.org&rft.atitle=HubbleSite%3A+Black+Holes%3A+Gravity%27s+Relentless+Pull&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fexplore_astronomy%2Fblack_holes%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planck-UOregon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Planck-UOregon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec20.html">"Birth of the Universe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128045313/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oregon&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Universe&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabyss.uoregon.edu%2F~js%2Fcosmo%2Flectures%2Flec20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span> – discusses "<a href="/wiki/Planck_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck time">Planck time</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Planck_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck era">Planck era</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">very beginning</a> of the Universe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20221010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20221010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (10 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/science/black-holes-cosmology-hologram.html">"Black Holes May Hide a Mind-Bending Secret About Our Universe - Take gravity, add quantum mechanics, stir. What do you get? Just maybe, a holographic cosmos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116151210/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/science/black-holes-cosmology-hologram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Holes+May+Hide+a+Mind-Bending+Secret+About+Our+Universe+-+Take+gravity%2C+add+quantum+mechanics%2C+stir.+What+do+you+get%3F+Just+maybe%2C+a+holographic+cosmos.&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F10%2Fscience%2Fblack-holes-cosmology-hologram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw-Hill_Dict1989">McGraw-Hill Dict (1989)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HWM_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HWM_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann-WellenhofMoritz2006" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006). <i>Physical Geodesy</i> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-33544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-33544-4"><bdi>978-3-211-33544-4</bdi></a>. <q>§ 2.1: "The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation and is called gravity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Geodesy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-211-33544-4&rft.aulast=Hofmann-Wellenhof&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Moritz%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappi" class="citation web cs1">Cappi, Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureandcosmos.org/pdfs/16/Cappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf">"The concept of gravity before Newton"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Culture and Cosmos</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cultureandcosmos.org/pdfs/16/Cappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Cosmos&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+gravity+before+Newton&rft.aulast=Cappi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultureandcosmos.org%2Fpdfs%2F16%2FCappi_INSAPVII_Gravity_before_Newton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerPalmerino2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Frederik; Palmerino, Carla Rita (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/709138">"Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo"</a>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>111</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F709138">10.1086/709138</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F219256">2066/219256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219925047">219925047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502172704/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/709138">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Motion+to+the+Center+or+Motion+to+the+Whole%3F+Plutarch%27s+Views+on+Gravity+and+Their+Influence+on+Galileo&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F219256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219925047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F709138&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=Palmerino%2C+Carla+Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F709138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReviel_NeitzWilliam_Noel2011" class="citation book cs1">Reviel Neitz; William Noel (13 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC1MOaAkKnsC&pg=PT125"><i>The Archimedes Codex: Revealing The Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest</i></a>. Hachette UK. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-198-4"><bdi>978-1-78022-198-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107004958/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC1MOaAkKnsC&pg=PT125">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archimedes+Codex%3A+Revealing+The+Secrets+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Palimpsest&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-198-4&rft.au=Reviel+Neitz&rft.au=William+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZC1MOaAkKnsC%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCJ_Tuplin,_Lewis_Wolpert2002" class="citation book cs1">CJ Tuplin, Lewis Wolpert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajGkvOo0egwC&pg=PR11"><i>Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture</i></a>. Hachette UK. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815248-4"><bdi>978-0-19-815248-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117170945/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajGkvOo0egwC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Mathematics+in+Ancient+Greek+Culture&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815248-4&rft.au=CJ+Tuplin%2C+Lewis+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajGkvOo0egwC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitruvius1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vitruvius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Vitruvius Pollio">Vitruvius, Marcus Pollio</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/29239-h.htm#Page_215">"7"</a>. In Alfred A. Howard (ed.). <i>De Architectura libri decem</i> [<i>Ten Books on Architecture</i>]. Herbert Langford Warren, Nelson Robinson (illus), Morris Hicky Morgan. Harvard University, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013193438/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/29239-h.htm#Page_215">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=De+Architectura+libri+decem&rft.place=Harvard+University%2C+Cambridge&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Vitruvius&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Pollio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F20239%2F20239-h%2F29239-h.htm%23Page_215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philoponus' term for impetus is "ἑνέργεια ἀσώματος κινητική" ("incorporeal motive <i><a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">enérgeia</a></i>"); see <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaria_in_Aristotelem_Graeca" title="Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca">CAG</a></i> XVII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVcqvVDiNVUC"><i>Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Physicorum Libros Quinque Posteriores Commentaria</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222224140/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVcqvVDiNVUC">Archived</a> 22 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 1888, p. 642: "λέγω δὴ ὅτι ἑνέργειά τις ἀσώματος κινητικὴ ἑνδίδοται ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥιπτοῦντος τῷ ῥιπτουμένῳ [I say that impetus (incorporeal motive energy) is transferred from the thrower to the thrown]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickover2008" class="citation book cs1">Pickover, Clifford (16 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC&pg=PA105"><i>Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199792689" title="Special:BookSources/9780199792689"><bdi>9780199792689</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118060420/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archimedes+to+Hawking%3A+Laws+of+Science+and+the+Great+Minds+Behind+Them&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.isbn=9780199792689&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQXcpvjcJBUC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1988" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbItAAAAMAAJ&q=gravity"><i>Late classical India</i></a>. A. Mukherjee & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203602/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbItAAAAMAAJ&q=gravity">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+classical+India&rft.pub=A.+Mukherjee+%26+Co.&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Mainak+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnbItAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgravity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2005" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amartya (2005). <i>The Argumentative Indian</i>. Allen Lane. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9687-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9687-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9687-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Argumentative+Indian&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9687-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWyYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260"><i>Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691165851" title="Special:BookSources/9780691165851"><bdi>9780691165851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Enlightenment%3A+Central+Asia%27s+Golden+Age+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+Tamerlane&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780691165851&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWyYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozhanskayaLevinova1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics". In Rushdī, Rāshid (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">614–</span>642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415124119" title="Special:BookSources/9780415124119"><bdi>9780415124119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statics&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E614-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415124119&rft.aulast=Rozhanskaya&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Levinova%2C+I.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2018_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2018" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, William A. (2018) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21"><i>Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo: Essays on Intellectual History</i></a>. Abingdon, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 119, <span class="nowrap">121–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15959-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15959-3"><bdi>978-1-351-15959-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043300/https://books.google.com/books?id=8GxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domingo+de+Soto+and+the+Early+Galileo%3A+Essays+on+Intellectual+History&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=119%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15959-3&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GxQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drabkin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drabkin_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabkin1963" class="citation journal cs1">Drabkin, I. E. (1963). "Two Versions of G. B. Benedetti's Demonstratio Proportionum Motuum Localium". <i>Isis</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349706">10.1086/349706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228543">228543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144883728">144883728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Two+Versions+of+G.+B.+Benedetti%27s+Demonstratio+Proportionum+Motuum+Localium&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144883728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F228543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349706&rft.aulast=Drabkin&rft.aufirst=I.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevin_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling2017" class="citation book cs1">Schilling, Govert (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YicuDwAAQBAJ&dq=delft+tower+experiment&pg=PA26"><i>Ripples in Spacetime: Einstein, Gravitational Waves, and the Future of Astronomy</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674971660" title="Special:BookSources/9780674971660"><bdi>9780674971660</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216025328/https://books.google.com/books?id=YicuDwAAQBAJ&dq=delft+tower+experiment&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ripples+in+Spacetime%3A+Einstein%2C+Gravitational+Waves%2C+and+the+Future+of+Astronomy&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.isbn=9780674971660&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Govert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYicuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddelft%2Btower%2Bexperiment%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> (1638), <i><a href="/wiki/Two_New_Sciences" title="Two New Sciences">Two New Sciences</a></i>, First Day Salviati speaks: "If this were what Aristotle meant you would burden him with another error which would amount to a falsehood; because, since there is no such sheer height available on earth, it is clear that Aristotle could not have made the experiment; yet he wishes to give us the impression of his having performed it when he speaks of such an effect as one which we see."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/n13/mode/2up"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.L. Heilbron, <i>Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin201757-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin201757_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGribbinGribbin2017">Gribbin & Gribbin (2017)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1816" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart, Dugald</a> (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28041604/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind</i></a>. Vol. 2. Edinburgh; London: Constable & Co; Cadell & Davies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28041604/page/434/mode/2up">434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+Philosophy+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.place=Edinburgh%3B+London&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co%3B+Cadell+%26+Davies&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dugald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28041604%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooke1679''_An_Attempt_to_prove_the_Annual_Motion_of_the_Earth'',_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLectionesCutler00Hookpagen23mode2up_page_2,_3]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooke1679''_An_Attempt_to_prove_the_Annual_Motion_of_the_Earth'',_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLectionesCutler00Hookpagen23mode2up_page_2,_3]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooke1679">Hooke (1679)</a>, <i> An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LectionesCutler00Hook/page/n23/mode/2up">page 2, 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagan-1997-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sagan-1997_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaganDruyan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Druyan, Ann</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC"><i>Comet</i></a>. New York: Random House. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0"><bdi>978-0-3078-0105-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615020250/https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reception+of+Newton%27s+Principia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.ucsc.edu%2F~michael%2Fnewtonreception6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202008/history.cfm">"This Month in Physics History"</a>. <i>www.aps.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506231353/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202008/history.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aps.org&rft.atitle=This+Month+in+Physics+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F202008%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobil1986" class="citation journal cs1">Nobil, Anna M. (March 1986). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Without+Einstein+it+would+have+taken+decades+longer+to+understand+gravity&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Joh&rft.au=Dougan%2C+Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-11-einstein-decades-longer-gravity.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201907%252C%2520Einstein%2520had%2520the%2Cnot%2520feel%2520his%2520own%2520weight.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621005940/http://www.black-holes.org/relativity6.html">"Gravity and Warped Spacetime"</a>. black-holes.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravity+and+Warped+Spacetime&rft.pub=black-holes.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.black-holes.org%2Frelativity6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitri_Pogosyan" class="citation web cs1">Dmitri Pogosyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect20/lecture20.html">"Lecture 20: Black Holes – The Einstein Equivalence Principle"</a>. University of Alberta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908024651/http://www.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect20/lecture20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+1919+Solar+Eclipse+Made+Einstein+the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fhow-the-1919-solar-eclipse-made-einstein-the-worlds-most-famous-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/long-last-gravity-probe-b-satellite-proves-einstein-right">"At Long Last, Gravity Probe B Satellite Proves Einstein Right"</a>. <i>www.science.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522141013/https://www.science.org/content/article/long-last-gravity-probe-b-satellite-proves-einstein-right">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=At+Long+Last%2C+Gravity+Probe+B+Satellite+Proves+Einstein+Right&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Flong-last-gravity-probe-b-satellite-proves-einstein-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassani-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassani_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassani2010" class="citation book cs1">Hassani, Sadri (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oypZ_a9pqdsC&pg=PA131"><i>From Atoms to Galaxies: A conceptual physics approach to scientific awareness</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439808504" title="Special:BookSources/9781439808504"><bdi>9781439808504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Atoms+to+Galaxies%3A+A+conceptual+physics+approach+to+scientific+awareness&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781439808504&rft.aulast=Hassani&rft.aufirst=Sadri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoypZ_a9pqdsC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephani2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephani, Hans (2003). <i>Exact Solutions to Einstein's Field Equations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Warwick&rft.atitle=Einstein+Field+Equations+%28General+Relativity%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Fphysics%2Fintranet%2Fpendulum%2Fgeneralrelativity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/einstein-general-theory-relativity-equation/">"How to understand Einstein's equation for general relativity"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526023430/https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/einstein-general-theory-relativity-equation/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=This+Is+Why+Scientists+Will+Never+Exactly+Solve+General+Relativity&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstartswithabang%2F2019%2F12%2F04%2Fthis-is-why-scientists-will-never-exactly-solve-general-relativity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpyrou1975" class="citation journal cs1">Spyrou, N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics+of+Classical+General+Relativity&rft.date=1996-06-06&rft.aulast=Sleator&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nyu.edu%2Fsokal%2Ftransgress_v2%2Fnode2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/relativity/a11758.html#:~:text=Quantum%20mechanics%20is%20incompatible%20with,exchange%20of%20well-defined%20quanta.">"Gravity Probe B – Special & General Relativity Questions and Answers"</a>. <i>einstein.stanford.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606161408/https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/relativity/a11758.html#:~:text=Quantum%20mechanics%20is%20incompatible%20with,exchange%20of%20well-defined%20quanta.">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=einstein.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Gravity+Probe+B+%E2%80%93+Special+%26+General+Relativity+Questions+and+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feinstein.stanford.edu%2Fcontent%2Frelativity%2Fa11758.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DQuantum%2520mechanics%2520is%2520incompatible%2520with%2Cexchange%2520of%2520well-defined%2520quanta.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggettMatsubaraWüthrich2020" class="citation book cs1">Huggett, Nick; Matsubara, Keizo; Wüthrich, Christian (2020). <i>Beyond Spacetime: The Foundations of Quantum Gravity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108655705" title="Special:BookSources/9781108655705"><bdi>9781108655705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Spacetime%3A+The+Foundations+of+Quantum+Gravity&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108655705&rft.aulast=Huggett&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Matsubara%2C+Keizo&rft.au=W%C3%BCthrich%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynmanMorinigo,_F.B.Wagner,_W.G.Hatfield,_B.1995" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, R.P.; Morinigo, F.B.; Wagner, W.G.; Hatfield, B. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feynmanlectureso0000feyn_g4q1"><i>Feynman lectures on gravitation</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62734-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62734-3"><bdi>978-0-201-62734-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feynman+lectures+on+gravitation&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-201-62734-3&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rft.au=Morinigo%2C+F.B.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+W.G.&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeynmanlectureso0000feyn_g4q1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZee,_A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Zee, A. (2003). <i>Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01019-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Field+Theory+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01019-9&rft.au=Zee%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall,_Lisa_2005-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_Lisa_2005_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall,_Lisa2005" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Lisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpedpassagesun00rand_1"><i>Warped Passages: Unraveling the Universe's Hidden Dimensions</i></a>. Ecco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053108-9"><bdi>978-0-06-053108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warped+Passages%3A+Unraveling+the+Universe%27s+Hidden+Dimensions&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-053108-9&rft.au=Randall%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpedpassagesun00rand_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-2022-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-2022_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-2022_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/11/27/testing-general-relativity/">"Testing General Relativity"</a>. <i>NASA Blueshift</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516115115/https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/11/27/testing-general-relativity/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Blueshift&rft.atitle=Testing+General+Relativity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasd.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fblueshift%2Findex.php%2F2015%2F11%2F27%2Ftesting-general-relativity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonEddingtonDavidson1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Watson_Dyson" title="Frank Watson Dyson">Dyson, F.W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington, A.S.</a>; Davidson, C.R. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432106">"A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A:_Mathematical,_Physical_and_Engineering_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences">Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A</a></i>. <b>220</b> (<span class="nowrap">571–</span>581): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920RSPTA.220..291D">1920RSPTA.220..291D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1920.0009">10.1098/rsta.1920.0009</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515065314/https://zenodo.org/record/1432106">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+A&rft.atitle=A+Determination+of+the+Deflection+of+Light+by+the+Sun%27s+Gravitational+Field%2C+from+Observations+Made+at+the+Total+Eclipse+of+May+29%2C+1919&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E571%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E581&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1920.0009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920RSPTA.220..291D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rft.au=Eddington%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span>. Quote, p. 332: "Thus the results of the expeditions to Sobral and Principe can leave little doubt that a deflection of light takes place in the neighbourhood of the sun and that it is of the amount demanded by Einstein's generalised theory of relativity, as attributable to the sun's gravitational field."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg, Steven</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0"><i>Gravitation and cosmology</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471925675" title="Special:BookSources/9780471925675"><bdi>9780471925675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation+and+cosmology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780471925675&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgravitationcosmo00stev_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span>. Quote, p. 192: "About a dozen stars in all were studied, and yielded values 1.98 ± 0.11" and 1.61 ± 0.31", in substantial agreement with Einstein's prediction θ<sub>☉</sub> = 1.75"."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmoreTausch-Pebody2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore, Gerard; Tausch-Pebody, Gudrun (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2020.0040">"The 1919 eclipse results that verified general relativity and their later detractors: a story re-told"</a>. <i>Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science</i>. <b>76</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.13744">2010.13744</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2020.0040">10.1098/rsnr.2020.0040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225075861">225075861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records%3A+The+Royal+Society+Journal+of+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+1919+eclipse+results+that+verified+general+relativity+and+their+later+detractors%3A+a+story+re-told&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.13744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225075861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2020.0040&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Tausch-Pebody%2C+Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsnr.2020.0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepage.physics.uiowa.edu/~rlm/mathcad/addendum%2010%20gravitational%20redshift%20and%20time%20dilation.htm">"General Astronomy Addendum 10: Graviational Redshift and time dilation"</a>. <i>homepage.physics.uiowa.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514063358/https://homepage.physics.uiowa.edu/~rlm/mathcad/addendum%2010%20gravitational%20redshift%20and%20time%20dilation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homepage.physics.uiowa.edu&rft.atitle=General+Astronomy+Addendum+10%3A+Graviational+Redshift+and+time+dilation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.physics.uiowa.edu%2F~rlm%2Fmathcad%2Faddendum%252010%2520gravitational%2520redshift%2520and%2520time%2520dilation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsada2008" class="citation journal cs1">Asada, Hideki (20 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269308001810">"Gravitational time delay of light for various models of modified gravity"</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>661</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.0477">0710.0477</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhLB..661...78A">2008PhLB..661...78A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.02.006">10.1016/j.physletb.2008.02.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118365884">118365884</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529140019/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269308001810">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+the+First+Black+Hole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ffate-first-black-hole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20170124200640/https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes">"Black Holes Science Mission Directorate"</a>. <i>webarchive.library.unt.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408021657/https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20170124200640/https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.library.unt.edu&rft.atitle=Black+Holes+Science+Mission+Directorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.library.unt.edu%2Fweb%2F20170124200640%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fastrophysics%2Ffocus-areas%2Fblack-holes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubal_Kar2022" class="citation book cs1">Subal Kar (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWFkEAAAQBAJ"><i>Physics and Astrophysics: Glimpses of the Progress</i></a> (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-55926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-55926-2"><bdi>978-1-000-55926-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Astrophysics%3A+Glimpses+of+the+Progress&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-55926-2&rft.au=Subal+Kar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWFkEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWFkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">Extract of page 106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-hubble-seeing-double/#.YpZyvYOZrRl">"Hubble, Hubble, Seeing Double!"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. 24 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525041837/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-hubble-seeing-double/#.YpZyvYOZrRl">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Hubble%2C+Hubble%2C+Seeing+Double%21&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fhubble-hubble-seeing-double%2F%23.YpZyvYOZrRl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-134_Gravity_Probe_B.html">"NASA's Gravity Probe B Confirms Two Einstein Space-Time Theories"</a>. Nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522024606/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-134_Gravity_Probe_B.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Gravity+Probe+B+Confirms+Two+Einstein+Space-Time+Theories&rft.pub=Nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2011%2Fmay%2FHQ_11-134_Gravity_Probe_B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/education/lithos/litho-fd.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Frame-Dragging" in Local Spacetime"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/education/lithos/litho-fd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=%22Frame-Dragging%22+in+Local+Spacetime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feinstein.stanford.edu%2Fcontent%2Feducation%2Flithos%2Flitho-fd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211">"Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years After Einstein's Prediction"</a>. <i>Ligo Lab | Caltech</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527101043/https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+Dark+Energy%3F+Inside+our+accelerating%2C+expanding+Universe&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Funiverse%2Fthe-universe-is-expanding-faster-these-days-and-dark-energy-is-responsible-so-what-is-dark-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonCampbellEkelundEllis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, John D.; Campbell, James K.; Ekelund, John E.; Ellis, Jordan; Jordan, James F. 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Toth, Viktor T.; Kinsella, Gary; Lee, Siu-Chun; Lok, Shing M.; Ellis, Jordan (12 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101">"Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>108</b> (24): 241101. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.2507">1204.2507</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvL.108x1101T">2012PhRvL.108x1101T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.241101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23004253">23004253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Support+for+the+Thermal+Origin+of+the+Pioneer+Anomaly&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=241101&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1204.2507&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23004253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.241101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvL.108x1101T&rft.aulast=Turyshev&rft.aufirst=Slava+G.&rft.au=Toth%2C+Viktor+T.&rft.au=Kinsella%2C+Gary&rft.au=Lee%2C+Siu-Chun&rft.au=Lok%2C+Shing+M.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.241101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIorio2015" class="citation journal cs1">Iorio, Lorenzo (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271815300153">"Gravitational anomalies in the solar system?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Modern Physics D</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1530015–</span>1530343. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.7673">1412.7673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJMPD..2430015I">2015IJMPD..2430015I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218271815300153">10.1142/S0218271815300153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0218-2718">0218-2718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+D&rft.atitle=Gravitational+anomalies+in+the+solar+system%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1530015-%3C%2Fspan%3E1530343&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1412.7673&rft.issn=0218-2718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0218271815300153&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015IJMPD..2430015I&rft.aulast=Iorio&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1142%2FS0218271815300153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Schpj...931358B-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014Schpj...931358B_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrans,_C.H.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brans, C.H. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31358">"Jordan–Brans–Dicke Theory"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 31358. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0207039">gr-qc/0207039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SchpJ...931358B">2014SchpJ...931358B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31358">10.4249/scholarpedia.31358</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=Jordan%E2%80%93Brans%E2%80%93Dicke+Theory&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31358&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0207039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SchpJ...931358B&rft.au=Brans%2C+C.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.31358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1974IJTP...10..363H-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1974IJTP...10..363H_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorndeski,_G.W.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Horndeski, G.W. (September 1974). "Second-Order Scalar–Tensor Field Equations in a Four-Dimensional Space". <i>International Journal of Theoretical Physics</i>. <b>88</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974IJTP...10..363H">1974IJTP...10..363H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01807638">10.1007/BF01807638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122346086">122346086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Second-Order+Scalar%E2%80%93Tensor+Field+Equations+in+a+Four-Dimensional+Space&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122346086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01807638&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974IJTP...10..363H&rft.au=Horndeski%2C+G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014SchpJ...931410M-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014SchpJ...931410M_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilgrom,_M.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Milgrom, M. (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31410">"The MOND paradigm of modified dynamics"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>9</b> (6): 31410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SchpJ...931410M">2014SchpJ...931410M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31410">10.4249/scholarpedia.31410</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=The+MOND+paradigm+of+modified+dynamics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=31410&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.31410&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SchpJ...931410M&rft.au=Milgrom%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.31410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauganLämmerzahl2011" class="citation arxiv cs1">Haugan, Mark P; Lämmerzahl, C (2011). "Einstein gravity from conformal gravity". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1105.5632">1105.5632</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/hep-th">hep-th</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Einstein+gravity+from+conformal+gravity&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1105.5632&rft.aulast=Haugan&rft.aufirst=Mark+P&rft.au=L%C3%A4mmerzahl%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribbinGribbin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gribbin" title="John Gribbin">Gribbin, John</a>; Gribbin, Mary (2017). <i>Out of the shadow of a giant: Hooke, Halley and the birth of British science</i>. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-822059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-822059-4"><bdi>978-0-00-822059-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966239842">966239842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+shadow+of+a+giant%3A+Hooke%2C+Halley+and+the+birth+of+British+science&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966239842&rft.isbn=978-0-00-822059-4&rft.aulast=Gribbin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gribbin%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGraw-Hill_Dict1989" class="citation cs2"><i>McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms</i> (4th ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1989, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-045270-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-045270-9"><bdi>0-07-045270-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Dictionary+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Terms&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-07-045270-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooke1679" class="citation book cs1">Hooke, Robert (1679). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LectionesCutler00Hook/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Lectiones Cutlerianae, or A collection of lectures, physical, mechanical, geographical & astronomical : made before the Royal Society on several occasions at Gresham Colledge [i.e. College] : to which are added divers miscellaneous discourses</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectiones+Cutlerianae%2C+or+A+collection+of+lectures%2C+physical%2C+mechanical%2C+geographical+%26+astronomical+%3A+made+before+the+Royal+Society+on+several+occasions+at+Gresham+Colledge+%5Bi.e.+College%5D+%3A+to+which+are+added+divers+miscellaneous+discourses&rft.date=1679&rft.aulast=Hooke&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLectionesCutler00Hook%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Bernard_Cohen1999" class="citation book cs1">I. Bernard Cohen (1999) [1687]. "A Guide to Newton's Principia". <i>The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy</i>. By Newton, Isaac. Translated by I. Bernard Cohen. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520088160" title="Special:BookSources/9780520088160"><bdi>9780520088160</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313895715">313895715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Newton%27s+Principia&rft.btitle=The+Principia+%3A+mathematical+principles+of+natural+philosophy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313895715&rft.isbn=9780520088160&rft.au=I.+Bernard+Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayRobert_ResnickKenneth_S._Krane2001" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane (2001). <i>Physics v. 1</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-32057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-32057-9"><bdi>978-0-471-32057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+v.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-32057-9&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Robert+Resnick&rft.au=Kenneth+S.+Krane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerwayJewett,_John_W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw"><i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers</i></a> (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-40842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-40842-8"><bdi>978-0-534-40842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-534-40842-8&rft.aulast=Serway&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft.au=Jewett%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicssciengv2p00serw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler2004" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Paul (2004). <i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics</i> (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0809-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-0809-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers%3A+Mechanics%2C+Oscillations+and+Waves%2C+Thermodynamics&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0809-4&rft.aulast=Tipler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne,_Kip_S.Misner,_Charles_W.Wheeler,_John_Archibald1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne, Kip S.</a>; Misner, Charles W.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). <i>Gravitation</i>. W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Misner%2C+Charles+W.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanek2019" class="citation news cs1">Panek, Richard (2 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/everything-you-thought-you-knew-about-gravity-is-wrong/2019/08/01/627f3696-a723-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html">"Everything you thought you knew about gravity is wrong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Everything+you+thought+you+knew+about+gravity+is+wrong&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft.aulast=Panek&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Feverything-you-thought-you-knew-about-gravity-is-wrong%2F2019%2F08%2F01%2F627f3696-a723-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Gravity</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gravity" class="extiw" title="wikt:gravity">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Gravitation" class="extiw" title="c:category:Gravitation">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gravity" class="extiw" title="q:Gravity">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gravitation" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gravitation">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics_Study_Guide/Gravity" class="extiw" title="b:Physics Study Guide/Gravity">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Gravitation" class="extiw" title="v:Gravitation">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412" class="extiw" title="d:Q11412">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_07.html">The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 7: The Theory of Gravitation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Gravitation">"Gravitation"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS Press</a>, 2001 [1994]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gravitation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=EMS+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmath.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGravitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Gravitation,_theory_of">"Gravitation, theory of"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS Press</a>, 2001 [1994]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gravitation%2C+theory+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=EMS+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmath.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGravitation%2C_theory_of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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title="Physics">physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Physical forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a> <ul><li>fundamental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">residual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypothetical forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_force" title="Fifth force">Fifth force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Glossary of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theories_of_gravitation185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theories_of_gravitation" title="Template:Theories of gravitation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theories_of_gravitation" title="Template talk:Theories of gravitation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theories_of_gravitation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theories of gravitation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theories_of_gravitation185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theories of gravitation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Newtonian gravity (NG)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_gravity" title="Gauss's law for gravity">Gauss's law for gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_equation#Newtonian_gravity" title="Poisson's equation">Poisson's equation for gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gravitational_theory" title="History of gravitational theory">History of gravitational theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity (GR)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Exact solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity#Further_reading" title="General relativity">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking%E2%80%93York_boundary_term" title="Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term">Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Alternatives to<br />general relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Paradigms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Classical theories of gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poincar%C3%A9_gauge_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poincaré gauge theory (page does not exist)">Poincaré gauge theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Teleparallelism" title="Teleparallelism">Teleparallelism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimetric_gravity" title="Bimetric gravity">Bimetric theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory_gravity" title="Gauge theory gravity">Gauge theory gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_gravity" title="Composite gravity">Composite gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F(R)_gravity" title="F(R) gravity"><i>f</i>(<i>R</i>) gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_derivative_gravity" title="Infinite derivative gravity">Infinite derivative gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_gravity" title="Massive gravity">Massive gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics" title="Modified Newtonian dynamics">Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AQUAL" title="AQUAL">AQUAL</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tensor%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93scalar_gravity" title="Tensor–vector–scalar gravity">Tensor–vector–scalar</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory" title="Nonsymmetric gravitational theory">Nonsymmetric gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor_theory" title="Scalar–tensor theory">Scalar–tensor theories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%E2%80%93vector_gravity" title="Scalar–tensor–vector gravity">Scalar–tensor–vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_gravity" title="Conformal gravity">Conformal gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_theories_of_gravitation" title="Scalar theories of gravitation">Scalar theories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nordstr%C3%B6m%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Nordström's theory of gravitation">Nordström</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Whitehead's theory of gravitation">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrodynamics" title="Geometrodynamics">Geometrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_gravity" title="Induced gravity">Induced gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_Higher-Order_Scalar-Tensor_theories" title="Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories">Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Quantum-mechanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_quantum_gravity" title="Euclidean quantum gravity">Euclidean quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_safety_in_quantum_gravity" title="Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity">Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_sets" title="Causal sets">Causal sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DGP_model" title="DGP model">DGP model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_gravity_theory" title="Rainbow gravity theory">Rainbow gravity theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Unified-field-theoric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Unified-field-theoric and <br /> quantum-mechanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory" title="Noncommutative quantum field theory">Noncommutative geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_gravity" title="Semiclassical gravity">Semiclassical gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Superfluid vacuum theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory#Logarithmic_BEC_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Logarithmic BEC vacuum</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory" title="Heterotic string theory">Heterotic string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_string_theory" title="Type I string theory">Type I string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_0_string_theory" title="Type 0 string theory">Type 0 string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type II string theory</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Little_string_theory" title="Little string theory">Little string theory</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Generalisations / <br /> extensions of GR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liouville_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liouville gravity">Liouville gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovelock_theory_of_gravity" title="Lovelock theory of gravity">Lovelock theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(2%2B1)-dimensional_topological_gravity" title="(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity">(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_gravity" title="Gauss–Bonnet gravity">Gauss–Bonnet gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackiw%E2%80%93Teitelboim_gravity" title="Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity">Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Newtonian<br />theories and<br /><a href="/wiki/Toy_model" title="Toy model">toy models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGHS_model" title="CGHS model">CGHS model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RST_model" title="RST model">RST model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation" title="Mechanical explanations of gravitation">Mechanical explanations</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Le_Sage%27s_theory_of_gravitation" title="Le Sage's theory of gravitation">Fatio–Le Sage</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Entropic_gravity" title="Entropic gravity">Entropic gravity</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter" title="Gravitational interaction of antimatter">Gravitational interaction of antimatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">Theory of impetus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575134">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="gravitace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120611&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX53092">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998020785">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538558205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027359921">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=26797">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity&oldid=1275707081">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity&oldid=1275707081</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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