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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Ramadan" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Ramadan" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Betekenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betekenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Betekenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betekenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Het_vasten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Het_vasten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Het vasten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Het_vasten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niet-moslims_tijdens_ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niet-moslims_tijdens_ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Niet-moslims tijdens ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niet-moslims_tijdens_ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redenen_voor_het_vasten_tijdens_ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redenen_voor_het_vasten_tijdens_ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Redenen voor het vasten tijdens ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redenen_voor_het_vasten_tijdens_ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instelling_van_het_vasten_tijdens_de_maand_ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instelling_van_het_vasten_tijdens_de_maand_ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instelling van het vasten tijdens de maand ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instelling_van_het_vasten_tijdens_de_maand_ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Openbaringen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openbaringen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Openbaringen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Openbaringen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaststelling_van_de_tijden_van_ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaststelling_van_de_tijden_van_ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vaststelling van de tijden van ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaststelling_van_de_tijden_van_ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasten_in_de_poolgebieden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasten_in_de_poolgebieden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vasten in de poolgebieden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasten_in_de_poolgebieden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadan_ten_opzichte_van_de_westerse_kalender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan_ten_opzichte_van_de_westerse_kalender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ramadan ten opzichte van de westerse kalender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan_ten_opzichte_van_de_westerse_kalender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afbeeldingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afbeeldingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Afbeeldingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afbeeldingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramadan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 129 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ረመዳን – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረመዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܪܡܕܐܢ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܡܕܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شهر رمضان – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شهر رمضان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰমজান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰমজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамаҙан – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рамаҙан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puasa_(bulan)" title="Puasa (bulan) – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Puasa (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রমজান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রমজান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A0" title="Ramadà – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕەمەزان – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەمەزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Раматан – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раматан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan" title="Remezan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Remezan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Ραμαζάνι – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραμαζάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadano" title="Ramadano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramadano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadaan" title="Ramadaan – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ramadaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="રમઝાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રમઝાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="רמדאן – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמדאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमज़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रमज़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD)" title="Ռամադան (ամիս) – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամադան (ամիս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ラマダーン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラマダーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რამადანი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამადანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraza" title="Oraza – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oraza" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Remḍan – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Remḍan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಂಜಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಂಜಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%A8" title="라마단 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رَمَضان – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رَمَضان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan_(meh)" title="Remezan (meh) – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Remezan (meh)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanus" title="Ramadanus – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramadanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanas" title="Ramadanas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramadanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C4%81ns" title="Ramadāns – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ramadāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadany" title="Ramadany – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramadany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамазан – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамазан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="റമദാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റമദാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%86" title="مارمضون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارمضون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रमजान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रमजान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରମଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରମଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="روژه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روژه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A3o" title="Ramadão – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramadão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="रमजान् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रमजान्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадаан – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рамадаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%9Am%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Ṛmḍan – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṛmḍan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="‍රමළාන් – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="‍රමළාන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramad%C3%A1n" title="Ramadán – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ramadán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadaan" title="Ramadaan – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ramadaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazani" title="Ramazani – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ramazani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(mwezi)" title="Ramadan (mwezi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ramadan (mwezi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரமலான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரமலான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రంజాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రంజాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Рамазон – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рамазон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เราะมะฎอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เราะมะฎอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezan" title="Remezan – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Remezan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan" title="Ramazan – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ramazan" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Toevaans" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Toevaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رامازان – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رامازان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рамадан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рамадан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رمضان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رمضان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazon" title="Ramazon – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramazon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdinne" title="Ramdinne – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ramdinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E6%88%92%E6%9C%88" title="斋戒月 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斋戒月" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რამადანი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რამადანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ראמאדאן – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראמאדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%B4%E8%B2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%88" title="賴買丹月 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賴買丹月" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ramadan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92%E6%9C%88%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97" title="齋戒月習俗 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="齋戒月習俗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="hatnote" style="padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/25px-Disambig-dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/38px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/50px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="340" /></span></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(doorverwijspagina)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ramadan (doorverwijspagina)">Ramadan (doorverwijspagina)</a> voor andere betekenissen van Ramadan.</i> </div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><big>Islam</big> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Allah_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allah logo.svg"><img alt="Allah logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/150px-Allah_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/225px-Allah_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/300px-Allah_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Zuilen_van_geloof" title="Zuilen van geloof">Geloof</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tawhied" title="Tawhied">Eenheid</a> van <a href="/wiki/God_(islam)" title="God (islam)">God</a> · <a href="/wiki/Profeet#Profeten_in_de_islam" title="Profeet">Profeten</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_heilige_boeken" title="Islamitische heilige boeken">Gezonden geschriften</a> · <a href="/wiki/Engel_(hoofdbetekenis)#Engelen_in_de_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Engel (hoofdbetekenis)">Engelen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dag_des_oordeels#Dag_des_oordeels_in_de_islam" title="Dag des oordeels">Dag des Oordeels</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Zuilen_van_geloof" title="Zuilen van geloof">Praktiseren</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sjahada" title="Sjahada">Getuigenis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Salat_(islam)" title="Salat (islam)">Gebed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (hoofdbetekenis)">Vasten</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Liefdadigheid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadj" title="Hadj">Pelgrimstocht</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stromingen_in_de_islam" title="Stromingen in de islam">Stromingen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Soennisme" title="Soennisme">Soennisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme">Sjiisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_(geloofsgemeenschap)" title="Ahmadiyya (geloofsgemeenschap)">Ahmadiyya</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kharidjisme" title="Kharidjisme">Kharidjisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme">Soefisme</a><br /> · <a href="/wiki/Koranisme" title="Koranisme">Koranisme</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Teksten en wetten </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soenna" title="Soenna">Soenna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh">Fiqh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalam_(islam)" title="Kalam (islam)">Kalam</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender#Feest-_en_gedenkdagen" title="Islamitische kalender">Feest- en gedenkdagen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asjoera" title="Asjoera">Asjoera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Suikerfeest" title="Suikerfeest">Suikerfeest</a> · <a href="/wiki/Offerfeest" title="Offerfeest">Offerfeest</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (hoofdbetekenis)">Ramadan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nachtreis" title="Nachtreis">Laylat al-Miraadj</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_Nieuwjaar" title="Islamitisch Nieuwjaar">Nieuwjaar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mawlid_an-Nabi" title="Mawlid an-Nabi">Mawlid an-Nabi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Cultuur en samenleving </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_architectuur" title="Islamitische architectuur">Architectuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kunst" title="Islamitische kunst">Kunst</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">Moskeeën</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamologie" title="Islamologie">Studies</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop center notheme" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Islam" title="Portaal:Islam">Islam</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ramadan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a>: رمضان, <i>ramadhan</i>) is de negende maand van de <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender" title="Islamitische kalender">islamitische maankalender</a>. In de <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> geldt ze als de heilige maand van inkeer, waarin tussen <a href="/wiki/Fajr" title="Fajr">fajr</a> (de <a href="/wiki/Dageraad" title="Dageraad">dageraad</a> ruim vóór <a href="/wiki/Zonsopkomst" title="Zonsopkomst">zonsopkomst</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Maghrib_(islam)" title="Maghrib (islam)">maghrib</a> (bij zonsondergang) door vele gelovigen – voor zover zij daarvan niet vrijgesteld zijn – <a href="/wiki/Vasten" title="Vasten">gevast</a> wordt. Een speciale nacht in deze maand is <a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betekenis">Betekenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Betekenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Betekenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naar het voorbeeld van de profeet <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> hanteren <a href="/wiki/Moslim" title="Moslim">moslims</a> in deze maand een voorgeschreven vasten gedurende de dag. Dit vasten is een van de <a href="/wiki/Vijf_zuilen_van_de_islam" title="Vijf zuilen van de islam">vijf zuilen van de islam</a>. Naast het vasten kunnen vrijwillig extra gebeden gedurende de nacht worden verricht.<sup id="cite_ref-Risallah_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risallah-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moslims bidden gedurende deze maand meer. Naast een maand van bezinning is ramadan een maand waarin extra aandacht geschonken wordt aan verdraagzaamheid, vrijgevigheid, liefdadigheid en saamhorigheid.<sup id="cite_ref-Risallah_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risallah-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens de islam leert vasten de mens aan zichzelf te bedwingen en kan het eigenschappen aanleren als discipline, uithoudingsvermogen en vooral zelfbeheersing, en leert het de mens aan de baas te zijn over begeerten en lusten. Verder zou vasten het inlevingsvermogen in de armen versterken en het respect in de medemens en God vergroten. Elke dag dat men vast, wordt als een overwinning gezien. </p><p>Na de maand ramadan volgt het <a href="/wiki/Suikerfeest" title="Suikerfeest">Suikerfeest</a> (`id-oel-fitr), dat meestal gevierd wordt met familie en vrienden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Het_vasten">Het vasten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Het vasten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Het vasten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Breakfasting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breakfasting.jpg/260px-Breakfasting.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breakfasting.jpg/390px-Breakfasting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breakfasting.jpg/520px-Breakfasting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melk_(drank)" title="Melk (drank)">Melk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dadel" title="Dadel">dadels</a>, traditioneel voedsel om het vasten te breken. Ook water wordt gebruikt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het vasten wordt <i>sawm</i> (saum) of <i>siyam</i> genoemd. Dit houdt in dat veel <a href="/wiki/Moslim" title="Moslim">moslims</a> op deze tijden niet eten, drinken, roken en dat ze zich onthouden van <a href="/wiki/Geslachtsgemeenschap" title="Geslachtsgemeenschap">geslachtsgemeenschap</a>. Daarnaast zijn ook liegen, schelden, kwaadspreken en <a href="/wiki/Vloek_(krachtterm)" title="Vloek (krachtterm)">vloeken</a> tijdens de ramadan extra kwalijk. Een mogelijke uitleg van het vasten kan als volgt worden gegeven:<sup id="cite_ref-Hidaya_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidaya-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Oog: men kijkt niet naar wat ongeoorloofd is.</li> <li>Oor: men luistert niet naar verkeerde praatjes en luistert niet af.</li> <li>Mond: men roddelt niet en bezigt geen verkeerd taalgebruik.</li> <li>Hand: men pleegt geen verkeerde dingen.</li> <li>Voet: men bezoekt geen verboden plaatsen.</li></ul> <p>Voor zieken, zwangere vrouwen, jonge kinderen (die de puberteit nog niet bereikt hebben), reizigers en alle anderen voor wie het vasten een bedreiging vormt voor de gezondheid of vertragend werkt op herstel van een ziekte, wordt een uitzondering gemaakt. Zij hoeven niet te vasten, hoewel het inhalen ervan (indien dat mogelijk is) wel wordt aangemoedigd. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv/260px-seek%3D52-Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="69" data-mwtitle="Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv/Viering_van_het_einde_van_de_islamitische_vasten-513473.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polygoonjournaal" title="Polygoonjournaal">Bioscoopjournaal</a> uit juni 1952. Viering van het einde van de islamitische vastenperiode op het grasveld voor de residentie van de vertegenwoordiger van de <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesische Republiek</a> in Nederland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zowel 's ochtends vroeg als 's avonds laat na zonsondergang wordt er door sommigen zeer uitgebreid gegeten. Er zijn mensen die hier kritiek op hebben, omdat zij vinden dat de ramadan een periode van vasten, onthouding en bezinning dient te zijn. De ochtendmaaltijd wordt <i>shor</i>, <i>sohor</i> of <i>suhoor</i> genoemd; de maaltijd na het vasten <a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">iftar</a>. </p><p>Veel moslims begroeten elkaar voor en tijdens de ramadan met <i>ramadan moebarak</i>, <i>ramadan karim</i> of <i>ramadan mabroek</i>, wat <i>gezegende ramadan</i> betekent. De ramadan keert ieder jaar terug, en het vasten wordt door volwassenen en kinderen die 12 jaar of ouder zijn aangehouden. Het vasten maakt de periode soms vrij ingrijpend voor het leven van alledag. </p><p>Tijdens ramadan wordt doorgaans geprobeerd de gehele <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> te lezen. Daartoe is de Koran in 30 delen (elk voor een dag) verdeeld, <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_soera%27s#De_Koran_in_30_delen_(adjza')" title="Lijst van soera's">Djuz'</a> genaamd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niet-moslims_tijdens_ramadan">Niet-moslims tijdens ramadan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Niet-moslims tijdens ramadan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Niet-moslims tijdens ramadan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Toerisme" title="Toerisme">toeristische</a> plaatsen in islamitische landen kunnen toeristen overdag gewoon eten en drinken in <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>. Buiten de toeristische plaatsen zijn veel restaurants gesloten. </p><p>In sommige Nederlandse en Belgische gemeenten is tijdens de ramadan sprake van overlast doordat veel jongeren laat in de avond en in de nacht op straat zijn. Dit geeft dan weer wrijving tussen moslims en niet-moslims. Gemeenten nemen hiertegen maatregelen zoals samenscholingsverboden of extra openingstijden voor sporthallen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redenen_voor_het_vasten_tijdens_ramadan">Redenen voor het vasten tijdens ramadan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Redenen voor het vasten tijdens ramadan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Redenen voor het vasten tijdens ramadan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Het vasten ziet men als een vorm van zuivering van de <a href="/wiki/Ziel_(filosofie)" title="Ziel (filosofie)">ziel</a> en gehoorzaamheid aan <a href="/wiki/God_(islam)" title="God (islam)">God</a>.</li> <li>Het vasten is een van de <a href="/wiki/Vijf_zuilen_van_de_islam" title="Vijf zuilen van de islam">vijf zuilen van de islam</a> en is dus verplicht.</li> <li>Het is mogelijk door het vasten zelfdiscipline te ontwikkelen en aan zwakheden in het karakter te werken.</li> <li>Het vasten laat voelen hoe het is om <a href="/wiki/Honger" title="Honger">honger</a> te hebben en helpt daarmee <a href="/wiki/Empathie" title="Empathie">empathie</a> voor minderbedeelden te ontwikkelen. Het is echter een misvatting dat dit de hoofdreden vormt.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instelling_van_het_vasten_tijdens_de_maand_ramadan">Instelling van het vasten tijdens de maand ramadan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Instelling van het vasten tijdens de maand ramadan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Instelling van het vasten tijdens de maand ramadan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens de islam is het vasten niet een innovatie die is ontstaan met de Koran, maar behoort het in het beginsel tot de praktijk van de monotheïsten. De Koran bevestigt slechts dat het zo is. Zoals met vele andere zaken portretteert de Koran zichzelf als een voortzetting van het terugkeren naar de oorspronkelijke zuiverheid en het oorspronkelijke doel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na de <a href="/wiki/Slag_bij_Badr" title="Slag bij Badr">Slag bij Badr</a> werd aan moslims de plicht gegeven te vasten in de maand ramadan. Het vasten is in de Koran terug te vinden in <a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Koe" title="Soera De Koe">Soera De Koe</a> 183-185: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58633982">.mw-parser-output .cquote{margin:1.5em 0;padding:0 50px;display:table;position:relative;border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite{position:relative;margin:20px -40px 0;text-align:right;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite-leeg{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite::after{color:#B2B7F2;font-size:42px;font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-weight:bold;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .cquote>:first-child::before{content:"“";left:10px;top:-19px}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite::after{content:"”";right:0;top:-53px;height:0}.mw-parser-output .cquote-cite-leeg::after{top:-33px}</style> <blockquote class="cquote"> <p>O, gij gelovigen, het vasten is u voorgeschreven, zoals het degenen die vóór u waren was voorgeschreven, opdat gij vroom zult zijn. Voor een zeker aantal dagen zult gij vasten, maar zij die onder u ziek zijn, of op reis, vast een aantal andere dagen, er is een losprijs voor degenen, die niet kunnen vasten, het voeden van een arme. Maar hij, die vrijwillig goed doet, het zal beter voor hem zijn. Het vasten is goed voor u, indien gij het beseft. De maand ramadan is die, waarin de Koran als een richtsnoer voor de mensen werd nedergezonden en als duidelijke bewijzen van leiding en onderscheid. Wie onder u daarom deze maand beleeft, laat hem daarin vasten. Maar wie onder u ziek of op reis is, een aantal andere dagen. God wenst gemak voor u en geen ongemak, en opdat gij het aantal zult voltooien en opdat gij Gods grootheid zult prijzen, omdat Hij u terecht heeft geleid en opdat gij dankbaar zult zijn. </p> <div class="cquote-cite cquote-cite-leeg"></div> </blockquote> <p>Behalve de Slag bij Badr (17 ramadan 2 AH) zijn ook de inname van <a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> (10 ramadan 8 AH) en de verovering van <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusië</a> (28 ramadan 92 AH)<sup id="cite_ref-Hidaya_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidaya-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belangrijke gebeurtenissen die plaatsvonden tijdens de maand ramadan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Openbaringen">Openbaringen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Openbaringen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Openbaringen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" title="Jahiliyya">jahiliyya</a>, de pre-islamitische tijd, trok Mohammed zich, zoals ook anderen van de stam <a href="/wiki/Qoeraisj" title="Qoeraisj">Qoeraisj</a> dat deden, een keer per jaar terug om in contemplatie te vasten. Deze periode van devotie werd <i>tahannuth</i> genoemd. Volgens de islam ontving Mohammed tijdens zo'n periode van bezinning in een grot op de berg Hira zijn eerste openbaring: <a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Bloedklomp" title="Soera De Bloedklomp">soera De Bloedklomp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaststelling_van_de_tijden_van_ramadan">Vaststelling van de tijden van ramadan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vaststelling van de tijden van ramadan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vaststelling van de tijden van ramadan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het begin van de maand ramadan wordt waargenomen door het zien van de <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">maan</a> op de vooravond van de eerste dag van de <a href="/wiki/Maand" title="Maand">maand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdoor begint ramadan in verschillende landen vaak op verschillende dagen, omdat de belangrijkste regel voor het begin van de maand ramadan nog altijd gebaseerd is op het visueel waarnemen van de maan. Tegenwoordig<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tijdsaanduiding" title="Wikipedia:Tijdsaanduiding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 20 april 2019 een preciezere tijdsaanduiding gewenst.">[(sinds) wanneer?]</span></a></sup> wordt meestal universeel uitgegaan van <a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a>, vanwege de ligging van Mekka in dit land. Met name de inwoners van de <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> houden vast aan de eigen waarneming, die meestal een dag later is. Daardoor beginnen en eindigen de bewoners uit dit gebied een dag later. Mensen van oorsprong afkomstig uit deze gebieden, maar woonachtig in bijvoorbeeld Europese landen volgen doorgaans de vaststelling vanuit Mekka. </p><p>Bij <a href="/wiki/Wolk" title="Wolk">bewolking</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">mist</a> kan ook een ander criterium worden gebruikt, namelijk wanneer de maan niet zichtbaar is op dag 29, dan telt men er nog 1 dag bij en komt zo op een ramadan van 30 dagen. Dit is het maximum, want er zijn geen 31 dagen in de islamitische (maan)maanden. </p><p>Met moderne middelen kan ook <i>berekend</i> worden wat de maanstand op ieder moment in de toekomst is. Als dit als basis wordt genomen, kan men ruim van tevoren bepalen wanneer ramadan begint. Onder meer Turkije gebruikt deze methode om begin en einde van de vastenmaand vast te stellen voor de Turkse moslims. Andere moslims, waaronder de Marokkaanse, gebruiken deze methode echter niet. </p><p>De dagindeling bij sommige moslims is dan weer gebaseerd op de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">zonnestand</a>. De vastendag begint ruim voor zonsopgang met het uitspreken van de intentie (<i>niyya</i>). Daarna wordt het eerste <a href="/wiki/Salat_(islam)" title="Salat (islam)">gebed</a> van de dag (al-fajr) verricht. De vastendag eindigt bij zonsondergang. Het vasten wordt verbroken, totdat de volgende dageraad aanbreekt. </p><p>Volgens de voorschriften begint het vasten wanneer men 's ochtends een <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">witte</a> draad van een <a href="/wiki/Zwart_(kleur)" title="Zwart (kleur)">zwarte</a> kan onderscheiden (in het licht van de zon). Deze witte draad slaat volgens sommigen op de <a href="/wiki/Schemering" title="Schemering">schemering</a> (of het eerste licht) dat aan de horizon begint te verschijnen en dus niet letterlijk het onderscheid tussen een witte en zwarte draad. In Nederland en België wordt meestal uitgegaan van 12 graden onder de horizon met betrekking tot de opkomst van de zon, omdat gedurende de zomermaanden de nacht niet donker genoeg wordt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vasten_in_de_poolgebieden">Vasten in de poolgebieden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vasten in de poolgebieden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vasten in de poolgebieden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoe dichter men bij de <a href="/wiki/Geografische_pool" title="Geografische pool">polen</a> komt, hoe lastiger het opvolgen van de letterlijke <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">interpretatie</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Aya" title="Aya">Koranverzen</a> over het onderscheid 's ochtends tussen een witte draad en een zwarte draad wordt. In de praktijk is dit echter geen probleem, omdat een moslim kan uitgaan van de situatie van de dichtstbijzijnde plaats waar dit onderscheid wel duidelijk te maken is. Het is ook mogelijk zich te richten op de situatie in het moederland, bijvoorbeeld in de Maghreb, of de situatie in Mekka. Een moslim die zich aan het begin van de ramadan in <a href="/wiki/Lapland" title="Lapland">Lapland</a> bevindt, zal dan altijd precies de begintijd van de ramadan kunnen opzoeken. Ook kan de moslim die in zo'n gebied woonachtig of op vakantie is ervoor kiezen om het etmaal (24 uur) in vijven te delen (5 gebeden per dag) en te vasten tussen fajr en maghrib. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramadan_ten_opzichte_van_de_westerse_kalender">Ramadan ten opzichte van de westerse kalender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ramadan ten opzichte van de westerse kalender" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ramadan ten opzichte van de westerse kalender"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De islamitische kalender is een <a href="/wiki/Maankalender" title="Maankalender">maankalender</a> en de eerste dag van een nieuwe maand is de dag dat de <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_maan" title="Nieuwe maan">nieuwe maan</a> zichtbaar wordt. Daar een maanjaar 11 tot 12 dagen korter is dan een <a href="/wiki/Zonnejaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonnejaar">zonnejaar</a>, verplaatst ramadan zich net als de andere maanden in de islamitische kalender door de seizoenen. Hieronder staan de geschatte data voor ramadan, gebaseerd op de Saoedische Umm al-Qurakalender.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doordat veel moslims vasthouden aan waarneming van de maan in met name Mekka, kunnen de data in praktijk iets afwijken. Ook wordt door sommige strenge gelovigen ook afgezien van eigen, slechts op de kalender gebaseerde aankondigingen van de heilige vastenmaand. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Geschatte data ramadan 2024-2027 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a> </th> <th>Eerste dag<br />(<a href="/wiki/Gangbare_jaartelling" title="Gangbare jaartelling">CE</a>) </th> <th>Laatste dag<br />(<a href="/wiki/Gangbare_jaartelling" title="Gangbare jaartelling">CE</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1445 </td> <td>10 maart 2024 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;" aria-hidden="true">0</span>9 april 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1446 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;" aria-hidden="true">0</span>1 maart 2025 </td> <td>29 maart 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1447 </td> <td>18 februari 2026 </td> <td>19 maart 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1448 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;" aria-hidden="true">0</span>8 februari 2027 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;" aria-hidden="true">0</span>8 maart 2027 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afbeeldingen">Afbeeldingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Afbeeldingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Afbeeldingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iftarmaaltijd in Bangladesh"><img alt="Iftarmaaltijd in Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg/120px-Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg/180px-Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg/240px-Iftar_meal_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iftarmaaltijd in Bangladesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Iftar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iftarmaaltijd in Tanzania"><img alt="Iftarmaaltijd in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iftar.jpg/120px-Iftar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iftar.jpg/180px-Iftar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iftar.jpg/240px-Iftar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iftarmaaltijd in Tanzania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afnemende maan van de Ramadan"><img alt="Afnemende maan van de Ramadan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/120px-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div class="navigatie-afb-rechts noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Islam"><img alt="Islam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/12px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/24px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div> <div id="Islamitische_kalendermaanden" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender" title="Islamitische kalender">Islamitische kalendermaanden</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> · <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-thani" title="Rabi' al-thani">Rabi' al-thani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djoemada_al-awwal" title="Djoemada al-awwal">Djoemada al-awwal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djoemada_al-thani" title="Djoemada al-thani">Djoemada al-thani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" title="Sha'aban">Sha'aban</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (hoofdbetekenis)">Ramadan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dhoe_al-Qi%27dah" title="Dhoe al-Qi'dah">Dhoe al-Qi'dah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dhoe_al-Hidzjah" title="Dhoe al-Hidzjah">Dhoe al-Hidzjah</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_islamitische_termen_in_het_Arabisch" title="Lijst van islamitische termen in het Arabisch">Lijst van islamitische termen in het Arabisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastentijd" title="Vastentijd">Vastentijd</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Risallah-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Risallah_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risallah_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risallah.com/islam/index.php?i=ramadan">Risallah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidaya-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hidaya_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidaya_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramadan, Uitgave Informatiemap Hidaya, 15 februari 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508124219/https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/nederland/achtergrond/2017/06/gemeenten-machteloos-tegen-ramadanterreur-509824/">Elsevier d.d. 2 juni 2017: ‘Buurten geteisterd door ramadanrellen na avondgebed’</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507202659/https://www.nporadio1.nl/nos-radio-1-journaal/onderwerpen/410814-boxtel-pakt-ramadan-overlast-anders-aan">NPO Radio 1 d.d. 31 mei 2017: Boxtel pakt 'ramadan-overlast' anders aan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman e.a., 'Ramadan', <i>The Qur'an: an encyclopedia</i>, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, p. 529-530, ISBN 97 80415 77529 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Tabari, <i>History</i>, orig.titel: <i>Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk</i>, Vol. VI <i>Muhammad at Mecca</i>, pag. 67-71, Uitg. Suny Press (1987), <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0887067077" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-88706-707-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/de-ramadan-maan">De ramadan maan</a> op Kennislink.nl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm">R.H. van Gent, <i>The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia</i>, Universiteit van Utrecht</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Islam_(portaal)"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_islam&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div class="navigatie-afb-rechts noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maan en ster"><img alt="Maan en ster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/24px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/36px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/48px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div id="Islam_(portaal)" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Portaal:Islam" title="Portaal:Islam">portaal</a>)</small></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Islam_van_A_tot_Z" title="Islam van A tot Z">Algemeen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Arabisch)" title="Adab (Arabisch)">Adab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dawa" title="Dawa">Dawa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tawhied" title="Tawhied">Tawhied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ummah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuilen_van_geloof" title="Zuilen van geloof">Zuilen van geloof</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Vijf_zuilen_van_de_islam" title="Vijf zuilen van de islam">Vijf zuilen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Sjahada" title="Sjahada">Sjahada</a> · <a href="/wiki/Salat_(islam)" title="Salat (islam)">Salat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siyam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadj" title="Hadj">Hadj</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender" title="Islamitische kalender">Kalender</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dag_van_Arafat" title="Dag van Arafat">Arafat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Asjoera" title="Asjoera">Asjoera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gezegende_Nachten" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezegende Nachten">Gezegende Nachten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_Nieuwjaar" title="Islamitisch Nieuwjaar">Islamitisch Nieuwjaar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Offerfeest" title="Offerfeest">Offerfeest</a> · <a href="/wiki/Suikerfeest" title="Suikerfeest">Suikerfeest</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Moslim" title="Moslim">Personen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Asharatu_mubashirun" title="Asharatu mubashirun">10 mubashirun</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boodschapper_(islam)" title="Boodschapper (islam)">Boodschappers</a> · <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Emigranten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ansaar" title="Ansaar">Helpers</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kinderen_van_Mohammed" title="Kinderen van Mohammed">Kinderen van Mohammed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(islam)" title="Mahdi (islam)">Mahdi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba">Metgezellen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouwen_van_Mohammed" title="Vrouwen van Mohammed">Moeders der Gelovigen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Profeten_in_de_islam" title="Profeten in de islam">Profeten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rechtgeleide kaliefen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Stromingen_in_de_islam" title="Stromingen in de islam">Stromingen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_(geloofsgemeenschap)" title="Ahmadiyya (geloofsgemeenschap)">Ahmadiyya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kharidjisme" title="Kharidjisme">Kharidjisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koranisme" title="Koranisme">Koranisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moetazilisme" title="Moetazilisme">Moetazilisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qadarisme" title="Qadarisme">Qadarisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme">Sjiisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme">Soefisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soennisme" title="Soennisme">Soennisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Volksislam" title="Volksislam">Volksislam</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Wet en recht</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh">Fikh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Halal_en_haram" title="Halal en haram">Halal en haram</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_bankieren" title="Islamitisch bankieren">Islamitisch bankieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalam_(islam)" title="Kalam (islam)">Kalam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ridda" title="Ridda">Ridda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soenna" title="Soenna">Soenna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Islamisme" title="Islamisme">Politiek</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Emiraat" title="Emiraat">Emiraat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Imamaat" title="Imamaat">Imamaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_monarchie" title="Islamitische monarchie">Islamitische monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_republiek" title="Islamitische republiek">Islamitische republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">Kalifaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sjeikdom" title="Sjeikdom">Sjeikdom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sultanaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanaat">Sultanaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" title="Wilaya">Wilaya</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_islam" title="Geschiedenis van de islam">Geschiedenis</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beknopte_chronologie_van_de_islam" title="Beknopte chronologie van de islam">Beknopte chronologie van de islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra">Hidjra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_gouden_tijdperk" title="Islamitische gouden tijdperk">Islamitische gouden tijdperk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_veroveringen" title="Islamitische veroveringen">Islamitische veroveringen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oorsprong_van_de_islam" title="Oorsprong van de islam">Oorsprong van de islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" title="Jahiliyya">Pre-islamitisch</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Wetenschap_in_de_middeleeuwse_islamitische_wereld" title="Wetenschap in de middeleeuwse islamitische wereld">Wetenschap</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_architectuur" title="Islamitische architectuur">Architectuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_en_islamitische_astrologie" title="Arabische en islamitische astrologie">Astrologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_filosofie" title="Arabische filosofie">Filosofie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huis_der_Wijsheid" title="Huis der Wijsheid">Huis der Wijsheid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kunst" title="Islamitische kunst">Kunst</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamologie" title="Islamologie">Islamologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_agrarische_revolutie" title="Arabische agrarische revolutie">Landbouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oelama" title="Oelama">Oelama</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Akhirah" title="Akhirah">Hiernamaals</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahannam">Hel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djannah" title="Djannah">Paradijs</a> · <a href="/wiki/As-Sir%C4%81t" title="As-Sirāt">Sirat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qiyamah" title="Qiyamah">Wederopstanding</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ramadan#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ramadan">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a 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