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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early plantations (1556–1576)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_plantations_(1556–1576)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early plantations (1556–1576) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_plantations_(1556–1576)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laois_and_Offaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laois_and_Offaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Laois and Offaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laois_and_Offaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerrycurrihy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerrycurrihy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kerrycurrihy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerrycurrihy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Ulster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Ulster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>East Ulster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Ulster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munster_Plantation_(1583_onwards)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munster_Plantation_(1583_onwards)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Munster Plantation (1583 onwards)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munster_Plantation_(1583_onwards)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulster_Plantation_(1606_onwards)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulster_Plantation_(1606_onwards)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ulster Plantation (1606 onwards)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulster_Plantation_(1606_onwards)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_plantations_(1610–1641)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_plantations_(1610–1641)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later plantations (1610–1641)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_plantations_(1610–1641)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1641_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1641_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1641 Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1641_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cromwellian_land_confiscation_(1652)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cromwellian_land_confiscation_(1652)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cromwellian land confiscation (1652)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cromwellian_land_confiscation_(1652)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Subsequent settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_results_and_suppression_of_Irish_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_results_and_suppression_of_Irish_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Long-term results and suppression of Irish culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_results_and_suppression_of_Irish_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plantations of Ireland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مزارع أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزارع أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonitzacions_d%27Irlanda" title="Colonitzacions d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colonitzacions d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlands_bos%C3%A6ttelse" title="Irlands bosættelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irlands bosættelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_(Irland)" title="Plantation (Irland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plantation (Irland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αγγλικός εποικισμός της Ιρλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλικός εποικισμός της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaciones_de_Irlanda" title="Colonizaciones de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonizaciones de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_kolonizazioa" title="Irlandako kolonizazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako kolonizazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_en_Irlande" title="Plantations en Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plantations en Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pland%C3%A1lacha_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Plandálacha na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plandálacha na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEiranje_Irske" title="Plantažiranje Irske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plantažiranje Irske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_Irlandia" title="Kolonisasi Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piantagioni_dell%27Irlanda" title="Piantagioni dell'Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piantagioni dell'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="יישוב אירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יישוב אירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArijas_koloniz%C4%81cija" title="Īrijas kolonizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrijas kolonizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_volksplantingen_in_Ierland" title="Engelse volksplantingen in Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse volksplantingen in Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizarea_Irlandei" title="Colonizarea Irlandei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonizarea Irlandei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Английская колонизация Ирландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английская колонизация Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEiranje_Irske" title="Plantažiranje Irske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plantažiranje Irske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_Plantasyonlar%C4%B1" title="İrlanda Plantasyonları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda Plantasyonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="愛爾蘭殖民地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛爾蘭殖民地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1262722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British colonisation of Ireland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantations_in_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plantations_in_Ireland.png/220px-Plantations_in_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plantations_in_Ireland.png/330px-Plantations_in_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plantations_in_Ireland.png/440px-Plantations_in_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties of Ireland</a> subjected to plantations (from 1556 to 1620). This map is a simplified one, as in the case of some counties the area of land colonised did not cover the whole of the area coloured.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg/220px-Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg/330px-Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg/440px-Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>A more detailed map of the areas subjected to plantations</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">Plantations</a> in 16th- and 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Plandálacha na hÉireann</i>) involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> of this land with <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. </p><p>The main plantations took place from the 1550s to the 1620s, the biggest of which was the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">plantation of Ulster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plantations led to the founding of many towns, massive demographic, cultural and economic changes, changes in land ownership and the landscape, and also to centuries of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian</a> conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Plantations took place before and during the earliest <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a>, and a group known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Country_Men" title="West Country Men">West Country Men</a> were involved in both Irish and American colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had been small-scale immigration from Britain since the 12th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion</a>. By the 15th century, direct English control had shrunk to an area called <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>. In the 1540s the English <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a> began. The first plantations were in the 1550s, during the reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Laois</a> ('<a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">Queen's County</a>') and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Offaly</a> ('<a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">King's County</a>'). These plantations were based around existing <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a> forts, but they were largely unsuccessful due to fierce resistance from native Irish clans. </p><p>The next plantations were during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. In 1568 there was an attempt to establish the first joint stock colony in <a href="/wiki/List_of_townlands_of_the_barony_of_Kerrycurrihy" title="List of townlands of the barony of Kerrycurrihy">Kerrycurrihy</a> barony, but it was destroyed by the Irish. In the 1570s a privately-funded <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_of_Ulster" title="Enterprise of Ulster">plantation of east Ulster</a> was attempted, but it also sparked conflict with the local Irish lord and ended in failure. The <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> plantation of the 1580s followed the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a>. Businessmen were encouraged to invest in the scheme and English colonists were settled on land confiscated from the defeated rebel lords. However, the settlements were scattered and attracted far fewer settlers than was hoped for. When the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> broke out in the 1590s, most of these settlements were abandoned, although English settlers began to return following the war. </p><p>The plantation of Ulster began in the 1610s, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. Following their defeat in the Nine Years' War, many rebel Ulster lords <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">fled Ireland</a> and their lands were confiscated. This was the biggest and most successful of the plantations and comprised most of the province of Ulster. While the province was mainly <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>-speaking and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic</a>, the new settlers were required to be English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MacRaild_Smith_142_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacRaild_Smith_142-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most coming from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. This created a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Protestant">Ulster Protestant</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_198_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_198-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ulster plantation was one cause of the <a href="/wiki/1641_Irish_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1641 Irish Rebellion">1641 Irish Rebellion</a>, during which thousands of settlers were killed, expelled or fled. After the Irish Catholics were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> of 1652, most remaining Catholic-owned land <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">was confiscated</a> and thousands of English soldiers settled in Ireland. Scottish settlement in Ulster resumed and intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_ill_years" title="Seven ill years">Scottish famine of the 1690s</a>. By the 1720s, British Protestants were the majority in Ulster. </p><p>The plantations changed the <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Ireland">demography of Ireland</a> by creating large communities with British and Protestant identities. The ruling classes of these communities replaced the older Catholic ruling class, which had shared with the general population a common Irish identity and set of political attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been small-scale immigration from Britain in the 12th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion</a>, creating a small <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Anglo-Norman</a>, English, Welsh and Flemish community in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the Crown of England.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, English control had shrunk to an area called <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The English Pale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, however, Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the Anglo-Normans: "even in the Pale, all the common folk ... for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a higher social level, there was intermarriage between the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Irish</a> aristocracy and Anglo-Norman lords. To varying degrees inside and especially outside of the Pale, the '<a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a>' had integrated into Irish society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> wrote of the <i>old English</i>: "they are more sharpely to be chastised and reformed … for they are more stubborne, and disobedient to the law and government, than the Irish".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English discourse on Ireland largely viewed the Gaelic Irish outside the Pale as savages,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compared them with the Native Americans in 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1174 Rory O’Connor (Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair) defeated the Anglo-Norman army at <a href="/wiki/Thurles" title="Thurles">Thurles</a> and began making incursions into the Pale itself forcing <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> to come to talks, the treaty of Windsor was drafted which was agreed upon that the Anglo-Normans would have mostly the Pale but couldn't make incursions into Irish held lands. Henry II would later disavow the treaty he agreed to and make incursions into Irish kingdoms, forfeiting his title as lord of Ireland and his right to the Pale itself, meaning subsequent claims by the English monarchy to Ireland such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s lordship or later kingship were illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a> was a decree issued by the Pope that made Ireland's people the subjects of Henry II, however there is some debate on whether the Laudabiliter was legitimate or a forgery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Laudabiliter could be compared to the Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, which gave the Spanish the exclusive right to rule the lands discovered by Columbus, making the native Americans their "subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this the Laudabiliter had a continuing political relevance into the 16th century. Henry VIII of England was excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> on 17 December 1538, causing his opponents to question his continuing claim to be Lord of Ireland, which was based ultimately on Laudabiliter. Henry established the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> argued that the English crown has the right to rule Ireland because of a mission to civilise a barbarous people. His writings shaped English and European views of Ireland for centuries. He says: The idle woodland people the Irish reject agriculture, cities, the rights and privileges of citizenship and hence civilisation itself, the mission is to civilise and truly Christianise the Irish. The Irish rejected the Laudabiliter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_plantations_(1556–1576)"><span id="Early_plantations_.281556.E2.80.931576.29"></span>Early plantations (1556–1576)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early plantations (1556–1576)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_1450.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/220px-Ireland_1450.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/330px-Ireland_1450.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/440px-Ireland_1450.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the plantations</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Plantations of Ireland occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a> intended to pacify and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicise</a> Irish territories controlled by the Crown and incorporate the Gaelic Irish aristocracy into the English-controlled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> by using a policy of <a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">surrender and regrant</a>. The administration intended to develop Ireland as a peaceful and reliable possession, without risk of rebellion or foreign invasion. Wherever the policy of surrender and regrant failed, land was confiscated and English plantations were established. To this end, two forms of plantation were adopted in the second half of the 16th century. The first was the "exemplary plantation", in which small colonies of English would provide model farming communities that the Irish could emulate and be taxed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laois_and_Offaly">Laois and Offaly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Laois and Offaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Leix_and_Offaly_Act_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556">Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556</a></div> <p>The second form set the trend for future English policy in Ireland. It was punitive/commercial in nature, as it provided for the plantation of English settlers on lands confiscated following the suppression of rebellions. The first such scheme was the <b>Plantation of King's County</b> (now <a href="/wiki/Offaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Offaly">Offaly</a>) and <b>Queen's County</b> (now <a href="/wiki/Laois" class="mw-redirect" title="Laois">Laois</a>) in 1556, naming them after the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> monarchs <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> respectively. The new <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county towns</a> were named Philipstown (now <a href="/wiki/Daingean" title="Daingean">Daingean</a>) and Maryborough (now <a href="/wiki/Portlaoise" title="Portlaoise">Portlaoise</a>). An act, the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Leix_and_Offaly_Act_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556">Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556</a> (3 & 4 Phil. & Mar. c. 2 (I)), was passed "whereby the King and Queen's Majesties, and the Heires and Successors of the Queen, be entitled to the Counties of Leix, Slewmarge, Irry, Glinmaliry, and Offaily, and for making the same Countries Shire Grounds.". The act was repealed in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plantation initiated the colonial settlement pattern for extending English control in hostile regions. The Leix-Offaly plantation also demonstrated to the Crown high cost of colonialism, leading them to encourage private financial participation in colonial ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The O'Moore and O'Connor clans, which occupied the area, had traditionally raided the English-ruled <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">Pale</a> around <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Sussex" title="Earl of Sussex">Earl of Sussex</a>, ordered that they be dispossessed and replaced with an English settlement. However, the plantation was not a great success. The O'Moores and O'Connors retreated to the hills and <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> and fought a local insurgency against the settlement for much of the following 40 years. In 1578, the English finally subdued the displaced O'Moore clan by <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Mullaghmast" title="Massacre of Mullaghmast">massacring</a> most of their <i>fine</i> (or ruling families) at <a href="/wiki/Mullaghmast" title="Mullaghmast">Mullaghmast</a> in Laois, having invited them there for peace talks. <a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27More" title="Rory O'More">Rory Oge O'More</a>, the leader of rebellion in the area, was hunted down and killed later that year. The ongoing violence meant that the authorities had difficulty in attracting people to settle in their new plantation. Settlement ended up clustered around a series of military fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg/240px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg/360px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg/480px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> chieftain receives the priest's blessing before departing to fight the English, who are shown in full armour.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerrycurrihy">Kerrycurrihy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kerrycurrihy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1568–1569, <a href="/wiki/Warham_St_Leger" title="Warham St Leger">Warham St Leger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a> tried to establish a small English joint stock colony in the barony of <a href="/wiki/Kerrycurrihy" title="Kerrycurrihy">Kerrycurrihy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a>, on land leased from the Earl of Desmon.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then proposed establishing larger corporate colonies in late 1568 creating a consortium of English merchants to fund a colony in Baltimore, west Co. Cork, mainly for exploiting the fisheries in Munster. The scheme was privately funded but also received a stipend from the English crown<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about this time as part of the joint stock scheme Grenville also seized lands from the native Irish for colonization at <a href="/wiki/Tracton" title="Tracton">Tracton</a>, to the west of Cork harbour creating the first English joint stock colony in history. After Richard Greenville had departed from Ireland the fledging colony of Tracton was sacked by <a href="/wiki/Donald_McCarthy,_1st_Earl_of_Clancare" title="Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare">Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare</a> and Fitzmaurice along with the native inhabitants. The colony was small and quickly overwhelmed and all the English colonial inhabitants were killed except three or four English soldiers, who were promptly executed the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carew" title="Peter Carew">Peter Carew</a> had also asserted his claim to lands in south Leinster. The plantations in the south of Ireland led to bitter disputes with local Irish. However, in June 1569 the fledgling colonies were destroyed by the Irish under <a href="/wiki/James_FitzMaurice" class="mw-redirect" title="James FitzMaurice">James FitzMaurice</a> when the first <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmond Rebellion">Desmond Rebellion</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Morgan" title="Hiram Morgan">Hiram Morgan</a> has stated that the Plantations of Munster starting with St leger were the prototype for the American colonies, the joint stock Irish model became the model for the Virginia Company.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Ulster">East Ulster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: East Ulster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_of_Ulster" title="Enterprise of Ulster">Enterprise of Ulster</a></div> <p>In the 1570s, there was an attempt to colonize parts of east <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, which had formerly been part of the English <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster" title="Earldom of Ulster">Earldom of Ulster</a>. It was known as the "Enterprise of Ulster".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict between the English and <a href="/wiki/Shane_O%27Neill_(Irish_chieftain)" title="Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)">Shane O'Neill</a>, there were proposals to colonize parts of east Ulster, but Crown support was not forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Shane O'Neill's death, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_attainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of attainder">act of attainder</a> was passed on him for rebellion against the Crown. As O'Neill had claimed lordship over most of Ulster, the act declared most of the province to be forfeit to the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1571, Queen Elizabeth granted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Sir Thomas Smith</a> a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Clannaboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannaboy">Clannaboy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ards_(territory)" title="Ards (territory)">Ards</a> to colonize. Smith envisaged a colony led by the younger sons of English gentlemen, in which the native Irish would be employed as labourers. The scheme was partly privately funded and partly state-sponsored by way of military support.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1572 Smith's son landed in the Ards with 100 men. They were opposed by the Lord of Clannaboy, <a href="/wiki/Brian_McPhelim_O%27Neill" title="Brian McPhelim O'Neill">Brian McPhelim O'Neill</a>, who complained the grant was illegal. As the English often commandeered Irish church buildings for garrisons, McPhelim burned all church buildings in the Ards to prevent this. The colonists hastily built a fort near <a href="/wiki/Comber" title="Comber">Comber</a>, but the plantation fell apart after Smith's son was killed by Irishmen in 1573.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plantation scheme was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Devereux,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex">Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex</a>, who set out to colonize much of County Antrim. He provided most of the funding, with the state providing some of the military support. He landed at Carrickfergus in 1573 with 1,100 men,<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_303-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their numbers dwindled following an outbreak of plague in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Heffernan_Essex_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffernan_Essex-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonists were opposed by McPhelim, <a href="/wiki/Turlough_Luineach_O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlough Luineach O'Neill">Turlough Luineach O'Neill</a> of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tyrone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Sorley Boy MacDonnell</a> of <a href="/wiki/MacDonnell_of_Antrim" title="MacDonnell of Antrim">the Glens</a>, who asserted they were opposing Essex rather than the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_303-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1574, Essex led a military expedition deep into Tyrone, burning crops.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That November, Essex's men <a href="/wiki/Clandeboye_massacre" title="Clandeboye massacre">massacred 200 of McPhelim's company</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">parley</a> at Belfast Castle, and Essex then had McPhelim executed for treason. The MacDonnells called in reinforcements from their kinsmen in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1575, Essex sent <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norris</a> to attack the MacDonnells. This ended with the <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island_massacre" title="Rathlin Island massacre">massacre of 600 MacDonnell men, women and children</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_303-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Elizabeth had called an end to the scheme. It was a failure which had cost Essex and the Crown dearly.<sup id="cite_ref-Heffernan_Essex_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffernan_Essex-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Munster_Plantation_(1583_onwards)"><span id="Munster_Plantation_.281583_onwards.29"></span>Munster Plantation (1583 onwards)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Munster Plantation (1583 onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Munster Plantation of the 1580s was the first mass plantation in Ireland. It was instituted as punishment for the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">Geraldine</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Desmond" title="Earl of Desmond">Earl of Desmond</a> had rebelled against English interference in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>. The Desmond dynasty was annihilated in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Second Desmond Rebellion</a> (1579–83) and their estates were confiscated by the Crown. The English authorities took the opportunity to settle the province with colonists from England and Wales, who, it was hoped, would be a bulwark against further rebellions. In 1584, the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor General">Surveyor General</a> of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Valentine_Browne" title="Sir Valentine Browne">Sir Valentine Browne</a> and a commission surveyed Munster, to allocate confiscated lands to English Undertakers (wealthy colonists who "undertook" to import tenants from England to work their new lands).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English Undertakers were obligated to develop new towns and provide for the defence of planted districts from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the colonial plans were complicated by surveys showing less land available than previously imagined, as well as lawsuits influenced by the earl of Ormond.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was agreed that ninety-one families would be settled on 12,000 acres and further smaller grants of 8,000, 6,000 and 4,000 acres families were to be planted. In 1611 it has been estimated that 94,000 acres originally assigned to undertakers had been reclaimed. Out of the eighty-six, original volunteers only fifteen ultimately took out patents, although these were supplemented by another twenty individuals not associated with the initial scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69, 290–292">: 69, 290–292 </span></sup> On the outbreak of the Nine Years' War, one contemporary estimate was that the plantation had attracted about 5,000 English settlers, but it is more commonly surmised that the total English population in the colony stood at c. 4000 at the first overthrow in 1598. This was well short of the 11,375 people that the original plans had envisaged.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–147">: 146–147 </span></sup> </p><p>There was an enterprising capitalist element to the Munster plantations. Privateers and the enterprising public could buy land in Munster at pennies an acre as undertakers, sometimes backed by private investors. Sir Walter Raleigh owned large estates in Munster and harvested the forests around his estate to make tobacco pipes and wine barrels, although his company proved unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other investors made a fortune off the plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Businessman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Payne_(agriculturalist)" title="Robert Payne (agriculturalist)">Robert Payne</a> advocated for settlers to come to the Munster colonies. He bought land holdings in Munster for his venture, recruiting 25 business partners and partnering with industrialist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby_(1547%E2%80%931596)" title="Francis Willoughby (1547–1596)">Francis Willoughby</a>. Willoughby was a sleeping partner in a project aimed at establishing an <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">ironworks</a> in the Munster colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Gookin, a Munster colonist, sold his lands in <a href="/wiki/Carrigaline" title="Carrigaline">Carrigaline</a> and his company in Munster to the ultimate capitalist-colonialist of the period, the newly created <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork</a>. He then partnered with another Munster colonist, Captain William Newce, to invest in the newly – formed Virginia Company and helped establish the colony at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as the former Geraldine estates (spread through the modern counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">Tipperary</a>), the survey took in the lands belonging to other families and clans that had supported the rebellions in Kerry and southwest Cork. However, the settlement here was rather piecemeal because the ruling clan – the <a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_M%C3%B3r" class="mw-redirect" title="MacCarthy Mór">MacCarthy Mór</a> line – argued that the rebel landowners were their subordinates and that the lords actually owned the land. In this area, lands once granted to some English Undertakers was taken away again when native lords, such as the MacCarthys, appealed the dispossession of their dependants.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sectors of the plantation were equally chaotic. <a href="/wiki/John_Popham_(Lord_Chief_Justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Popham (Lord Chief Justice)">John Popham</a> imported 70 tenants from <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, only to find that the land had already been settled by another undertaker, and he was obliged to send them home.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, 500,000 acres (202,343 ha) were planted with English colonists. The Crown hoped that the settlement would attract in the region of 15,000 colonists, but a report from 1589 showed that the English Undertakers had imported only about 700 English tenants between them. Historians have noted that each tenant was the head of a household and that he therefore likely represented at least 4–5 other people. This would put the English population in Munster at nearer to three or four thousand persons, but it was still substantially below the projected figure.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Munster Plantation was supposed to develop compact defensible settlements, but the English settlers were spread in pockets across the province, wherever land had been confiscated. Initially, the English Undertakers were given detachments of English soldiers to protect them, but these were abolished in the 1590s. As a result, when the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War (Ireland)">Nine Years War</a> – an Irish rebellion against English rule – reached Munster in 1598, most of the settlers were chased off their lands without a fight. They took refuge in the province's walled towns or fled back to England. However, when the rebellion was put down in 1601–03, the Plantation was re-constituted by the Governor of Munster, <a href="/wiki/George_Carew_Totnes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Carew Totnes">George Carew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English settler population in the 1620s was four times greater than in the earlier Munster plantation and powerful enough to control a considerable area after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ulster_Plantation_(1606_onwards)"><span id="Ulster_Plantation_.281606_onwards.29"></span>Ulster Plantation (1606 onwards)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ulster Plantation (1606 onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_(anglicis%C3%A9_comme,_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%2C_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29.jpg/220px-Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%2C_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%2C_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29.jpg/330px-Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%2C_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%2C_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a>, who led the Irish rebellion against the English.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to its conquest in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years War</a> of the 1590s, <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> was the most Irish-Gaelic part of Ireland and the only province that was completely outside English control. The war, of 1594–1603, ended with the surrender of the O'Neill and O'Donnell lords to the English crown, but it was also a hugely costly and humiliating episode for the English government in Ireland. In the short term the war failed, and generous surrender terms given to the rebels re-granted them much of their former land, but under English law.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But when <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a> and the other rebel earls left Ireland in the so-called 1607 <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a> to seek help from the Spanish Crown for a new rebellion, the Lord Deputy <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Chichester">Arthur Chichester</a> seized the opportunity to colonise the province and declared the lands of O'Neill, O'Donnell and their followers forfeit. Initially, Chichester planned a fairly modest plantation, including large grants to Irish-born lords who had sided with the English during the war. However, in 1608 <a href="/wiki/Cahir_O%27Doherty" title="Cahir O'Doherty">Cahir O'Doherty</a>'s rebellion in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> interrupted implementation of this plan. O'Doherty was a former ally of the English who felt he had not been fairly rewarded for his role in the war. The rebellion was swiftly put down and O'Doherty killed, but these events gave Chichester a justification for expropriating all of the original landowners in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1603 <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> also became James I of England, uniting these two crowns and also gaining possession of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, at that time an English Crown possession. The Plantation of Ulster was promoted to him as a joint "British", i.e. English and Scottish, venture to pacify and civilise Ulster. It was agreed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that at least half of the settlers would be Scots. Six counties made up his official plantation of Ulster: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Coleraine" title="County Coleraine">Coleraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a></li></ul></div> <p>The plan was determined by two factors: first, the Crown wanted to protect the settlement from being destroyed by rebels like the Munster plantation. So rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from convicted rebels, they confiscated all of the land and redistributed it, creating concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. The new landowners were explicitly banned from taking on Irish tenants, and had to import their tenant farmers from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were granted one quarter of the land in Ulster. The common Irish residents were to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches, the more ready for Protestant control. The Planters were barred from selling their lands to any Irishman.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg/220px-Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg/330px-Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg/440px-Cannon_on_Derry_City_Walls_SMC_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3099" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>A portion of the city walls of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, originally built in 1613–1619 to defend the plantation settlement there.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second major influence on the plantation of Ulster was the political negotiation among the interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be English <b>Undertakers</b>, wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. The planters were granted around 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) each, on condition that they settle there a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-speaking</a> Protestants. However, veterans of the war in Ireland (known as <b>Servitors</b>) led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Chichester">Arthur Chichester</a>, successfully lobbied for land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (the financial sector in London). The city was granted their <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">own town</a>, and lands. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, which was granted all churches and lands previously owned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church. The Crown intended that clerics from England and <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> convert the population to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Plantation of Ulster was a mixed success for the English. By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male English and Scottish settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000 to 150,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the <a href="/wiki/River_Finn_(County_Donegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Finn (County Donegal)">Finn</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Foyle" title="River Foyle">Foyle</a> valleys (around modern Derry and east County Donegal), north <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a> and east <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>. Planters had achieved substantial settlement on unofficially planted lands in north Down, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Viscount_Claneboye" title="James Hamilton, 1st Viscount Claneboye">James Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery" title="Hugh Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery">Hugh Montgomery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89_99_01_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89_99_01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in south Antrim under Sir Randall MacDonnell.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settler population increased rapidly, as just under half of the migrants were women – a very high ratio compared, for instance, to contemporary Spanish settlement in Latin America or English settlement in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> attracted more families, but still was predominately male in its early years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the Irish population was neither removed nor Anglicised. In practise, the settlers did not stay on poorer lands, but clustered around towns and the best land. This meant that many English and Scottish landowners had to take Irish tenants, contrary to the terms of the Plantation of Ulster. In 1609, Chichester deported 1300 former Irish soldiers from Ulster to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism also had few successes; at first the clerics sent to Ireland were all English speakers, whereas the native population were usually <a href="/wiki/Monoglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglot">monoglot</a> speakers of <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish Gaelic</a>. Later, the Catholic Church made a determined effort to retain its followers among the native population.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_plantations_(1610–1641)"><span id="Later_plantations_.281610.E2.80.931641.29"></span>Later plantations (1610–1641)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later plantations (1610–1641)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stEarlOfCork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/1stEarlOfCork.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who amassed huge quantities of land in southern Ireland in the early 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Longford"></span>In addition to the Ulster plantation, several other small plantations occurred under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Kings">Stuart Kings</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> – in the early 17th century. The first of these took place in north <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">county Wexford</a> in 1610, where lands were confiscated from the <a href="/wiki/MacMurrough_Kavanagh_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="MacMurrough Kavanagh dynasty">MacMurrough-Kavanagh clan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lismore_Castle_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lismore_Castle_2.jpg/280px-Lismore_Castle_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lismore_Castle_2.jpg/420px-Lismore_Castle_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lismore_Castle_2.jpg/560px-Lismore_Castle_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lismore_Castle" title="Lismore Castle">Lismore Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a>, acquired by Boyle and turned from a fortress into a stately home</figcaption></figure> <p>Since most land-owning families in Ireland had taken their estates by force in the previous four hundred years, very few of them, with the exception of the New English planters, had proper legal titles for them. As a result, in order to obtain such titles, they were required to forfeit a quarter of their lands. This policy was used against the Kavanaghs in Wexford and subsequently elsewhere, to break up Catholic Irish estates (especially the Gaelic ones) around the country. Following the precedent set in Wexford, small plantations were established in <a href="/wiki/Laois" class="mw-redirect" title="Laois">Laois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Offaly">Offaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Longford" title="County Longford">Longford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">Leitrim</a> and north <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">Tipperary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Laois and Offally, the Tudor plantation had consisted of a chain of military garrisons. In the new, more peaceful climate of the 17th century, it attracted large numbers of landowners, tenants and labourers. Prominent planters in Leinster in this period include Charles Coote, Adam Loftus, and William Parsons.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Munster, during the peaceful early years of the 17th century, thousands more English and Welsh settlers arrived in the province. There were many small plantations in Munster in this period, as Irish lords were required to forfeit up to one third of their estates to get their deeds to the remainder recognised by the English authorities. The settlers became concentrated in towns along the south coast – especially <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork" title="Bandon, County Cork">Bandon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork city</a>. Notable English Undertakers of the Munster Plantation include <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork</a>. The latter especially made huge fortunes out of amassing Irish lands and developing them for industry and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg/220px-Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg/330px-Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg/440px-Thomas_Wentworth_by_van_Dyck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Wentworth, who planned a major seizure of Catholic-owned land in the late 1630s</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish Catholic upper classes were unable to stop the continued plantations in Ireland because they had been barred from public office on religious grounds. By 1615 they comprised a minority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>, as a result of the creation of "pocket boroughs" (where Protestants were in the majority) in planted areas. In 1625, they gained a temporary halt to land confiscations by agreeing to pay for England's war with France and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the plantations, thousands of independent settlers arrived in Ireland in the early 17th century, from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and France as well as Britain. Many of them became chief tenants of Irish land-owners; others set up in the towns (especially Dublin) – notably as bankers and financiers. By 1641, there were calculated to be up to 125,000 Protestant settlers in Ireland, though they were still outnumbered by native Catholics by around 15 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all of the early 17th century English Planters were Protestants. A considerable number of English Catholics settled in Ireland between 1603 and 1641, in part for economic reasons but also to escape persecution in England. In the time of Elizabeth and James I, the Catholics of England suffered a greater degree of persecution than English Catholics in Ireland. In England, Catholics were greatly outnumbered by Protestants and lived under constant fear of betrayal by their fellows. In Ireland they could blend in with the local majority-Catholic population in a way that was not possible in England. English Catholic planters were most common in <a href="/wiki/County_Kilkenny" title="County Kilkenny">County Kilkenny</a>, where they may have made up half of all the English and Scottish planters to arrive in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantations stayed off the political agenda until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford">Thomas Wentworth</a>, a Privy Councilor of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, to the position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a> in 1632. Wentworth's job was to raise revenue for Charles and to cement Royal control over Ireland – which meant, among other things, more plantations, both to raise money and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Wentworth confiscated land in <a href="/wiki/Wicklow" title="Wicklow">Wicklow</a> and planned a full-scale <b>Plantation of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a></b> – where all Catholic landowners would lose between a half and a quarter of their estates. The local juries were intimidated into accepting Wentworth's settlement; when a group of Connacht landowners complained to Charles I, Wentworth had them imprisoned. However, settlement proceeded only in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">County Roscommon</a>. Next, Wentworth surveyed the major Catholic landowners in <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> for similar treatment, including members of the powerful Butler dynasty. Wentworth's plans were interrupted by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Bishops_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops Wars">Bishops Wars</a> in Scotland, which eventually resulted in Wentworth's execution by the English Parliament and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">civil war</a> in England and Ireland. Wentworth's constant questioning of Catholic land titles was one of the major causes of the <a href="/wiki/1641_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1641 Rebellion">1641 Rebellion</a>, and the principal reason why it was joined by Ireland's wealthiest and most powerful Catholic families.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1641_Rebellion">1641 Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1641 Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></div> <p>In October 1641, after a bad harvest and in a threatening political climate, <a href="/wiki/Phelim_O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelim O'Neill">Phelim O'Neill</a> launched a rebellion, hoping to rectify various grievances of Irish Catholic landowners. However, once the rebellion was underway, the resentment of the native Irish in Ulster boiled over into indiscriminate attacks on the settler population in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>. Irish Catholics attacked the plantations all around the country, but especially in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. English writers at the time put the Protestant victims at over 100,000. <a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a>, in his survey of the 1650s, estimated the death toll at around 30,000. More recent research, however, based on close examination of the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">depositions</a> of the Protestant refugees collected in 1642, suggests a figure of 4,000 settlers were killed directly; and up to 12,000 may have died of causes also related to disease (always a cause of high fatalities during wartime) or privation after being expelled from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulster was worst hit by the wars, with massive loss of civilian life and mass displacement of people. The atrocities committed by both sides further poisoned the relationship between the settler and native communities in the province. Although peace was eventually restored to Ulster, the wounds opened in the plantation and civil war years were very slow to heal and arguably still fester in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1641 Rebellion, the Munster Plantation was temporarily destroyed, just as it had been during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a>. Ten years of warfare took place in Munster between the planters and their descendants and the native Irish Catholics. But the ethnic/religious divisions were less stark in Munster than in Ulster. Some of the earlier English Planters in Munster had been <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> and their descendants largely sided with the Irish in the 1640s. Conversely, some Irish noblemen who had converted to Protestantism – notably Earl Inchiquin – sided with the settler community.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cromwellian_land_confiscation_(1652)"><span id="Cromwellian_land_confiscation_.281652.29"></span>Cromwellian land confiscation (1652)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cromwellian land confiscation (1652)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/220px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/330px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/440px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>Oliver Cromwell, under whose Commonwealth regime most Catholic land in Ireland was confiscated</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 12,000 veterans of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> were awarded land in Ireland in place of their wages due, which the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> was unable to pay. Many of these soldiers sold their land grants to other Protestants rather than settle in war-ravaged Ireland, but 7,500 soldiers did settle in Ireland. They were required to keep their weapons to act as a reserve militia in case of future rebellions. Taken together with the <b>Merchant Adventurers</b>, probably over 10,000 Parliamentarians settled in Ireland after the civil wars. In addition to the Parliamentarians, thousands of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> soldiers, who had been stationed in Ulster during the war, settled there permanently after its end.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Parliamentarians had argued that all the Irish should be deported to west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a> and replaced with English settlers. However, this would have required hundreds of thousands of English settlers willing to come to Ireland, and such numbers of aspirant settlers were never recruited. Rather, a land-owning class of British Protestants was created in Ireland, and they ruled over mostly Irish Catholic tenants. A minority of the "Cromwellian" landowners were Parliamentarian soldiers or creditors. Most were pre-war Protestant settlers, who took the opportunity to obtain confiscated lands. Before the wars, Catholics had owned 60% of the land in Ireland. During the Commonwealth period, Catholic landownership fell to 8–9%. After some restitution in the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a>, it rose to 20% again.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan,_p._111_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan,_p._111-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ulster, the Cromwellian period eliminated those native landowners who had survived the Ulster plantation. In Munster and Leinster, the mass confiscation of Catholic-owned land after the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>, meant that English Protestants acquired almost all of the land holdings for the first time in these territories. In addition, under the Commonwealth regime, some 12,000 Irish people were sold into indentured servitude<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the Caribbean and North American colonies. Another 34,000 Irish Catholics went into exile on the Continent, mostly in the Catholic countries of France or Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research has shown that although the native Irish land-owning class was subordinated in this period, it never totally disappeared. Many of its members found niches in trade or as chief tenants on their families' ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_settlement">Subsequent settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subsequent settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the remainder of the 17th century, Irish Catholics tried to get the Cromwellian Act of Settlement reversed. They briefly achieved this under <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war in Ireland">Williamite war in Ireland</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> defeat there led to another round of land confiscations. During the 1680s and 90s, another major wave of settlement took place in Ireland (though not another plantation in terms of land confiscation). At this time, the new settlers were principally Scots, tens of thousands of whom fled a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in the lowlands and border regions of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to come to Ulster. At this point Protestants and people of Scottish descent (who were mainly <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>) became an absolute majority of the population in Ulster.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, who were Protestant, were also encouraged to settle in Ireland; they had been expelled from France after the Crown's revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in 1685. Many of the Frenchmen were former soldiers, who had fought on the Williamite side in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war in Ireland">Williamite war in Ireland</a>. This community settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, as some had already been established as merchants in London. Their communal graveyard can still be seen off <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>. The total population of this community may have reached 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_results_and_suppression_of_Irish_culture">Long-term results and suppression of Irish culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long-term results and suppression of Irish culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Talk:Plantations of Ireland">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English banned and discouraged the use of the Irish language in 1537 with The Statute of Ireland – An Act for the English Order Habit and Language (28. Hen. 8. c. 15 (I)).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish clothing was also banned throughout the centuries. On 14 February 1588, <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_(planter)" title="William Herbert (planter)">William Herbert</a> wrote to Francis Walsingham that he desired to show posterity his affection for his God and his prince 'by a volume of my writing,' by 'a colony of my planting,' and by 'a college of my erecting.' Moderate in treating the Irish, he put into execution clauses of the statute against Irish customs, particularly forbidding the wearing of the native mantle. </p><p> The Plantations had profound effects on Ireland. They resulted in the removal and/or execution of Catholic ruling classes and their replacement with what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>, Anglican landowners mostly originating from Great Britain. Their position was reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">Penal Laws</a>. These denied political and most land-owning rights to Catholics and non-Anglican Protestant denominations, they also brought in harsh punishments for use of the Irish language and limited Catholics ability to practice their religion. The forced dominance of the Protestant class in Irish life persisted until the late 18th century when they reluctantly voted for the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> with Britain in 1800. It abolished their parliament, making their government part of Britain's.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_protestants_1861-1991.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ireland_protestants_1861-1991.gif/440px-Ireland_protestants_1861-1991.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Ireland_protestants_1861-1991.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Concentration of Irish Protestants in eastern and central <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The plantations and their related agricultural development also radically altered Ireland's physical environment and ecology. In 1600, most of Ireland was heavily wooded and undeveloped, apart from the bogs. Most of the population lived in small, semi-nomadic townlands, many migrating seasonally to pastures for their cattle. By 1700, Ireland's native woodland had been reduced to a fraction of its former size; it was intensively logged and sold for profit by the plantation settlers for commercial ventures such as shipbuilding, as much of the English forests had been overlogged to total depletion, and the navy was becoming a great power. Several native animal species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, were hunted to extinction during this period. Most of the settler population was urbanized, living in permanent towns or villages. Some of the Irish people continued their traditional practices and culture under the shadow of heavy control and punishments. By the end of the plantation period, almost all of Ireland had become integrated into a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. But many of the poorer classes had no access to money, still paying rent <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">in kind</a> or in service. The plantations also introduced a new measurement system to Ireland called the Irish measure or <a href="/wiki/Plantation_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantation measure">plantation measure</a> which had some residual use even into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">: 287 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation of the Americas">British colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Survey" title="Down Survey">Down Survey</a> -<a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a>'s survey of Irish land and population before the Cromwellian Plantations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Ireland_1536-1691" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691">Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonial empire">English colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_question" title="Irish question">Irish question</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDorney2024" class="citation web cs1">Dorney, John (2 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishstory.com/2024/06/02/the-plantation-of-ulster-a-brief-overview/">"The Plantation of Ulster: A Brief Overview"</a>. <i>The Irish Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Story&rft.atitle=The+Plantation+of+Ulster%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft.aulast=Dorney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2024%2F06%2F02%2Fthe-plantation-of-ulster-a-brief-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/troubledgeogs/chap2.htm">"2. The Plantations: Sowing the seeds of Ireland's religious geographies"</a>. <i>Troubled Geographies: A Spatial History of Religion and Society in Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troubled+Geographies%3A+A+Spatial+History+of+Religion+and+Society+in+Ireland&rft.atitle=2.+The+Plantations%3A+Sowing+the+seeds+of+Ireland%27s+religious+geographies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Ftroubledgeogs%2Fchap2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Alan</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl"><i>American Colonies, The Settling of North America</i></a></span>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl/page/119">119</a>, 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-200210-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-200210-0"><bdi>0-14-200210-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%2C+The+Settling+of+North+America&rft.pages=119%2C+123&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-200210-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancolonies00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacRaild_Smith_142-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacRaild_Smith_142_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacRaildSmith2012">MacRaild & Smith (2012)</a>, p. 142: "Advisors to King James VI/I, notably Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy from 1604, and Sir John Davies, the lawyer, favoured the plantation as a definitive response to the challenges of ruling Ireland. ... Undertakers, servitors and natives were granted large blocks of land as long as they planted English-speaking Protestants".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/planters/es09.shtml">"BBC History – The Plantation of Ulster – Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204114125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/planters/es09.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+History+%E2%80%93+The+Plantation+of+Ulster+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fplantation%2Fplanters%2Fes09.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis_198-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_198_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2000">Curtis (2000)</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padraig Lenihan, <i>Confederate Catholics at War</i>, pp. 5–6: "The Gaelic Irish and Old English were increasingly seen by outsiders and defined themselves, as undifferentiatedly Irish. ... By the 1630s, members of the Catholic elite, whatever their paternal ancestry, shared a common identity and set of political attitudes. ... Conversely, it is possible to speak of a contending Protestant/New English/British group. The term 'British' has validity because of its contemporary usage (in referring to grantees in the Ulster Plantation for example) and, especially, because it embraces, as it was designed to, both English and Scottish interests in Ireland...the consciousness of being a privileged minority in a hostile environment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/Relative_Status_of_Languages_in_Medieval_Ireland.pdf">"Raymond Hickey, Assessing the Relative Status of Languages in Medieval Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raymond+Hickey%2C+Assessing+the+Relative+Status+of+Languages+in+Medieval+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-due.de%2FIERC%2FRelative_Status_of_Languages_in_Medieval_Ireland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/contesting-the-sovereignty-of-early-modern-ireland/">"Contesting the sovereignty of early modern Ireland"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Contesting+the+sovereignty+of+early+modern+Ireland&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fcontesting-the-sovereignty-of-early-modern-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/the-english-palea-failed-entity/">"Ireland, Steven Ellis, The English Pale, A failed Entity?"</a>. 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%2C+Steven+Ellis%2C+The+English+Pale%2C+A+failed+Entity%3F&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fthe-english-palea-failed-entity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culture & Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494–1558. Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University College Cork</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html">"Centering Spenser: A Digital Resource for Kilcolman Castle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centering+Spenser%3A+A+Digital+Resource+for+Kilcolman+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcore.ecu.edu%2Fumc%2FMunster%2Fsettlement_munster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/volume-27/propaganda-re-imagining-the-conquest-contested-histories/">"Propaganda : Re-imagining the Conquest: Contested histories"</a>. 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propaganda+%3A+Re-imagining+the+Conquest%3A+Contested+histories&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolume-27%2Fpropaganda-re-imagining-the-conquest-contested-histories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelton2009" class="citation web cs1">Skelton, Katie Elizabeth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/9084/Skelton_okstate_0664M_12087.pdf?sequence=1">"Continued Settlement on England's First Colony: 1558–1603 (Thesis)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continued+Settlement+on+England%27s+First+Colony%3A+1558%E2%80%931603+%28Thesis%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Katie+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshareok.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11244%2F9084%2FSkelton_okstate_0664M_12087.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoan,_James_E.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Doan, James E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557371">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An Island in the Virginian Sea': Native Americans and the Irish in English Discourse, 1585–1640"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnhr.1997.a925184">10.1353/nhr.1997.a925184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557371">20557371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=%27An+Island+in+the+Virginian+Sea%27%3A+Native+Americans+and+the+Irish+in+English+Discourse%2C+1585%E2%80%931640&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.1997.a925184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Doan%2C+James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFl5c3bMKUl">"Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaties+that+Shaped+the+Course+of+Irish+History+%E2%80%93+the+Irish+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2021%2F12%2F06%2Ftreaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history%2F%23.ZFl5c3bMKUl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/doctrine-discovery-1493">"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Discovery%2C+1493+%26%23124%3B+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-resources%2Fspotlight-primary-source%2Fdoctrine-discovery-1493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magnum Bullarium Romanum</i>, Volume 4, part 1, p. 315 (1743 edition; facsimile reprint 1965) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/remonstrance-irish-princes-1317/">"The Remonstrance of Irish Princes, 1317"</a>. 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Remonstrance+of+Irish+Princes%2C+1317&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fremonstrance-irish-princes-1317%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaginn2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Maginn, Christopher (Winter 2007). "Surrender and Regrant in the Historiography of Sixteenth-Century Ireland". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. 38, No. 4 (4): 972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20478623">10.2307/20478623</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20478623">20478623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Surrender+and+Regrant+in+the+Historiography+of+Sixteenth-Century+Ireland&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=38%2C+No.+4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=972&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20478623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20478623%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maginn&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529182634/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1962/act/29/schedule/1/enacted/en/html">"Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1962/en/act/pub/0029/sched1.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+Law+Revision+%28Pre-Union+Irish+Statutes%29+Act%2C+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1962%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0029%2Fsched1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff1992" class="citation thesis cs1">Duff, Meaghan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625771"><i><span></span>'This Famous Island in the Virginia Sea': The Influence of the Irish Tudor and Stuart Plantation Experiences in the Evolution of American Colonial Theory and Practice</i></a> (MA thesis). College of William & Mary. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21220%2Fs2-kvrp-3b47">10.21220/s2-kvrp-3b47</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27This+Famous+Island+in+the+Virginia+Sea%27%3A+The+Influence+of+the+Irish+Tudor+and+Stuart+Plantation+Experiences+in+the+Evolution+of+American+Colonial+Theory+and+Practice&rft.inst=College+of+William+%26+Mary&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21220%2Fs2-kvrp-3b47&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wm.edu%2Fetd%2F1539625771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon pp. 169–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Nicholas Canny</a>, <i>Making Ireland British 1580–1650</i>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon, Colm. <i>Sixteenth Century Ireland, the Incomplete Conquest</i>. Gill & Macmillan, 1994. pp. 211–213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717116232" title="Special:BookSources/9780717116232">9780717116232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/st-leger-sir-warham-a8224">https://www.dib.ie/biography/st-leger-sir-warham-a8224</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Steven. <i>Ireland in the Age of the Tudors</i>. Routledge, 2014. p. 293 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48334/48334-h/48334-h.htm#Footnote_164_164">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ireland Under the Tudors, Vol. II (of 3), by Richard Bagwell"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+Ireland+Under+the+Tudors%2C+Vol.+II+%28of+3%29%2C+by+Richard+Bagwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F48334%2F48334-h%2F48334-h.htm%23Footnote_164_164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Steven. <i>Ireland in the Age of the Tudors</i>. Routledge, 2014. p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While it is widely acknowledged that the late 16th century Munster plantation was a prototype for the colonization of Virginia founded by the English landing at Jamestown in 1607" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.carrigdhoun.com/post/from-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa">https://www.carrigdhoun.com/post/from-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095753187">"Enterprise of Ulster"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Enterprise+of+Ulster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095753187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, Kenneth. <i>Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady, Ciaran. <i>The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland 1536–1588</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 130 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/planters/es01.shtml">BBC History – Plantation of Ulster – 16th century colonisation plans for Ulster</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horning, Audrey. <i>Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2013. pp. 65–67 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_303-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_303_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Steven. <i>Ireland in the Age of the Tudors, 1447–1603</i>. Routledge, 2014. p. 303 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heffernan_Essex-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heffernan_Essex_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heffernan_Essex_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heffernan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/volume-27/essexs-enterprise/">Essex's Enterprise</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Ireland" title="History Ireland">History Ireland</a></i>, Volume 27, Issue 2 (March/April 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls, Cyril. <i>Elizabeth's Irish Wars</i>. Syracuse University Press, 1997. p. 116 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon, pp. 276–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ecu.edu/umc/munster/settlement_munster.html">"Core.edu"</a>. <q>extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Core.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ecu.edu%2Fumc%2Fmunster%2Fsettlement_munster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleslane.com/1584---plantation-of-munster">"1584 – the Plantation of Munster"</a>. <i>Coles Lane</i>. <q>The first step was to map the region, which began in September 1584 and completed thirteen months later when it reported that there were 574,645 acres of land available for settlement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coles+Lane&rft.atitle=1584+%E2%80%93+the+Plantation+of+Munster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleslane.com%2F1584---plantation-of-munster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon pp. 229–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Sheehan, "Official Reaction to Native Land Claims in the Plantation of Munster", <i>Irish Historical Studies</i> 23 (1985), 303–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maccarthy-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCarthy-Morrogh1983" class="citation web cs1">MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78864256.pdf">"The Munster Plantation, 1583–1641 (Thesis)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Holloway College">Royal Holloway College</a> – via <a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Munster+Plantation%2C+1583%E2%80%931641+%28Thesis%29&rft.pub=Royal+Holloway+College&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=MacCarthy-Morrogh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F78864256.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/10097527">10097527</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapple, Rory. <i>Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2009. p. 235 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/sir-walter-ralegh-in-ireland/">"Sir Walter Ralegh in Ireland"</a>. 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Ralegh+in+Ireland&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fsir-walter-ralegh-in-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carrigdhoun.com/post/from-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa">"From Carrigaline to Virginia, USA"</a>. 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Carrigaline+to+Virginia%2C+USA&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carrigdhoun.com%2Fpost%2Ffrom-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Macarthy, <i>The Letter Book of Florence MacCarthy</i>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny, <i>Making Ireland British</i>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny pp. 162–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennon p. 302, "Within Tyrone, his [O'Neill's] power was made absolute over the inhabitants of all ranks...Thus O'Neill was accorded virtual palatinate powers in his territory with the backing of English law, the outcome he had more or less sought at the beginning of the campaign in 1599".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny p. 184–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padraig Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603–1727</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89_99_01-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89_99_01_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._T._Q._Stewart" title="A. T. Q. Stewart">A. T. Q. Stewart</a>: <i>The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster.</i> London, Faber and Faber Ltd. New Edition, 1989. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Falls" title="Cyril Falls">Cyril Falls</a>: <i>The Birth of Ulster</i>. London, Constable and Company Ltd. 1996. pp. 156–157. M. Perceval-Maxwell: <i>The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James 1.</i> Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. 1999. p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Elliott_(historian)" title="Marianne Elliott (historian)">Marianne Elliott</a>: <i>The Catholics of Ulster: A History</i>. New York: Basic Books. 2001. p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Confederate Catholics at War</i>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Bourke, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20505086">Irish Levies for the Army of Sweden (1609–1610)</a>." <i>The Irish Monthly</i>, Vol. 46, No. 541 (Jul. 1918), pp. 396–404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny, pp. 429–431 and 435–436. For instance, in one Ulster parish in 1622, that of Lord Grandison, 13 Irish male heads of households were attending Protestant services, but over 200 were refusing to do so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny pp. 371–372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Confederate Catholics at War</i>, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Edwards, <i>The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland</i>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 77–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Marshall (2006). <i>John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65114-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65114-X">0-521-65114-X</a>, p. 58, footnote 10, "Modern historians estimate the number massacred in Ireland in 1641 at between 2,000 and 12,000."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny pp. 568–571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny, pp. 570, 572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 134–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenihan,_p._111-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan,_p._111_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Confederate Catholics at War</i>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganMcAtackneyReilly2015" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Liam; McAtackney, Laura; Reilly, Matthew Connor (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/irish-slaves-myth-2369653-Oct2015/">"The unfree Irish in the Caribbean were indentured servants, not slaves"</a>. <i>thejournal.ie</i>. Journal Media Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thejournal.ie&rft.atitle=The+unfree+Irish+in+the+Caribbean+were+indentured+servants%2C+not+slaves&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft.au=McAtackney%2C+Laura&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Matthew+Connor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Freadme%2Firish-slaves-myth-2369653-Oct2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon, Ohlmeyer, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 140–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenihan, <i>Consolidating Conquest</i>, pp. 200–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huguenotsociety.org.uk/history.html">Huguenot History</a>, Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cahill, Sean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/irelandHouse/documents/0111-0126_PoliticsOfTheIrishLanguage.pdf">"The Politics of the Irish Language Under the English and British Governments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium</i>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Barra+%C3%93+Donnabh%C3%A1in+Symposium&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+the+Irish+Language+Under+the+English+and+British+Governments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyu-as%2FirelandHouse%2Fdocuments%2F0111-0126_PoliticsOfTheIrishLanguage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1917" class="citation book cs1">Butler, William Francis Thomas (1917). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Confiscation in Irish history"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Confiscation_in_Irish_history"><i>Confiscation in Irish history</i> </a></span>. London: T. Fisher Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confiscation+in+Irish+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=William+Francis+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunlop_(historian)" title="Robert Dunlop (historian)">Robert Dunlop</a>, "The Plantation of Munster, 1584–1589", <i><a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i> 3 (1888), 250–269</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Canny, Nicholas P., <i>Making Ireland British 1580–1650</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2000" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Edmund (2000) [1936]. <i>A History of Ireland: From Earliest Times to 1922</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27949-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27949-6"><bdi>0-415-27949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ireland%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+1922&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-27949-6&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> A newer edition (8th, 2002) is available.</li> <li>Ford & McCafferty, <i>The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lennon, Colm, <i>Sixteenth Century Ireland – The Incomplete Conquest</i>, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. 1994 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lenihan, Padraig, <i>Confederate Catholics at War</i>, Cork: Cork University Press, 2000 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>McCarthy, Daniel, <i>The Life and Letter book of Florence McCarthy Reagh, Tanist of Carberry</i>, Dublin, 1867</li> <li>MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael, <i>The Munster Plantation – English migration to Southern Ireland 1583–1641</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRaildSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">MacRaild, Donald M.; Smith, Malcolm (2012). "Migration and Emigration, 1600–1945". In <a href="/wiki/Liam_Kennedy_(historian)" title="Liam Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, Liam</a>; Ollerenshaw, Philip (eds.). <i>Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199583119" title="Special:BookSources/9780199583119"><bdi>9780199583119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Emigration%2C+1600%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Ulster+Since+1600%3A+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199583119&rft.aulast=MacRaild&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantations+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scot-Wheeler, James, <i>Cromwell in Ireland</i>, New York, 1999 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantations_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/03/28/the-munster-plantation-and-the-maccarthys-1583-1597/#.WHgeeDmqy1g">The Munster Plantation and the MacCarthys, 1583–1597</a> at The Irish Story</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> 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