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id="toc-Clinical_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_caseload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_caseload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General caseload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_caseload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlapping_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlapping_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Overlapping areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlapping_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_clinical_neurophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_clinical_neurophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relationship to clinical neurophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_clinical_neurophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlap_with_psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlap_with_psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Overlap with psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlap_with_psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological_enhancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological_enhancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Neurological enhancement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_enhancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological_UX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological_UX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neurological UX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_UX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="طب الجهاز العصبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الجهاز العصبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolox%C3%ADa" title="Neuroloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neuroloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologiya" title="Nevrologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nevrologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="نورولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্নায়ুচিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নায়ুচিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-keng-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sîn-keng-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-keng-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Неўралогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неўралогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolohiya" title="Neurolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Neurolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неврология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neurologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromedicin" title="Neuromedicin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neuromedicin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroloogia" title="Neuroloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neuroloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νευρολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νευρολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolog%C3%ADa" title="Neurología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neurología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADrologio" title="Neŭrologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭrologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عصب‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9areola%C3%ADocht" title="Néareolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néareolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolox%C3%ADa" title="Neuroloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neuroloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%BC" title="신경과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նյարդաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյարդաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नायुशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्नायुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neurologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologio" title="Nevrologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nevrologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologi" title="Neurologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neurologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Neurology" title="I-Neurology – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Neurology" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="נוירולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוירולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologi" title="Neurologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neurologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ನರವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನರವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნევროლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნევროლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неврология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroloj%C3%AE" title="Norolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Norolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Невропатология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Невропатология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neirolo%C4%A3ija" title="Neiroloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neiroloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neurologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%B3gia" title="Neurológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neurológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неврологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неврологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ന്യൂറോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologi" title="Neurologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neurologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мэдрэл судлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдрэл судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="स्नायुविज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्नायुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नायुशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्नायुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="神経学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologi" title="Nevrologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nevrologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologi" title="Nevrologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nevrologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologiya" title="Nevrologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nevrologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नायुशास्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="स्नायुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neurologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Неврология" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неврология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="स्नायुशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्नायुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologjia" title="Neurologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neurologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neurology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%B3gia" title="Neurológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neurológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrologija" title="Nevrologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevrologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неурологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неурологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologija" title="Neurologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neurologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologia" title="Neurologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neurologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologi" title="Neurologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neurologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolohiya" title="Neurolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neurolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நரம்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நரம்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Неврология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ประสาทวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสาทวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6roloji" title="Nöroloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nöroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Неврологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неврологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اعصابیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اعصابیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_kinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thần kinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần kinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolohiya" title="Neurolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neurolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%86%85%E7%A7%91" title="神经内科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神经内科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="נעווראלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעווראלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神經內科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神經內科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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For the scientific study of the nervous system, see <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Neurology_(journal)" title="Neurology (journal)">Neurology (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Neurological sciences" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Neurological_Sciences_(journal)" title="Neurological Sciences (journal)">Neurological Sciences (journal)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove_science plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This scientific article <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Scholarship" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">secondary or tertiary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. 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padding-right:0.5em;">System</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">diseases</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">Neuropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">tests</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Computed_axial_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed axial tomography">Computed axial tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI scan">MRI scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar puncture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Specialist</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Neurologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neurology</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεῦρον">νεῦρον (neûron)</a></span>, "string, nerve" and the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" class="extiw" title="wikt:-logia">-logia</a>, "study of") is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">medicine</a> dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system"> peripheral nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, the scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. </p><p>A <b>neurologist</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorkWYourDoc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorkWYourDoc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurologists diagnose and treat myriad neurologic conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, movement disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_infections_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="List of infections of the central nervous system">brain infections</a>, autoimmune neurologic disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, brain injury, headache disorders like <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">tumors of the brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementias</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurologists may also have roles in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Translational_research" title="Translational research">translational research</a>. Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Surgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical">surgical</a> specialty is <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorkWYourDoc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorkWYourDoc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_neurology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of neurology">History of neurology</a></div> <p>The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willis" title="Thomas Willis">Thomas Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whytt" title="Robert Whytt">Robert Whytt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Baillie" title="Matthew Baillie">Matthew Baillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bell" title="Charles Bell">Charles Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Heinrich_Romberg" title="Moritz Heinrich Romberg">Moritz Heinrich Romberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_de_Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchenne de Boulogne">Duchenne de Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Miller_Fisher" title="C. Miller Fisher">C. Miller Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hughlings_Jackson" title="John Hughlings Jackson">John Hughlings Jackson</a>. Neo-Latin <i>neurologia</i> appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on the nerves (variably understood as vessels), and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek νευρολογία.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Neurologist</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Physician, Medical Practitioner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Medicine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">D.O.</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/M.B.B.S." class="mw-redirect" title="M.B.B.S.">M.B.B.S.</a> (UK), D.M. (Doctorate of Medicine) (India), M.B. B.Ch. B.A.O. (Republic of Ireland)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hospitals, Clinics</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Flatau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edward_Flatau.jpg/170px-Edward_Flatau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edward_Flatau.jpg/255px-Edward_Flatau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edward_Flatau.jpg/340px-Edward_Flatau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> neurologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Flatau" title="Edward Flatau">Edward Flatau</a> greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas in 1894 and wrote a fundamental book on migraines in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charcot1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/170px-Charcot1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/255px-Charcot1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/340px-Charcot1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> is considered one of the fathers of neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> specializing in neurology after graduation from <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a>. This additional training period typically lasts four years, with the first year devoted to training in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, neurologists complete a total of eight to ten years of training. This includes four years of medical school, four years of residency and an optional one to two years of fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. These training programs are called <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowships</a>, and are one to three years in duration. Subspecialties in the United States include brain injury medicine, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">clinical neurophysiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, neurodevelopmental disabilities, <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_medicine" title="Neuromuscular medicine">neuromuscular medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain medicine">pain medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">sleep medicine</a>, neurocritical care, vascular neurology (stroke),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">behavioral neurology</a>, headache, neuroimmunology<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and infectious disease, <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">movement disorders</a>, neuroimaging, neurooncology, and neurorehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Physicians">Membership of the Royal College of Physicians</a> (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to the 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the <a href="/wiki/MRCPsych" class="mw-redirect" title="MRCPsych">MRCPsych</a> takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to the Institute of Neurology at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Square,_London" title="Queen Square, London">Queen Square</a>, London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as <a href="/wiki/Physiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiatry">physiatry</a> in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_examination">Physical examination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">Neurological examination</a></div> <p>During a <a href="/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">neurological examination</a>, the neurologist reviews the patient's health history with special attention to the patient's neurologic complaints. The patient then takes a neurological exam. Typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a> (including vision), strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation and gait. This information helps the neurologist determine whether the problem exists in the nervous system and the clinical localization. Localization of the pathology is the key process by which neurologists develop their differential diagnosis. Further tests may be needed to confirm a diagnosis and ultimately guide therapy and appropriate management. Useful adjunct imaging studies in neurology include CT scanning and MRI. Other tests used to assess muscle and nerve function include nerve conduction studies and electromyography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_tasks">Clinical tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neurology" title="Special:EditPage/Neurology">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the <a href="/wiki/Inpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Inpatient">inpatient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> settings. Neurologists begin their interactions with patients by taking a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, and then performing a <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> focusing on evaluating the nervous system. Components of the <a href="/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">neurological examination</a> include assessment of the patient's <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>, motor strength, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexes">reflexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. </p><p>In some instances, neurologists may order additional <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic tests">diagnostic tests</a> as part of the evaluation. Commonly employed tests in neurology include imaging studies such as <a href="/wiki/Computed_axial_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed axial tomography">computed axial tomography</a> (CAT) scans, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> of major blood vessels of the head and neck. Neurophysiologic studies, including <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a> (EEG), needle <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> (EMG), <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve conduction studies">nerve conduction studies</a> (NCSs) and <a href="/wiki/Evoked_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Evoked potentials">evoked potentials</a> are also commonly ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurologists frequently perform <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar punctures</a> to assess characteristics of a patient's <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>. Advances in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> have made genetic testing an important tool in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease and diagnosis of many other neurogenetic diseases. The role of genetic influences on the development of acquired neurologic diseases is an active area of research. </p><p>Some of the commonly encountered conditions treated by neurologists include headaches, <a href="/wiki/Radiculopathy" title="Radiculopathy">radiculopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a>, stroke, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourette%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Head trauma">head trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">neuromuscular diseases</a>, and various infections and tumors of the nervous system. Neurologists are also asked to evaluate unresponsive patients on <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a> to confirm <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain death</a>. </p><p>Treatment options vary depending on the neurological problem. They can include referring the patient to a <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapist</a>, prescribing medications, or recommending a surgical procedure. </p><p>Some neurologists specialize in certain parts of the nervous system or in specific procedures. For example, clinical neurophysiologists specialize in the use of EEG and <a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">intraoperative monitoring</a> to diagnose certain neurological disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other neurologists specialize in the use of <a href="/wiki/Electrodiagnostic_medicine" title="Electrodiagnostic medicine">electrodiagnostic medicine</a> studies – needle EMG and NCSs. In the US, physicians do not typically specialize in all the aspects of clinical neurophysiology – i.e. sleep, EEG, EMG, and NCSs. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies US physicians in general clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, and intraoperative monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine certifies US physicians in <a href="/wiki/Electrodiagnostic_medicine" title="Electrodiagnostic medicine">electrodiagnostic medicine</a> and certifies technologists in nerve-conduction studies. Sleep medicine is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">family medicine</a>, and neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders. </p><p>Also, many nonmedical doctors, those with doctoral degrees (usually PhDs) in subjects such as biology and chemistry, study and research the nervous system. Working in laboratories in universities, hospitals, and private companies, these neuroscientists perform clinical and laboratory experiments and tests to learn more about the nervous system and find cures or new treatments for diseases and disorders. </p><p>A great deal of overlap occurs between <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and neurology. Many neurologists work in academic training hospitals, where they conduct research as neuroscientists in addition to treating patients and teaching neurology to <a href="/wiki/Medical_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical student">medical students</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_caseload">General caseload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General caseload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neurologists are responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of all the conditions mentioned above. When surgical or endovascular intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeon">neurosurgeon</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Interventional_neuroradiology" title="Interventional neuroradiology">interventional neuroradiologist</a>. In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of brain death when it is suspected that a patient has died. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary (<a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a>) diseases when the major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case. <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">Lumbar punctures</a> are frequently performed by <a href="/wiki/Neurologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologists">neurologists</a>. Some neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as stroke, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">neurointensive care</a>, headaches, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular">neuromuscular</a> diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlapping_areas">Overlapping areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overlapping areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some overlap also occurs with other specialties, varying from country to country and even within a local geographic area. Acute <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">head trauma</a> is most often treated by neurosurgeons, whereas <a href="/wiki/Sequelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequelae">sequelae</a> of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">specialists in rehabilitation medicine</a>. Although stroke cases have been traditionally managed by internal medicine or hospitalists, the emergence of vascular neurology and <a href="/wiki/Interventional_neuroradiology" title="Interventional neuroradiology">interventional neuroradiology</a> has created a demand for stroke specialists. The establishment of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission</a>-certified stroke centers has increased the role of neurologists in stroke care in many primary, as well as tertiary, hospitals. Some cases of nervous system <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of headache are diagnosed and treated primarily by <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>, at least the less severe cases. Likewise, most cases of <a href="/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or surgeons (neurosurgeons or <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgeons</a>). <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> are also treated by <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrists">psychiatrists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a> is initially treated by <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatricians</a>, but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age. <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> physicians may treat patients with neuromuscular diseases with electrodiagnostic studies (needle EMG and nerve-conduction studies) and other diagnostic tools. In the United Kingdom and other countries, many of the conditions encountered by older patients such as movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia, or gait disorders, are managed predominantly by specialists in <a href="/wiki/Geriatric_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric medicine">geriatric medicine</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Clinical neuropsychologists</a> are often called upon to <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">evaluate</a> brain-<a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">behavior</a> relationships for the purpose of assisting with <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a>, planning <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> strategies, documenting <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> strengths and weaknesses, and measuring change over time (e.g., for identifying abnormal <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> or tracking the progression of a <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_clinical_neurophysiology">Relationship to clinical neurophysiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship to clinical neurophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries such as the United States and Germany, <a href="/wiki/Neurologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologists">neurologists</a> may subspecialize in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">clinical neurophysiology</a>, the field responsible for EEG and <a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">intraoperative monitoring</a>, or in electrodiagnostic medicine <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_study" title="Nerve conduction study">nerve conduction studies</a>, EMG, and <a href="/wiki/Evoked_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Evoked potentials">evoked potentials</a>. In other countries, this is an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialty</a> (e.g., United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlap_with_psychiatry">Overlap with psychiatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overlap with psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology" title="Psychoneuroimmunology">Psychoneuroimmunology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></div> <p>In the past, prior to the advent of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> some neurologists have considered psychiatry and neurology to overlap. Although <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</a> are believed by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (November 2024)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> to be neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system, traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrists">psychiatrists</a>. In a 2002 review article in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Psychiatry">American Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>, Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> and a neurologist by training, wrote, "the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11986119_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11986119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">Neurological disorders</a> often have <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric">psychiatric</a> manifestations, such as post-stroke depression, depression and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, mood and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease, and <a href="/wiki/Huntington_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington disease">Huntington disease</a>, to name a few. Hence, the sharp distinction between neurology and psychiatry is not always on a biological basis. The dominance of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic theory</a> in the first three-quarters of the 20th century has since then been largely replaced by a focus on pharmacology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the shift to a medical <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">model</a>, brain science has not advanced to a point where scientists or <a href="/wiki/Clinicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinicians">clinicians</a> can point to readily discernible pathological lesions or genetic abnormalities that in and of themselves serve as reliable or predictive <a href="/wiki/Biomarkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomarkers">biomarkers</a> of a given mental disorder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurological_enhancement">Neurological enhancement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neurological enhancement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emerging field of neurological enhancement highlights the potential of therapies to improve such things as workplace efficacy, attention in school, and overall happiness in personal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this field has also given rise to questions about <a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">neuroethics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurological_UX">Neurological UX</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neurological UX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neurological UX is a specialised branch of web accessibility focusing on designing for individuals with neurological dispositions, such as ADHD, dyslexia, and autism. Coined by Gareth Slinn in his book NeurologicalUX <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurologicalux.com/">neurologicalux.com</a>, this field aims to create inclusive digital experiences that reduce anxiety, enhance readability, and improve usability for diverse cognitive needs. It emphasises thoughtful design choices like accessible colour themes, simplified navigation, and adaptable interfaces to accommodate varying neurological profiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;column-gap: 1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Neurology_and_Psychiatry" title="American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry">American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Developmental_Neurorehabilitation" title="Developmental Neurorehabilitation">Developmental Neurorehabilitation</a></i>, a peer-reviewed medical journal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of neurologists">List of neurologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_neuroscientists" title="List of women neuroscientists">List of women neuroscientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepigenetics" title="Neuroepigenetics">Neuroepigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohospitalist" title="Neurohospitalist">Neurohospitalist</a>, a physician interested in inpatient neurological care</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACGME2016" class="citation web cs1">ACGME (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141847/https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/180_neurology_2016.pdf">"ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Neurology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.acgme.org</i>. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroscience" title="Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroscience" title="Template talk:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive 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title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural 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