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class="panel-body collapse ming-share" id="share"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Citation%20from%20American%20Elements&body=Courtesy%20of%20American%20Elements:%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Email <span class="share-icon mail-16"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=via%20%40AmericanElement%3A%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Tweet<span class="share-icon twitter-16"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Facebook<span class="share-icon facebook-16"></span></a></div></div><div class="follow-us" data-parent="#ming"> Follow Us <div id="social"><a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" 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alt="Atomic Clock" aria-hidden="true" /></li> <li><img src="https://www.americanelements.com/headers/elements/krypton-banner.jpg" height="" alt="Laser Cooling Systems" aria-hidden="true" /></li> </ul> <div id="page-wrapper2">  <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Rubidium</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="products" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" id="tab4" role="tab" aria-controls="safety" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab5" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Rubidium</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/rubidium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Rubidium Bohr" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p>The history, properties, and uses of rubidium and cesium align very closely. The two heaviest nonradioactive alkali (group 1) metals are also the two most electropositive elements and are so reactive that they will ignite when they come into contact with air or water--a property that classifies rubidium and <a href="cesium-metal-7440-46-2">cesium</a> as hazardous substances despite their minimal toxicity. Both are extremely soft and ductile solids, and while cesium is one of the few metals that is liquid at room temperature, rubidium remains a silvery-white solid up to its slightly higher melting point at 39.3 °C. Shortly after identifying cesium as a new element using flame spectroscopy in 1861, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in the same manner while examining the mineral lepidolite. The scientists named both elements after the vibrant color of lines in their emission spectra, and thus “rubidium” derives from <em>rubidus</em>, the Latin word for “dark red."</p> <p>The relative abundance of rubidium in the earth’s crust is higher than originally assessed; now considered to be the 16th most abundant element, rubidium is found in the minerals lepidolite (its primary commercial source), leucite, pollucite, carnallite, and zinnwaldite, in addition to some potassium minerals and brines. Natural rubidium is composed of one stable isotope (<sup>85</sup>Rb) and one radioactive isotope (<sup>87</sup>Rb) in a 72.2 to 27.8 ratio; because <sup>87</sup>Rb decays to <sup>87</sup>Sr with a half-life of 49 billion years (close to 3 times the estimated age of the universe), the mechanism serves as the basis for a rock and mineral dating method. </p> <p>Rubidium has a variety of medical applications, from using <a href="rubidium-chloride-7791-11-9">rubidium chloride</a> as a biomarker to detecting brain tumors using radioactive <sup>82</sup>sup>Rb. Rubidium compounds are used in components of photoelectric cells and <a href="optical-materials.html">optical glass</a>, as catalysts and “getters” in vacuum tubes, and as a source of the color purple in fireworks. Vaporized rubidium is often employed in laser cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation, as its spectral absorption range aligns with many commercially available laser diodes. Like <a href="cs.html">cesium</a>, rubidium is also used in highly accurate atomic clocks that form the standards for GPS and telecommunication networks.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"><span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="cesium-rubidium-chloride-95860-63-2">Cesium Rubidium Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-acetate-563-67-7">Rubidium Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-acetate-solution-563-67-7">Rubidium Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-aluminate">Rubidium 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Tungstate</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#metal-products"><span class="panel-title">Metallic Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="metal-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid2 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-blocks-7440-17-7">Rubidium Blocks</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-cubes-7440-17-7">Rubidium Cubes</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-ingot-7440-17-7">Rubidium Ingot</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-metal-7440-17-7">Rubidium Metal</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#oxide-products"><span class="panel-title">Oxide Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="oxide-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Nanoparticles</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-particles-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Particles</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-pellets-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Pellets</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-pieces-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Pieces</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-powder-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Powder</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-shot-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Shot</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-sputtering-target-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-tablets-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Tablets</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" 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row"> <ul class="grid grid2 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="rubidium-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Nanoparticles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sputtering-target-products"><span class="panel-title">Sputtering Targets</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="sputtering-target-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid2 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-oxide-sputtering-target-18088-11-4">Rubidium Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#isotope-products"><span class="panel-title">Isotopes</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="isotope-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-85-chloride-isotope-34007-79-9">Rubidium-85 Chloride Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-87-chloride-isotope">Rubidium 87 Chloride Isotope</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p><a href="rubidium-oxide-powder-18088-11-4"><img src="rubidium-oxide-powder.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Rubidium Oxide (Rb2O) Powder" width="107" height="128" class="image-left" /></a> Rubidium has various applications in medicine and photo-electronics. Since it is easily vaporized, rubidium's spectral absorption range is a good target for laser manipulation of atoms. Rubidium is available as metal and in compound forms with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra-high purity</a>). <a href="rubidium-oxide-powder-18088-11-4">Rubidium oxide</a> is available in forms including <a href="rubidium-oxide-powder-18088-11-4">powders</a> and dense <a href="rubidium-oxide-pellets-18088-11-4">pellets</a> for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="oxides.html"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="rubidium-fluoride-13446-74-7">Fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Rubidium is available in soluble forms including <a href="rubidium-chloride-7791-11-9">chlorides</a>, <a href="rubidium-nitrate-13126-12-0">nitrates</a> and <a href="rubidium-acetate-563-67-7">acetates</a>. These compounds are also manufactured as <a href="solutions">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p><br /> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Rubidium Properties</h2> <p><img src="rubidium-block.png" alt="Rubidium(Rb) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" width="38" height="40" hspace="10" class="image-left">Rubidium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 5 element. <img src="rubidium-bohr.jpg" alt="Rubidium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" />The number of electrons in each of Rubidium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s<sup>1</sup>. The rubidium atom has a radius of 247.5.pm and a Van der Waals radius of 200.pm. Rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to other Group 1 elements, e.g., rapid oxidation in air. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-17-7, rubidium has a gray white appearance. Rubidium is found in the minerals lepidolite, leucite, pollucite, carnallite, and zinnwaldite as well as some potassium minerals. Rubidium was first discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861. The name rubidium originates from the Latin word <em>rubidus</em>, which means dark or deepest red.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td width="64">Rb</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>85.4678</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>alkali metal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>1, 5, s</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Rubidij, Rubidio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td width="64">39.31 °C, 102.76 °F, 312.46 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>688 °C, 1270 °F, 961 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>1.532 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>1.46 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>1.53 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>1532 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>0.363J/gK</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>312.41 K, kPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>(extrapolated) 2093 K, 16 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>2.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>75.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>82.17</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>58.2 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(20 °C) 128 nΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>31.060 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>2.4 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>2.5 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>0.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>0.216 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 °C) 1300 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>0.82</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>0.31</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>0.89</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>0.69 (s orbital)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>0.706</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>3.18</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td width="64">37</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Kr] 5s<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>248 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>3.03</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>220±9 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>2.15</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>303 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>1 (strongly basic oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>body-centered cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>paramagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>46.868</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>403.03 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>2632.62 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>3859.44 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td width="64">7440-17-7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-126-6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00134055</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Rb]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Rb</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>5357696</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>4512975</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td width="64">458 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>75 ppb </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>509 ppb </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>120</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>8.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>60000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>14000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>3300</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>770</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>4600</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>340</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>0.1</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td width="64">Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1861</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>George de Hevesy</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Rubidium</h2> <p>Safety data for rubidium compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Rubidium.</p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H260-H314</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>F,C</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td>14/15-34</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>26-36/37/39-43-45 </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td>VL8500000</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>UN 1423 4.3/PG 1</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="hazard-codes.html#corrosion"><img src="corrosion.png" alt="Corrosion-Corrosive to metals " width="42" height="43" /></a> <a href="hazard-codes.html#flame"><img src="flame.png" alt="Flame-Flammables" width="42" height="42" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"><span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Rubidium Metal</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-89482eb2385fae1adfbb7c6dd96f76d6"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"> <span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/rubidium-metal-7440-17-7/sds" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span></div> <h1 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h1> <div id="sds-date"> <div><strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> <div><strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr><h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> Rubidium Metal</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. RB-M-02 </p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7440-17-7 </p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development </p> <p>Supplier details:<br /> American Elements<br /> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br /> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br /> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br /> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br /> <br /> Emergency telephone number:<br /> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br /> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)<br /> GHS02 Flame<br /> Water-react. 1 H260 In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously.<br /> GHS05 Corrosion<br /> Skin Corr. 1B H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.<br /> Eye Dam. 1 H318 Causes serious eye damage.<br /> Hazards not otherwise classified No information known.<br /> Label elements<br /> GHS label elements The product is classified and labeled in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)<br /> Hazard pictograms</p> <div class="ghs-images"><img src="https://www.americanelements.com/flame.png" alt="Flame - GHS02" width="42" height="42"> <img src="https://www.americanelements.com/corrosion.png" alt="Corrosion - GHS05" width="42" height="43"> </div> <p>GHS02 GHS05<br /> Signal word Danger<br /> Hazard statements<br /> H260 In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously.<br /> H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.<br /> Precautionary statements<br /> P231+P232 Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.<br /> P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.<br /> P303+P361+P353 If on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.<br /> P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.<br /> P405 Store locked up.<br /> P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.<br /> WHMIS classification<br /> B6 - Reactive flammable material<br /> D2B - Toxic material causing other toxic effects<br /> E - Corrosive material<br /> Classification system<br /> HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)<br /> (Hazardous Materials Identification System)<br /> HEALTH<br /> FIRE<br /> REACTIVITY<br /> 3<br /> 3<br /> 3<br /> Health (acute effects) = 3<br /> Flammability = 3<br /> Physical Hazard = 3<br /> Other hazards<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT: Not applicable.<br /> vPvB: Not applicable.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Chemical characterization: Substances<br /> CAS# Description:<br /> 7440-17-7 Rubidium<br /> Identification number(s):<br /> EC number: 231-126-6</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br /> General information Immediately remove any clothing soiled by the product.<br /> After inhalation<br /> Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm.<br /> Seek immediate medical advice.<br /> After skin contact<br /> Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.<br /> Seek immediate medical advice.<br /> After eye contact Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult a doctor.<br /> After swallowing Seek medical treatment.<br /> Information for doctor<br /> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br /> Causes severe skin burns.<br /> Causes serious eye damage.<br /> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES </h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br /> Suitable extinguishing agents In case of fire, use sand, carbon dioxide or powdered extinguishing agent. Never use water.<br /> For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents Water<br /> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br /> Reacts violently with water<br /> If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:<br /> Rubidium oxide<br /> Advice for firefighters<br /> Protective equipment:<br /> Wear self-contained respirator.<br /> Wear fully protective impervious suit.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES </h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures<br /> Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.<br /> Ensure adequate ventilation<br /> Keep away from ignition sources<br /> Environmental precautions: Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.<br /> Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:<br /> Use neutralizing agent.<br /> Dispose of contaminated material as waste according to section 13.<br /> Ensure adequate ventilation.<br /> Do not flush with water or aqueous cleansing agents<br /> Prevention of secondary hazards: Keep away from ignition sources.<br /> Reference to other sections<br /> See Section 7 for information on safe handling<br /> See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.<br /> See Section 13 for disposal information.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE </h3> <p>Handling<br /> Precautions for safe handling<br /> Handle under dry protective gas.<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.<br /> Ensure good ventilation at the workplace.<br /> Reacts violently with water<br /> Information about protection against explosions and fires: No information known.<br /> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br /> Storage<br /> Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles: No special requirements.<br /> Information about storage in one common storage facility:<br /> Store away from water/moisture.<br /> Store away from air.<br /> Store away from oxidizing agents.<br /> Further information about storage conditions:<br /> Store under dry inert gas.<br /> Protect from humidity and water.<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.<br /> Specific end use(s) No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>Additional information about design of technical systems:<br /> Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.<br /> Control parameters<br /> Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:<br /> The product does not contain any relevant quantities of materials with critical values that have to be monitored at the workplace.<br /> Additional information: No data<br /> Exposure controls<br /> Personal protective equipment<br /> General protective and hygienic measures<br /> The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.<br /> Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and feed.<br /> Remove all soiled and contaminated clothing immediately.<br /> Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.<br /> Avoid contact with the eyes and skin.<br /> Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.<br /> Breathing equipment: Use suitable respirator when high concentrations are present.<br /> Recommended filter device for short term use:<br /> Use a respirator with type P100 (USA) or P3 (EN 143) cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. Risk assessment should be performed to determine if airpurifying<br /> respirators are appropriate. Only use equipment tested and approved under appropriate government standards.<br /> Protection of hands:<br /> Impervious gloves<br /> Check protective gloves prior to each use for their proper condition.<br /> The selection of suitable gloves not only depends on the material, but also on quality. Quality will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.<br /> Material of gloves Nitrile rubber, NBR<br /> Penetration time of glove material (in minutes) 480<br /> Glove thickness 0.11 mm<br /> Eye protection:<br /> Tightly sealed goggles<br /> Full face protection<br /> Body protection: Protective work clothing.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br /> General Information<br /> Appearance:<br /> Form: Solid<br /> Color: Silvery-white<br /> Odor: Not determined<br /> Odor threshold: Not determined.<br /> pH-value: Not applicable.<br /> Change in condition<br /> Melting point/Melting range: 38.9 °C (102 °F)<br /> Boiling point/Boiling range: 688 °C (1270 °F)<br /> Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined<br /> Flammability (solid, gaseous) Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.<br /> Ignition temperature: Not determined<br /> Decomposition temperature: Not determined<br /> Auto igniting: Not determined.<br /> Danger of explosion: Not determined.<br /> Explosion limits:<br /> Lower: Not determined<br /> Upper: Not determined<br /> Vapor pressure: Not applicable.<br /> Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 1.532 g/cm³ (12.785 lbs/gal)<br /> Relative density Not determined.<br /> Vapor density Not applicable.<br /> Evaporation rate Not applicable.<br /> Solubility in / Miscibility with<br /> Water: Reacts violently<br /> Contact with water releases flammable gases<br /> Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.<br /> Viscosity:<br /> dynamic: Not applicable.<br /> kinematic: Not applicable.<br /> Other information No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY </h3> <p>Reactivity<br /> Reacts violently with water.<br /> In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously.<br /> Chemical stability Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br /> Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided: Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.<br /> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br /> Reacts with strong oxidizing agents<br /> Contact with water releases flammable gases<br /> Reacts violently with water<br /> Conditions to avoid No further relevant information available.<br /> Incompatible materials:<br /> Air<br /> Oxidizing agents<br /> Water/moisture<br /> Hazardous decomposition products: Rubidium oxide</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br /> Acute toxicity:<br /> Swallowing will lead to a strong corrosive effect on mouth and throat and to the danger of perforation of esophagus and stomach.<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for this substance.<br /> LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification: No data<br /> Skin irritation or corrosion: Causes severe skin burns.<br /> Eye irritation or corrosion: Causes serious eye damage.<br /> Sensitization: No sensitizing effects known.<br /> Germ cell mutagenicity: No effects known.<br /> Carcinogenicity: No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.<br /> Reproductive toxicity: No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure: No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure: No effects known.<br /> Aspiration hazard: No effects known.<br /> Subacute to chronic toxicity: No effects known.<br /> Additional toxicological information: To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Toxicity<br /> Aquatic toxicity: No further relevant information available.<br /> Persistence and degradability No further relevant information available.<br /> Bioaccumulative potential No further relevant information available.<br /> Mobility in soil No further relevant information available.<br /> Additional ecological information:<br /> General notes:<br /> Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach ground water, water course or sewage system.<br /> Avoid transfer into the environment.<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT: Not applicable.<br /> vPvB: Not applicable.<br /> Other adverse effects No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS </h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br /> Recommendation Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.<br /> Uncleaned packagings:<br /> Recommendation: Disposal must be made according to official regulations.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION </h3> <p>UN-Number<br /> DOT, IMDG, IATA UN1423<br /> UN proper shipping name<br /> DOT Rubidium<br /> IMDG, IATA RUBIDIUM<br /> Transport hazard class(es)<br /> DOT<br /> Class 4.3 Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases.<br /> Label 4.3<br /> Class 4.3 (W2) Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases<br /> Label 4.3<br /> IMDG, IATA<br /> Class 4.3 Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases.<br /> Label 4.3<br /> Packing group<br /> DOT, IMDG, IATA I<br /> Environmental hazards: Not applicable.<br /> Special precautions for user Warning: Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases<br /> EMS Number: F-G,S-N<br /> Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code Not applicable.<br /> Transport/Additional information:<br /> DOT<br /> Marine Pollutant (DOT): No<br /> UN "Model Regulation": UN1423, Rubidium, 4.3, I</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION </h3> <p>Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture<br /> GHS label elements The product is classified and labeled in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)<br /> Hazard pictograms<br /> GHS02 GHS05<br /> Signal word Danger<br /> Hazard statements<br /> H260 In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously.<br /> H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.<br /> Precautionary statements<br /> P231+P232 Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.<br /> P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.<br /> P303+P361+P353 If on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.<br /> P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.<br /> P405 Store locked up.<br /> P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.<br /> National regulations<br /> All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.<br /> All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL).<br /> SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings) Substance is not listed.<br /> California Proposition 65<br /> Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male Substance is not listed.<br /> Information about limitation of use: For use only by technically qualified individuals.<br /> Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations<br /> Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006. Substance is not listed.<br /> The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the<br /> market and use must be observed.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use) Substance is not listed.<br /> Chemical safety assessment: A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.</p> <hr><h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Rubidium Isotopes</h2> <p>Rubidium (Rb) has 32 isotopes, two of which are naturally occurring: <sup>85</sup>Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive <sup>87</sup>Rb (27.8%).</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>71</sup>Rb</th> <td>70.96532(54)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>p to <sup>70</sup>Kr</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>564.68</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>72</sup>Rb</th> <td>71.95908(54)#</td> <td><1.5 µs</td> <td>p to <sup>71</sup>Kr</td> <td>3+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>578.35</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>73</sup>Rb</th> <td>72.95056(16)#</td> <td><30 ns</td> <td>p to <sup>72</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>594.81</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>74</sup>Rb</th> <td>73.944265(4)</td> <td>64.76(3) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>74</sup>Kr</td> <td>(0+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>608.48</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>75</sup>Rb</th> <td>74.938570(8)</td> <td>19.0(12) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>75</sup>Kr</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>622.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>76</sup>Rb</th> <td>75.9350722(20)</td> <td>36.5(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>76</sup>Kr; ß<sup>+</sup> + a to <sup>78</sup>Kr</td> <td>1(-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>633.02</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>77</sup>Rb</th> <td>76.930408(8)</td> <td>3.77(4) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>77</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>645.76</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>78</sup>Rb</th> <td>77.928141(8)</td> <td>17.66(8) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>78</sup>Kr</td> <td>0(+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>655.7</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>79</sup>Rb</th> <td>78.923989(6)</td> <td>22.9(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>79</sup>Kr</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>668.44</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>80</sup>Rb</th> <td>79.922519(7)</td> <td>33.4(7) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>80</sup>Kr</td> <td>1+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>677.45</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>81</sup>Rb</th> <td>80.918996(6)</td> <td>4.570(4) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>81</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>2.06</td> <td>689.25</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>82</sup>Rb</th> <td>81.9182086(30)</td> <td>1.273(2) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>82</sup>Kr</td> <td>1+</td> <td>0.554508</td> <td>697.33</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>83</sup>Rb</th> <td>82.915110(6)</td> <td>86.2(1) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>83</sup>Kr</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>1.425</td> <td>708.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>84</sup>Rb</th> <td>83.914385(3)</td> <td>33.1(1) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>84</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup>to <sup>84</sup>Sr</td> <td>2-</td> <td>-1.32412</td> <td>717.22</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>85</sup>Rb</th> <td>84.911789738(12)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>1.35303</td> <td>728.09</td> <td>72.17</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>86</sup>Rb</th> <td>85.91116742(21)</td> <td>18.642(18) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>86</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup>to <sup>86</sup>Sr</td> <td>2-</td> <td>-1.692</td> <td>736.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>87</sup>Rb</th> <td>86.909180527(13)</td> <td>4.923(22)E+10 y</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>87</sup>Sr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>2.75124</td> <td>746.11</td> <td>27.83</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>88</sup>Rb</th> <td>87.91131559(17)</td> <td>17.773(11) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>88</sup>Sr</td> <td>2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>752.33</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>89</sup>Rb</th> <td>88.912278(6)</td> <td>15.15(12) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>89</sup>Sr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>759.47</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>90</sup>Rb</th> <td>89.914802(7)</td> <td>158(5) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>90</sup>Sr</td> <td>0-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>765.69</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>91</sup>Rb</th> <td>90.916537(9)</td> <td>58.4(4) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>91</sup>Sr</td> <td>3/2(-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>771.9</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>92</sup>Rb</th> <td>91.919729(7)</td> <td>4.492(20) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>93</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>92</sup>Sr</td> <td>0-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>777.19</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>93</sup>Rb</th> <td>92.922042(8)</td> <td>5.84(2) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>94</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>93</sup>Sr</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>782.47</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>94</sup>Rb</th> <td>93.926405(9)</td> <td>2.702(5) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>95</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>94</sup>Sr</td> <td>3(-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>786.82</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>95</sup>Rb</th> <td>94.929303(23)</td> <td>377.5(8) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>96</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>95</sup>Sr</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>792.11</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>96</sup>Rb</th> <td>95.93427(3)</td> <td>202.8(33) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>97</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>96</sup>Sr</td> <td>2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>795.53</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>97</sup>Rb</th> <td>96.93735(3)</td> <td>169.9(7) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>98</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>99</sup>Sr</td> <td>3/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>800.81</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>98</sup>Rb</th> <td>97.94179(5)</td> <td>114(5) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>98</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>97</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + 2n to <sup>96</sup>Sr</td> <td>(0,1)(-#)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>805.16</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>99</sup>Rb</th> <td>98.94538(13)</td> <td>50.3(7) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>99</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>98</sup>Sr</td> <td>(5/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>809.52</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>100</sup>Rb</th> <td>99.94987(32)#</td> <td>51(8) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>100</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>99</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + 2n to <sup>98</sup>Sr</td> <td>(3+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>813.87</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>101</sup>Rb</th> <td>100.95320(18)</td> <td>32(5) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>101</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>100</sup>Sr</td> <td>(3/2+)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>821.01</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>102</sup>Rb</th> <td>101.95887(54)#</td> <td>37(5) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>102</sup>Sr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>101</sup>Sr</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>829.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); } else { $('.scrollup').fadeOut(); } }); $('.scrollup').click(function () { $("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 400); return false; }); $(window).scroll(function() { clearTimeout($.data(this, 'scrollTimer')); $.data(this, 'scrollTimer', setTimeout(function() { $('.scrollup').fadeOut(); }, 600)); }); }); </script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function(){ jQuery('.bxslider').slippry({ autoDelay: '0', pause:"5000", autoHover: false, transition: 'horizontal', adaptiveHeight: 'false' }); 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