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<span>Excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organic remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-organic_findings_at_Ohalo_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-organic_findings_at_Ohalo_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-organic findings at Ohalo II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-organic_findings_at_Ohalo_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-organic findings at Ohalo II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-organic_findings_at_Ohalo_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grinding_stone_in_Hut_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grinding_stone_in_Hut_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grinding stone in Hut 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grinding_stone_in_Hut_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flint_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flint_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flint tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flint_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sickles_for_harvesting_cereals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sickles_for_harvesting_cereals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sickles for harvesting cereals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sickles_for_harvesting_cereals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_distribution_and_gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_distribution_and_gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spatial distribution and gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_distribution_and_gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95_2" title="אוהלו 2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוהלו 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo" title="Ohalo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ohalo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ohalo II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo" title="Ohalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ohalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohalo" title="Ohalo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ohalo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ohalo_II&params=32.722093_N_35.572143_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°43′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°34′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.722093°N 35.572143°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.722093; 35.572143</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Epipalaeolithic archaeological site in Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ohalo II</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_23,000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Location_map_of_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ohalo_II&params=32.722093_N_35.572143_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°43′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°34′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.722093°N 35.572143°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.722093; 35.572143</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> archaeological site</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1989</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ohalo II</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in Northern Israel, near <a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Kinneret</a>, on the southwest shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>. It is one of the best preserved hunter-gatherer archaeological sites of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, radiocarbon dated to around 23,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (calibrated).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>, and has been attributed to both periods.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is significant for two findings which are the world's oldest: the earliest <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brushwood" class="extiw" title="wikt:brushwood">brushwood</a> dwellings and evidence for the earliest small-scale plant cultivation, some 11,000 years before the onset of agriculture. The numerous fruit and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grain remains preserved in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic environment">anaerobic conditions</a> under silt and water are also exceedingly rare due to their general quick decomposition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ohalo II is the name given to the archaeological site located on the southwest shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> in the Levant <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-one_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site consists of the remains of six charcoal rings where brushwood dwellings had been during the Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_2006_20_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen_2006_20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-three_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The huts are oval in shape and average between 9 and 16 feet long. They were simple in design, were constructed of tree branches and brushwood, and "probably only took a few hours to make."<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearths were located outside the huts. </p><p>In addition to the huts, the site also contains a grave and an area that was probably used as a refuse dump.<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is littered with a treasure trove of artifacts, including flints, animal bones, and remnants of fruit and cereal grains. Hundreds of species of birds, fish, fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and large animals have been identified at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These finds have greatly expanded knowledge of Upper Paleolithic hunting and gathering practices. </p><p>At the time hunter-gatherers settled down at Ohalo II, the Sea of Galilee was newly formed and may have been attractive to many bands of people.<sup id="cite_ref-two_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Ohalo II had been occupied for a relatively short amount of time, probably only a few generations, the village burned to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen_2006_20_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen_2006_20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the burning was intentional or accidental is unknown. But what may have been tragic for its ancient inhabitants turned out to be a boon for archaeologists: at the same time as the village was destroyed, water levels at the Sea of Galilee rose and buried the site. Fortunately, </p> <blockquote><p>...calm, relatively deep water covered the site, and the immediate deposition of fine clay and silt layers began. Together, the water sediments sealed the site and protected the remains <i>in situ</i> for millennia. Since then, the rate of decomposition has been extremely low in the submerged anaerobic conditions and the preservation of organic material has been excellent.<i><sup id="cite_ref-two_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <p>This submersion and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> (likely in combination with the charring) slowed the growth of bacteria in organic plant remains, preventing their destruction and preserving them through millennia on the lake bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the rise in sea level that made preservation possible at Ohalo II was either caused by increase in global temperature at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> or by an earthquake that changed the course of the water flowing into the Sea of Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was discovered in 1989, when an extended drought caused a 9-meter drop in water levels in the Sea of Galilee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavations">Excavations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dani_Nadel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dani Nadel (page does not exist)">Dani Nadel</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> excavated Ohalo II in 1989 during the first drought-induced drop in water levels at the Sea of Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-four_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the drought abated and waters of the Sea of Galilee rose, the site became inaccessible, and work at Ohalo was halted for 10 years, until the water receded again in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Antiquities_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Antiquities Authority">Israeli Antiquities Authority</a> organized the excavations on Ohalo II, which continued when sea levels permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-four_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main excavations at Ohalo II occurred from 1989 to 1991 and from 1999 to 2000. </p><p>The site spanned 2000 square meters,<sup id="cite_ref-three_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revealed unusually well-preserved material.<sup id="cite_ref-five_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to rare organic matter found, archaeologists also discovered the remains of several small dwellings, hearths outside the dwellings, a human burial, and <a href="/wiki/Stone_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone tools">stone tools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-four_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation of Ohalo II revealed three surprises: organic material that had been well preserved for thousands of years, clues concerning how people thrived during one of the coldest time periods in history, and some of the earliest evidence for bedding in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-two_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the site is larger than the area that has been excavated, but unless sea levels continue to drop, archaeologists will not be able to investigate the full range of the site. </p><p>Other discoveries at these sites found similar architectural methods in housing structures from Ohalo II, that were being used at Ein Gev I, and still present during the Natufian culture and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_remains">Organic remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organic remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23,000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Composite Sickles for Cereal Harvesting at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II</figcaption></figure> <p>Archeologists have conducted an exhaustive study of Hut 1 at Ohalo II; this hut yielded over 90,000 seeds. The seeds account for more than 100 species of wild barley and fruits. Such a high concentration of seeds in the hut makes it highly unlikely that they were accidentally deposited into the hut via natural forces such as wind. In addition, statistical analysis demonstrates that the concentration of plant matter was significantly higher around the walls than the center. Had the seeds been deposited by the collapsed roof, they would have evenly scattered on the ground. Furthermore, just 13 species of fruit and cereal make up about half of the total number of seeds found in the area; these include brome grains (<i><a href="/wiki/Bromus" title="Bromus">Bromus</a> pseudobrachystachys</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wild_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild barley">wild barley</a> (<i>Hordeum spontaneum</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> grass grains (<i><a href="/wiki/Piptatherum_holciforme" title="Piptatherum holciforme">Piptatherum holciforme</a></i>), just to name a few. This suggests a marked preference of certain species of edible plants. A seed of particular interest comes from the <a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus</a> fruit, which was fragile, difficult to transport, and preferably eaten immediately after collection. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus</a> seeds at the Ohalo II site could indicate that the seeds were dried in the sun or by the fire for storage: early evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption. Most importantly, the extremely high concentration of seeds clustering around the grinding stone in the northern wall of Hut 1 led archeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehud Weiss (page does not exist)">Ehud Weiss</a> to believe that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption. </p><p>A 2015 study reported that its "findings represent the earliest indications for the presence of <a href="/wiki/Weed#History" title="Weed">proto-weeds</a> in a site predating the Neolithic plant domestication by some 11,000 years. This study shows for the first time that proto-weeds grew in the vicinity of human camps and most probably also in small-scale, cultivated plots.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact spatial distribution of the seed around a grinding stone further indicates extensive preparation. The seeds were scattered in a U-shape around the grinding stone, Weiss hypothesized that a woman was squatting at the open end of the U, and actively distributing the seeds all around her while grinding.<sup id="cite_ref-six_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-organic_findings_at_Ohalo_II">Non-organic findings at Ohalo II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-organic findings at Ohalo II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grinding_stone_in_Hut_1">Grinding stone in Hut 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grinding stone in Hut 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23,000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II,_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg/220px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg/330px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg/440px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel._Artifacts_with_micrographs_of_the_semi-ripe_cereal_use_and_prehension_wear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>Composite Sickles for Cereal Harvesting at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II. Artifact with micrographs of the semi-ripe cereal use and prehension wear</figcaption></figure> <p>There is significant evidence to suggest that the center of activity for the inhabitants of Hut 1 was along the northern wall where the 40 cm long trapezoidal stone laid. There is strong evidence to suggest that this stone was used for the grinding of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that someone attempted to embed the stone deep into the ground, using sand to provide a base beneath the grinding stone and small cobbles to provide additional support. A starch grain study was conducted and grain remains were found on the grinding stone surface.<sup id="cite_ref-seven_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A follow-up study was able to give further evidence to this use, documenting the processing of wild barley, wild wheat and wild oats on the stone. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flint_tools">Flint tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flint tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flint_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint tools">flint tools</a> in Ohalo II are highly varied, representing all stages of core reduction and are distributed in a pattern. <a href="/wiki/Bladelet_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladelet (archaeology)">Bladelets</a> form a large percentage of the debris in hut I, which also include <a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">blades</a>, flakes, primary elements, core trimming elements, and <a href="/wiki/Core_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (archaeology)">cores</a>. There are 132 retouched tools, which are modified versions of stone <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>. A fairly large concentration of minute bladelets and <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>, along with other angular and fire-cracked fragments were found in the southern area, particularly around the entrance of Hut 1. There were also heavy cores and primary elements found in that vicinity. It is probable that individuals conducted <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">flint-knapping</a> near the entrance by the light from the door. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sickles_for_harvesting_cereals">Sickles for harvesting cereals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sickles for harvesting cereals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Use-wear_analysis" title="Use-wear analysis">Use-wear analysis</a> of five <a href="/wiki/Sickle-gloss" title="Sickle-gloss">glossed</a> flint blades found at Ohalo II provides the earliest evidence for the use of composite cereal harvesting tools.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wear traces indicate that tools were used for harvesting near-ripe semi-green wild cereals, shortly before grains are ripe and disperse naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studied tools were not used intensively, and they reflect two harvesting modes: flint knives held by hand and inserts <a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">hafted</a> in a handle.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds shed new light on cereal harvesting techniques some 8,000 years before the <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> and 12,000 years before the establishment of sedentary farming communities in the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the new finds accord well with evidence for the earliest ever cereal cultivation at the site and the use of stone-made grinding implements.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_distribution_and_gender_roles">Spatial distribution and gender roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spatial distribution and gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study analysing the distribution of flint materials and plant materials showed that distinct parts of the huts were used for different purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-six_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concentration of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> material in the entrance area contrasts with plant material concentration and grinding stone placement in other parts of the hut, suggesting a distinct separation in activity space for food-preparation and tool-making. It is likely that this was a deliberate division of space within the hut. However it is also possible that these two activities were not absolutely restricted to their respective areas. </p><p>One possible interpretation of this observed divide is labor division based on sex. Such a division has been observed in many past societies, however the culture-specific variability of this is also very high. As such, if this observed labor division was indeed related to gender, the finds at Ohalo II reflect the oldest evidence for such a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMithen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mithen, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/517"><i>After the ice : a global human history, 20.000–5.000 BC</i></a> (1. paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/517">517</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3"><bdi>0-674-01570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+ice+%3A+a+global+human+history%2C+20.000%E2%80%935.000+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=517&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01570-3&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftericeglobalhu00mith%2Fpage%2F517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnzelBar-Yosef2017" class="citation book cs1">Enzel, Yehouda; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhSVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335"><i>Quaternary of the Levant</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107090460" title="Special:BookSources/9781107090460"><bdi>9781107090460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaternary+of+the+Levant&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107090460&rft.aulast=Enzel&rft.aufirst=Yehouda&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhSVDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirst, K. Archaeology. Ohalo II (Israel). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/qt/ohalo_ii.htm">http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/qt/ohalo_ii.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219113730/http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/qt/ohalo_ii.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mithen_2006_20-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_2006_20_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mithen_2006_20_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMithen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mithen, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/20"><i>After the ice : a global human history, 20.000–5.000 BC</i></a> (1. paperback ed.). 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Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3"><bdi>0-674-01570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+ice+%3A+a+global+human+history%2C+20.000%E2%80%935.000+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01570-3&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftericeglobalhu00mith%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-three-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krause, L. (2001). Galilee’s Receding Waters Reveal Stone Age Camp. National Geographic. 1–4. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302065957/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/01/0102galilee.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadel, D., Weiss, E., Simchoni, O., Tsatskin, A., Danin, A., Kislev, M. (2004) From the Cover: Stone Age Hut in Israel Yields World’s Oldest Evidence of Bedding. The National Academy of Sciences.101, 6821</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-four-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-four_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, A. (2004, July). Harvard Researchers Push Human Cereal Use Back 10,000 Years. 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Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/21">21, 22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01570-3"><bdi>0-674-01570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+ice+%3A+a+global+human+history%2C+20.000%E2%80%935.000+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=21%2C+22&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01570-3&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftericeglobalhu00mith%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-five-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-five_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadal, D. Hecht Museum. Ohalo II: A 23,000-Year-Old Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers’ Camp on the Shore of the Sea of Galilee. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/archeology/ExhibitionC_eng.aspx?id=7">http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/archeology/ExhibitionC_eng.aspx?id=7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20241010055800/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262726566_CONTINUITY_AND_CHANGE_THE_OHALO_II_AND_THE_NATUFIAN_DWELLING_STRUCTURES_JORDAN_VALLEY_ISRAEL">"(PDF) CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: THE OHALO II AND THE NATUFIAN DWELLING STRUCTURES (JORDAN VALLEY, ISRAEL)"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262726566_CONTINUITY_AND_CHANGE_THE_OHALO_II_AND_THE_NATUFIAN_DWELLING_STRUCTURES_JORDAN_VALLEY_ISRAEL">the original</a> on 2024-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=%28PDF%29+CONTINUITY+AND+CHANGE%3A+THE+OHALO+II+AND+THE+NATUFIAN+DWELLING+STRUCTURES+%28JORDAN+VALLEY%2C+ISRAEL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262726566_CONTINUITY_AND_CHANGE_THE_OHALO_II_AND_THE_NATUFIAN_DWELLING_STRUCTURES_JORDAN_VALLEY_ISRAEL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnirNadelGroman-YaroslavskiMelamed2015" class="citation journal cs1">Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (2015-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511808">"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (7): e0131422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1031422S">2015PLoSO..1031422S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131422">10.1371/journal.pone.0131422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511808">4511808</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200895">26200895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Cultivation+and+Proto-Weeds%2C+Long+Before+Neolithic+Farming&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0131422&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4511808%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1031422S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26200895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131422&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Snir&rft.aufirst=Ainit&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dani&rft.au=Groman-Yaroslavski%2C+Iris&rft.au=Melamed%2C+Yoel&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4511808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-six-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-six_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compiled largely with reference to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissKislevSimchoniNadel2008" class="citation cs2">Weiss, E.; Kislev, M. E.; Simchoni, O.; Nadel, D.; Tschauner, H. (2008), "Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel", <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>, <b>35</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2400–</span>2414, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35.2400W">2008JArSc..35.2400W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.03.012">10.1016/j.jas.2008.03.012</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Plant-food+preparation+area+on+an+Upper+Paleolithic+brush+hut+floor+at+Ohalo+II%2C+Israel&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2400-%3C%2Fspan%3E2414&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.03.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JArSc..35.2400W&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Kislev%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Simchoni%2C+O.&rft.au=Nadel%2C+D.&rft.au=Tschauner%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spivak, P., & Nadel, D. (2016). The use of stone at Ohalo II, a 23,000 year old site in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(3), 523–552. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1646">https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1646</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seven_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piperno, D.R., Weiss, E., Holst, I., Nadel, D. (2004) Starch grains on a ground stone implement document Upper Paleolithic wild cereal processing at Ohalo II, Israel, Nature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dani Nadel, Dolores R. Piperno, Irene Holst, Ainit Snir and Ehud Weiss (2012). New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. antiquity. 86. 990–1003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048201">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048201</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSCH-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSCH_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSCH_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSCH_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSCH_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSCH_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadelWeissGroman-Yaroslavski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nadel, Dani; Weiss, Ehud; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris (23 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5120854">"Composite Sickles and Cereal Harvesting Methods at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II, Israel"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (11): e0167151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1167151G">2016PLoSO..1167151G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0167151">10.1371/journal.pone.0167151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5120854">5120854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27880839">27880839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Composite+Sickles+and+Cereal+Harvesting+Methods+at+23%2C000-Years-Old+Ohalo+II%2C+Israel&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e0167151&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5120854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1167151G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27880839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0167151&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Nadel&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft.au=Groman-Yaroslavski%2C+Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5120854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhalo+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadel, Dani & Weiss, Ehud & Tschauner, H.. (2011). Gender-specific division of indoor space during the Upper Palaeolithic? A brush hut floor as a case study. Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: Case studies from the European Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. 263–273.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S__vWinUSHo">Video by the University of Haifa featuring Dr. Dani Nadel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Epipalaeolithic">Middle</a> (19,000–15,000 BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Epipalaeolithic">Late</a> (15,000–11,500 BP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebekian_culture" title="Nebekian culture">Nebekian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalkhan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalkhan culture (page does not exist)">Qalkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Kebaran_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Kebaran culture">Geometric Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizzanian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizzanian culture (page does not exist)">Nizzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramonian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramonian culture (page does not exist)">Ramonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamran_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamran culture (page does not exist)">Hamran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Buhira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain al-Buhira (page does not exist)">Ain al-Buhira</a> (WHS 618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAyn_Qasiyya" title="ʿAyn Qasiyya">ʿAyn Qasiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS-75" title="KPS-75">KPS-75</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ohalo II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_Sageer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tor Sageer (page does not exist)">Tor Sageer</a> (WHNBS 242)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 14 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 18 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Hammeh_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Hammeh 26 (page does not exist)">Wadi Hammeh 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 6">Wadi Jilat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Madamagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Madamagh (page does not exist)">Wadi Madamagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutil_al-Hasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutil al-Hasa (page does not exist)">Yutil al-Hasa</a> (WHS 784)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_David" title="Neve David">Neve David</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Hamra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Hamra (page does not exist)">Jebel Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqat_al-Buma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqat al-Buma (page does not exist)">Tabaqat al-Buma</a> (WZ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUyun_al-Hammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUyun al-Hammam">ʿUyun al-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 10">Wadi Jilat 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 22">Wadi Jilat 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Mataha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Mataha (page does not exist)">Wadi Mataha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WZ_148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WZ 148 (page does not exist)">WZ 148</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAin_Mallaha" title="ʿAin Mallaha">ʿAin Mallaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BFAyn_al-Saratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʿAyn al-Saratan (page does not exist)">ʿAyn al-Saratan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azraq_18" title="Azraq 18">Azraq 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Wad" title="El Wad">El Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgal_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilgal II (page does not exist)">Gilgal II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilazon_Tachtit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilazon Tachtit (page does not exist)">Hilazon Tachtit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">ʿIraq ed-Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 1 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqa_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqa (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Tabaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa (page does not exist)">Tell Qarassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammeh_27" title="Wadi Hammeh 27">Wadi Hammeh 27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia345" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517652#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517652#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517652#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007399688005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/616909246">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&oldid=1272419411">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohalo_II&oldid=1272419411</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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