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href="#Tat_Tvam_Asi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tat Tvam Asi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tat_Tvam_Asi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tat Tvam Asi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tat_Tvam_Asi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etymology and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aham_Brahma_Asmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aham_Brahma_Asmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aham Brahma Asmi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aham_Brahma_Asmi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aham Brahma Asmi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aham_Brahma_Asmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Explanations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prajñānam_Brahma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prajñānam_Brahma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prajñānam Brahma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prajñānam_Brahma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prajñānam Brahma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prajñānam_Brahma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_translation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_translation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etymology and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_translation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayam_Ātmā_Brahma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayam_Ātmā_Brahma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ayam Ātmā Brahma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ayam_Ātmā_Brahma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ayam Ātmā Brahma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ayam_Ātmā_Brahma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Etymology and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_and_Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_and_Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Source and Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_and_Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_translation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_translation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Etymology and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_translation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahāvākyas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavakya" title="Mahavakya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahavakya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A2v%C3%A2kya" title="Mahâvâkya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mahâvâkya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="महावाक्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महावाक्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavakja" title="Mahavakja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahavakja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra#Mahawakja" title="Mantra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mantra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Махавакья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махавакья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="महावाक्यानि – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="महावाक्यानि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மகாவாக்கியங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகாவாக்கியங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మహావాక్యము 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)#Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Advaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/230px-Double_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/345px-Double_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/460px-Double_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Classical Advaita Vedanta</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81mat%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāmatī">Bhāmatī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarana" title="Vivarana">Vivarana</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Shaivism/Tantra/Nath</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a>)</li></ul> <p><i><b>New movements</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)">Avidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">Ajativada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahāvākyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchitananda">Satchitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three Bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect_in_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect in Advaita Vedanta">Cause and effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_neti" title="Neti neti">Neti neti</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Kashmir Shaivism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">so'ham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Sravana, manana, nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna#Spiritual_practices" title="Pratyabhijna">"Unfoldment of the middle"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-enquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-enquiry">Self-enquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Moksha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anubhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anubhava (page does not exist)">Anubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Jivanmukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Advaita Vedanta</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Bodha_Deepika" title="Advaita Bodha Deepika">Advaita Bodha Deepika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Viveka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka">Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara of Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Ashtavakra Gita</a></li></ul> <p><i>Gaudapada</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></li></ul> <p><i>Adi Shankara</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a></li> <li><i>Attributed to Shankara</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekachudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekachudamani">Vivekachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_bodha" title="Atma bodha">Atma bodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparokshanubhuti" title="Aparokshanubhuti">Aparokshanubhuti</a></li></ul> <p><b>Advaita-Yoga</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nath</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Gita" title="Avadhuta Gita">Avadhuta Gita</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kashmir Shaivism</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijnahridayam" title="Pratyabhijnahridayam">Pratyabhijnahridayam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Neo-Vedanta</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda#Literary_works" title="Swami Vivekananda">Works by Vivekananda</a></li></ul> <p><b>Inchegeri Sampradaya</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasbodh" title="Dasbodh">Dasbodh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Teachers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita Vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Misra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandana Misra">Mandana Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmapadacharya" title="Padmapadacharya">Padmapadacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalananda" title="Amalananda">Amalananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathi_Tirtha" title="Bharathi Tirtha">Bharathi Tirtha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teachers_of_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta">Advaita teachers</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Swami Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Swami Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Swami Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sarvapriyananda" title="Swami Sarvapriyananda">Swami Sarvapriyananda</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Shaivism/Tantra/Nath</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._W._L._Poonja" title="H. W. L. Poonja">H. W. L. Poonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnanabhiksu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanic movement</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Hinduism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Buddhism</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism#Schayer_-_Precanonical_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Precanonical Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Monasteries and Orders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Classical Advaita Vedanta</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapadacharya_Math" title="Gaudapadacharya Math">Gaudapadacharya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhana_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana matha">Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka Pitha">Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotirmath">Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Modern Advaita Vedanta</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsha_Vidya_Gurukulam" title="Arsha Vidya Gurukulam">Arsha Vidya Gurukulam</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_De_Smet" title="Richard De Smet">Richard De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Deutsch" title="Eliot Deutsch">Eliot Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Godman" title="David Godman">David Godman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita" title="Category:Advaita">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vishishtadvaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta">Vishishtadvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Shaivism" title="Category:Advaita Shaivism">Advaita Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Nondualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Nondualism (page does not exist)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita_teachers" title="Category:Neo-Advaita teachers">Neo-Advaita teachers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/20px-Hinduism_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/30px-Hinduism_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/40px-Hinduism_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mahāvākyas</b> (<i>sing.:</i> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mahāvākyam</i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">महावाक्यम्</span></span>; <i>plural:</i> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mahāvākyāni</i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">महावाक्यानि</span></span>) are "The Great Sayings" of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, as characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> with mahā meaning great and vākya, a sentence. Most commonly, <i>Mahāvākyas</i> are considered four in number,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/140px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/210px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/280px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The second part of the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> discusses <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></i> as a means of <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a> for <a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other Mahāvākyas, it also explains the unity of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, which is the basic principle of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Absolute_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Absolute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tat Tvam Asi</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">तत् त्वम् असि</span></span>) - traditionally interpreted as "That Thou Art" (that you are),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 6.8.7 of the <a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama Veda">Sama Veda</a>, with <i><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">tat</a></i> in Ch.U.6.8.7 referring to <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">sat</a></i>, "the Existent"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); correctly translated as "That's how [thus] you are,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>tat</i> in Ch.U.6.12.3 referring to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by [the finest essence]"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ahaṁ Brahmāsmi</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अहं ब्रह्मास्मि</span></span>) - "I am Brahman", or "I am Divine"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 1.4.10 of the <a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a>)<i></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Prajnanam_Brahma" title="Prajnanam Brahma">Prajñānaṁ Brahma</a></i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म</span></span>) - "Prajñāna<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Brahman"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, or "Brahman is <a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajñāna</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a> 3.3 of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>)</li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayam_Atma_Brahma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayam Atma Brahma">Ayam Ātmā Brahma</a></i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अयम् आत्मा ब्रह्म</span></span>) - "This Self (Atman) is Brahman" (<a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> 1.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>)</li></ol> <p>Those statements are interpreted as supporting the insight that the individual self (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jīvá</i></span>) which appears as a separate existence, is in essence (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ātmán</i></span>) part and manifestation of the whole (<i>Brahman</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Poetic Form of an Alternate Version of the Mahavakyas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png/220px-The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png/330px-The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png/440px-The_Poetic_Form_of_the_Mahavakyas.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The Poetic Form of an Alternate Version of the Mahavakyas</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_four_principal_Mahavakyas">The four principal Mahavakyas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The four principal Mahavakyas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though there are many Mahavakyas, four of them, one from each of the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, are often mentioned as "the Mahavakyas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati19954_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati19954-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Mahavakyas are: </p> <ul><li><i>ekam evadvitiyam brahma</i> - Brahman is one, without a second (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">so 'ham</a></i> - I am that (<a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a>)</li> <li><i>sarvam khalv idam brahma</i> - All of this is brahman (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a> 3.14.1)</li> <li><i>etad vai tat</i> - This, verily, is That (<a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>)</li></ul> <p>People who are initiated into <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> are being taught the four [principal] mahavakyas as four mantras, "to attain this highest of states in which the individual self dissolves inseparably in <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition, the four Upanishadic statements indicate the real identity of the individual (<i><a href="/wiki/Jivatman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatman">jivatman</a></i>) as <i>sat</i> (the Existent), <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>, consciousness. According to the Vedanta-tradition, the subject matter and the essence of all Upanishads are the same, and all the Upanishadic Mahavakyas express this one universal message in the form of terse and concise statements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In later Sanskrit usage, the term <i>mahāvākya</i> came to mean "discourse", and specifically, discourse on a philosophically lofty topic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tat_Tvam_Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tat Tvam Asi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tat_tvam_asi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tat_tvam_asi.jpg/302px-Tat_tvam_asi.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tat_tvam_asi.jpg/453px-Tat_tvam_asi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tat_tvam_asi.jpg/604px-Tat_tvam_asi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The phrase "Tat Tvam Asi" in the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> scripts, displayed outside the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">sanctum sanctorum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sabarimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala Temple</a> in Kerala, India. The sacred syllable "<a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>" is the glyph in the middle.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad#Atman_exists,_Svetaketu's_education_on_the_key_to_all_knowledge_–_Sixth_Prapāṭhaka" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael1992back_cover_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1992back_cover-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Uddalaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddalaka">Uddalaka</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Shvetaketu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shvetaketu">Śvetaketu</a>. It appears at the end of a section, and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[6.2.1] In the beginning, son, this world was simply what is existent - one only, without a second. [6.2.3] And it thought to itself: "let me become many. Let me propagate myself." [6.8.3] It cannot be without a root [6.8.4] [l]ook to the existent as the root. The existent, my son, is the root of all these creatures - the existent is their resting place, the existent is their foundation[7] The finest essence here—that constitutes the self of this whole world; that is the truth; that is the self (<i>ātman</i>). And that's how you are, Śvetaketu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In ChU.6.8.12 it appears as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Bring a banyan fruit.'<br /> </p><p>'Here it is, sir.'<br /> 'Cut it up.'<br /> 'I've cut it up, sir.'<br /> 'What do you see here?'<br /> 'These quite tiny seeds, sir.'<br /> 'Now, take one of them and cut it up.'<br /> 'I've cut it up, sir.'<br /> 'What do you see there?'<br /> 'Nothing, sir.'<br /> Then he told him: 'This finest essence here, son, that you can't even see—look how on account of that finest essence this huge banyan tree stands here.<br /> </p><p> 'Believe, my son: the finest essence here—that constitutes the self of this whole world; that is the truth; that is the self (<i>ātman</i>). And that's how you are, Śvetaketu.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_translation">Etymology and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tat Tvam Asi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: तत्त्वमसि, <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a>: <i>tát tvam ási</i>) is traditionally translated as "Thou art that", "That thou art", "That art thou", "You are that", "That you are", or "You're it"; although according to Brereton and others the proper translation would be "In that way [=thus] are you, Svetaketu",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "that's how you are":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>tat</i> - "it", "that"; or alternatively "thus",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "in that way",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "that's how".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>tvam</i> - you, thou<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>asi</i> - are, 'art'<sup id="cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Ch.U.6.8.7 <i>tat</i> refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Sat</a></i>, "the Existent",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existence, Being.<sup id="cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sat</i>, "the Existent", then is the true essence or root or origin of everything that exists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the essence, <i>Atman</i>, which the individual at the core is.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Shankara states in the <i><a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Up.I.174: "Through such sentences as 'Thou art That' one knows one's own <i>Atman</i>, the Witness of all the internal organs." Up.I.18.190: "Through such sentences as "[Thou art] the Existent" [...] right knowledge concerning the inner <i>Atman</i> will become clearer." Up.I.18.193-194: "In the sentence "Thou art That" [...] [t]he word 'That' means inner <i>Atman</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190-192_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190-192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the Vedanta tradition equates <i>sat</i> ("the Existent") with Brahman, as stated in the Brahma Sutras, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Brereton, followed by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the traditional translation as "you are that" is incorrect, and should be translated as "In that way [=thus] are you, Svetaketu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>That</i>, then, in ChU.6.8.12 refers to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by [the finest essence]",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which is also the nature of Svetaketu.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipner expresses reservations on Brereton's interpretation, stating that it is technically plausible, but noting that "Brereton concedes that the philosophical import of the passage may be represented by the translation 'That you are', where <i>tat</i> as 'that' would refer to the supreme Being (<i>sat/satya</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major Vedantic schools offer different interpretations of the phrase: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> - absolute equality of 'tat', the Ultimate Reality, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, and 'tvam', the Self, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a> - oneness in "essence" between 'tat' and individual self; but 'tat' is the whole and self is a part.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> -'tvam' denotes the Jiva-antaryami <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> while 'tat' refers to Jagat-Karana <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a> - equal non-difference and difference between the individual self as a part of the whole which is 'tat'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> - <i>Sa atmaa-tat tvam asi</i> in Sanskrit is actually <i>Sa atma-atat tvam asi</i> or '<i>Atma</i> (Self), thou art, thou art not God". In refutation of Mayavada (Mayavada sata dushani), text 6, <i>tat tvam asi</i> is translated as "you are a servant of the Supreme (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>)".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acintya_Bheda_Abheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Acintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya Bheda Abheda</a> - inconceivable oneness and difference between individual self as a part of the whole which is 'tat'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aham_Brahma_Asmi">Aham Brahma Asmi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aham Brahma Asmi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Aham Brahmāsmi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: अहम् ब्रह्मास्मि), "I am Brahman" is in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 1.4.10 of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Shukla Yajurveda</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[1.4.1] In the beginning this world was just a single body (<i>ātman</i>) shaped like a man. He looked around and saw nothing but himself. The first thing he said was, 'Here I am!' and from that the name 'I' came into being. [1.4.9] Now, the question is raised; 'Since people think that they will become the Whole by knowing <i>brahman</i>, what did <i>brahman</i> know that enabled it to become the Whole? [1.4.10] In the beginning this world was only <i>brahman</i>, and it knew only itself (<i>ātman</i>), thinking: 'I am <i>brahman</i>.' As a result, it became the Whole [...] If a man knows 'I am <i>brahman'</i> in this way, he becomes the whole world. Not even the gods are able to prevent it, for he becomes their very self (<i>ātman</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle200815_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle200815-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Aham Brahmasmi is the core philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">advaita vedanta</a>, indicating absolute oneness of atman with brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Aham</i> (अहम्) - literally "I".</li> <li><i>Brahma</i> (ब्रह्म) - ever-full or whole (ब्रह्म is the first case ending singular of Brahman).</li> <li><i>Asmi</i> (अस्मि) - "am," the first-person singular present tense of the verb <i>as</i> (अस्), "to be".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><i>Ahaṁ Brahmāsmi</i> then means "I am the Absolute" or "My identity is cosmic",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also be translated as "you are part of god just like any other element". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanations">Explanations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his comment on this passage, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Sankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Sankara">Sankara</a> explains that here Brahman is not the conditioned Brahman (<i>saguna</i>); that a transitory entity cannot be eternal; that knowledge about Brahman, the infinite all-pervading entity, has been enjoined; that knowledge of non-duality alone dispels ignorance; and that the meditation based on resemblance is only an idea. He also tells us that the expression <i>Aham Brahmaasmi</i> is the explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That ('Brahman') is infinite, and this ('universe') is infinite; the infinite proceeds from the infinite. (Then) taking the infinitude of the infinite ('universe'), it remains as the infinite ('Brahman') alone. - (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad V.i.1)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He explains that non-duality and plurality are contradictory only when applied to the Self, which is eternal and without parts, but not to the effects, which have parts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>aham</i> in this memorable expression is not closed in itself as a pure mental abstraction but it is radical openness. Between Brahman and <i>aham-brahma</i> lies the entire temporal universe experienced by the ignorant as a separate entity (duality).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyāranya</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a> (V.4) explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Infinite by nature, the Supreme Self is described here by the word <i>Brahman</i> (lit. ever expanding; the ultimate reality); the word <i>asmi</i> denotes the identity of <i>aham</i> and <i>Brahman</i>. Therefore, (the meaning of the expression is) "I am Brahman".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaishnavas, when they talk about Brahman, usually refer to impersonal Brahman, <i>brahmajyoti</i> (rays of Brahman). 'Brahman' according to them means God—Narayana, Rama or Krishna. Thus, the meaning of <i>aham brahma asmi</i> according to their philosophy is that "I am a drop of Ocean of Consciousness", or "I am Self, part of cosmic spirit, Parabrahma". Here, the term 'Parabrahma' is introduced to avoid confusion. If Brahman can mean Self (though, Parabrahma is also the Self, but Supreme one—Paramatma), then Parabrahma should refer to God, Lord Vishnu.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prajñānam_Brahma"><span id="Praj.C3.B1.C4.81nam_Brahma"></span>Prajñānam Brahma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prajñānam Brahma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Hinduism)">Prajna</a></div> <p><i>Aitareya Upanishad</i> 3.3 of the <i>Rigveda</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[1] Who is this self (<i>ātman</i>)? - that is how we venerate. [2] Which of these is the self? Is it that by which one sees? Or hears? Smells [etc...] But these are various designations of cognition. [3] It is <i>brahman</i>; it is Indra; it is all the gods. It is [...] earth, wind, space, the waters, and the lights [...] It is everything that has life [...] Knowledge is the eye of all that, and on knowledge it is founded. Knowledge is the eye of the world, and knowledge, the foundation. <i>Brahman</i> is knowing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008198-199_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008198-199-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_translation_2">Etymology and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several translations, and word-orders of these translations, are possible: </p><p><b>Prajñānam</b>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ज्ञान">jñāna</a></i> means "understanding", "knowledge", and sometimes "consciousness"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>pra-</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> meaning "forth"; it may refer to a spontaneous type of knowing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy1997136_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy1997136-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:प्रज्ञान">Prajñāna</a></i> as a whole means: </p> <ul><li>Adjective: well-known; wise</li> <li>Noun: knowledge, "consciousness",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "intelligence",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "wisdom"<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Brahman</b>: </p> <ul><li>"The Absolute";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "infinite";<sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the highest truth"<sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Meaning</b>: </p><p>Most interpretations state: "Prajñānam (noun) is Brahman (adjective)". Some translations give a reverse order, stating "Brahman is Prajñānam",<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically "Brahman (noun) is Prajñānam (adjective)": "The Ultimate Reality is wisdom (or consciousness)".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sahu explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Prajnanam iti Brahman</i> - wisdom is the Self. <i>Prajnanam</i> refers to the intuitive truth which can be verified/tested by reason. It is a higher function of the intellect that ascertains the <i>Sat</i> or Truth/Existent in the <i>Sat-Chit-Ananda</i> or truth/existent-consciousness-bliss, i.e. the <i>Brahman/Atman/Self</i>/person [...] A truly wise person [...] is known as <i>Prajna</i> - who has attained <i>Brahman</i>hood itself; thus, testifying to the <i>Vedic</i> <i>Maha Vakya</i> (great saying or words of wisdom): <i>Prajnanam iti Brahman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahu200441_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahu200441-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>And according to David Loy, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The knowledge of Brahman [...] is not intuition <i>of</i> Brahman but itself <i>is</i> Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy199762_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy199762-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayam_Ātmā_Brahma"><span id="Ayam_.C4.80tm.C4.81_Brahma"></span>Ayam Ātmā Brahma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ayam Ātmā Brahma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></div> <p><b>Ayam Atma Brahma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अयम् आत्मा ब्रह्म</span>) is a Mahāvākya which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume21_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gita" title="Guru Gita">Guru Gita</a>, "Ayam Atma Brahma" is a statement of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Absolute_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Absolute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word ayam means 'it'. <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> means ‘Atma’ or 'self'. Brahman is the highest being. So "Ayam Atma Brahma" means 'Atma is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Absolute_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Absolute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_and_Significance">Source and Significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Source and Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mahavakya is found in the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume21_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad 1-2, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[1] <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">OM</a> - this whole world is that syllable! Here is a further explanation of it. The past, the present and the future - all that is simply OM; and whatever else that is beyond the three times, that also is simply OM - [2] for this </i>brahman<i> is the Whole. </i>Brahman<i> is this self (ātman); that [brahman] is this self (ātman) consisting of four quarters.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><br /> In Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>सर्वं ह्येतद् ब्रह्मायमात्मा ब्रह्म सोऽयमात्मा चतुष्पात् ॥ २ ॥<br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sarvaṁ hy etad brahmāyam ātmā brahma so'yam ātmā catuṣpāt</i></span></p></blockquote> <p>The Mundaka Upanishad, in the first section of the second Mundaka, defines and explains the Atma-Brahma doctrine. </p><p>It claims that just as a burning fire produces thousands of sparks and leaps and bounds in its own form, so the living beings originate from Brahman in its own form.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume21_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is immortal, except the body, it is both external and internal, ever generated, except the mind, except the breath, yet from it emerges the inner soul of all things.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Brahman breath, mind, senses, space, air, light, water, earth, everything is born. The section expands on this concept as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume21_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>The sky is his head, his eyes the sun and the moon,</i><br /> <i>the quarters his ears, his speech the Vedas disclosed,</i><br /> <i>the wind his breath, his heart the universe,</i><br /> <i>from his feet came the earth, he is indeed the inner Self of all things.</i><br /> <br /> <i>From him comes fire, the sun being the fuel,</i><br /> <i>from the soma comes the rain, from the earth the herbs,</i><br /> <i>the male pours the seed into the female,</i><br /> <i>thus many beings are begotten from the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>.</i><br /> <br /> <i>From him come the Rig verses, the Saman chants, the Yajus formulae, the Diksha rites,</i><br /> <i>all sacrifices, all ceremonies and all gifts,</i><br /> <i>the year too, the sacrificers, the worlds,</i><br /> <i>where the moon shines brightly, as does sun.</i><br /> <br /> <i>From him, too, gods are manifold produced,</i><br /> <i>the celestials, the men, the cattle, the birds,</i><br /> <i>the breathing, the rice, the corn, the meditation,</i><br /> <i>the Shraddha (faith), the Satya (truth), the <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>, and the Vidhi (law).</i> </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Mundaka Upanishad, 2.1.4 - 2.1.7</i><sup id="cite_ref-roberthume21_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Upanishad, verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad claims that Atma-Brahma is real.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume22_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume22-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verse 2.2.3 offers help in the process of meditation, such as <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>. Verse 2.2.8 claims that the one who possesses self-knowledge and has become one with Brahman is free, not affected by <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma</a>, free from sorrow and Atma-doubt, he who is happy.<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section expands on this concept as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,</i><br /> <i>on which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants -</i><br /> <i>That is the indestructible Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><br /> <i>It is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.</i><br /> <i>It is a mark to be penetrated.</i> <i>Penetrate It, my friend.</i><br /> <br /> <i>Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,</i><br /> <i>one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,</i><br /> <i>Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,</i><br /> <i>Penetrate<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <i>that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.</i><br /> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> is the bow, the arrow is the Self, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> the mark,</i><br /> <i>By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,</i><br /> <i>One should come to be in It,</i><br /> <i>as the arrow becomes one with the mark.</i> </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 - 2.2.4</i><sup id="cite_ref-roberthume22_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume22-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_translation_3">Etymology and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Etymology and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>sarvam etad</i> - everything here,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Whole,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all this</li> <li><i>hi</i> - certainly</li> <li><i>brahma</i> - Brahman</li> <li><i>ayam</i> - this<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>ātmā</i> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, self</li> <li><i>brahma</i> - <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><i>so 'yam ātmā</i> - "this very atman"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>catuṣpāt</i> - "has four aspects"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While translations tend to separate the sentence in separate parts, Olivelle's translation uses various words in adjunct sets of meaning: </p> <ul><li>सर्वं ह्येतद् ब्रह्म <i>sarvam hyetad brahma</i> - "this <i>brahman</i> is the Whole"</li> <li>ब्रह्मायमात्मा <i>brahma ayam atma</i> - "<i>brahman</i> is <i>ātman</i>"</li> <li>ब्रह्म सोऽयमात्मा <i>brahman sah ayam atman</i> - "brahman is this (very) self"</li></ul> <p>The Mandukya Upanishad repeatedly states that <i>Om</i> is <i>ātman</i>, and also states that <i><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">turiya</a></i> is <i>ātman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-290_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-290-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandukya Upanishad forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada's</a> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">Soham (Sanskrit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakya_Vritti" title="Vakya Vritti">Vakya Vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">Ajativada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Al-Hallaj</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Consciousness",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "intelligence",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "wisdom"<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Absolute",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "infinite",<sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the Highest truth"<sup id="cite_ref-Jiddu_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi (2004</a>, p. 8): "Although the text does not use the term <i>brahman</i>, the Vedanta tradition is that the Existent (<i>sat</i>) referred to is no other than Brahman."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger2010">Doniger (2010</a>, p. 711): "Joel Brereton and Patrick Olivelle have argued, fairly convincingly, that it should rather be translated, 'And that's how you are.{'}"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Brian Black explains: "the pronoun <i>tat</i> (that) is neuter, and therefor cannot correspond with the masculine <i>tvam</i> (you). Thus [...] if "you are that" was the intended meaning, then the passage should read <i>sa tvam asi</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brereton concludes that <i>tat tvam asi</i> is better rendered as "in that way you are".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986109_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986109-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brereton, the "That you are" refrain originally belonged to Ch.U.6.12, from where it was duplicated to other verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986104-107_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986104-107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton (1986</a>, p. 109) "First, the passage establishes that the tree grows and lives because of an invisible essence. Then, in the refrain, it says that everything, the whole world, exists by means of such an essence. This essence is the truth, for it is lasting and real. It is the self, for everything exists by reference to it. Then and finally, Uddalaka personalizes the teaching. Svetaketu should look upon himself in the same way. He, like the tree and the whole world, is pervaded by this essence, which is his final reality and his true self.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">: "ब्रह्म वा इदमग्र आसीत्, तदात्मनामेवावेत्, अहम् ब्रह्मास्मीति </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">: पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं पूर्णात्पूर्णमुदच्यते </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">: स्वतः पूर्णः परात्माऽत्र ब्रह्मशब्देन वर्णितः </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare Radhakrishnan's notion of "intuition".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=1441">"Meditation on Mahavakyas"</a>. <i>www.sivanandaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sivanandaonline.org&rft.atitle=Meditation+on+Mahavakyas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sivanandaonline.org%2Fpublic_html%2F%3Fcmd%3Ddisplaysection%26section_id%3D1441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamij.com/mahavakyas.htm">"Mahavakyas: Great Contemplations of Advaita Vedanta"</a>. <i>www.swamij.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swamij.com&rft.atitle=Mahavakyas%3A+Great+Contemplations+of+Advaita+Vedanta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamij.com%2Fmahavakyas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Absolute-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Absolute_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Absolute_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Absolute_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicyoga.co.in/2019/02/ayam-atma-brahma/amp/">MAHAVAKYAS, Ayam Atma Brahma: Self is Absolute Entity</a>, www.classicyoga.co.in (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 349 note 8.7-16.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2012">Black 2012</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9;_57_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, p. 55 note 9; 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 151-152; p.349 note 8.7-16.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008152_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2010711_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger2010">Doniger 2010</a>, p. 711.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhatawadekar2013">Bhatawadekar 2013</a>, p. 203, note 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraue1984">Braue 1984</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaraman1973">Sivaraman 1973</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati19954-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati19954_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraswati1995">Saraswati 1995</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part5/chap30.htm">kamakoti.org, <i>The Upanisads</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1992back_cover-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael1992back_cover_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaphael1992">Raphael 1992</a>, back cover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, p. 55 note 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&tran_input=tvam&script=hk&anz=100&direct=au"><i>tvam</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShankaraBasya-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shankara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0"><i>Chandogya Upanishad Bhasya - Chapter 6 (Tat Tvam Asi)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 151-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller61-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/92/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 92-109 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pages 136-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190-192-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190-192_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 190-192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986109-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986109_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986104-107-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986104-107_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>, p. 104-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle200815-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle200815_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/885369022"><i>Hinduism : an alphabetical guide</i></a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342317-1"><bdi>978-0-14-342317-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/885369022">885369022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+%3A+an+alphabetical+guide&rft.pages=176&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F885369022&rft.isbn=978-0-14-342317-1&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F885369022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144406/https://iskcondesiretree.com/group/krishnaconsciousness/forum/topics/q-what-is-the-meaning-of-aham-brahmasmi">"Meaning of Aham Brahamasmi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskcondesiretree.com/group/krishnaconsciousness/forum/topics/q-what-is-the-meaning-of-aham-brahmasmi">the original</a> on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+Aham+Brahamasmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskcondesiretree.com%2Fgroup%2Fkrishnaconsciousness%2Fforum%2Ftopics%2Fq-what-is-the-meaning-of-aham-brahmasmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda"><i>The Brhadaranayaka Upanishad</i></a>. Advaita Ashrama. 1950. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda/page/n125">98</a>-105, 557, 559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brhadaranayaka+Upanishad&rft.pages=98-105%2C+557%2C+559&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBrihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaimundo_Panikkar1994" class="citation book cs1">Raimundo Panikkar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M01LSxaneasC&pg=PA743"><i>Mantramañjari</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 742–743. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1280-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mantrama%C3%B1jari&rft.pages=742-743&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1280-2&rft.au=Raimundo+Panikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM01LSxaneasC%26pg%3DPA743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008198-199-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008198-199_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 198-199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Monier-Williams (1899), "jña," p. 425 (retrieved 14 Aug. 2012 from "Cologne U." at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0425-jehila.pdf">http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0425-jehila.pdf</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy1997136-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy1997136_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoy1997">Loy 1997</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESahu200441-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahu200441_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSahu2004">Sahu 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy199762-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy199762_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoy1997">Loy 1997</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume21-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume21_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume21_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume21_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume21_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume21_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n391/mode/2up">Mandukya Upanishad</a>, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 370-371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller21-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/34/mode/2up">Mandukya Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, page 34-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume22-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume22_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume22_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n393/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 372-373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroerfull-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf">Mundaka Upanishad</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/138/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 138-152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume translates this as "imperishable Brahma", Max Muller translates it as "indestructible Brahman"; see: Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/36/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, page 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sanskrit word used is Vyadh, which means both "penetrate" and "know"; Robert Hume uses penetrate, but mentions the second meaning; see: Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 372 with footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1495946530" title="Special:BookSources/978-1495946530">978-1495946530</a> (Reprinted in 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 310-311</a> from Theosophical Quarterly journal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2015Absolute_everything_is_Brahman_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite2015">Waite 2015</a>, Absolute everything is Brahman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-290-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008289-290_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 289-290.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatawadekar2013" class="citation cs2">Bhatawadekar, Sai (2013), "The Tvat Tam Asi Formula and Schopenhauer's "Deductive Leap"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", in Fuechtner, Veronika; Rhiel, Mary (eds.), <i>Imagining Germany Imagining Asia: Essays in Asian-German Studies</i>, Boydell & Brewer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tvat+Tam+Asi+Formula+and+Schopenhauer%27s+%22Deductive+Leap%22&rft.btitle=Imagining+Germany+Imagining+Asia%3A+Essays+in+Asian-German+Studies&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bhatawadekar&rft.aufirst=Sai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2012" class="citation cs2">Black, Brian (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm4Gfs1y8ZsC&dq=tat+tvam+asi+such+are+you&pg=PA36"><i>The Character of the Self in Ancient India: Priests, Kings, and Women in the Early Upanisads</i></a>, SUNY, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791480526" title="Special:BookSources/9780791480526"><bdi>9780791480526</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+the+Self+in+Ancient+India%3A+Priests%2C+Kings%2C+and+Women+in+the+Early+Upanisads&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791480526&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNm4Gfs1y8ZsC%26dq%3Dtat%2Btvam%2Basi%2Bsuch%2Bare%2Byou%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraue1984" class="citation cs2">Braue, Donald A. (1984), <i>Māyā in Radhakrishnanʾs Thought: Six Meanings Other Than Illusion</i>, Motilall Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C4%81y%C4%81+in+Radhakrishnan%CA%BEs+Thought%3A+Six+Meanings+Other+Than+Illusion&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Braue&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton1986" class="citation cs2">Brereton, Joel P. (1986), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Tat Tvam Ast" in Context", <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>, <b>136</b> (1): 98–109</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=%22Tat+Tvam+Ast%22+in+Context&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-109&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Joel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004" class="citation cs2">Deutsch, Eliot; Dalvi, Rohit, eds. (2004), <i>The Essential Vedanta. A New Source Book of Advaita vedamta</i>, World Wisdom</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Vedanta.+A+New+Source+Book+of+Advaita+vedamta&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2010" class="citation cs2">Doniger, Wendy (2010), <i>The Hindus: An Alternative History</i>, Viking Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation cs2">Grimes, John A. (1996), <i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipner2000" class="citation cs2">Lipner, Julius J. (2000), "The Self of Being and the Being of Self: Samkara on "That you Are" (tat tvam asi)", in De Smet, Richard V.; Malkovsky, Bradley J. (eds.), <i>New Perspectives on Advaita Vedānta: Essays in Commemoration of Professor Richard De Smet, S.J.</i>, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Self+of+Being+and+the+Being+of+Self%3A+Samkara+on+%22That+you+Are%22+%28tat+tvam+asi%29&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta%3A+Essays+in+Commemoration+of+Professor+Richard+De+Smet%2C+S.J.&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1997" class="citation cs2">Loy, David (1997), <i>Nonduality. A Study in Comparative Philosophy</i>, Humanity Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonduality.+A+Study+in+Comparative+Philosophy&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayeda1992" class="citation cs2">Mayeda, Sengaku (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thousandteaching00sank">"An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara"</a>, in Mayeda, Sengaku (ed.), <i>A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara</i>, State University of New York City Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0944-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0944-9"><bdi>0-7914-0944-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Life+and+Thought+of+Sankara&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Teachings%3A+The+Upade%C5%9Bas%C4%81hasr%C4%AB+of+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+City+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-0944-9&rft.aulast=Mayeda&rft.aufirst=Sengaku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthousandteaching00sank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2008" class="citation cs2">Olivelle, Patrick (2008) [1996], <i>Upanisads. A new translation by Patrick Olivelle</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upanisads.+A+new+translation+by+Patrick+Olivelle&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaṅganāthānandaNelson1991" class="citation cs2">Raṅganāthānanda, Swami; Nelson, Elva Linnéa (1991), <i>Human Being in Depth: A Scientific Approach to Religion</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Being+in+Depth%3A+A+Scientific+Approach+to+Religion&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ra%E1%B9%85gan%C4%81th%C4%81nanda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Elva+Linn%C3%A9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1992" class="citation cs2">Raphael, Edwin (1992), <i>The pathway of non-duality, Advaitavada: an approach to some key-points of Gaudapada's Asparśavāda and Śaṁkara's Advaita Vedanta by means of a series of questions answered by an Asparśin</i>, Motilall Banarsidas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0929-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0929-7"><bdi>81-208-0929-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pathway+of+non-duality%2C+Advaitavada%3A+an+approach+to+some+key-points+of+Gaudapada%27s+Aspar%C5%9Bav%C4%81da+and+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%81kara%27s+Advaita+Vedanta+by+means+of+a+series+of+questions+answered+by+an+Aspar%C5%9Bin&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidas&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-208-0929-7&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahu2004" class="citation cs2">Sahu, Bhagirathi (2004), <i>The New Educational Philosophy</i>, Sarup & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Educational+Philosophy&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sahu&rft.aufirst=Bhagirathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati1995" class="citation cs2">Saraswati, Chandrasekharendra (1995), <i>Hindu Dharma: The Universal Way of Life</i>, Bhavan's Book University, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7276-055-8"><bdi>81-7276-055-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Dharma%3A+The+Universal+Way+of+Life&rft.pub=Bhavan%27s+Book+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7276-055-8&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Chandrasekharendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaraman1973" class="citation cs2">Sivaraman, K. (1973), <i>Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta</i>, Motilall Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+in+Philosophical+Perspective%3A+A+Study+of+the+Formative+Concepts%2C+Problems%2C+and+Methods+of+%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sivaraman&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2015" class="citation cs2">Waite, Dennis (2015), <i>A-U-M: Awakening to Reality</i>, John Hunt Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-U-M%3A+Awakening+to+Reality&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jiddu-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1969/1969-07-26-jiddu-krishnamurti-can-one-experience-the-infinite">Jiddu Krishnamurti, <i>Saanen 2nd Conversation with Swami Venkatesananda 26th July 1969</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedy_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hinduism.enacademic.com/479/mahavakyas">Encyclopedy of Hinduism, <i>Mahavakyas</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisindia.net/Sanskrit/Sanskrit_struct.html">Sanskrit Structure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#SH2bi">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <i>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/ipq/english/IPQ/21-25%20volumes/24%2001/PDF/24-1-1.pdf">Ashok Vora, <i>Radhakrishna's notion of intuitive knowledge: a critique</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[DR. SIR S. RADHAKRISHNAN, <i>Intellect and Intuition in Sankara's Philosophy</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&tran_input=ayam&script=hk&anz=100&direct=au"><i>ayam</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Radhakrishnan">S. Radhakrishnan</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principal_Upanishads_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Principal Upanishads (book)">The Principal Upanishads</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tat_tvam_asi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tat tvam asi">tat tvam asi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/hinduism/upanishads/chandogya.asp">Chandogya Upanishad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php">Chandogya Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=784"><i>Tat Tvam Asi</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=786"><i>Right Significance of TAT TVAM ASI</i></a></li> <li>Ram Chandran , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/definitions/tattvamasi.htm"><i>tattvam asi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/mahavakyas.asp">Mahavakyas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/maandu.html?lang=sa">माण्डूक्योपनिषत्</a>, Mandukhya Upanishad – Sanskrit Text, sanskritdocuments.org, Encoded by M. Giridhar giridhar at chemeng.Isc.ernet.in Proofread by John Manetta</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P14cRV-m6ZY">Lecture on Atman by Swami Sarvapriyananda</a> (Video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MandukyaUpanishadKarikaWithShankaraBhashya-SwamiNikhilananda">Mandukhya Upanishad with Gaudapada Karika and Sankara Bhashya-Swami Nikhilananda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinfo.org/images/userupload/Reflections/02_Tattva_Bodha.pdf">Tattva Bodha-Swami Gurubhaktananda</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a 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