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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversia_por_la_denominaci%C3%B3n_GNU/Linux" title="Controversia por la denominación GNU/Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Controversia por la denominación GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بحث نام‌گذاری گنو/لینوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحث نام‌گذاری گنو/لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_ou_GNU/Linux" 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.theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/142px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/213px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/284px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a>, mascot of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux Kernel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckert_GNU_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/172px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/258px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/344px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Official logo employed by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>GNU/Linux naming controversy</b> is a controversy regarding whether <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">computer operating systems</a> that use <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> software and the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> should be referred to as "GNU/Linux" or "Linux" systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the term <i>Linux</i> argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media<sup id="cite_ref-MakeUseOf_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakeUseOf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OReilly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OReilly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while proponents of the term <i>GNU/Linux</i> note that <i>GNU</i> alone would be just as good a name for <a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">GNU variants</a> which combine the <a href="/wiki/GNU_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU operating system">GNU operating system</a> software with software from other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>GNU/Linux</i> is promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) and its founder <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linuxandgnu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxandgnu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their reasoning is that the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU project</a> was the main contributor for not only many of the operating system components used in the subsequent development of modern "Linux" systems, but also the associated <a href="/wiki/Free_software_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software philosophy">free software philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">distributions</a> of operating systems containing the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> use the name that the FSF prefers, such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU/Linux-libre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others claim that GNU/Linux is a useful name to make a distinction between those and Linux distributions such as <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine Linux</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, set forth plans of a complete <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, called <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, composed entirely of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. In September of that year, Stallman published a manifesto in <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i> detailing his new project publicly, outlining his vision of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookonopensource_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookonopensource-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software development work began in January 1984. By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, but the lower level (<a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, device drivers, system-level utilities and <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a>) was still mostly lacking. </p><p>The kernel officially developed by GNU was called <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>. The Hurd followed an ambitious <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> design, which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement early on. However, in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> independently released the first version of the Linux kernel. Early Linux developers <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> GNU code, including the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Compiler">GNU C Compiler</a>, to run with Linux, while the free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system. This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next few years, several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasil Linux">Yggdrasil Linux</a> distribution adopted the name "Linux/GNU/<a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> project, which was at one time sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-OReilly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OReilly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rebelcode_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebelcode-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term).<sup id="cite_ref-faif2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faif2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNU's June 1994 <i>Bulletin</i> described "Linux" as a "free <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">386</a> machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the January 1995 <i>Bulletin</i> switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stallman's and the FSF's efforts to include "GNU" in the name started around 1994, but were reportedly mostly via private communications (such as the above-mentioned request to Debian) until 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1996, Stallman released <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> 19.31 with the <a href="/wiki/Autoconf" title="Autoconf">Autoconf</a> system target "linux" changed to "lignux" (shortly thereafter changed to "linux-gnu" in emacs 19.32),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included an essay "Linux and the GNU system"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that people use the terms "Linux-based GNU system" (or "GNU/Linux system" or "Lignux" for short). He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU System".<sup id="cite_ref-linuxandgnu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxandgnu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_operating_systems">Composition of operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition of operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> operating systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>. Desktop and server-based distributions use GNU software such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> (glibc), <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> (coreutils), <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">GNU Binutils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">GNU gzip</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU tar">GNU tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_gettext" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU gettext">GNU gettext</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">GNU grep</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_awk" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU awk">GNU awk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">GNU sed</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Findutils" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Findutils">GNU Findutils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnupg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnupg">gnupg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libgcrypt" title="Libgcrypt">libgcrypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnutls" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnutls">gnutls</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_readline" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU readline">GNU readline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ncurses" title="Ncurses">GNU ncurses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a> shell. </p><p>In a 2002 analysis of the source code for <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> 7.1, a typical <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>, the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, a 2011 analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> distribution's "Natty" release main repository found that 8% to 13% of it consisted of GNU components (the range depending on whether <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> is considered part of GNU), while only 6% is taken by the Linux kernel (9% when including its direct dependencies).<sup id="cite_ref-pedrocr-gnu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pedrocr-gnu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determining exactly what constitutes the "operating system" <i>per se</i> is a matter of continuing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, some <a href="/wiki/Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Handheld_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld device">handheld devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> (like Google's <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateways</a> (routers), and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> devices, are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU, due to perceived issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Software_bloat" title="Software bloat">bloat</a>, and impeded performance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system running <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a> is likely to substitute <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> for glibc, and <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a> for coreutils. Google's Linux-based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries, using Google's own <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a> C library in place of glibc. The FSF agrees that "GNU/Linux" is not an appropriate name for these systems.<sup id="cite_ref-fsf-faq_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsf-faq-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C</a> library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example <a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/Hurd">Debian GNU/Hurd</a> (GNU userland on the GNU kernel)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/kFreeBSD">Debian GNU/kFreeBSD</a> (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions">Opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU/Linux"><span id="GNU.2FLinux"></span>GNU/Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GNU/Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnu-and-penguin-color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gnu-and-penguin-color.png/220px-Gnu-and-penguin-color.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gnu-and-penguin-color.png/330px-Gnu-and-penguin-color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gnu-and-penguin-color.png/440px-Gnu-and-penguin-color.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> artwork of the <a href="/wiki/Gnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnu">gnu</a> (GNU mascot) and the penguin <a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a> (mascot of the Linux kernel) representing their viewpoint on "GNU/Linux". The <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), which is used by the Linux kernel as well as by most GNU software, armors both characters.</figcaption></figure> <p>The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps;<sup id="cite_ref-linux-and-gnu_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the large number of GNU components and GNU <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> used in such systems is a secondary argument: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice would be <i>GNU</i>. But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question. The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. <i>[...]</i> Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is an integrated system—and not just a collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system, and we systematically wrote, or found people to write, everything on the list. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Richard Stallman<sup id="cite_ref-linux-and-gnu_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other arguments include that the name "GNU/Linux" recognizes the role that the free-software movement played in building modern <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open source software communities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fsf-faq_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsf-faq-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the GNU project played a larger role in developing <a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">packages</a> and software for <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">GNU/Linux or Linux distributions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-linuxandgnu_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxandgnu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that using the word "Linux" to refer to the Linux kernel, the operating system and entire distributions of software leads to confusion on the differences about the three. Because of this confusion, legal threats and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> campaigns apparently directed against the kernel, such as those launched by the <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a> (AdTI), have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted. SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique, Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project: "Some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed. Of course, I'm not asking you to call it 'Stallmanix'."<sup id="cite_ref-stallman-transcript_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallman-transcript-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to another common suggestion that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name cannot credit all of them, the FSF has argued that this cannot justify calling the system "Linux", since they believe that the GNU project's contribution was ultimately greater than that of the Linux kernel in these related systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pedrocr-gnu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pedrocr-gnu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project, saying that because the system is more widely referred as "Linux", people tend to "think it's all Linux, that it was all started by Mr. Torvalds in 1991, and they think it all comes from his vision of life, and that's the really bad problem."<sup id="cite_ref-torvalds-role_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torvalds-role-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_Conill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariadne Conill">Ariadne Conill</a>, developer and security chair of <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine Linux</a>, has stated that in her opinion GNU/Linux is the correct name when referring to Linux distributions that are based on <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU coreutils</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a>. This can be contrasted to other Linux distributions which are based on <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">bionic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a> (Alpine).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of naming the operating systems "Linux" state that "Linux" is used far more often than "GNU/Linux".<sup id="cite_ref-MakeUseOf_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakeUseOf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OReilly_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OReilly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> writes (in the "Linux" entry of the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance. </p></blockquote> <p>When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i> whether the name "GNU/Linux" was justified, he replied: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, I think it's justified, but it's justified if you actually make a GNU distribution of Linux ... the same way that I think that "Red Hat Linux" is fine, or "SUSE Linux" or "Debian Linux", because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux, you get to name the thing, but calling Linux in general "GNU Linux" I think is just ridiculous.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An earlier comment by Torvalds on the naming controversy was: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Umm, this discussion has gone on quite long enough, thank you very much. It doesn't really matter what people call Linux, as long as credit is given where credit is due (on both sides). Personally, I'll very much continue to call it "Linux", ... </p><p>The GNU people tried calling it GNU/Linux, and that's ok. It's certainly no worse a name than "Linux Pro" or "Red Hat Linux" or "Slackware Linux" ... </p><p>Lignux is just a punny name—I think Linux/GNU or GNU/Linux is a bit more "professional" ...<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The name "GNU/Linux," particularly when using Stallman's preferred pronunciation, has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i> speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad. For example, <a href="/wiki/Larry_McVoy" title="Larry McVoy">Larry McVoy</a> (author of <a href="/wiki/BitKeeper" title="BitKeeper">BitKeeper</a>, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gettys" title="Jim Gettys">Jim Gettys</a>, one of the original developers of the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> There are lots of people on this bus; I don't hear a clamor of support that GNU is more essential than many of the other components; can't take a wheel away, and end up with a functional vehicle, or an engine, or the seats. I recommend you be happy we have a bus.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">GNU variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">List of GNU packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_software" class="mw-redirect" title="History of free software">History of free software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNoyes2012" class="citation web cs1">Noyes, Katherine (10 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717161818/https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/75073.html">"To GNU or Not to GNU? That Is the Question"</a>. <i>www.linuxinsider.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/75073.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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O'Reilly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2005/10/06/what-is-linux.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Dev+Center&rft.atitle=What+Is+Linux&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Siever&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2005%2F10%2F06%2Fwhat-is-linux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert2012" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Jason W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">OSS</a> applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux%2B+Guide+to+Linux+Certification&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1111541538&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Jason+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHLH4S78LmsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynantsCornelis2005" class="citation book cs1">Wynants, Marleen; Cornelis, Jan (2005). <i>How Open is the Future?: Economic, Social & Cultural Scenarios Inspired by Free & Open-source Software</i>. 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Gnu.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+and+the+GNU+System&rft.pub=Gnu.org&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Flinux-and-gnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#long">"GNU/Linux FAQ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%2FLinux+FAQ&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fgnu-linux-faq.html%23long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/intro/about">"About Debian"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+ANNOUNCEMENT%3A+Alpha+release+Linux%2FGNU%2FX+...&rft.pub=comp.unix.misc&rft.date=1992-11-26&rft.au=Jamie+Mazer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.unix.misc%2Fmsg%2F698d1e2b49c5854e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigo_Vanegas1993" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Rodrigo Vanegas (18 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/dcf89e95ca953b69">"The free software myth and the commercial myth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.linux">comp.os.linux</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+free+software+myth+and+the+commercial+myth&rft.pub=comp.os.linux&rft.date=1993-05-18&rft.au=Rodrigo+Vanegas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux%2Fmsg%2Fdcf89e95ca953b69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Benson1994" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Stephen Benson (12 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/4c19177c383c9b21">"Linux/GNU in EE Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.linux.misc">comp.os.linux.misc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:178@scribendum.win-uk.net">178@scribendum.win-uk.net</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux%2FGNU+in+EE+Times&rft.pub=comp.os.linux.misc&rft.date=1994-05-12&rft_id=news%3A178%40scribendum.win-uk.net%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Stephen+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux.misc%2Fmsg%2F4c19177c383c9b21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213520/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/File:Official_Debian_Linux_to_GNU_Linux_name_change_announcement.pdf">Official announcement of the name change on the debian-announce mailing list</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebelcode-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rebelcode_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody,_Glyn2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Moody" title="Glyn Moody">Moody, Glyn</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIU1scm4w6QC&pg=PT100"><i>Rebel Code: Linux And The Open Source Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738206707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738206707"><bdi>978-0738206707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Code%3A+Linux+And+The+Open+Source+Revolution&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0738206707&rft.au=Moody%2C+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIU1scm4w6QC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faif2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faif2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsStallman2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sam; Stallman, Richard M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/faif-2.0.pdf"><i>Free as in Freedom 2.0</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. GNU Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9831592-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom+2.0&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9831592-1-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Stallman%2C+Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.fsf.org%2Fnosvn%2Ffaif-2.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull17.html">"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 17"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%27s+Bulletin%2C+vol.+1+no.+17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fbulletins%2Fbull17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull18.html">"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 18"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%27s+Bulletin%2C+vol.+1+no.+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fbulletins%2Fbull18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stallman2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Richard Stallman (12 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2003/1/12/55">"Re: Why is Nvidia given GPL'd code to use in closed source drivers?"</a>. <i>linux-kernel</i> (Mailing list). Lkml.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Why+is+Nvidia+given+GPL%27d+code+to+use+in+closed+source+drivers%3F&rft.pub=Lkml.org&rft.date=2003-01-12&rft.au=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2003%2F1%2F12%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Welsh1994" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Matt Welsh (8 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/1241a2919efc4bc3">"Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.linux.misc">comp.os.linux.misc</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+is+a+GNU+system+and+the+DWARF+support&rft.pub=comp.os.linux.misc&rft.date=1994-09-08&rft.au=Matt+Welsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux.misc%2Fmsg%2F1241a2919efc4bc3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftp.gnu.org/old-gnu/emacs/emacs-19.31-19.32.diff.gz">"emacs-19.31-19.32.diff-1"</a>. pp. line 151–155<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=emacs-19.31-19.32.diff-1&rft.pages=line+151-155&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftp.gnu.org%2Fold-gnu%2Femacs%2Femacs-19.31-19.32.diff.gz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">"Linux and The GNU system"</a>. <i>gnu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=Linux+and+The+GNU+system&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Flinux-and-gnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Wheeler2002" class="citation web cs1">David A. Wheeler (29 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html">"More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size"</a>. <q>the total of the GNU project's code is much larger than the Linux kernel's size. Thus, by comparing the total contributed effort, it's certainly justifiable to call the entire system <i>GNU/Linux</i> and not just <i>Linux</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+a+Gigabuck%3A+Estimating+GNU%2FLinux%27s+Size&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.au=David+A.+Wheeler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fsloc%2Fredhat71-v1%2Fredhat71sloc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pedrocr-gnu-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pedrocr-gnu_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pedrocr-gnu_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCôrte-Real2011" class="citation web cs1">Côrte-Real, Pedro (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/">"How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux?"</a>. <i>Split Perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Split+Perspective&rft.atitle=How+much+GNU+is+there+in+GNU%2FLinux%3F&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4rte-Real&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpedrocr.pt%2Ftext%2Fhow-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a> data)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2002" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (9 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecos.sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2002-01/msg00079.html">"Posting to the glibc mailing list"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Posting+to+the+glibc+mailing+list&rft.date=2002-01-09&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecos.sourceware.org%2Fml%2Flibc-alpha%2F2002-01%2Fmsg00079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsf-faq-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fsf-faq_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsf-faq_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">"GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%2FLinux+FAQ+by+Richard+Stallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fgnu-linux-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebb.org/bkuhn/blog/2009/11/04/android-vs-gnu.html">Android/Linux's Future and Advancement of Mobile Software Freedom</a>, blog post (4 November 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2009" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ryan (23 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/open-source/reviews/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers.ars">"Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android"</a>. Arstechnica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dream%28sheep%2B%2B%29%3A+A+developer%27s+introduction+to+Google+Android&rft.pub=Arstechnica.com&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fopen-source%2Freviews%2F2009%2F02%2Fan-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a> web page, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">GNU Hurd</a> web page. (Accessed June 2013.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/">Debian GNU/kFreeBSD</a> web page (accessed June 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linux-and-gnu-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linux-and-gnu_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linux-and-gnu_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">"Richard Stallman, "Linux and the GNU Project"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Stallman%2C+%22Linux+and+the+GNU+Project%22&rft.pub=GNU+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Flinux-and-gnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Angelo2003" class="citation web cs1">Mike Angelo (28 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914070329/http://www.mozillaquest.com/Linux03/ScoSource-10_Story01.html">"SCO-Caldera v IBM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozillaquest.com/Linux03/ScoSource-10_Story01.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2004</span>. <q>Generally, SCO's <a href="/wiki/SCO_v._IBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO v. IBM">Caldera v IBM Complaint</a> is vague and confusing as to whether the accusations involve the Linux kernel, the GNU/Linux operating system, Linux distributions, Linux applications, or whatever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCO-Caldera+v+IBM&rft.date=2003-04-28&rft.au=Mike+Angelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mozillaquest.com%2FLinux03%2FScoSource-10_Story01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEben_Moglen2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a> (27 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/sco/sco-v-ibm.html">"FSF Statement on SCO v IBM]"</a>. <q>SCO has used "Linux" to mean "all free software", or "all free software constituting a UNIX-like operating system." This confusion, which the Free Software Foundation warned against in the past, is here shown to have the misleading consequences the Foundation has often predicted</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF+Statement+on+SCO+v+IBM%5D&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft.au=Eben+Moglen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Flicensing%2Fsco%2Fsco-v-ibm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Stapleton2004" class="citation web cs1">Lisa Stapleton (27 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/34069.html">"Stallman: Accusatory Report Deliberately Confuses"</a>. LinuxInsider. <q>In particular, Stallman criticized the [<a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Brown_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Brown (author)">Ken Brown</a>/AdTI] report for capitalizing on common confusion between the Linux kernel, which Stallman says "Linus really wrote", with the full GNU operating system and associated software, which can be and generally is used with the Linux kernel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stallman%3A+Accusatory+Report+Deliberately+Confuses&rft.pub=LinuxInsider&rft.date=2004-05-27&rft.au=Lisa+Stapleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxinsider.com%2Fstory%2F34069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallman-transcript-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stallman-transcript_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">"Transcript of Richard M. Stallman's speech, "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation", given at New York University in New York, NY, on 29 May 2001"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+Richard+M.+Stallman%27s+speech%2C+%22Free+Software%3A+Freedom+and+Cooperation%22%2C+given+at+New+York+University+in+New+York%2C+NY%2C+on+29+May+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fevents%2Frms-nyu-2001-transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torvalds-role-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-torvalds-role_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-statistics.com/2010/07/richard-stallman-talkqa-at-the-user-2010-conference-audio-files-attached/">"Richard Stallman talk+Q&A at the useR! 2010 conference (audio files attached)"</a>. <i>R-statistics blog</i>. 26 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R-statistics+blog&rft.atitle=Richard+Stallman+talk%2BQ%26A+at+the+useR%21+2010+conference+%28audio+files+attached%29&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.r-statistics.com%2F2010%2F07%2Frichard-stallman-talkqa-at-the-user-2010-conference-audio-files-attached%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConill2022" class="citation web cs1">Conill, Ariadne (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ariadne.space/2022/03/30/it-is-correct-to-refer-to-gnu/linux-as-gnu/linux/">"it is correct to refer to GNU/Linux as GNU/Linux"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=it+is+correct+to+refer+to+GNU%2FLinux+as+GNU%2FLinux&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Conill&rft.aufirst=Ariadne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fariadne.space%2F2022%2F03%2F30%2Fit-is-correct-to-refer-to-gnu%2Flinux-as-gnu%2Flinux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Moore, J.T.S. (Produced, Written, and Directed) (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i> (DVD).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolution+OS&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZlOCHYu1Vk">"Linus Torvalds, Linux, GNU/Linux"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds%2C+Linux%2C+GNU%2FLinux&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkZlOCHYu1Vk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinus_Torvalds1996" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Linus Torvalds (3 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/7781d4221fceedb2">"Lignux, what's the matter with you people?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.linux.misc">comp.os.linux.misc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lignux%2C+what%27s+the+matter+with+you+people%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.linux.misc&rft.date=1996-06-03&rft.au=Linus+Torvalds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux.misc%2Fmsg%2F7781d4221fceedb2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2013" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/">"The Great Debate: Is it Linux or GNU/Linux?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Debate%3A+Is+it+Linux+or+GNU%2FLinux%3F&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F139287%2Fthe-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/user/ssd/writeups/It%2527s+GNU%252FLinux%253B+stop+calling+it+%2522Linux%2522">"It's GNU/Linux; stop calling it "Linux" (idea)"</a>. 28 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+GNU%2FLinux%3B+stop+calling+it+%22Linux%22+%28idea%29&rft.date=2001-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverything2.com%2Fuser%2Fssd%2Fwriteups%2FIt%252527s%2BGNU%25252FLinux%25253B%2Bstop%2Bcalling%2Bit%2B%252522Linux%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds,_Linus1993" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (16 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit/msg/80bb74847934edc7">"Post"</a>. <i>comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit</i>. Google Groups<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>No. That's it. The cool name, that is. We worked very hard on creating a name that would appeal to the majority of people, and it certainly paid off: thousands of people are using linux just to be able to say "OS/2? Hah. I've got Linux. What a cool name". 386BSD made the mistake of putting a lot of numbers and weird abbreviations into the name, and is scaring away a lot of people just because it sounds too technical.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit&rft.atitle=Post&rft.date=1993-03-16&rft.au=Torvalds%2C+Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.unix.pc-clone.32bit%2Fmsg%2F80bb74847934edc7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041208112435/http://linux4u.jinr.ru/usoft/WWW/LJ/issue30/issue30.html#ftp30">"From the Publisher: On the Politics of Freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a> No. 30 (October 1996). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux4u.jinr.ru/usoft/WWW/LJ/issue30/issue30.html#ftp30">the original</a> on 8 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2004</span>. <q>Perhaps RMS is frustrated because Linus got the glory for what RMS wanted to do.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Publisher%3A+On+the+Politics+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Linux+Journal+No.+30+%28October+1996%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinux4u.jinr.ru%2Fusoft%2FWWW%2FLJ%2Fissue30%2Fissue30.html%23ftp30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_McVoy1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Larry McVoy (3 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629031248/http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0301.html">"Re: GNU/Linux"</a>. <i>linux-kernel</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0301.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GNU%2FLinux&rft.date=1999-04-03&rft.au=Larry+McVoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussg.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F9904.0%2F0301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Gettys1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Jim Gettys (5 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806004757/http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0497.html">"Re: GNU/Linux"</a>. <i>linux-kernel</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0497.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GNU%2FLinux&rft.date=1999-04-05&rft.au=Jim+Gettys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussg.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F9904.0%2F0497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU%2FLinux+naming+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">"Why GNU/Linux?"</a> (or "What's in a name?"), by Richard Stallman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"><i>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</i></a>, also by Richard Stallman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lignux.org/">The "Say Lignux" Campaign</a>, by Richard Stallman, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_refs.html#linux-vs-gnu-linux">David A. Wheeler on why he mostly says "GNU/Linux"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html#gnu-and-linux">Stallman explaining the relationship of GNU and Linux</a>, Zagreb, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/who-wrote-linux/"><i>Who wrote Linux?</i></a>, by Josh Mehlman, <i>ZDNet Australia</i>, 7 July 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/amd64/ch01s02.html.en">"What is GNU/Linux"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118013352/http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/amd64/ch01s02.html.en">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Debian Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. 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