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<span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Laboratory uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Hobbies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_work_on_nitration_of_cellulose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work_on_nitration_of_cellulose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early work on nitration of cellulose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work_on_nitration_of_cellulose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guncotton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guncotton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Guncotton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guncotton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrate_film_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrate_film_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Nitrate film fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrate_film_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrocellulose_decomposition_and_new_"safety"_stocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrocellulose_decomposition_and_new_"safety"_stocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nitrocellulose decomposition and new "safety" stocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrocellulose_decomposition_and_new_"safety"_stocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coatings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coatings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Coatings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coatings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrocellulose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نيتروسيليلوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيتروسيليلوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="نیتروسلولز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیتروسلولز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Нітрацэлюлоза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нітрацэлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Нитроцелулоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нитроцелулоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocel%C2%B7lulosa" title="Nitrocel·lulosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nitrocel·lulosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocelul%C3%B3za" title="Nitrocelulóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nitrocelulóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nitrocellulose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosenitrat" title="Cellulosenitrat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cellulosenitrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrotselluloosid" title="Nitrotselluloosid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nitrotselluloosid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Νιτροκυτταρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιτροκυτταρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrato_de_celulosa" title="Nitrato de celulosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nitrato de celulosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrozelulosa" title="Nitrozelulosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nitrozelulosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="نیتروسلولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیتروسلولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nitrocellulose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADtriceallal%C3%B3s" title="Nítriceallalós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nítriceallalós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocelulosa" title="Nitrocelulosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nitrocelulosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="나이트로셀룰로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나이트로셀룰로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Նիտրաթաղանթանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիտրաթաղանթանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="नाइट्रोसेलूलोज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइट्रोसेलूलोज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitroceluloza" title="Trinitroceluloza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trinitroceluloza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroselulosa" title="Nitroselulosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nitroselulosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulosa" title="Nitrocellulosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nitrocellulosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94" title="ניטרוצלולוזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניטרוצלולוזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroceluloze" title="Nitroceluloze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nitroceluloze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellul%C3%B3z-nitr%C3%A1t" title="Cellulóz-nitrát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cellulóz-nitrát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroselulosa" title="Nitroselulosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nitroselulosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosenitraat" title="Cellulosenitraat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cellulosenitraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ニトロセルロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニトロセルロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nitrocellulose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nitrocellulòsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrotsellyuloza" title="Nitrotsellyuloza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nitrotsellyuloza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroceluloza" title="Nitroceluloza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nitroceluloza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrocelulose" title="Trinitrocelulose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trinitrocelulose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroceluloz%C4%83" title="Nitroceluloză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nitroceluloză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Нитроцеллюлоза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нитроцеллюлоза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroceluloza" title="Nitroceluloza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nitroceluloza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nitrocellulose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroceluloza" title="Nitroceluloza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Guncotton&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Guncotton">Guncotton</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highly flammable compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flash paper" redirects here. For the Adobe virtual printer software discontinued in 2008, see <a href="/wiki/FlashPaper" title="FlashPaper">FlashPaper</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Nitrocellulose<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png/160px-Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png/240px-Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png/320px-Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png/160px-Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png/240px-Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png/320px-Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrocellulose_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cosmetic pads made of nitrocellulose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/250px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/375px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/500px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Cellulose nitrate; Flash paper; Flash cotton; Flash string; Gun cotton; Collodion; Pyroxylin</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9004-70-0">9004-70-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/KYR8BR2X6O">KYR8BR2X6O</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>(<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span>(NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span> (mononitrocellulose)<br /> <p>(<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span>(NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span> (dinitrocellulose)<br /> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>(NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span> (trinitrocellulose, pictured in structures above)  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Yellowish white cotton-like filaments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>160 to 170 °C (320 to 338 °F; 433 to 443 K) (ignites) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_1f23328128baea6e" /></span><map name="ImageMap_1f23328128baea6e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>4.4 °C (39.9 °F; 277.5 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>10 mg/kg (mouse, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">IV</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=447323889&page2=Nitrocellulose">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Nitrocellulose</b> (also known as <b>cellulose nitrate</b>, <b>flash paper</b>, <b>flash cotton</b>, <b>guncotton</b>, <b>pyroxylin</b> and <b>flash string</b>, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitrating</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> through exposure to a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> as <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> in firearms. It was also used to replace gunpowder as a <a href="/wiki/Explosive#By_velocity" title="Explosive">low-order explosive</a> in mining and other applications. In the form of <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a> it was also a critical component in an early photographic emulsion, the use of which revolutionized photography in the 1860s. In the 20th century it was adapted to automobile <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process uses a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to convert cellulose into nitrocellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of the cellulose is important. <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentosan" title="Pentosan">pentosans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral salt">mineral salts</a> give inferior nitrocelluloses. In organic chemistry, nitrocellulose is a <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_ester" title="Nitrate ester">nitrate ester</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro compound</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> repeat unit (anhydroglucose) within the cellulose chain has three OH groups, each of which can form a nitrate ester. Thus, nitrocellulose can denote <b>mononitrocellulose</b>, <b>dinitrocellulose</b>, and <b>trinitrocellulose</b>, or a mixture thereof. With fewer OH groups than the parent cellulose, nitrocelluloses do not aggregate by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a>. The overarching consequence is that the nitrocellulose is soluble in organic solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> and esters; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">methyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl carbonate">ethyl carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most lacquers are prepared from the dinitrate, whereas explosives are mainly the trinitrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chemical equation for the formation of the trinitrate is <br />     <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">3 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap"> → </span></span></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>(ONO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. </p><p>The yields are about 85%, with losses attributed to complete <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of the cellulose to <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Uses"></span> The principal uses of cellulose nitrate is for the production of <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquers</a> and coatings, explosives, and <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JEM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of lacquers and coatings, nitrocellulose dissolves readily in organic solvents, which upon evaporation leave a colorless, transparent, flexible film.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrocellulose lacquers have been used as a finish on furniture and musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guncotton, dissolved at about 25% in <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, forms a lacquer used in preliminary stages of wood finishing to develop a hard finish with a deep lustre.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitrocellulose_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitrocellulose-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally the first coat applied, then it is sanded and followed by other coatings that bond to it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">Nail polish</a> contains nitrocellulose, as it is inexpensive, dries quickly to a hard film, and does not damage skin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The explosive applications are diverse and nitrate content is typically higher for propellant applications than for coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-JEM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For space flight, nitrocellulose was used by <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a> on several missions as a means of jettisoning components of the rocket/space capsule and deploying recovery systems. However, after several missions and flights, it proved not to have the desired explosive properties in a near vacuum environment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> comet lander failed to deploy its harpoons because its 0.3 grams of nitrocellulose propulsion charges failed to fire during the landing.<sup id="cite_ref-ingenioren20141113_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingenioren20141113-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collodion, a solution of nitrocellulose, is used today in topical skin applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_bandage" title="Liquid bandage">liquid skin</a> and in the application of <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, the active ingredient in Compound W wart remover. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_uses">Laboratory uses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Laboratory uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_technology" title="Membrane technology">Membrane filters</a> made of a mesh of nitrocellulose threads with various porosities are used in laboratory procedures for particle retention and cell capture in liquid or gaseous solutions and, reversely, obtaining particle-free filtrates.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose_slide" title="Nitrocellulose slide">nitrocellulose slide</a>, nitrocellulose membrane, or nitrocellulose paper is a sticky <a href="/wiki/Artificial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial membrane">membrane</a> used for immobilizing nucleic acids in <a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">southern blots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">northern blots</a>. It is also used for immobilization of proteins in <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">western blots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscopy</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its nonspecific affinity for <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>. Nitrocellulose is widely used as support in diagnostic tests where antigen-antibody binding occurs; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy tests</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=U-albumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-albumin (page does not exist)">U-albumin</a> tests, and <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein"> CRP</a> tests. <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions make protein transfer more efficient.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> tests for alpha track etches use nitrocellulose.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_No%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Noé">Adolph Noé</a> developed a method of peeling <a href="/wiki/Coal_ball" title="Coal ball">coal balls</a> using nitrocellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is used to coat <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a> and to bind staples together in office <a href="/wiki/Stapler" title="Stapler">staplers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hobbies">Hobbies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hobbies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1846, nitrated cellulose was found to be soluble in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>. The solution was named <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a> and was soon used as a dressing for wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In 1851, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Scott_Archer" title="Frederick Scott Archer">Frederick Scott Archer</a> invented the wet <a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">collodion process</a> as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> emulsions, binding light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halides</a> to a glass plate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magicians</a>' flash paper are sheets of paper consisting of pure nitrocellulose, which burn almost instantly with a bright flash, leaving no ash or smoke.</li> <li>As a medium for cryptographic <a href="/wiki/One-time_pad" title="One-time pad">one-time pads</a>, they make the disposal of the pad complete, secure, and efficient.</li> <li>Nitrocellulose lacquer is spin-coated onto aluminium or glass discs, then a groove is cut with a lathe, to make one-off phonograph records, used as masters for pressing or for play in dance clubs. They are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Acetate_disc" title="Acetate disc">acetate discs</a>.</li> <li>Depending on the manufacturing process, nitrocellulose is <a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">esterified</a> to varying degrees. <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a> balls, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> picks, and some photographic films have fairly low esterification levels and burn comparatively slowly with some charred residue.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/220px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/330px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/440px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a> ball, prepared from nitrocellulose (Celluloid)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work_on_nitration_of_cellulose">Early work on nitration of cellulose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early work on nitration of cellulose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg/220px-Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg/330px-Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg/440px-Nitrocellulose_hexanitrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Pure nitrocellulose</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-Workman_operating_a_guncotton_press_behind_protective_rope_screen.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="3251" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption>Workman operating a guncotton press behind a protective rope screen, 1909</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv/220px--Nitrocellulose_02.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Nitrocellulose_02.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nitrocellulose_02.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="848" data-height="476" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv/Nitrocellulose_02.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Deflagration test of nitrocellulose in slow motion</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1832 <a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Henri Braconnot</a> discovered that nitric acid, when combined with starch or wood fibers, would produce a lightweight combustible <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> material, which he named <i>xyloïdine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later in 1838, another French chemist, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules_Pelouze" title="Théophile-Jules Pelouze">Théophile-Jules Pelouze</a> (teacher of <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero">Ascanio Sobrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>), treated paper and cardboard in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> obtained a similar material, which he called <i>nitramidine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guncotton">Guncotton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Guncotton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1846 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Christian Friedrich Schönbein</a>, a German-Swiss chemist, discovered a more practical formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was working in the kitchen of his home in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, he spilled a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) on the kitchen table. He reached for the nearest cloth, a cotton apron, and wiped it up. He hung the apron on the stove door to dry, and as soon as it was dry, a flash occurred as the apron ignited. His preparation method was the first to be widely used. The method was to immerse one part of fine <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> in 15 parts of an equal blend of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. After two minutes, the cotton was removed and washed in cold water to set the <a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">esterification</a> level and to remove all acid residue. The cotton was then slowly dried at a temperature below 40 °C (104 °F). Schönbein collaborated with the Frankfurt professor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christian_B%C3%B6ttger" title="Rudolf Christian Böttger">Rudolf Christian Böttger</a>, who had discovered the process independently in the same year. </p><p>By coincidence, a third chemist, the <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> professor F. J. Otto had also produced guncotton in 1846 and was the first to publish the process, much to the disappointment of Schönbein and Böttger.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The patent rights for the manufacture of guncotton were obtained by John Hall & Son in 1846, and industrial manufacture of the explosive began at a purpose-built factory at <a href="/wiki/Faversham_explosives_industry" title="Faversham explosives industry">Marsh Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Faversham,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Faversham, Kent">Faversham, Kent</a>, a year later. The manufacturing process was not properly understood and few safety measures were put in place. A serious explosion in July that killed almost two dozen workers resulted in the immediate closure of the plant. Guncotton manufacture ceased for over 15 years until a safer procedure could be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British chemist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Augustus Abel">Frederick Augustus Abel</a> developed the first safe process for guncotton manufacture, which he patented in 1865. The washing and drying times of the nitrocellulose were both extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric. <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">Nitration</a> can be controlled by adjusting acid concentrations and reaction temperature. Nitrocellulose is soluble in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and ether until nitrogen concentration exceeds 12%. Soluble nitrocellulose, or a solution thereof, is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guncotton containing more than 13% nitrogen (sometimes called insoluble nitrocellulose) was prepared by prolonged exposure to hot, concentrated acids<sup id="cite_ref-brown_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for limited use as a blasting explosive or for <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> of underwater weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naval_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safe and sustained production of guncotton began at the <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Royal_Gunpowder_Mills" title="Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills">Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills</a> in the 1860s, and the material rapidly became the dominant explosive, becoming the standard for military warheads, although it remained too potent to be used as a propellant. More-stable and slower-burning collodion mixtures were eventually prepared using less concentrated acids at lower temperatures for <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. The first practical smokeless powder made from nitrocellulose, for firearms and artillery ammunition, was invented by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vieille" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Vieille">Paul Vieille</a> in 1884. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> viewed the development of guncotton with optimism. He referred to the substance several times in his novels. His adventurers carried firearms employing this substance. In his <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, guncotton was used to launch a projectile into space. </p><p>Because of their fluffy and nearly white appearance, nitrocellulose products are often referred to as cottons, e.g. lacquer cotton, celluloid cotton, and gun cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guncotton was originally made from cotton (as the source of cellulose) but contemporary methods use highly processed cellulose from <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>. While guncotton is dangerous to store, the hazards it presents can be minimized by storing it dampened with various liquids, such as alcohol. For this reason, accounts of guncotton usage dating from the early 20th century refer to "wet guncotton." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg/220px-Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg/330px-Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg/440px-Gws-jamtinbomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jam_tin_grenade" title="Jam tin grenade">Jam tin grenades</a> were made in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> using gun cotton</figcaption></figure> <p>The power of guncotton made it suitable for blasting. As a projectile driver, it had around six times the gas generation of an equal volume of <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> and produced less smoke and less heating. </p><p>Artillery shells filled with gun cotton were widely used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and its use was one of the reasons the conflict was seen as the "first modern war."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fired from <a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">breech-loading artillery</a>, such high explosive shells could cause greater damage than previous solid <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the first World War</a>, British authorities were slow to introduce new <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a>s, with soldiers at the front improvising by filling ration <a href="/wiki/Jam_tin_grenade" title="Jam tin grenade">tin cans with gun cotton</a>, scrap and a basic fuse.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further research indicated the importance of washing the acidified cotton. Unwashed nitrocellulose (sometimes called pyrocellulose) may spontaneously ignite and explode at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>, as the evaporation of water results in the concentration of unreacted acid.<sup id="cite_ref-naval_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naval-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Film_base#Nitrate" title="Film base">Film base § Nitrate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg/350px-Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg/525px-Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg/700px-Light_box_displaying_a_nitrate_photograph_negative_panorama_suffering_from_deterioration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Nitrocellulose film on a light box, showing deterioration, from Library and Archives Canada collection</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1855, the <a href="/wiki/Plastic#History" title="Plastic">first human-made plastic</a>, nitrocellulose (branded <a href="/wiki/Parkesine" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkesine">Parkesine</a>, patented in 1862), was created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parkes" title="Alexander Parkes">Alexander Parkes</a> from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent. In 1868, American inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John Wesley Hyatt</a> developed a plastic material he named <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">Celluloid</a>, improving on Parkes' invention by plasticizing the nitrocellulose with <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> so that it could be processed into a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>. This was used commercially as "celluloid", a highly flammable plastic that until the mid-20th century formed the basis for lacquers and photographic film.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitrocellulose_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitrocellulose-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 2, 1887, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Goodwin" title="Hannibal Goodwin">Hannibal Goodwin</a> filed a patent for "a photographic pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras", but the patent was not granted until September 13, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a> had already started production of roll-film using his own process. </p><p>Nitrocellulose was used as the first flexible <a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">film base</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> products in August 1889. <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> for nitrocellulose film, often called nitrate film. Goodwin's patent was sold to <a href="/wiki/Ansco" title="Ansco">Ansco</a>, which successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $5,000,000 in 1914 to Goodwin Film.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrate_film_fires">Nitrate film fires</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nitrate film fires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disastrous fires related to celluloid or "nitrate film" became regular occurrences in the motion picture industry throughout the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent era</a> and for many years after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projector fires and <a href="/wiki/Autoignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoignition">spontaneous combustion</a> of nitrate footage stored in studio vaults and in other structures were often blamed during the early to mid 20th century for destroying or heavily damaging cinemas, inflicting many serious injuries and deaths, and for reducing to ashes the master negatives and original prints of tens of thousands of screen titles,<sup id="cite_ref-Variety14a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety14a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turning many of them into <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost films</a>. Even when nitrate stock did not start the blaze, flames from other sources spread to large nearby film collections, producing intense and highly destructive fires. </p><p>In 1914—the same year that Goodwin Film was awarded $5,000,000 from Kodak for patent infringement—nitrate film fires incinerated a significant portion of the United States' early cinematic history. In that year alone, five very destructive fires occurred at four major studios and a film-processing plant. Millions of feet of film burned on March 19 at the <a href="/wiki/Eclair_(company)" title="Eclair (company)">Eclair Moving Picture Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that same month, many more reels and film cans of negatives and prints also burned at <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> in New York City, in the Bronx. On May 13, a fire at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>' Colonial Hall "film factory" in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> consumed another extensive collection.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet again, on June 13 in Philadelphia, a fire and a series of explosions ignited inside the 186-square-meter (2,000-square-foot) <a href="/wiki/1914_Lubin_vault_fire" title="1914 Lubin vault fire">film vault</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lubin_Manufacturing_Company" title="Lubin Manufacturing Company">Lubin Manufacturing Company</a> and quickly wiped out virtually all of that studio's pre-1914 catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then a second fire hit the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison Company</a> at another location on December 9, at its film-processing complex in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>. That catastrophic fire started inside a film-inspection building and caused over $7,000,000 in property damages ($220,000,000 today).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after film technology changed, archives of older films remained vulnerable; the <a href="/wiki/1965_MGM_vault_fire" title="1965 MGM vault fire">1965 MGM vault fire</a> burned many films that were decades old. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubin_employees_surveying_destruction_of_film_vault,_June_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lubin_employees_surveying_destruction_of_film_vault%2C_June_1914.jpg/250px-Lubin_employees_surveying_destruction_of_film_vault%2C_June_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lubin_employees_surveying_destruction_of_film_vault%2C_June_1914.jpg/500px-Lubin_employees_surveying_destruction_of_film_vault%2C_June_1914.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1914_Lubin_vault_fire" title="1914 Lubin vault fire">Lubin film vault</a> custodian Stanley Lowry (foreground) surveys the rubble after fire and explosions, June 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of volatile nitrocellulose film for motion pictures led many cinemas to fireproof their projection rooms with wall coverings made of <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>. Those additions intended to prevent or at least delay the migration of flames beyond the projection areas. A training film for projectionists included footage of a controlled ignition of a reel of nitrate film, which continued to burn even when fully submerged in water.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once burning, it is extremely difficult to extinguish. Unlike most other flammable materials, nitrocellulose does not need a source of air to continue burning, since it contains sufficient oxygen within its molecular structure to sustain a flame. For this reason, immersing burning film in water may not extinguish it, and could actually increase the amount of smoke produced.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to public safety precautions, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> to this day forbids transportation of nitrate film by post or public transit, or disposal with household refuse.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cinema fires caused by the ignition of nitrocellulose <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a> commonly occurred as well. In Ireland in 1926, it was blamed for the <a href="/wiki/Dromcolliher#Dromcollogher_fire" title="Dromcolliher">Dromcolliher cinema tragedy</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a> in which 48 people died. Then in 1929 at the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cinema_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Cinema Disaster">Glen Cinema</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisley, Scotland">Paisley, Scotland</a>, a film-related fire killed 69 children. Today, nitrate film projection is rare and normally highly regulated and requires extensive precautions, including extra health-and-safety training for projectionists. A special projector certified to run nitrate films has many modifications, among them the chambering of the feed and takeup reels in thick metal covers with small slits to allow the film to run through them. The projector is additionally modified to accommodate several fire extinguishers with nozzles aimed at the film gate. The extinguishers automatically trigger if a piece of film near the gate starts to burn. While this triggering would likely damage or destroy a significant portion of the projector's components, it would contain a fire and prevent far greater damage. Projection rooms may also be required to have automatic metal covers for the projection windows, preventing the spread of fire to the <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a>. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Theatre" title="Dryden Theatre">Dryden Theatre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a> is one of a few theaters in the world that is capable of safely projecting nitrate films and regularly screens them to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BFI_Southbank" title="BFI Southbank">BFI Southbank</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is the only cinema in the United Kingdom licensed to show Nitrate Film.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of nitrate film and its fiery potential were certainly not issues limited to the realm of motion pictures or to commercial still photography. The film was also used for many years in medicine, where its hazardous nature was most acute, especially in its application to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> photography.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitrocellulose_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitrocellulose-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, several tons of stored X-ray film were ignited by steam from a broken heating pipe at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic_fire_of_1929" title="Cleveland Clinic fire of 1929">Cleveland Clinic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. That tragedy claimed 123 lives during the fire and additional fatalities several days later, when hospitalized victims died due to inhaling excessive amounts of smoke from the burning film, which was laced with toxic gases such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related fires in other medical facilities prompted the growing disuse of nitrocellulose stock for X-rays by 1933, nearly two decades before its use was discontinued for motion-picture films in favour of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film" title="Cellulose acetate film">cellulose acetate film</a>, more commonly known as "safety film". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG/220px-EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG/330px-EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG/440px-EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands_-_Nitrate_film_decay_-_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Decayed nitrate film, <a href="/wiki/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands" title="EYE Film Institute Netherlands">EYE Film Institute Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrocellulose_decomposition_and_new_"safety"_stocks"><span id="Nitrocellulose_decomposition_and_new_.22safety.22_stocks"></span>Nitrocellulose decomposition and new "safety" stocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nitrocellulose decomposition and new "safety" stocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nitrocellulose was found to gradually decompose, releasing nitric acid and further catalyzing the decomposition (eventually into a flammable powder). Decades later, storage at low temperatures was discovered as a means of delaying these reactions indefinitely. Many films produced during the early 20th century were lost through this accelerating, self-catalyzed disintegration or through studio warehouse fires, and many others were deliberately destroyed specifically to avoid the fire risk. Salvaging old films is a major problem for film archivists (see <a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">film preservation</a>). </p><p>Nitrocellulose film base manufactured by Kodak can be identified by the presence of the word "nitrate" in dark letters along one edge; the word only in clear letters on a dark background indicates derivation from a nitrate base original negative or projection print, but the film in hand itself may be a later print or copy negative, made on safety film. <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film" title="Cellulose acetate film">Acetate film</a> manufactured during the era when nitrate films were still in use was marked "Safety" or "Safety Film" along one edge in dark letters. <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/9.5_mm_film" title="9.5 mm film">9.5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm film</a> stocks, intended for amateur and other nontheatrical use, were never manufactured with a nitrate base in the west, but rumors exist of 16 mm nitrate film having been produced in the former Soviet Union and China.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitrate dominated the market for professional-use 35 mm motion picture film from the industry's origins to the early 1950s. While cellulose acetate-based safety film, notably cellulose diacetate and cellulose acetate propionate, was produced in the gauge for small-scale use in niche applications (such as printing advertisements and other short films to enable them to be sent through the mails without the need for fire safety precautions), the early generations of safety film base had two major disadvantages relative to nitrate: it was much more expensive to manufacture, and considerably less durable in repeated projection. The cost of the safety precautions associated with the use of nitrate was significantly lower than the cost of using any of the safety bases available before 1948. These drawbacks were eventually overcome with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">cellulose triacetate</a> base film by Eastman Kodak in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose triacetate superseded nitrate as the film industry's mainstay base very quickly. While Kodak had discontinued some nitrate film stocks earlier, it stopped producing various nitrate roll films in 1950 and ceased production of nitrate 35 mm motion picture film in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crucial advantage cellulose triacetate had over nitrate was that it was no more of a fire risk than paper (the stock is often referred to as "non-flam": this is true—but it is combustible, just not in as volatile or as dangerous a way as nitrate), while it almost matched the cost and durability of nitrate. It remained in almost exclusive use in all film gauges until the 1980s, when <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> film began to supersede it for intermediate and release printing.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Schil_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Schil-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyester is much more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">polymer degradation</a> than either nitrate or triacetate. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed "vinegar syndrome" (due to the <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PET, like cellulose mononitrate, is less prone to stretching than other available plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Schil_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Schil-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1990s, polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the production of intermediate elements and release prints. </p><p>Triacetate remains in use for most camera negative stocks because it can be "invisibly" spliced using solvents during negative assembly, while polyester film is usually spliced using adhesive tape patches, which leave visible marks in the frame area. However, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic">ultrasonic</a> splicing in the <a href="/wiki/Frame_line" title="Frame line">frame line</a> area can be invisible. Also, polyester film is so strong, it will not break under tension and may cause serious damage to expensive camera or projector mechanisms in the event of a film jam, whereas triacetate film breaks easily, reducing the risk of damage. Many were opposed to the use of polyester for release prints for this reason, and because ultrasonic splicers are very expensive, beyond the budgets of many smaller theaters. In practice, though, this has not proved to be as much of a problem as was feared. Rather, with the increased use of automated long-play systems in cinemas, the greater strength of polyester has been a significant advantage in lessening the risk of a film performance being interrupted by a film break.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite its self-oxidizing hazards, nitrate is still regarded highly as the stock is more transparent than replacement stocks, and older films used denser silver in the emulsion. The combination results in a notably more luminous image with a high contrast ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabric">Fabric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The solubility of nitrocellulose was the basis for the first "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a>" by Georges Audemars in 1855, which he called "<a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet" title="Hilaire de Chardonnet">Hilaire de Chardonnet</a> was the first to patent a nitrocellulose fiber marketed as "artificial silk" at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Exhibition_of_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Exhibition of 1889">Paris Exhibition of 1889</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial production started in 1891, but the result was <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> and more expensive than cellulose acetate or <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuprammonium">cuprammonium</a> rayon. Because of this predicament, production ceased early in the 1900s. Nitrocellulose was briefly known as "mother-in-law silk".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hastings_Griffin" title="Frank Hastings Griffin">Frank Hastings Griffin</a> invented the double-godet, a special stretch-spinning process that changed artificial silk to rayon, rendering it usable in many industrial products such as tire cords and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nathan Rosenstein invented the "spunize process" by which he turned rayon from a hard fiber to a fabric. This allowed rayon to become a popular raw material in textiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coatings">Coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coatings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lacquer#Nitrocellulose_lacquers" title="Lacquer">Nitrocellulose lacquer</a> manufactured by (among others) <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, was the primary material for painting automobiles for many years. Durability of finish, complexities of "multiple stage" modern finishes, and other factors including environmental regulation led manufacturers to choose newer technologies. It remained the favorite of hobbyists for both historical reasons and for the ease with which a professional finish can be obtained. Most automobile "touch up" paints are still made from lacquer because of its fast drying, easy application, and superior adhesion properties – regardless of the material used for the original finish. Guitars sometimes shared color codes with current automobiles. It fell out of favor for mass production use for a number of reasons including environmental regulation and the cost of application vs. polyurethane finishes. However, Gibson still use nitrocellulose lacquers on all of their guitars, as well as Fender when reproducing historically accurate guitars. The nitrocellulose lacquer yellows and cracks over time, and custom shops will reproduce this aging to make instruments appear vintage. Guitars made by smaller shops (luthiers) also often use "nitro" as it has an almost mythical status among guitarists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm/220px-seek%3D479-United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="527" data-mwtitle="United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm/United_States_Inter-Agency_Committee_for_Nitrate_Film_Vault_Tests-_A_Film_Report_on_4_of_22_Tests.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>'United States Inter-Agency Committee for Nitrate Film Vault Tests' – film transfer from 1948 about testing storage and flame suppression methods of nitrate film stock; runtime 00:08:41</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its explosive nature, not all applications of nitrocellulose were successful. In 1869, with elephants having been poached to near extinction, the <a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">billiards</a> industry offered a <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>10,000 prize to whoever came up with the best replacement for ivory <a href="/wiki/Billiard_ball" title="Billiard ball">billiard balls</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John Wesley Hyatt</a> created the winning replacement, which he created with a new material he invented, called camphored nitrocellulose—the first <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>, better known as <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>. The invention enjoyed a brief popularity, but the Hyatt balls were extremely flammable, and sometimes portions of the outer shell would explode upon impact. An owner of a billiard saloon in Colorado wrote to Hyatt about the explosive tendencies, saying that he did not mind very much personally but for the fact that every man in his saloon immediately pulled a gun at the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process used by Hyatt to manufacture the billiard balls, patented in 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involved placing the mass of nitrocellulose in a rubber bag, which was then placed in a cylinder of liquid and heated. Pressure was applied to the liquid in the cylinder, which resulted in a uniform compression on the nitrocellulose mass, compressing it into a uniform sphere as the heat vaporized the solvents. The ball was then cooled and turned to make a uniform sphere. In light of the explosive results, this process was called the "Hyatt gun method".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An overheated container of dry nitrocellulose is believed to be the initial cause of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Tianjin_explosions" title="2015 Tianjin explosions">2015 Tianjin explosions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output 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.div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate" title="Pentaerythritol tetranitrate">Pentaerythritol tetranitrate</a> (PETN), a related explosive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">Nitroglycerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrostarch" title="Nitrostarch">Nitrostarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RE_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="RE factor">RE factor</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merck_Index" title="Merck Index"><i>Merck Index</i></a> (11th ed.). p. 8022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merck+Index&rft.pages=8022&rft.edition=11th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125135316/https://vadcpa.com/Val/Projects.php">"How to make flash paper and flash cotton from household products"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vadcpa.com/Val/Projects.php">the original</a> on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+make+flash+paper+and+flash+cotton+from+household+products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvadcpa.com%2FVal%2FProjects.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsReddyQuinn,_Jr.Johnson2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Marc A.; Reddy, Gunda; Quinn, Jr., Michael J.; Johnson, Mark S., eds. 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the new liquid adhesive plaster"</a>. <i>The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejm184803290380903">10.1056/nejm184803290380903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Medical+and+Surgical+Journal&rft.atitle=Discovery+and+application+of+the+new+liquid+adhesive+plaster&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejm184803290380903&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=John+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNI9AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeggat" class="citation web cs1">Leggat, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/collodio.htm">"The Collodion Process"</a>. <i>A History of Photography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=The+Collodion+Process&rft.aulast=Leggat&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rleggat.com%2Fphotohistory%2Fhistory%2Fcollodio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraconnot1833" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Braconnot, Henri</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5c5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA290">"De la transformation de plusieurs substances végétales en un principe nouveau"</a> [On the transformation of several vegetable substances into a new substance]. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>. <b>52</b>: <span class="nowrap">290–</span>294. <q>On page 293, Braconnot names nitrocellulose <i>xyloïdine</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=De+la+transformation+de+plusieurs+substances+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tales+en+un+principe+nouveau&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Braconnot&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5c5AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelouze1838" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules_Pelouze" title="Théophile-Jules Pelouze">Pelouze, Théophile-Jules</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29662/f713.image.langEN">"Sur les produits de l'action de l'acide nitrique concentré sur l'amidon et le ligneux"</a> [On the products of the action of concentrated nitric acid on starch and wood]. <i>Comptes Rendus</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">713–</span>715.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+les+produits+de+l%27action+de+l%27acide+nitrique+concentr%C3%A9+sur+l%27amidon+et+le+ligneux&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E715&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Pelouze&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k29662%2Ff713.image.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumas1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Dumas, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEo1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Traité de Chimie Appliquée aux Arts</i></a>. Vol. 6. Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 90. <q><i>Il y a quelques années, M. Braconnot reconnut que l'acide nitrique concentré, convertit l'amidon, le ligneux, la cellulose, et quelques autres substances en un matière qu'il nomma xyloïdine, et que j'appellerai nitramidine.</i> [Some years ago, Mr. Braconnot recognized that concentrated nitric acid converted starch, wood, cellulose, and some other substances into a material that he called xyloïdine, and that I will call nitramidine.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+Chimie+Appliqu%C3%A9e+aux+Arts&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Bechet+Jeune&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEo1AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schönbein first communicated his discovery to the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Basel" class="extiw" title="de:Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel">Naturforschende Gesellschaft</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland on March 11, 1846: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchönbein1846" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Schönbein, Christian Friedrich</a> (11 March 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26">"Notiz über eine Veränderung der Pflanzenfaser und einiger andern organischen Substanzen"</a> [Notice on a change of plant fibers and some other organic substances]. <i>Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bericht+%C3%BCber+die+Verhandlungen+der+Naturforschenden+Gesellschaft+in+Basel&rft.atitle=Notiz+%C3%BCber+eine+Ver%C3%A4nderung+der+Pflanzenfaser+und+einiger+andern+organischen+Substanzen&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1846-03-11&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nbein&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSVJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchönbein1846" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Schönbein, Christian Friedrich</a> (27 May 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27">"Ueber Schiesswolle"</a> [On guncotton]. <i>Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel</i>. <b>7</b>: 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bericht+%C3%BCber+die+Verhandlungen+der+Naturforschenden+Gesellschaft+in+Basel&rft.atitle=Ueber+Schiesswolle&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1846-05-27&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nbein&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSVJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> In a letter, he subsequently communicated his discovery to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchönbein1846" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Schönbein, Christian Friedrich</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2980r/f682.image.langEN">"Lettre de M. Schoenbein à M. Dumas"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">678–</span>679.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Lettre+de+M.+Schoenbein+%C3%A0+M.+Dumas&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E678-%3C%2Fspan%3E679&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nbein&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k2980r%2Ff682.image.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Itzehoer Wochenblatt</i>, 29 October 1846, col. 1626ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPonting2011" class="citation book cs1">Ponting, Clive (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGEGzWqfAtgC"><i>Gunpowder: An Explosive History – from the Alchemists of China to the Battlefields of Europe</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448128112" title="Special:BookSources/9781448128112"><bdi>9781448128112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+An+Explosive+History+%E2%80%93+from+the+Alchemists+of+China+to+the+Battlefields+of+Europe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781448128112&rft.aulast=Ponting&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGEGzWqfAtgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, G. I. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbanghistoryof00brow/page/132"><i>The Big Bang: A History of Explosives</i></a></span>. Sutton Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbanghistoryof00brow/page/132">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1878-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-1878-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Bang%3A+A+History+of+Explosives&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1878-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigbanghistoryof00brow%2Fpage%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naval-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naval_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairfieldCDR_USN1921" class="citation book cs1">Fairfield, A. P.; CDR USN (1921). <i>Naval Ordnance</i>. Lord Baltimore Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Ordnance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Lord+Baltimore+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Fairfield&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=CDR+USN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2011" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Matthew (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/war_tech_gallery_04.shtml">"Explosives in War"</a>. <i>BBC History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Explosives+in+War&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwar_tech_gallery_04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Westwell, Ian (2008). <i>The Ultimate Illustrated History of World War I</i>. Hermes House. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-681-54134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-681-54134-4"><bdi>978-0-681-54134-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Illustrated+History+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Hermes+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-681-54134-4&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US610861">U.S. patent 610,861</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1914/03/27/archives/eastman-co-settles-case-kodak-concern-to-make-big-payment-to.html">"Kodak Concern to Make Big Payment to Goodwin Company"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 27 March 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>A settlement has been reached between the Goodwin Film and Camera Company and the Eastman Kodak Company concerning the suit brought in the Federal District Court by the former for an accounting of the profits derived from the sale of photographic films prepared according to the patent taken out by the late Rev. Hannibal Goodwin of Newark in 1898. The details of it have not been announced, but it is understood to provide for tile payment of a large sum of money by ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kodak+Concern+to+Make+Big+Payment+to+Goodwin+Company&rft.date=1914-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1914%2F03%2F27%2Farchives%2Feastman-co-settles-case-kodak-concern-to-make-big-payment-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahana, Yoram (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/dangerous-beauty-nitrate-films-return-hollywood-thanks-hfpa">"Dangerous Beauty: Nitrate Films Return To Hollywood, Thanks To The HFPA"</a>, online news article, Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) / Golden Globes, West Hollywood, California, published 9 November 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variety14a-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Variety14a_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety35-1914-06/page/n87/mode/2up">"Lubin's Big Blaze"</a>, <i>Variety</i>, 19 June 1914, p. 20. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (hereinafter cited "I.A."), San Francisco, California. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/motography11elec/page/242/mode/2up">"Eclair Plant Burns"</a>, <i>Motography</i> (Chicago), 4 April 1914, p. 243. I.A. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Movie' Films Burn With Edison Studio", <i>The New York Times</i>, 29 March 1914, p. 13. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (hereinafter cited "ProQuest"), Ann Arbor, Michigan, subscription access through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clipper62-1914-05/page/n97/mode/2up">"Universal's Factory Gutted By Disastrous Conflagration"</a>, <i>New York Clipper</i>, 23 May 1914, p. 15. I.A. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor20newy/page/1802/mode/2up">"Big Fire At Lubin Plant"</a>, <i>The Moving Picture World</i>, 27 June 1914, p. 1803. I.A. Retrieved 10 October 2021. See Wikipedia page "<a href="/wiki/1914_Lubin_vault_fire" title="1914 Lubin vault fire">1914 Lubin vault fire</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fire Originated in Building in Which Films Were Inspected", <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>), 10 December 1914, p. 1. ProQuest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKermode2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kermode" title="Mark Kermode">Kermode, Mark</a> (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar1F5LVhLwcC&pg=PA3"><i>The Good, the Bad and the Multiplex</i></a>. Random House. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099543497" title="Special:BookSources/9780099543497"><bdi>9780099543497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good%2C+the+Bad+and+the+Multiplex&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.isbn=9780099543497&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAr1F5LVhLwcC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/ask-film-question/24900-flammable-film.html">Interesting discussion on NC films.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217045028/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/ask-film-question/24900-flammable-film.html">Archived</a> 2014-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg469.htm">The dangers of cellulose nitrate film</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312004951/https://protekvaults.com/nitrate-film-if-it-hasnt-gone-away-its-still-here/">"Nitrate Film: If It Hasn't Gone Away, It's Still Here!"</a>. <i>Pro-Tek Vaults</i>. 4 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protekvaults.com/nitrate-film-if-it-hasnt-gone-away-its-still-here/">the original</a> on 12 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro-Tek+Vaults&rft.atitle=Nitrate+Film%3A+If+It+Hasn%27t+Gone+Away%2C+It%27s+Still+Here%21&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotekvaults.com%2Fnitrate-film-if-it-hasnt-gone-away-its-still-here%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312015938/https://www.eastman.org/about-dryden-theatre">"About the Dryden Theatre"</a>. <i>George Eastman Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastman.org/about-dryden-theatre">the original</a> on 12 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Eastman+Museum&rft.atitle=About+the+Dryden+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastman.org%2Fabout-dryden-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/all-about-nitrate-film">"All about... nitrate film"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=All+about...+nitrate+film&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fall-about-nitrate-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClifton" class="citation web cs1">Clifton, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573">"The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929"</a>. <i>Cleveland Historical</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Historical&rft.atitle=The+Cleveland+Clinic+X-Ray+Fire+of+1929&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclevelandhistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feinstein, John and Sharon Conway (1978). "Historic Film Lost in Blaze", <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, 8 December 1978, p. 1A. ProQuest. This article about the 1978 film fire at the National Archives warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland, Maryland</a>, describes some of the toxic gases emitted by burning nitrate film.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2002" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, David (2002). "Don't Try This at Home: Some Thoughts on Nitrate Film, With Particular Reference to Home Movie Systems". In Smither, Roger; Surowiec, Catherine (eds.). <i>This Film is Dangerous: A Celebration of Nitrate Film</i>. Brussels: FIAF. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9600296-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9600296-0-4"><bdi>978-2-9600296-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Try+This+at+Home%3A+Some+Thoughts+on+Nitrate+Film%2C+With+Particular+Reference+to+Home+Movie+Systems&rft.btitle=This+Film+is+Dangerous%3A+A+Celebration+of+Nitrate+Film&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=FIAF&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-9600296-0-4&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordyce1948" class="citation journal cs1">Fordyce, Charles; et al. (October 1948). "Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support". <i>Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers</i>. <b>51</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2Fj11731">10.5594/j11731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Motion+Picture+Engineers&rft.atitle=Improved+Safety+Motion+Picture+Film+Support&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=1948-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2Fj11731&rft.aulast=Fordyce&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShanebrook2016" class="citation book cs1">Shanebrook, Robert L. (2016). <i>Making Kodak Film</i> (Expanded second ed.). Rochester, NY: Robert L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cH84Owofkk&t=17m40s">the original</a> on 6 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Art+Talk%3A+The+Nitrate+Picture+Show&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1cH84Owofkk%26t%3D17m40s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrett1963" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Alfred (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flashofgenius00garr"><i>The Flash of Genius</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flashofgenius00garr/page/48">48</a>–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flash+of+Genius&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflashofgenius00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTime-Life1991" class="citation book cs1">Time-Life (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventivegenius00time/page/52"><i>Inventive Genius</i></a></span>. New York: Time-Life Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventivegenius00time/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-7699-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-7699-2"><bdi>978-0-8094-7699-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventive+Genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-7699-2&rft.au=Time-Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventivegenius00time%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Bonnie L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philly.com&rft.atitle=F.+Hastings+Griffin+Jr.%2C+95%2C+lawyer+and+star+athlete&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fobituaries%2F20160925_F__Hastings_Griffin_Jr___95__lawyer_and_star_athlete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Connections_(British_documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connections (British documentary)">Connections</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a>, Volume 9, "Countdown", 29:00–31:45, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._National_Resources_Committee1941" class="citation book cs1">United States. National Resources Committee (1941). <i>Research: A National Resource</i>. USGPO. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research%3A+A+National+Resource&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=USGPO&rft.date=1941&rft.au=United+States.+National+Resources+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US239792">U.S. patent 239,792</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorden1911" class="citation book cs1">Worden, Edward Chauncey (1911). <i>Nitrocellulose Industry</i>. Vol. 2. D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">726–</span>727.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitrocellulose+Industry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E726-%3C%2Fspan%3E727&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Edward+Chauncey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/web/2016/02/Chinese-Investigators-Identify-Cause-Tianjin.html">"Chinese Investigators Identify Cause Of Tianjin Explosion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i>. 8 February 2016. <q>The immediate cause of the accident was the spontaneous ignition of overly dry nitrocellulose stored in a container that overheated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Chinese+Investigators+Identify+Cause+Of+Tianjin+Explosion&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F94%2Fweb%2F2016%2F02%2FChinese-Investigators-Identify-Cause-Tianjin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrocellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrocellulose&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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