CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Extermination camp - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cd02ef06-2630-49aa-97fe-6583dfe0f940","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Extermination_camp","wgTitle":"Extermination camp","wgCurRevisionId":1254027340,"wgRevisionId":1254027340,"wgArticleId":10335,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Use British English from December 2017", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with excerpts","Nazi extermination camps","Internments","Holocaust locations","Genocide"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Extermination_camp","wgRelevantArticleId":10335,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q153813","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/1200px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="725"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/800px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="483"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/640px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="387"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Extermination camp - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Extermination_camp rootpage-Extermination_camp skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Extermination+camp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Extermination+camp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Extermination+camp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Extermination+camp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure_extermination_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_extermination_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pure extermination camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_extermination_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_and_extermination_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Concentration and extermination camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extermination_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extermination_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extermination procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extermination_procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extermination procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extermination_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gassings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gassings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gassings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gassings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpse_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpse_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Corpse disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpse_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismantling_and_attempted_concealment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismantling_and_attempted_concealment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dismantling and attempted concealment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismantling_and_attempted_concealment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_camps_and_Holocaust_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_camps_and_Holocaust_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The camps and Holocaust denial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_camps_and_Holocaust_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Awareness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Extermination camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernichtungslager" title="Vernichtungslager – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vernichtungslager" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="معسكر إبادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر إبادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Ölüm düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölüm düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="নির্মূল শিবির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্মূল শিবির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp-diouenna%C3%B1" title="Kamp-diouennañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kamp-diouennañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_d%27extermini" title="Camp d'extermini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp d'extermini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhlazovac%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor" title="Vyhlazovací tábor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhlazovací tábor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamba_dzekuuraya" title="Kamba dzekuuraya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kamba dzekuuraya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwersyll_difa" title="Gwersyll difa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwersyll difa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udryddelseslejr" title="Udryddelseslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udryddelseslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernichtungslager" title="Vernichtungslager – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vernichtungslager" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ναζιστικά στρατόπεδα εξόντωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναζιστικά στρατόπεδα εξόντωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_ad_sterm%C3%ACni" title="Camp ad stermìni – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Camp ad stermìni" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_exterminio" title="Campo de exterminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de exterminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstermejo" title="Ekstermejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstermejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarraski-esparru" title="Sarraski-esparru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarraski-esparru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="اردوگاه مرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centres_d%27extermination_nazis" title="Centres d'extermination nazis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centres d'extermination nazis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferneatigingskamp" title="Ferneatigingskamp – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferneatigingskamp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%86%8C" title="절멸 수용소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절멸 수용소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մահվան ճամբարներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահվան ճամբարներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logor_smrti" title="Logor smrti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Logor smrti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_pemusnahan" title="Kamp pemusnahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp pemusnahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_sterminio" title="Campo di sterminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di sterminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%94" title="מחנה השמדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנה השמדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naikinimo_stovykla" title="Naikinimo stovykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naikinimo stovykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_penghapusan" title="Kem penghapusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kem penghapusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernietigingskamp" title="Vernietigingskamp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vernietigingskamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="स्याइगु क्याम्प – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्याइगु क्याम्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E6%BB%85%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="絶滅収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絶滅収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilintetgj%C3%B8relsesleir" title="Tilintetgjørelsesleir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilintetgjørelsesleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsleir" title="Dødsleir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dødsleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_d%27exterminacion" title="Camp d'exterminacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp d'exterminacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsistlarning_o%CA%BBlim_lagerlari" title="Natsistlarning oʻlim lagerlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natsistlarning oʻlim lagerlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady" title="Obóz zagłady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obóz zagłady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_exterm%C3%ADnio" title="Campo de extermínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de extermínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vornichtungslajer" title="Vornichtungslajer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vornichtungslajer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83r_de_exterminare" title="Lagăr de exterminare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagăr de exterminare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Лагеря смерти нацистской Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лагеря смерти нацистской Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_i_shfarosjes" title="Kampi i shfarosjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampi i shfarosjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extermination camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C4%8Devalno_tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Uničevalno taborišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uničevalno taborišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="کۆمەڵگەی لەناوبردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵگەی لەناوبردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Логор смрти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор смрти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logor_smrti" title="Logor smrti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logor smrti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhoamisleiri" title="Tuhoamisleiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuhoamisleiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rintelsel%C3%A4ger" title="Förintelseläger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förintelseläger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="ค่ายมรณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mha_kamp%C4%B1" title="İmha kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmha kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Узуткаашкын лагерьлери – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Узуткаашкын лагерьлери" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Табір смерті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Табір смерті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_h%C3%A0nh_quy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Trại hành quyết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại hành quyết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C3%AA_q%C4%B1rkerd%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Kampê qırkerdışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kampê qırkerdışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E7%87%9F" title="滅絕營 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="滅絕營" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153813#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Extermination_camp" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Extermination_camp" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Extermination_camp" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&oldid=1254027340" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Extermination_camp&id=1254027340&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExtermination_camp"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExtermination_camp"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Extermination_camp&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nazi_extermination_camps" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153813" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi death camps established to systematically murder</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other Nazi internment facilities, see <a href="/wiki/Types_of_Nazi_camps" title="Types of Nazi camps">Types of Nazi camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Death factory" and "Deathcamp" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Death_Factory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Death Factory (disambiguation)">Death Factory (disambiguation)</a>. For the 2015 American rap song, see <a href="/wiki/Deathcamp_(song)" title="Deathcamp (song)">Deathcamp (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #f4e9c5;">Nazi extermination camps</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobibor_extermination_camp_view,_summer_1943_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="1839" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor extermination camp</a>, 1943 <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/200px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/300px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/400px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> map: The six Nazi extermination camps set up by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, are marked with white skulls in black squares.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> (chiefly <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incident type</th><td class="infobox-data">Extermination</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Camp</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> used six <b>extermination camps</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Vernichtungslager</i>), also called <b>death camps</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Todeslager</i></span>), or <b>killing centers</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tötungszentren</i></span>), in Central Europe, primarily <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">Occupied Poland</a>, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to systematically <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">murder</a> over <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">2.7 million</a> people – mostly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> – in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims of death camps were primarily murdered by <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Germany" title="Gas chamber">gassing</a>, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of <a href="/wiki/Gas_van" title="Gas van">gas vans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-H_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six extermination camps were <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a> was also used at the Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gellately2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellately2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-H_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions were also murdered in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a>, or directly on site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth2009a194_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth2009a194-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities, to which the victims were <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">taken by train</a>, was the result of earlier <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi experimentation</a> with chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> programme against hospital patients with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gassing_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gassing-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology was adapted, expanded, and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups; the Jews were the primary target, accounting for over 90 percent of extermination camp victims.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genocide of the Jews of Europe was Nazi Germany's "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-H_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DB-A_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-A-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><div style="position:relative;left:0px;top:0px;width:300px;height:247px"><span style="position:absolute;left:0px;top:0px;z-index:0;width:300px;height:247px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenau25August1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Birkenau25August1944.jpg/300px-Birkenau25August1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Birkenau25August1944.jpg/450px-Birkenau25August1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Birkenau25August1944.jpg/600px-Birkenau25August1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2380" /></a></span></span><div style="position:absolute;left:250px;top:170px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="Crematorium&nbsp;II" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:250px;top:220px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="Crematorium&nbsp;III" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td><table style="width:100%;border:"><tbody><tr><td style="width:0.3%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="Crematorium&nbsp;II" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px">Crematorium II</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.3%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><span title="Crematorium&nbsp;III" style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px">Crematorium III</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.3%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two of the four crematoria at Auschwitz II (Birkenau).</div></div></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, the secret <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">euthanasia</a> programme – the systematic murder of German, Austrian and Polish hospital patients with mental or physical disabilities authorized by <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> – was initiated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></i> in order to eliminate "<a href="/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">life unworthy of life</a>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Lebensunwertes Leben</i>), a Nazi designation for people who they considered to have no <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the experience gained in the secretive killing of these hospital patients led to the creation of extermination camps for the implementation of the Final Solution. By then, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were already <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">confined to new ghettos</a> and interned in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> along with other targeted groups, including Roma, and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a>. The Nazi's so-called "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution of the Jewish Question">Final Solution of the Jewish Question</a>", based on the systematic murder of Europe's Jews by gassing, began during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the June 1941 onset of the Nazi–Soviet war. The adoption of the gassing technology by Nazi Germany was preceded by a wave of hands-on killings carried out by the SS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Longerich185_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longerich185-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who followed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></span> army during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> on the Eastern Front.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedländer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedländer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camps designed specifically for the mass gassings of Jews were established in the months following the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> in January 1942 in which the principle was made clear that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated. Responsibility for the logistics was to be handled by the programme administrator, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wannsee_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wannsee-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October 1941, the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/Lublin_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lublin reservation">Lublin</a> received an oral order from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> – anticipating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">fall of Moscow</a> – to start immediate construction work on the killing centre at <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a> in the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> territory of occupied Poland. Notably, the order preceded the Wannsee Conference by three months,<sup id="cite_ref-M/MPwB_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M/MPwB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the gassings at <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> north of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> using <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a> began already in December, under <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmbannführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp at Bełżec was operational by March 1942, with leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></span></span> (OT).<sup id="cite_ref-M/MPwB_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M/MPwB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1942, two more death camps had been built on Polish lands for Operation Reinhard: <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a> (ready in May 1942) under the command of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptsturmführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> (operational by July 1942) under <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Obersturmführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a> from T4, the only doctor to have served in such a capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL-Reinhard_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-Reinhard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> was fitted with brand new gas chambers in March 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200696–97_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200696–97-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> had them built in September.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereny135_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereny135-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i></span> burned the bodies of victims in the fire pits at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, when the crematoria were overloaded. (August 1944)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nazis distinguished between extermination and concentration camps. The terms <i>extermination camp</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vernichtungslager</i></span>) and <i>death camp</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Todeslager</i></span>) were interchangeable in the Nazi system, each referring to camps whose primary function was <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Six camps meet this definition, though extermination of people happened at every sort of concentration camp or transit camp; the use of the term extermination camp with its exclusive purpose is carried over from Nazi terminology. The six camps were <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek extermination camp">Majdanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz extermination camp">Auschwitz</a> (also called Auschwitz-Birkenau).<sup id="cite_ref-YadVashem_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YadVashem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KillingCenters_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KillingCenters-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death camps were designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a>. Deportees were normally murdered within a few hours of arrival at Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.<sup id="cite_ref-Minerbi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minerbi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reinhard extermination camps were under Globocnik's direct command; each of them was run by 20 to 35 men from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></span> branch of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span>, augmented by about one hundred <a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Trawnikis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">auxiliaries</a> mostly from Soviet Ukraine, and up to one thousand <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i></span> slave labourers each.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish men, women and children were delivered from <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">the ghettos</a> for "special treatment" in an atmosphere of terror by <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei#Police_battalions" title="Ordnungspolizei">uniformed police battalions</a> from both Orpo and <a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schupo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death camps differed from concentration camps located in Germany proper, such as <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(detention_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsenhausen (detention camp)">Sachsenhausen</a>, which were prison camps set up prior to World War II for people defined as 'undesirable'. From March 1936, all <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> were managed by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></span> (the Skull Units, SS-TV), who operated extermination camps from 1941 as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS anatomist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kremer" title="Johann Kremer">Johann Kremer</a>, after witnessing the gassing of victims at <a href="/wiki/Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkenau">Birkenau</a>, wrote in his diary on 2 September 1942: "<a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Dante's Inferno</a> seems to me almost a comedy compared to this. They don't call Auschwitz the camp of annihilation for nothing!"<sup id="cite_ref-Kremer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kremer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction was evident during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a> (a deputy to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>) was asked to name the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">extermination</i></span> camps, and he identified <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> as such. Then, when asked, "How do you classify the camps <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>?", he replied, "They were normal concentration camps, from the point of view of the department of Eichmann."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Murders were not limited to these camps. Sites for the "Holocaust by Bullets" are marked on the map of The Holocaust in Occupied Poland by white skulls (without the black background), where people were lined up next to a ravine and shot by soldiers with rifles. Sites included <a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a> and others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/260px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/390px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/520px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Mass deportations: the pan-European routes to the extermination camps</figcaption></figure> <p>Irrespective of round-ups for extermination camps, the Nazis abducted millions of foreigners <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">for slave labour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps#Types_of_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">other types of camps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided perfect cover for the extermination programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners represented about a quarter of the total workforce of the Reich, with mortality rates exceeding 75 percent due to starvation, disease, exhaustion, executions, and physical brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Final Solution">The Final Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></div> <p>In the early years of World War II, the Jews were primarily sent to forced labour camps and ghettoised, but <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">from 1942 onward</a> they were deported to the extermination camps under the guise of "resettlement". For political and logistical reasons, the most infamous <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> killing factories were built in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, where most of the intended victims lived; Poland had the greatest <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Jewish population</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-controlled Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of that, the new death camps outside of Germany's prewar borders could be kept secret from the German civil populace.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_extermination_camps">Pure extermination camps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG/220px-Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG/330px-Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Children_headed_for_deportation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Jewish children during deportation to the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the initial phase of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a> producing poisonous <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust fumes</a> were developed in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) and at the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, before being used elsewhere. The killing method was based on experience gained by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> during the secretive <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a></i></span> programme of involuntary <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. There were two types of death chambers operating during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike at Auschwitz, where cyanide-based <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> was used to exterminate trainloads of prisoners under the guise of "relocation", the camps at <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, built during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> (October 1941 – November 1943), used lethal exhaust fumes produced by large <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>. The three killing centres of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatz Reinhard</i></span> were constructed predominantly for the extermination of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Poland's Jews</a> trapped in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">the Nazi ghettos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the victims' bodies were buried with the use of <a href="/wiki/Crawler_excavator" title="Crawler excavator">crawler excavators</a>, but they were later exhumed and incinerated in open-air pyres to hide the evidence of genocide in what became known as <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1999152–153_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1999152–153-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six camps considered to be purely for extermination were <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec extermination camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor extermination camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek extermination camp">Majdanek extermination camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz extermination camp">Auschwitz extermination camp</a> (also called Auschwitz-Birkenau). </p><p>Whereas the Auschwitz II (Auschwitz–Birkenau) and Majdanek camps were parts of a labor camp complex, the Chełmno and Operation Reinhard death camps (that is, Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka) were built exclusively for the rapid extermination of entire communities of people (primarily Jews) within hours of their arrival. All were constructed near <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch lines</a> that linked to the Polish railway system, with staff members transferring between locations. These camps had almost identical design: they were several hundred metres in length and width, and were equipped with only minimal staff housing and support installations not meant for the victims crammed into the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">railway transports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad199937_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad199937-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis deceived the victims upon their arrival, telling them that they were at a temporary transit stop, and would soon continue to German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arbeitslagers</i></span> (work camps) farther to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-explained.org_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explained.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected able-bodied prisoners delivered to the death camps were not immediately killed, but instead were pressed into labor units called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommandos</a></i></span> to help with the extermination process by removing corpses from the gas chambers and burning them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration_and_extermination_camps">Concentration and extermination camps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/220px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/330px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/440px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>March to the gas chambers, one of Sonderkommando photographs taken secretly at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II">Auschwitz II</a> in August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>At the camps of Operation Reinhard, including <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, trainloads of prisoners were murdered immediately after arrival in <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> designed exclusively for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass killing facilities were developed at about the same time inside the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a> subcamp of a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour complex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most other camps prisoners were selected for slave labor first; they were kept alive on starvation rations and made available to work as required. Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Jasenovac were retrofitted with Zyklon B gas chambers and crematoria buildings as the time went on, remaining operational until war's end in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-lifshitz_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifshitz-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extermination_procedure">Extermination procedure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/220px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/330px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg/440px-May_1944_-_Jews_from_Carpathian_Ruthenia_arrive_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp system, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving. (Photograph from the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Heinrich Himmler visited the outskirts of Minsk in 1941 to witness a mass shooting. He was told by the commanding officer there that the shootings were proving psychologically damaging to those being asked to pull the triggers. Thus, Himmler concluded that another method of mass killing was required.<sup id="cite_ref-warning_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warning-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Surely there's something more easily verifiable, e.g. a book (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Auschwitz Commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> claimed in his memoir that many <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommandos</a></i></span> were "unable to endure wading through blood any longer" and went mad or killed themselves, but he gives no specific numbers to support this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis had first used gassing with carbon monoxide cylinders to murder 70,000 disabled people in Germany in what they called a 'euthanasia programme' to disguise that mass murder was taking place. Despite the lethal effects of carbon monoxide, this was seen as unsuitable for use in the East due to the cost of transporting the carbon monoxide in cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-warning_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warning-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each extermination camp operated differently, yet each had designs for quick and efficient industrialized killing. While Höss was away on an official journey in late August 1941 his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a>, tested out an idea. At Auschwitz clothes infested with lice were treated with crystallised <a href="/wiki/Prussic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussic acid">prussic acid</a>. The crystals were made to order by the <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> chemicals company for which the brand name was Zyklon B. Once released from their container, Zyklon B crystals in the air released a lethal cyanide gas. Fritzsch tried out the effect of <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> on Soviet POWs, who were locked up in cells in the basement of the bunker for this experiment. Höss on his return was briefed and impressed with the results and this became the camp strategy for extermination as it was also to be at Majdanek. Besides gassing, the camp guards continued killing prisoners via mass shooting, starvation, torture, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gassings">Gassings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust#Gas_chambers" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust § Gas chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber § Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Holocaust_denial#Use_of_gas_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Holocaust denial">Criticism of Holocaust denial § Use of gas chambers</a></div> <p>SS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">Obersturmführer</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a> of the Institute for Hygiene of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span>, told a Swedish diplomat during the war, about life in a death camp. He recounted that on 19 August 1942, he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec extermination camp</a> (which was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> gas chambers) and was shown the unloading of 45 train cars filled with 6,700 Jews, many already dead. The rest were marched naked to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a>, where: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterscharführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Hackenholt</a> was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Captain Wirth</a> comes up. I can see he is afraid, because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel [engine] did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue", says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian (<a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Trawniki</a>) assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes – the stopwatch recorded it all – the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons, in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window, because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead ... Dentists [then] hammered out gold teeth, bridges, and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and, showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See, for yourself, the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday, and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day – dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself!"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kurt Gerstein <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/220px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/330px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/440px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>March of new arrivals along the SS barracks at Birkenau toward the gas chambers near crematoria II and III, 27 May 1944. (Photograph from the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Auschwitz Camp Commandant Rudolf Höss reported that the first time <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> pellets were used on the Jews, many suspected they were to be killed – despite having been deceived into believing they were to be deloused and then returned to the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Nazis identified and isolated "difficult individuals" who might alert the prisoners, and removed them from the mass – lest they incite revolt among the deceived majority of prisoners en route to the gas chambers. The "difficult" prisoners were led to a site out of view to be killed off discreetly. </p><p>According to Höss, enslaved prisoners, euphemistically called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i></span> (Special Detachment), assisted in the process of extermination; they encouraged the Jews to undress and accompanied them into the gas chambers which were outfitted to appear as shower rooms (with nonworking water nozzles, and tile walls); and remained with the victims until just before the chamber door closed. To psychologically maintain the "calming effect" of the delousing deception, an SS man stood at the door until the end. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> talked to the victims about life in the camp to pacify the suspicious ones, and hurried them inside; to that effect, they also assisted the aged and the very young in undressing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_321–322_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_321–322-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many young mothers hid their infants beneath their piled clothes fearing that the delousing "disinfectant" might harm them. Camp Commandant Höss reported that the "men of the Special Detachment were particularly on the look-out for this", and encouraged the women to take their children into the "shower room". Likewise, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> comforted older children who might cry "because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_322–323_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_322–323-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, not every prisoner was deceived by such tactics; Commandant Höss spoke of Jews "who either guessed, or knew, what awaited them, nevertheless ... [they] found the courage to joke with the children, to encourage them, despite the mortal terror visible in their own eyes". Some women would suddenly "give the most terrible shrieks while undressing, or tear their hair, or scream like maniacs"; these prisoners were taken away for execution by shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959323_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959323-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such circumstances, others, meaning to save themselves at the gas chamber's threshold, betrayed the identities and "revealed the addresses of those members of their race still in hiding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959324_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959324-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the door of the filled gas chamber was sealed, pellets of Zyklon B were dropped through special holes in the roof. Regulations required that the Camp Commandant supervise the preparations, the gassing (through a peephole), and the aftermath looting of the corpses. Commandant Höss reported that the gassed victims "showed no signs of convulsion"; the Auschwitz camp physicians attributed that to the "paralyzing effect on the lungs" of the Zyklon B gas, which killed <i>before</i> the victim began suffering convulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959320,_328_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959320,_328-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corpses were additionally found half-squatting, their skin discolored pink with red and green spots, with some foaming at the mouth or bleeding from their ears, exacerbated by the crowding in gas chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1994170_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1994170-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg/210px-Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg/315px-Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg/420px-Remains_of_Crematorium_II_Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The remnants of "Crematorium II" used in Auschwitz-Birkenau between March 1943 and its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> on 20 January 1945</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/230px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/345px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/460px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fifty-two crematorium ovens, including these, were used to burn the bodies of up to 6,000 people every 24 hours during the operation of Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM/Gassing_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM/Gassing-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>As a matter of political training, some high-ranked <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> leaders and SS officers were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau to witness the gassings. As the Auschwitz Camp Commandant Rudolf Höss justified the extermination by explaining the need for "the iron determination with which we must carry out Hitler's orders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959328_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959328-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpse_disposal">Corpse disposal</h3></div> <p>After the gassings, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> removed the corpses from the gas chambers, then extracted any gold teeth. Initially, the victims were buried in mass graves, but were later <a href="/wiki/Cremation#World_War_II" title="Cremation">cremated</a> during <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></i></span> in all camps of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>. </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> was responsible for burning the corpses in the pits,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stoking the fires, draining surplus body fat and turning over the "mountain of burning corpses ... so that the draft might fan the flames", wrote Commandant Höss in his memoir while in the Polish custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was impressed by the diligence of prisoners from the so-called Special Detachment who carried out their duties despite their being well aware that they, too, would meet exactly the same fate in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Lazaret killing station they held the sick so they would never see the gun while being shot. They did it "in such a matter-of-course manner that they might, themselves, have been the exterminators", wrote Höss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further said that the men ate and smoked "even when engaged in the grisly job of burning corpses which had been lying for some time in mass graves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occasionally encountered the corpse of a relative, or saw them entering the gas chambers. According to Höss, they were obviously shaken by this but "it never led to any incident". He mentioned the case of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> who found the body of his wife, yet continued to drag corpses along "as though nothing had happened".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Auschwitz, the corpses were incinerated in <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematoria</a> and the ashes either buried, scattered, or dumped in the river. At <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, the corpses were incinerated on pyres. The efficiency of industrialised murder at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> led to the construction of three buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from the firm <a href="/wiki/J._A._Topf_%26_S%C3%B6hne" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Topf & Söhne">J. A. Topf & Söhne</a>. They burned bodies 24 hours a day, and yet the death rate was at times so high that corpses also needed to be burned in open-air pits.<sup id="cite_ref-B/G-199_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B/G-199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2></div> <p>The estimated total number of people who were murdered in the six Nazi extermination camps is 2.7 million, according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All six camps are located in present-day Poland. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Camp </th> <th>Estimated<br /> deaths </th> <th>Operational </th> <th>Occupied territory </th> <th>Nearest settlement </th> <th>Primary means for mass killings </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II–Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz–Birkenau</a></span> </td> <td align="right">1,100,000 <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>May 1940 – January 1945 </td> <td>Province of Upper Silesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a> </td> <td>Zyklon B gas chambers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a> </td> <td align="right">800,000<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>23 July 1942 – 19 October 1943 </td> <td>General Government district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treblinka,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship">Treblinka</a> </td> <td>Carbon monoxide gas chambers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a> </td> <td align="right">600,000<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>17 March 1942 – end of June 1943 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> district</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_(village)" title="Bełżec (village)">Bełżec</a> </td> <td>Carbon monoxide gas chambers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> </td> <td align="right">320,000 <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">8 December 1941 – March 1943,<br />June 1944 – 18 January 1945 </td> <td>District of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_nad_Nerem" title="Chełmno nad Nerem">Chełmno nad Nerem</a> </td> <td>Carbon monoxide vans </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a> </td> <td align="right">250,000<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16 May 1942 – 17 October 1943 </td> <td>General Government district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_(village)" title="Sobibór (village)">Sobibór</a> </td> <td>Carbon monoxide gas chambers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> </td> <td align="right">at least 80,000 <sup id="cite_ref-Reszka-GW_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-GW-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1 October 1941 – 22 July 1944 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">General Government district</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> </td> <td>Zyklon B gas chambers </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dismantling_and_attempted_concealment">Dismantling and attempted concealment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg/220px-Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg/330px-Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg/440px-Jewish_prisoners_forced_to_work_for_a_Sonderkommando_1005_unit_pose_next_to_a_bone_crushing_machine_in_the_Janowska_concentration_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Former <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando 1005</i></span> slave laborers stand next to a bone crushing machine at the <a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska concentration camp</a> (photo taken in August 1944, after camp's liberation)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nazis attempted to either partially or completely dismantle the extermination camps in order to hide any evidence that people had been murdered there. This was an attempt to conceal not only the extermination process but also the buried remains. As a result of the secretive <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></i></span>, the camps were dismantled by commandos of condemned prisoners, their records were destroyed, and the mass graves were dug up. Some extermination camps that remained uncleared of evidence were liberated by Soviet troops, who followed different standards of documentation and openness than the Western allies did.<sup id="cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arad_1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies98_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies98-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> was captured nearly intact due to the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arad_1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <p>In the post-war period the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> created <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> at the extermination camp sites. These early monuments mentioned no ethnic, religious, or national particulars of the Nazi victims. The extermination camps sites have been accessible to everyone in recent decades. They are popular destinations for visitors from all over the world, especially the most infamous Nazi death camp, Auschwitz near the town of <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Holocaust organisations debated with the Polish Catholic groups about "What religious symbols of martyrdom are appropriate as memorials in a Nazi death camp such as Auschwitz?" The Jews opposed the placement of Christian memorials such as the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_cross" title="Auschwitz cross">Auschwitz cross</a> near Auschwitz I where mostly Poles were killed. The Jewish victims of the Holocaust were mostly killed at Auschwitz II Birkenau. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a> is organized in Poland annually since 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-motl_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motl-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marchers come from countries as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marchoftheliving_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchoftheliving-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_camps_and_Holocaust_denial">The camps and Holocaust denial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006,_KZ_Treblinka,_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0509-0049-006%2C_KZ_Treblinka%2C_Wehrmacht-Frachtbrief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Documentary evidence: A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsbahn">Reichsbahn</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Consignment_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Consignment note">consignment note</a> for delivering prisoners (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Häftlinge</i></span>) to <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór</a> in November 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Holocaust deniers or <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationists</a> are people and organizations who assert that the Holocaust did not occur, or that it did not occur in the historically recognized manner and extent.<sup id="cite_ref-mathis1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathis1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holocaust deniers claim that the extermination camps were actually transit camps from which Jews were deported farther east. However, these theories are disproven by surviving German documents, which show that Jews were sent to the camps to be murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extermination camp research is difficult because of extensive attempts by the SS and Nazi regime to conceal the existence of the extermination camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arad_1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the extermination camps is firmly established by testimonies of camp survivors and Final Solution perpetrators, material evidence (the remaining camps, etc.), Nazi photographs and films of the killings, and camp administration records.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdlShoah_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdlShoah-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awareness">Awareness</h3></div> <p>In 2017 a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation" title="Körber Foundation">Körber Foundation</a> survey found that 40 percent of 14-year-olds in Germany did not know what <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> was.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 survey organized in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, and others found that 66 percent of the American <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a> who were surveyed (and 41 percent of all U.S. adults) did not know what Auschwitz was.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a survey of 1,100 Canadians found that 49 percent of them could not name any of the Nazi camps which were located in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_camps_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="German camps in occupied Poland during World War II">German camps in occupied Poland during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_extermination_camps_and_euthanasia_centers" title="List of Nazi extermination camps and euthanasia centers">List of Nazi extermination camps and euthanasia centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp" controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The development of homicidal <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Germany" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> is attributed by historians to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Widmann" title="Albert Widmann">Albert Widmann</a>, chief chemist of the German Criminal Police (<a href="/wiki/Kripo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kripo">Kripo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Browning2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first gas van manufactured in Berlin, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Lange Commando</a> between 21 May and 8 June 1940 at the <a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, to kill 1,558 mental patients delivered from sanatoria.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange used his experience with exhaust gasses in setting up the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a> thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widmann conducted first gassing experiments in the East in September 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, and successfully initiated the killing of local hospital patients with the exhaust fumes from a truck engine, minimizing the psychological impact of the crime on the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200653,_148_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200653,_148-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/learn/holocaust/path-to-nazi-genocide/chapter-4/world-war-ii-and-the-holocaust-1939-1945">"World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Flearn%2Fholocaust%2Fpath-to-nazi-genocide%2Fchapter-4%2Fworld-war-ii-and-the-holocaust-1939-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution/death-camps.html#narrative_info">"The Death Camps"</a>. Yad Vashem<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+Camps&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fholocaust%2Fabout%2Ffinal-solution%2Fdeath-camps.html%23narrative_info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/killing-centers-an-overview">"Killing Centers: An Overview"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Killing+Centers%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkilling-centers-an-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-H-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YV-H_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-H_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-H_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution/death-camps.html#narrative_info">"The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps"</a>. <i>The Holocaust</i>. Yad Vashem, The World Holocaust Remembrance Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust&rft.atitle=The+Implementation+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Death+Camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fholocaust%2Fabout%2Ffinal-solution%2Fdeath-camps.html%23narrative_info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruner2004" class="citation book cs1">Gruner, Wolf (April 2004). "Jewish Forced Labor as a Basic Element of Nazi Persecution: Germany, Austria, and the Occupied Polish Territories (1938–1943)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20060315-forced-slave-labor-symposium.pdf"><i>Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 43–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Forced+Labor+as+a+Basic+Element+of+Nazi+Persecution%3A+Germany%2C+Austria%2C+and+the+Occupied+Polish+Territories+%281938%E2%80%931943%29&rft.btitle=Forced+and+Slave+Labor+in+Nazi-Dominated+Europe&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Center+for+Advanced+Holocaust+Studies%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Gruner&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fm%2Fpdfs%2F20060315-forced-slave-labor-symposium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> Symposium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellately2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gellately2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellatelyStoltzfus2001" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1toqgWg8ROUC&q=forced+labor"><i>Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2"><bdi>978-0-691-08684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08684-2&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Stoltzfus%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1toqgWg8ROUC%26q%3Dforced%2Blabor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth2009a194-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth2009a194_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2009a">Orth 2009a</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gassing-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gassing_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2014" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005220">"Gassing Operations"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gassing+Operations&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2015" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Shahan (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722180327/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/ten-worst-nazi-concentration-camps.html">"The Ten Worst Nazi Concentration Camps"</a>. <i>WarHistoryOnline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/ten-worst-nazi-concentration-camps.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WarHistoryOnline.com&rft.atitle=The+Ten+Worst+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Shahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Ffeatured%2Ften-worst-nazi-concentration-camps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuret1989" class="citation book cs1">Furet, François (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02PpAAAACAAJ"><i>Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805209082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805209082"><bdi>978-0805209082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unanswered+Questions%3A+Nazi+Germany+and+the+Genocide+of+the+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0805209082&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02PpAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB-A-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DB-A_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2004–2005" class="citation web cs1">Bergen, Doris (2004–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/40-45/background/ideology.html">"Nazi Ideology and the Camp System"</a>. <i>Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State</i>. Community Television of Southern California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auschwitz%3A+Inside+the+Nazi+State&rft.atitle=Nazi+Ideology+and+the+Camp+System&rft.date=2004%2F2005&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fauschwitz%2F40-45%2Fbackground%2Fideology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Burleigh1994" class="citation book cs1">Michael Burleigh (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShU7AAAAIAAJ"><i>Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, c. 1900 to 1945</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47769-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47769-7"><bdi>0-521-47769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Deliverance%3A+%27Euthanasia%27+in+Germany%2C+c.+1900+to+1945&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-47769-7&rft.au=Michael+Burleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShU7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2009" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/otwock.html">"Otwock & the Zofiowka Sanatorium: A Refuge from Hell"</a>. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711142224/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/otwock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2011 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otwock+%26+the+Zofiowka+Sanatorium%3A+A+Refuge+from+Hell&rft.pub=Holocaust+Education+%26+Archive+Research+Team&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fghettos%2Fotwock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashem2013" class="citation web cs1">Yad Vashem (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215130625/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205724.pdf">"Aktion Reinhard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Document size 33.1 KB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205724.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aktion+Reinhard&rft.pub=Shoah+Resource+Center%2C+The+International+School+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2Fmicrosoft%2520word%2520-%25205724.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longerich185-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Longerich185_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2010). <i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedländer-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedländer_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918142723/http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/dmeier/28107437-Nazi-Germany-and-the-Jews-1933-1945-Abridged-Edition-2009-Malestrom.pdf"><i>Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Abridged ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 293–294 / 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177730-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177730-1"><bdi>978-0-06-177730-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/dmeier/28107437-Nazi-Germany-and-the-Jews-1933-1945-Abridged-Edition-2009-Malestrom.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=293-294+%2F+507&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-06-177730-1&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dsu.nodak.edu%2Fusers%2Fdmeier%2F28107437-Nazi-Germany-and-the-Jews-1933-1945-Abridged-Edition-2009-Malestrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Browning, Christopher R</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQdRHNdK44C"><i>The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0392-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-0392-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939%E2%80%93March+1942&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0392-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHQdRHNdK44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitbart1997" class="citation web cs1">Breitbart, Aaron (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403232419/http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394667">"Responses to Revisionist Arguments"</a>. Los Angeles: The Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394667">the original</a> on 3 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Responses+to+Revisionist+Arguments&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=The+Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Breitbart&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotlc.wiesenthal.com%2Fsite%2Fpp.asp%3Fc%3DgvKVLcMVIuG%26b%3D394667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/vans.html">"The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Gas-Van+in+the+Murdering+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fvans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning-1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2011" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YJnsqPiP7QC&q=Soldau"><i>Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp</i></a>. W W Norton & Company. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393338874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393338874"><bdi>978-0393338874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Survival%3A+Inside+a+Nazi+Slave-Labor+Camp&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0393338874&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YJnsqPiP7QC%26q%3DSoldau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200653,_148-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200653,_148_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2006">Rees 2006</a>, pp. 53, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wannsee-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wannsee_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn1945" class="citation web cs1">Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prorevnews.wordpress.com/2014/06/30/minutes-of-the-wannsee-conference/">"Wannsee Protocol of January 20, 1942"</a>. <i>The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11</i>. The official U.S. government translation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust%3A+Selected+Documents+in+Eighteen+Volumes.+Vol.+11&rft.atitle=Wannsee+Protocol+of+January+20%2C+1942&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprorevnews.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F06%2F30%2Fminutes-of-the-wannsee-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M/MPwB-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M/MPwB_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M/MPwB_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029003413/http://www.belzec.eu/articles.php?acid=77"><i>History of the Belzec extermination camp</i></a> [<i>Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu</i>] (in Polish), Muzeum – Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu (National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrdom), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belzec.eu/articles.php?acid=77">the original</a> on 29 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Belzec+extermination+camp&rft.pub=Muzeum+%E2%80%93+Miejsce+Pami%C4%99ci+w+Be%C5%82%C5%BCcu+%28National+Be%C5%82%C5%BCec+Museum+%26+Monument+of+Martyrdom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belzec.eu%2Farticles.php%3Facid%3D77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning2011-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning2011_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_R._Browning2011b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a> (2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YJnsqPiP7QC&q=Chelmno+death+camp"><i>Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33887-4"><bdi>978-0-393-33887-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Survival%3A+Inside+a+Nazi+Slave-Labor+Camp&rft.pages=54%2C+65&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33887-4&rft.au=Christopher+R.+Browning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YJnsqPiP7QC%26q%3DChelmno%2Bdeath%2Bcamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-Reinhard-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL-Reinhard_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_McVay1984" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth McVay (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/reinhard.html#5">"The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem Studies, XVI</i>. Jewish Virtual Library.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies%2C+XVI&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+the+Treblinka+Extermination+Camp&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Kenneth+McVay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Freinhard.html%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> Also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrous_MD2009" class="citation journal cs1">Strous MD, Rael D (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/41/20631.pdf">"Dr Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): mass murdering MD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Israel Medical Association Journal</i>. <b>11</b> (4). IMAJ: 216–218. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19603594">19603594</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Israel+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Dr+Irmfried+Eberl+%281910%E2%80%931948%29%3A+mass+murdering+MD&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=216-218&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19603594&rft.aulast=Strous+MD&rft.aufirst=Rael+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ima.org.il%2FFilesUpload%2FIMAJ%2F0%2F41%2F20631.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200696–97-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200696–97_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2006">Rees 2006</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sereny135-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sereny135_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSereny2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/healingwoundexpe00sere/page/135"><i>The Healing Wound: Experiences and Reflections on Germany 1938–1941</i></a>. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/healingwoundexpe00sere/page/135">135–146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04428-7"><bdi>978-0-393-04428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Healing+Wound%3A+Experiences+and+Reflections+on+Germany+1938%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=135-146&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04428-7&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhealingwoundexpe00sere%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210022111/http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/">"Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Oświęcim, Poland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/">the original</a> on 10 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz-Birkenau+Memorial+and+Museum+in+O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitz.org.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YadVashem-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YadVashem_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution/death-camps.html#narrative_info">"The Death Camps"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem, World Holocaust Remembrance Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem%2C+World+Holocaust+Remembrance+Center&rft.atitle=The+Death+Camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fholocaust%2Fabout%2Ffinal-solution%2Fdeath-camps.html%23narrative_info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KillingCenters-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KillingCenters_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/killing-centers-an-overview">"Killing Centers: An Overview"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Killing+Centers%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkilling-centers-an-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minerbi-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minerbi_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinerbi2005" class="citation book cs1">Minerbi, Alessandra (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFbfiRCVLTUC&pg=PA168"><i>A New Illustrated History of the Nazis</i></a>. UK: David & Charles. pp. 168–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-2101-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-2101-3"><bdi>0-7153-2101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Illustrated+History+of+the+Nazis&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=168-&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7153-2101-3&rft.aulast=Minerbi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFbfiRCVLTUC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Peter R (2006). Bankir, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7KbsHLnbwgC&pg=PA331"><i>Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard</i></a>. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-60-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-929631-60-X"><bdi>1-929631-60-X</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+Auxiliaries+for+Operation+Reinhard&rft.pages=331-348&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-929631-60-X&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Peter+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7KbsHLnbwgC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Gordon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gv7yPIdQdsC&pg=PA101"><i>The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror</i></a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1933-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1933-2"><bdi>0-7603-1933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+Hitler%27s+Instrument+of+Terror&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7603-1933-2&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gv7yPIdQdsC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1984" class="citation book cs1">Stein, George H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KEtPlNQJNgC&pg=PA9"><i>The Waffen SS</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 9, 20–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9275-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9275-0"><bdi>0-8014-9275-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waffen+SS&rft.pages=9%2C+20-33&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8014-9275-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KEtPlNQJNgC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kremer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kremer_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183659/http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/19420901-kremer/">"Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (September 5, 1942)"</a>. Holocaust-history.org. 2 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/19420901-kremer/">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Johann+Paul+Kremer+%28September+5%2C+1942%29&rft.pub=Holocaust-history.org&rft.date=1999-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fauschwitz%2F19420901-kremer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2002" class="citation book cs1">Overy, Richard (2002). <i>Interrogations</i>. Penguin. pp. 356–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028454-6"><bdi>978-0-14-028454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrogations&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028454-6&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyerSchneider2006" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, John C; Schneider, Stephen A (2006). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824092603/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf"><i>Forced Labour under Third Reich – Part 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nathan Associates. pp. 3–17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich%2C%20Part%20One.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Number of foreign laborers employed as of January 1944 (excluding those already dead): total of 3,795,000. From Poland: 1,400,000 (survival rate 25.2); from the Soviet Union: 2,165,000 (survival rate 27.7) <sup>Table 5.</sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Forced+Labour+under+Third+Reich+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pages=3-17&rft.pub=Nathan+Associates&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Stephen+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nathaninc.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPub%2520PDFs%2FForced%2520Labor%2520Under%2520the%2520Third%2520Reich%252C%2520Part%2520One.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1997" class="citation web cs1">Herbert, Ulrich (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024311/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/slave_labour13.htm">"The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State (extract)"</a>. <i>Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich</i>. Compiled by S. D. Stein. Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/slave_labour13.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2011 – via University of the West of England, Faculty of Humanities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hitler%27s+Foreign+Workers%3A+Enforced+Foreign+Labor+in+Germany+under+the+Third+Reich&rft.atitle=The+Army+of+Millions+of+the+Modern+Slave+State+%28extract%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2Fgenocide%2Fslave_labour13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/evacpol.html">"The evacuation of Jews to Poland"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLand-Weber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Land-Weber" title="Ellen Land-Weber">Land-Weber, Ellen</a> (26 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702090015/http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html">"Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII"</a>. <i>To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditions+for+Polish+Jews+During+WWII&rft.btitle=To+Save+a+Life%3A+Stories+of+Holocaust+Rescue&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft.aulast=Land-Weber&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humboldt.edu%2F~rescuers%2Fbook%2FMakuch%2Fconditionsp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm.org-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ghettos">"Ghettos"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Ghettos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesbois2008" class="citation book cs1">Desbois, Patrick (2008). "Operation 1005". <i>The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-9456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-9456-2"><bdi>978-0-2305-9456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Operation+1005&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+by+Bullets%3A+A+Priest%27s+Journey+to+Uncover+the+Truth+Behind+the+Murder+of+1.5+Million+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-2305-9456-2&rft.aulast=Desbois&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad1999152–153-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad1999152–153_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArad1999">Arad 1999</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArad199937-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArad199937_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArad1999">Arad 1999</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513174430/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/camps/aktion-reinhard/prolog-arad.html">"Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/camps/aktion-reinhard/prolog-arad.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aktion+Reinhard%3A+Belzec%2C+Sobibor+%26+Treblinka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fhweb%2Fcamps%2Faktion-reinhard%2Fprolog-arad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-explained.org-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-explained.org_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113195832/http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/the-camps/daily-life/journeys#.V6SvaDW19kQ">"Deportation and transportation"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Explained</i>. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/the-camps/daily-life/journeys#.V6SvaDW19kQ">the original</a> on 13 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Explained&rft.atitle=Deportation+and+transportation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theholocaustexplained.org%2Fks3%2Fthe-camps%2Fdaily-life%2Fjourneys%23.V6SvaDW19kQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Grossman, Vasily</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123821/http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/essays/grossmantreblinka46.pdf"><i>The Treblinka Hell</i></a> [<i>Треблинский ад</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.dropbox.com/u/47875651/TheHellOfTreblinka.html">(online version)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/essays/grossmantreblinka46.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treblinka+Hell&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.dropbox.com%2Fu%2F47875651%2FTheHellOfTreblinka.html+%28online+version%29&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsuweb.montclair.edu%2F~furrg%2Fessays%2Fgrossmantreblinka46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/PROZA/GROSSMAN/trebl.txt"><i>Повести, рассказы, очерки</i></a> [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Voenizdat" title="Voenizdat">Voenizdat</a>, 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifshitz-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lifshitz_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Lifshitz, <i>Zionism</i> [משה ליפשיץ, "ציונות"], p. 304. Compare with H. Abraham, "History of Israel and the nations in the era of Holocaust and uprising" [חדד אברהם, "תולדות ישראל והעמים בתקופת השואה והתקומה"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warning-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warning_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warning_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Auschwitz: The Nazis and the Final Solution", <i>Yesterday</i> television channel, 18:00, 18 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess, Rudolf</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothbookoftru00jone/page/321">"I, the Commandant of Auschwitz"</a>. In Lewis, Jon E. (ed.). <i>True War Stories</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf_Publishers" title="Carroll & Graf Publishers">Carroll & Graf Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothbookoftru00jone/page/321">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1533-6"><bdi>978-0-7867-1533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I%2C+the+Commandant+of+Auschwitz&rft.btitle=True+War+Stories&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1533-6&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothbookoftru00jone%2Fpage%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkin1978" class="citation book cs1">Borkin, Joseph (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmento0000bork"><i>The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben</i></a></span>. New York City: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904630-2"><bdi>978-0-02-904630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+and+Punishment+of+IG+Farben&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-02-904630-2&rft.aulast=Borkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimepunishmento0000bork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackelbergWinkle2002" class="citation book cs1">Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally Anne (2002). <i>The Nazi Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts</i>. Routledge. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22213-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22213-6"><bdi>978-0-415-22213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Sourcebook%3A+An+Anthology+of+Texts&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22213-6&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Winkle%2C+Sally+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007714">"At the Killing Centers"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=At+the+Killing+Centers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_321–322-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_321–322_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, pp. 164–165, 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_322–323-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959164–165,_322–323_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, pp. 164–165, 322–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959323-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959323_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959324-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959324_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959320,_328-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959320,_328_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, pp. 320, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1994170-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1994170_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiper1994">Piper 1994</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM/Gassing-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM/Gassing_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005220">"The means of mass murder at Auschwitz: Gassing Operations"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 20 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+means+of+mass+murder+at+Auschwitz%3A+Gassing+Operations&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959328-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959328_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss1959168_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöss1959">Höss 1959</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B/G-199-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B/G-199_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumGutman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; Gutman, Yisrael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrU2oS8fP3cC&pg=PA199"><i>Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20884-2"><bdi>978-0-253-20884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20884-2&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Gutman%2C+Yisrael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrU2oS8fP3cC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/killing-centers-an-overview">"Killing Centers: An Overview"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Killing+Centers%3A+An+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkilling-centers-an-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM.org" class="citation web cs1">USHMM.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131012158/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005189">"Auschwitz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005189">the original</a> on 31 January 2010. <q>It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people to Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the camp authorities murdered 1.1 million." (Number includes victims killed in other Auschwitz camps.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz&rft.au=USHMM.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Höfle Telegram">Höfle Telegram</a> indicates some 700,000 killed by 31 December 1942, yet the camp functioned until 1943, hence the true death total likely is greater. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923030356/http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html">"Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations"</a>. Nizkor.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinhard%3A+Treblinka+Deportations&rft.pub=Nizkor.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Ffaqs%2Freinhard%2Freinhard-faq-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM.org" class="citation web cs1">USHMM.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005191">"Belzec"</a>. <q>Between March and December 1942, the Germans deported some 434,500 Jews, and an indeterminate number of Poles and Roma (Gypsies) to Belzec, to be killed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belzec&rft.au=USHMM.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM.org" class="citation web cs1">USHMM.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005194">"Chełmno"</a>. <q>In total, the SS and the police killed some 152,000 people in Chełmno.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Che%C5%82mno&rft.au=USHMM.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In all, the Germans and their auxiliaries killed at least 170,000 people at Sobibór. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005192">Holocaust Encyclopedia.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reszka-GW-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reszka-GW_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A recent study reduced the estimated number of deaths at Majdanek, in: Pawel P. Reszka, "Majdanek Victims Enumerated", <i>Gazeta Wyborcza</i>, Lublin, 12 December 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/majdanek-victims-enumerated-changes-in-the-history-textbooks,44.html">reproduced</a> on the site of the Auschwitz–Birkenau Museum: Lublin scholar Tomasz Kranz established new figure which the Majdanek museum staff consider authoritative. Earlier calculations were greater: c. 360,000, in a much-cited 1948 publication by Judge <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukaszkiewicz" title="Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz">Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz</a>, of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland; and c. 235,000, in a 1992 article by Dr. Czeslaw Rajca, formerly of the Majdanek museum. However, the number of those whose deaths the camp administration did not register remains unknown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arad_1984-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arad_1984_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArad1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Arad, Yitzhak</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203576.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Operation Reinhard": Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Yad Vashem Studies XVI</i>, pp. 205–239 (26/30 of current document), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318073143/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203576.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 March 2009, <q>The Attempt to Remove Traces</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies+XVI&rft.atitle=%22Operation+Reinhard%22%3A+Extermination+Camps+of+Belzec%2C+Sobibor+and+Treblinka&rft.pages=205-239+%2826%2F30+of+current+document%29&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25203576.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies98-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies98_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm"><i>Europe: A History</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0"><bdi>0-06-097468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-06-097468-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motl-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motl_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motl.org">"March of the Living International"</a>. <i>motl.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motl.org&rft.atitle=March+of+the+Living+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motl.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marchoftheliving-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marchoftheliving_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marchoftheliving.org">"March of the Living Canada"</a>. <i>motl.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motl.org&rft.atitle=March+of+the+Living+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marchoftheliving.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathis1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathis1_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathis" class="citation web cs1">Mathis, Andrew E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/">"Holocaust Denial: A Definition"</a>. ABC-CLIO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Denial%3A+A+Definition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.aulast=Mathis&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphdn.org%2Farchives%2Fholocaust-history.org%2Fdenial%2Fabc-clio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdot.org/browning/">"Browning: Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution"</a>. <i>Holocaust Denial on Trial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Denial+on+Trial&rft.atitle=Browning%3A+Evidence+for+the+Implementation+of+the+Final+Solution&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fbrowning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs1999" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Joseph Patrick (1999). <i>Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801862191" title="Special:BookSources/0801862191"><bdi>0801862191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+General%3A+Eisenhower%27s+Wartime+Letters+to+Marshall&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0801862191&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdlShoah-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mdlShoah_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316150400/http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/en/archives-and-documentation/the-cdjc-catalogue/the-history-of-the-center-of-contemporary-jewish-documentation-cdjc">"The History of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/en/archives-and-documentation/the-cdjc-catalogue/the-history-of-the-center-of-contemporary-jewish-documentation-cdjc">the original</a> on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Center+of+Contemporary+Jewish+Documentation+%28CDJC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorialdelashoah.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Farchives-and-documentation%2Fthe-cdjc-catalogue%2Fthe-history-of-the-center-of-contemporary-jewish-documentation-cdjc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was/a-40734980">"Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 28 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928204158/https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was/a-40734980">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Auschwitz-Birkenau%3A+4+out+of+10+German+students+don%27t+know+what+it+was&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fauschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was%2Fa-40734980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosener2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Posener" title="Alan Posener">Posener, Alan</a> (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/09/dont-mention-the-war-germany-television-holocaust-anti-semitism-babylon-berlin-europe/">"German TV Is Sanitizing History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=German+TV+Is+Sanitizing+History&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Posener&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Fdont-mention-the-war-germany-television-holocaust-anti-semitism-babylon-berlin-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claimscon.org/study">"New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States"</a>. Claims Conference. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180412152716/http://www.claimscon.org/study">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Survey+by+Claims+Conference+Finds+Significant+Lack+of+Holocaust+Knowledge+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claimscon.org%2Fstudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor2018" class="citation news cs1">Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/us/holocaust-education.html">"Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180418071414/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/us/holocaust-education.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Is+Fading+From+Memory%2C+Survey+Finds&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F12%2Fus%2Fholocaust-education.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStober2019" class="citation news cs1">Stober, Eric (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4893788/holocaust-survey-canada/">"Nearly half of Canadians can't name a single concentration camp: survey"</a>. Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127053753/https://globalnews.ca/news/4893788/holocaust-survey-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nearly+half+of+Canadians+can%27t+name+a+single+concentration+camp%3A+survey&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Stober&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4893788%2Fholocaust-survey-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArad1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Arad, Yitzhak</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpAgHYTPRz0C&q=operation%20reinhard%20gypsies&pg=PA153"><i>Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21305-1"><bdi>978-0-253-21305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belzec%2C+Sobibor%2C+Treblinka%3A+The+Operation+Reinhard+Death+Camps&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21305-1&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpAgHYTPRz0C%26q%3Doperation%2520reinhard%2520gypsies%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TL_3vEzlwQEC"><i>The Holocaust: origins, implementation, aftermath</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15035-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15035-3"><bdi>0-415-15035-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+origins%2C+implementation%2C+aftermath&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-15035-3&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTL_3vEzlwQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2007" class="citation book cs1">Cox, John K. (2007). "Ante Pavelić and the Ustaša State in Croatia". In <a href="/wiki/Bernd_J%C3%BCrgen_Fischer" title="Bernd Jürgen Fischer">Fischer, Bernd Jürgen</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&q=Paveli%C4%87"><i>Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-455-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-5808">60-5808</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ante+Paveli%C4%87+and+the+Usta%C5%A1a+State+in+Croatia&rft.btitle=Balkan+Strongmen%3A+Dictators+and+Authoritarian+Rulers+of+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-5808&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-455-2&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMZaPjrHqYYC%26q%3DPaveli%25C4%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAg4D2xaNV0C"><i>Holocaust Journey: Travelling in search of the past</i></a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2"><bdi>0-231-10965-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>An account of the locations of the extermination camps as they are today, augmented by the historical information about them, and about the fate of the Jews of Poland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Journey%3A+Travelling+in+search+of+the+past&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-231-10965-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAg4D2xaNV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöss1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Höss, Rudolf</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/53192374/Rudolf-Hoess-Commandant-of-auschwitz"><i>Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translation Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2015</span> – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandant+of+Auschwitz.+The+Autobiography+of+Rudolf+Hoess+with+an+Introduction+by+Lord+Russett&rft.place=Cleveland+and+New+York&rft.pages=1-311&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ss&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F53192374%2FRudolf-Hoess-Commandant-of-auschwitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlee1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Klee" title="Ernst Klee">Klee, Ernst</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQtnAAAAMAAJ&q=gassing%2Bdoctors"><i><span></span>'Turning the tap on was no big deal': the gassing doctors during the Nazi period and afterwards</i></a>. Vol. 2. Dachau Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9808587-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-9808587-1-5"><bdi>3-9808587-1-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books' snippet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Turning+the+tap+on+was+no+big+deal%27%3A+the+gassing+doctors+during+the+Nazi+period+and+afterwards&rft.pub=Dachau+Review&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-9808587-1-5&rft.aulast=Klee&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQtnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgassing%252Bdoctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Levi, Primo</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZURT6FgGgUkC"><i>The Drowned and the Saved</i></a>. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-3063-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-3063-4"><bdi>0-7181-3063-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drowned+and+the+Saved&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7181-3063-4&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Primo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZURT6FgGgUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC&q=Jadovno"><i>Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwW2O7v7CUcC%26q%3DJadovno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrth2009a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karin_Orth" title="Karin Orth">Orth, Karin</a> (2009a). "The Genesis and Structure of the National Socialist Concentration Camps". <i>Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a>. Vol. 1. Indiana University Press. pp. 183–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+and+Structure+of+the+National+Socialist+Concentration+Camps&rft.btitle=Early+Camps%2C+Youth+Camps%2C+and+Concentration+Camps+and+Subcamps+under+the+SS-Business+Administration+Main+Office+%28WVHA%29&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=183-196&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Piper, Franciszek</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/157">"Gas Chambers and Crematoria"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Gutman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisrael Gutman">Gutman, Yisrael</a>; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). <i>Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gas+Chambers+and+Crematoria&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofauschwi00yisr%2Fpage%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2006" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_78iBQAAQBAJ"><i>Auschwitz: A New History</i></a>. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-357-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-357-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-357-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-357-9&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_78iBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nazi_extermination_camps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nazi extermination camps">Nazi extermination camps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The Holocaust History Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040919010250/http://www.holocaust-history.org/">Quick Facts on the Holocaust.</a> Essays, Documents, Reproductions. Retrieved 15 September 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishjews.org/shoah/index.htm">Holocaust and concentration camps information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/">The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nazi_concentration_camps/nazi_concentration_camps_256kb.mp4">Official U.S. National Archive Footage of Nazi camps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BelzecSobiborTreblinka.HolocaustDenialAndOperationReinhard.ACritique">Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li>Extermination camps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">20th century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">21st century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153813#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132950-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&oldid=1254027340">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&oldid=1254027340</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_extermination_camps" title="Category:Nazi extermination camps">Nazi extermination camps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internments" title="Category:Internments">Internments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_locations" title="Category:Holocaust locations">Holocaust locations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2017" title="Category:Use British English from December 2017">Use British English from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 02:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camp&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zdfpm","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.079","walltime":"2.541","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8468,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":471020,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13091,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":318189,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2140.511 1 -total"," 24.79% 530.687 19 Template:Navbox"," 24.33% 520.859 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.05% 429.077 1 Template:Nazism"," 19.16% 410.142 8 Template:Excerpt"," 9.81% 210.041 30 Template:Cite_web"," 9.14% 195.603 36 Template:Cite_book"," 7.30% 156.247 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.85% 146.699 1 Template:The_Holocaust"," 6.72% 143.865 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.420","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17517711,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArad1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArad1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerenbaumGutman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2004–2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyerSchneider2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorkin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitbart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_R._Browning2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesbois2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedländer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuret1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellatelyStoltzfus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöss1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_McVay1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLand-Weber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelsohn1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Burleigh1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinerbi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrth2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosener2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSereny2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStackelbergWinkle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStober2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrous_MD2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSHMM.org\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYad_Vashem2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Extermination Camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox holocaust event\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 38,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazi concentration camps\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Overlay\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 10,\n [\"The Holocaust\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","23.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","200","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","4.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.1"],["clone \u003CmwInit.lua:65\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.7"],["[others]","300","20.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dnzt","timestamp":"20241122140635","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Extermination camp","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extermination_camp","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153813","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153813","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-29T20:37:46Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T02:17:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/Sobibor_extermination_camp_view%2C_summer_1943_%28retouched%29.jpg","headline":"Nazi death camps established to systematically murder"}</script> </body> </html>