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<span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vertebrates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cartilaginous_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartilaginous_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cartilaginous fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartilaginous_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bony_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bony_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Bony fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bony_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invertebrates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plastrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Plastrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieu" title="Kieu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kieu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85" title="خيشوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيشوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branquia" title="Branquia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Branquia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%86" title="سولونگاچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولونگاچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsangan" title="Angsangan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Angsangan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айғолаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Айғолаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Шчэлепы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шчэлепы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Шчэлепы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шчэлепы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasang" title="Hasang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hasang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Хриле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хриле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Škrge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A0nquia" title="Brànquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brànquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95)" title="Суха (сывлав органĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суха (сывлав органĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C3%A1bry" title="Žábry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žábry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A6lle" title="Gælle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gælle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83" title="أفوشك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفوشك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieme" title="Kieme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kieme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5pused" title="Lõpused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõpused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βράγχια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βράγχια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branquia" title="Branquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Branquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko" title="Branko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Branko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakatz" title="Zakatz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zakatz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B4" title="آبشش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبشش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchie" title="Branchie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Branchie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiuw" title="Kiuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kiuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branquia" title="Branquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Branquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EA%B0%80%EB%AF%B8" title="아가미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아가미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խռիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խռիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="क्लोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škrge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brankio" title="Brankio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brankio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insang" title="Insang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Insang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1lkn" title="Tálkn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tálkn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchia" title="Branchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Branchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זימים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זימים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsang" title="Angsang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Angsang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಿವಿರುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿವಿರುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლაყუჩები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაყუჩები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamvua_(samaki)" title="Matamvua (samaki) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Matamvua (samaki)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchi" title="Branchi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Branchi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchiae" title="Branchiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Branchiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaunas" title="Žaunas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žaunas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiauna" title="Žiauna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiauna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopolty%C3%BA" title="Kopoltyú – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kopoltyú" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жабри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жабри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagoaga" title="Sagoaga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sagoaga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3" title="ചെകിള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെകിള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insang" title="Insang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Insang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%AD_(s%C4%83i)" title="Chĭ (săi) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chĭ (săi)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieuw" title="Kieuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kieuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%88%E3%82%89" title="えら – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="えら" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjelle" title="Gjelle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gjelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjelle" title="Gjelle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaassii(Gill)" title="Asaassii(Gill) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Asaassii(Gill)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzela_(anatomia)" title="Skrzela (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrzela (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A2nquia" title="Brânquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brânquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branhie" title="Branhie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Branhie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawsamaq" title="Yawsamaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawsamaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жабры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жабры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Хайыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хайыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%ABza" title="Velëza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Velëza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiabre" title="Žiabre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žiabre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škrge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88" title="ڕیشوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیشوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Шкрге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкрге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škrge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asang" title="Asang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidukset" title="Kidukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kidukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4lar" title="Gälar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gälar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gills&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">Gills</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Respiratory organ used by aquatic organisms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gill (disambiguation)">Gill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carp_gill_defect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carp_gill_defect.jpg/220px-Carp_gill_defect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carp_gill_defect.jpg/330px-Carp_gill_defect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carp_gill_defect.jpg/440px-Carp_gill_defect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The red gills of this <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a> are visibly exposed as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">gill flap</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defect</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gill</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/En-us-gill.ogg\/En-us-gill.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-gill.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/En-us-gill.ogg/En-us-gill.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-gill.ogg" title="File:En-us-gill.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Respiration_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiration organ">respiratory organ</a> that many <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic</a> organisms use to extract dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and to excrete <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The gills of some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> to the external environment. <b>Branchia</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: branchiae) is the zoologists' name for gills (from Ancient Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:βράγχια">βράγχια</a>). </p><p>With the exception of some aquatic <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, the filaments and <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(surface_anatomy)" title="Lamella (surface anatomy)">lamellae</a> (folds) contain <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coelom#Coelomic_fluid" title="Coelom">coelomic fluid</a>, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. The blood carries oxygen to other parts of the body. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, insects, fish, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiterrestrial</a> marine animals such as <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudskipper" title="Mudskipper">mudskippers</a> have gill chambers in which they store water, enabling them to use the dissolved oxygen when they are on land. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> observed that fish had multitudes of openings (<i>foramina</i>), big enough to admit gases, but too fine to give passage to water. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> held that fish respired by their gills, but observed that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was of another opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>branchia</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βράγχια</span></span>, "gills", plural of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βράγχιον</span></span> (in singular, meaning a <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb sufficient oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without gills. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills. Many invertebrates, and even amphibians, use both the body surface and gills for gaseous exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gills usually consist of thin filaments of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(surface_anatomy)" title="Lamella (surface anatomy)">lamellae</a> (plates), branches, or slender, tufted <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">processes</a> that have a highly folded surface to increase <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a>. The delicate nature of the gills is possible because the surrounding water provides support. The blood or other body fluid must be in intimate contact with the respiratory surface for ease of diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high surface area is crucial to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> than <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> does, and it diffuses more slowly. A <a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">cubic meter</a> of air contains about 275 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> of oxygen at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm<sup>3</sup>/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm<sup>3</sup>/L.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Biology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Biology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Biology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Biology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Biology_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Biology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Biology_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Biology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than using lungs, "[g]aseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Biology_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Biology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually water is moved across the gills in one direction by the current, by the motion of the animal through the water, by the beating of cilia or other appendages, or by means of a pumping mechanism. In fish and some molluscs, the efficiency of the gills is greatly enhanced by a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> mechanism in which the water passes over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood through them. This mechanism is very efficient and as much as 90% of the dissolved oxygen in the water may be recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg/220px-FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg/330px-FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg/440px-FreshwaterFishGill400x7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Freshwater fish gills magnified 400 times</figcaption></figure> <p>The gills of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> typically develop in the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. Most species employ a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the <b>gill lamellae</b>, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Thymus_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymus gland">thymus glands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-International_Congress_Series_2003_pp._71–74_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Congress_Series_2003_pp._71–74-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathyroid glands">parathyroid glands</a>, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Branchial_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchial pouch">branchial pouches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_Richardson_2012_p=24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_Richardson_2012_p=24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Fish gill</a></div> <p>The gills of fish form a number of slits connecting the pharynx to the outside of the animal on either side of the fish behind the head. Originally there were many slits, but during evolution, the number reduced, and modern fish mostly have five pairs, and never more than eight.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cartilaginous_fish">Cartilaginous fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cartilaginous fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a> typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six pairs with the <a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">Broadnose sevengill shark</a> being the only cartilaginous fish exceeding this number. Adjacent slits are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> gill arch from which projects a cartilaginous <b>gill ray</b>. This gill ray is the support for the sheet-like interbranchial <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a>, which the individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of. The base of the arch may also support <a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill rakers</a>, projections into the pharyngeal cavity that help to prevent large pieces of debris from damaging the delicate gills.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller opening, the <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracle</a>, lies in the back of the first <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a>. This bears a small <b>pseudobranch</b> that resembles a gill in structure, but only receives blood already oxygenated by the true gills.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spiracle is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to the ear opening in <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sharks rely on ram ventilation, forcing water into the mouth and over the gills by rapidly swimming forward. In slow-moving or bottom-dwelling species, especially among skates and rays, the spiracle may be enlarged, and the fish breathes by sucking water through this opening, instead of through the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">Chimaeras</a> differ from other cartilagenous fish, having lost both the spiracle and the fifth gill slit. The remaining slits are covered by an <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">operculum</a>, developed from the septum of the gill arch in front of the first gill.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bony_fish">Bony fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bony fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg/175px-Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg/263px-Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg/350px-Tuna_Gills_in_Situ_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>The red gills inside a detached <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> head (viewed from behind)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">bony fish</a>, the gills lie in a branchial chamber covered by a bony operculum. The great majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills, although a few have lost some over the course of evolution. The operculum can be important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills, so bony fish do not have to rely on ram ventilation (and hence near constant motion) to breathe. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gill arches of bony fish typically have no septum, so the gills alone project from the arch, supported by individual gill rays. Some species retain gill rakers. Though all but the most primitive bony fish lack spiracles, the pseudobranch associated with them often remains, being located at the base of the operculum. This is, however, often greatly reduced, consisting of a small mass of cells without any remaining gill-like structure.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a> also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl<sup>−</sup>). The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem for fish that seek to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">osmolarity</a> of their internal fluids. Seawater contains more osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids, so marine fishes naturally lose water through their gills via osmosis. To regain the water, marine fishes drink large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> while simultaneously expending energy to excrete <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a> ionocytes (formerly known as mitochondrion-rich cells and <a href="/wiki/Chloride_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloride cell">chloride cells</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, fresh water contains less osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids. Therefore, freshwater fishes must utilize their gill ionocytes to attain ions from their environment to maintain optimal blood osmolarity.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">Lampreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a> do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum. Lampreys have seven pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally and a separate tube which has no respiratory tissue (the pharyngocutaneous duct) develops beneath the pharynx proper, expelling ingested debris by closing a valve at its anterior end.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Lungfish</a> larvae also have <a href="/wiki/External_gills" title="External gills">external gills</a>, as does the primitive <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus" title="Polypterus">Polypterus</a></i>, though the latter has a structure different from amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth_Newt_larva_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Smooth_Newt_larva_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Alpine_newt" title="Alpine newt">alpine newt</a> larva showing the <a href="/wiki/External_gills" title="External gills">external gills</a>, which flare just behind the head</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">Tadpoles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> have from three to five gill slits that do not contain actual gills. Usually no spiracle or true operculum is present, though many species have operculum-like structures. Instead of internal gills, they develop three feathery external gills that grow from the outer surface of the gill arches. Sometimes, adults retain these, but they usually disappear at <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>. Examples of salamanders that retain their external gills upon reaching adulthood are the <a href="/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">olm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mudpuppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudpuppy">mudpuppy</a>. </p><p>Still, some extinct tetrapod groups did retain true gills. A study on <i><a href="/wiki/Archegosaurus" title="Archegosaurus">Archegosaurus</a></i> demonstrates that it had internal gills like true fish.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg/220px-Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg/330px-Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg/440px-Pleurobranchaea_meckelii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">sea slug</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurobranchaea_meckelii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleurobranchaea meckelii">Pleurobranchaea meckelii</a></i>: The gill (or <a href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">ctenidium</a>) is visible in this view of the right-hand side of the animal.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, and some aquatic insects have tufted gills or plate-like structures on the surfaces of their bodies. Gills of various types and designs, simple or more elaborate, have evolved independently in the past, even among the same class of animals. The segments of <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete worms</a> bear <a href="/wiki/Parapodium" title="Parapodium">parapodia</a> many of which carry gills.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponges lack specialised respiratory structures, and the whole of the animal acts as a gill as water is drawn through its spongy structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquatic arthropods usually have gills which are in most cases modified appendages. In some crustaceans these are exposed directly to the water, while in others, they are protected inside a <a href="/wiki/Branchial_chamber" title="Branchial chamber">gill chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">Horseshoe crabs</a> have <a href="/wiki/Book_lung#Book_gills" title="Book lung">book gills</a> which are external flaps, each with many thin leaf-like membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many marine invertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalve molluscs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>. A current of water is maintained through the gills for gas exchange, and food particles are filtered out at the same time. These may be trapped in <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> and moved to the mouth by the beating of cilia.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Respiration in the <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called <a href="/wiki/Papulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papulae">papulae</a>. These thin protuberances on the surface of the body contain <a href="/wiki/Diverticulum" title="Diverticulum">diverticula</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Water_vascular_system" title="Water vascular system">water vascular system</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg/220px-Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg/330px-Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg/440px-Hermit_Crab_Gills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_hermit_crab" title="Caribbean hermit crab">Caribbean hermit crabs</a> have modified gills that allow them to live in humid conditions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gills of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">aquatic insects</a> are <a href="/wiki/Trachea#Invertebrates" title="Trachea">tracheal</a>, but the air tubes are sealed, commonly connected to thin external plates or tufted structures that allow diffusion. The oxygen in these tubes is renewed through the gills. In the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a>, the wall of the caudal end of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">alimentary tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>) is richly supplied with tracheae as a rectal gill, and water pumped into and out of the rectum provides oxygen to the closed tracheae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastrons"><span class="anchor" id="Plastron"></span> Plastrons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plastrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>plastron</b> is a type of structural adaptation occurring among some aquatic arthropods (primarily insects), a form of inorganic gill which holds a thin film of atmospheric oxygen in an area with small openings called <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracles</a> that connect to the tracheal system. The plastron typically consists of dense patches of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Setae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setae">setae</a> on the body, which prevent water entry into the spiracles, but may also involve scales or microscopic ridges projecting from the cuticle. The physical properties of the interface between the trapped air film and surrounding water allow gas exchange through the spiracles, almost as if the insect were in atmospheric air. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> diffuses into the surrounding water due to its high <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, while oxygen diffuses into the film as the concentration within the film has been reduced by <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>, and nitrogen also diffuses out as its tension has been increased. Oxygen diffuses into the air film at a higher rate than nitrogen diffuses out. However, water surrounding the insect can become oxygen-depleted if there is no water movement, so many such insects in still water actively direct a flow of water over their bodies. </p><p>The inorganic gill mechanism allows aquatic arthropods with plastrons to remain constantly submerged. Examples include many <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Elmidae" title="Elmidae">Elmidae</a>, aquatic <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/True_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="True bug">true bugs</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Aphelocheiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelocheiridae">Aphelocheiridae</a>, as well as at least one species of <a href="/wiki/Ricinulei" title="Ricinulei">ricinuleid arachnid</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various mites.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A somewhat similar mechanism is used by the <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell_spider" title="Diving bell spider">diving bell spider</a>, which maintains an underwater bubble that exchanges gas like a plastron. Other diving insects (such as <a href="/wiki/Backswimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backswimmer">backswimmers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilidae" title="Hydrophilidae">hydrophilid beetles</a>) may carry trapped air bubbles, but deplete the oxygen more quickly, and thus need constant replenishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_gills_(human)" title="Artificial gills (human)">Artificial gills (human)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung">Book lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Fish gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">Gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">Gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Branchia". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 2nd Ed. 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoritWalkerBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1">Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori"><i>Zoology</i></a></span>. 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Roberts; Michael Reiss; Grace Monger (2000). <i>Advanced Biology</i>. London, UK: Nelson. pp. 164–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Biology&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=2000&rft.au=M.+b.+v.+Roberts&rft.au=Michael+Reiss&rft.au=Grace+Monger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsAdrian_ExellNeville_Carrington2003" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Chris; Adrian Exell; Neville Carrington (2003). <i>Manual Of Fish Health</i>. 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Part I-systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension. <i>Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris</i>, 13e Série 19: pp 1–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPiermariniChoe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, David H.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Choe, Keith P. 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"Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">early Permian</a> of Germany". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 105–127. doi:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary,_S." class="citation book cs1">Choudhary, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIfw9sxcxDIC&pg=PA269"><i>Teaching of Biology</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-524-1"><bdi>978-81-7648-524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+of+Biology&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-524-1&rft.au=Choudhary%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIfw9sxcxDIC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena,_Amita2005" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Amita (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uH7t82WQ1J0C&pg=PA180"><i>Text Book of Crustacea</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8356-016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8356-016-0"><bdi>978-81-8356-016-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+Book+of+Crustacea&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8356-016-0&rft.au=Saxena%2C+Amita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuH7t82WQ1J0C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekiguchi,_K.1988" class="citation book cs1">Sekiguchi, K. 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Nelson Thornes. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-448019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-448019-8"><bdi>978-0-17-448019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+A+Functional+Approach&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-17-448019-8&rft.au=Roberts%2C+M.B.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASADBUVAiDUC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Adis,_Benjamin_Messner_&_Norman_Platnick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Joachim Adis, Benjamin Messner & <a href="/wiki/Norman_Platnick" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Platnick">Norman Platnick</a> (1999). "Morphological structures and vertical distribution in the soil indicate facultative plastron respiration in <i>Cryptocellus adisi</i> (Arachnida, Ricinulei) from Central Amazonia". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studies_on_Neotropical_Fauna_and_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment (page does not exist)">Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SNFE...34....1A">1999SNFE...34....1A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2Fsnfe.34.1.1.8915">10.1076/snfe.34.1.1.8915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+on+Neotropical+Fauna+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Morphological+structures+and+vertical+distribution+in+the+soil+indicate+facultative+plastron+respiration+in+Cryptocellus+adisi+%28Arachnida%2C+Ricinulei%29+from+Central+Amazonia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1076%2Fsnfe.34.1.1.8915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SNFE...34....1A&rft.au=Joachim+Adis%2C+Benjamin+Messner+%26+Norman+Platnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hinton, H.E. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022191071901843">"Plastron respiration in the mite, Platyseius italicus"</a>. <i>Journal of Insect Physiology</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 1185–1199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JInsP..17.1185H">1971JInsP..17.1185H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1910%2871%2990184-3">10.1016/0022-1910(71)90184-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Physiology&rft.atitle=Plastron+respiration+in+the+mite%2C+Platyseius+italicus&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1185-1199&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1910%2871%2990184-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971JInsP..17.1185H&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022191071901843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfingstl2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pfingstl, Tobias (30 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.montpellier.inrae.fr/CBGP/acarologia/article.php?id=4197">"The marine-associated lifestyle of ameronothroid mites (Acari, Oribatida) and its evolutionary origin: a review"</a>. <i>Acarologia</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 693–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24349%2Facarologia%2F20174197">10.24349/acarologia/20174197</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90340235">90340235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acarologia&rft.atitle=The+marine-associated+lifestyle+of+ameronothroid+mites+%28Acari%2C+Oribatida%29+and+its+evolutionary+origin%3A+a+review&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=693-721&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24349%2Facarologia%2F20174197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90340235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfingstl&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.montpellier.inrae.fr%2FCBGP%2Facarologia%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D4197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/fish-dissections/">Fish Dissection - Gills exposed</a> <i>Australian Museum</i>. 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