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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Citation types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citation_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citation types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citation_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_and_full_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_and_full_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Short and full citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_and_full_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_and_why_to_cite_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_and_why_to_cite_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>When and why to cite sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-When_and_why_to_cite_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle When and why to cite sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-When_and_why_to_cite_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_not_to_cite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_not_to_cite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>When not to cite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_not_to_cite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consecutive cites of the same source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inline citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>How to place an inline citation using ref tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoiding_clutter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_clutter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Avoiding clutter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_clutter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeated_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeated_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Repeated citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeated_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Citing multiple pages of the same source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_information_to_include" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_information_to_include"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>What information to include</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_information_to_include-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Newspaper articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Web pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Sound recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_television,_or_video_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_television,_or_video_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Film, television, or video recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_television,_or_video_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikidata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikidata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Wikidata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikidata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_parts_of_a_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_parts_of_a_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Identifying parts of a source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_parts_of_a_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_print_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_print_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Books and print articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_print_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_and_video_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_and_video_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Audio and video sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_and_video_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_and_ID_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_and_ID_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Links and ID numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_and_ID_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Linking to pages in PDF files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking_to_Google_Books_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Linking to Google Books pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_to_Google_Books_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Say_where_you_read_it" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Say_where_you_read_it"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Say where you read it</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Say_where_you_read_it-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_and_reprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_and_reprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Dates and reprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_and_reprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_annotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_annotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Additional annotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_annotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references section</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references_section-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references section subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>How to create the list of citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Separating citations from explanatory footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duplicate_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplicate_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Duplicate citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplicate_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citation style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citation_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citation style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citation_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variation_in_citation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_citation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Variation in citation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_citation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generally_considered_helpful" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generally_considered_helpful"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Generally considered helpful</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generally_considered_helpful-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_be_avoided" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_be_avoided"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>To be avoided</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_be_avoided-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenthetical_referencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenthetical_referencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Parenthetical referencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenthetical_referencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_links_in_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_links_in_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Handling links in citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handling_links_in_citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Handling links in citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handling_links_in_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoid_embedded_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoid_embedded_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Avoid embedded links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoid_embedded_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convenience_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convenience_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Convenience links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convenience_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicating_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicating_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Indicating availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicating_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_to_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Links to sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Preventing and repairing dead links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text–source_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text–source_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Text–source integrity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text–source_integrity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Text–source integrity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Text–source_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keeping_citations_close" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keeping_citations_close"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Keeping citations close</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keeping_citations_close-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citation order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bundling_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bundling_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bundling citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bundling_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-text_attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-text_attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In-text attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-text_attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_unsourced_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_unsourced_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dealing with unsourced material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_unsourced_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_templates_and_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_templates_and_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citation templates and tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citation_templates_and_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citation templates and tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citation_templates_and_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citing sources</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Haal_bronne_aan" title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB:%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%A2_%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%AD" title="ውክፔዲያ:ዋቢ ምንጭ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውክፔዲያ:ዋቢ ምንጭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উৎসৰ উল্লেখ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উৎসৰ উল্লেখ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ویکی‌پدیا:قایناقلارا ایستیناد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:قایناقلارا ایستیناد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উৎসনির্দেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উৎসনির্দেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на крыніцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на крыніцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Вікіпэдыя:Спасылкі на крыніцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя:Спасылкі на крыніцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уикипедия:Цитиране на източници – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Цитиране на източници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedia:Navođenje izvora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia:Navođenje izvora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Menegit_ho_taveo%C3%B9" title="Wikipedia:Menegit ho taveoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wikipedia:Menegit ho taveoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Citau_les_fonts" title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Википеди:Çăлкуç каçисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди:Çăлкуç каçисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Uv%C3%A1d%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_zdroj%C5%AF" title="Wikipedie:Uvádění zdrojů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Uvádění zdrojů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:G%C3%A1ldut" title="Wikipedia:Gáldut – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Wikipedia:Gáldut" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Zitierregeln" title="Wikipedia:Zitierregeln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Zitierregeln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Παράθεση πηγών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Παράθεση πηγών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Википедия:Невтевкст лисьмапрят лангс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Википедия:Невтевкст лисьмапрят лангс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referencias" title="Wikipedia:Referencias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Referencias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Citi_fontojn" title="Vikipedio:Citi fontojn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Citi fontojn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:Boarnemelding" title="Wikipedy:Boarnemelding – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:Boarnemelding" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id:Luaigh_do_chuid_foins%C3%AD" title="Vicipéid:Luaigh do chuid foinsí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vicipéid:Luaigh do chuid foinsí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citar_as_fontes" title="Wikipedia:Citar as fontes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:Citar as fontes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AD_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="વિકિપીડિયા:સંદર્ભ આપવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા:સંદર્ભ આપવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%B0%9D%ED%9E%88%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:출처 밝히기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:출처 밝히기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%80%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հղում աղբյուրներին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հղում աղբյուրներին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:%C5%BD%C3%B3r%C5%82a" title="Wikipedija:Žórła – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wikipedija:Žórła" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Panagdakamat_kadagiti_punganayan" title="Wikipedia:Panagdakamat kadagiti punganayan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wikipedia:Panagdakamat kadagiti punganayan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:Heimildaskr%C3%A1ning" title="Hjálp:Heimildaskráning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjálp:Heimildaskráning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Aiuto:Uso delle fonti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Uso delle fonti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="ויקיפדיה:ביבליוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:ביבליוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Nyuplik_sumber" title="Wikipédia:Nyuplik sumber – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Nyuplik sumber" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია:წყაროს მითითება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:წყაროს მითითება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AD%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95" title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:حَوالہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:حَوالہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_sous_ou_yo" title="Site sous ou yo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Site sous ou yo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Destn%C3%AE%C5%9Fana_%C3%A7avkaniy%C3%AA" title="Wîkîpediya:Destnîşana çavkaniyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wîkîpediya:Destnîşana çavkaniyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Википедия:Булактарга шилтемелер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Булактарга шилтемелер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D:%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ:ການອ້າງອີງແຫຼ່ງທີ່ມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິກິພີເດຍ:ການອ້າງອີງແຫຼ່ງທີ່ມາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:De_bibliographiis_et_nexibus_externis" title="Vicipaedia:De bibliographiis et nexibus externis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia:De bibliographiis et nexibus externis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Atsauces" title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:I%C5%A1na%C5%A1os" title="Vikipedija:Išnašos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Išnašos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:T%C3%BCntesd_fel_forr%C3%A1saidat!" title="Wikipédia:Tüntesd fel forrásaidat! – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Tüntesd fel forrásaidat!" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="विकिपिडिया:स्रोत उल्लेख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विकिपिडिया:स्रोत उल्लेख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Википедија:Наведување на извори – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Наведување на извори" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:അവലംബങ്ങൾ ഉദ്ധരിക്കേണ്ടതെങ്ങനെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:അവലംബങ്ങൾ ഉദ്ധരിക്കേണ്ടതെങ്ങനെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया:संदर्भ द्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकिपीडिया:संदर्भ द्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ويكيبيديا:استشهاد بمصادر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:استشهاد بمصادر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Memetik_sumber" title="Wikipedia:Memetik sumber – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Memetik sumber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明來源 – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Wikipedia:列明來源" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%AD%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6" title="Википедиа:Эх сурвалж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Википедиа:Эх сурвалж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ရင်းမြစ်များကို ကိုးကားခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ရင်းမြစ်များကို ကိုးကားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="विकिपिडिया:स्रोत उल्लेख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया:स्रोत उल्लेख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Zita_%27e_ffonti" title="Wikipedia:Zita 'e ffonti – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Wikipedia:Zita 'e ffonti" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5" title="Википеди:Хьажоргаш хьосташна тӀе – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Википеди:Хьажоргаш хьосташна тӀе" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bruk_av_kilder" title="Wikipedia:Bruk av kilder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Bruk av kilder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kjelder" title="Wikipedia:Kjelder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:Kjelder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proj%C3%A8cte:Citatz_v%C3%B2stras_fonts" title="Projècte:Citatz vòstras fonts – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Projècte:Citatz vòstras fonts" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଆଧାର ଦେବା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଆଧାର ଦେବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Manbalarga_ishoratlar" title="Vikipediya:Manbalarga ishoratlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Manbalarga ishoratlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="ويکيپېډيا:سرچینه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويکيپېډيا:سرچینه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96" title="វិគីភីឌា:ដកស្រង់ប្រភព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិគីភីឌា:ដកស្រង់ប្រភព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografia" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Ссылки на источники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Ссылки на источники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Burimi_i_informacionit" title="Wikipedia:Burimi i informacionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia:Burimi i informacionit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="විකිපීඩියා:මූලාශ්‍ර උපන්‍යාස කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:මූලාශ්‍ර උපන්‍යාස කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%8F%D9%8A%DA%BB" title="وڪيپيڊيا:حوالا ڏيڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:حوالا ڏيڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Uv%C3%A1dzanie_zdrojov" title="Wikipédia:Uvádzanie zdrojov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Uvádzanie zdrojov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Navajanje_virov" title="Wikipedija:Navajanje virov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Navajanje virov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedyjo:Weryfikowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedyjo:Weryfikowalność – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wikipedyjo:Weryfikowalność" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Soo_bandhigida_xogta" title="Wikipedia:Soo bandhigida xogta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wikipedia:Soo bandhigida xogta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%95_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="ویکیپیدیا:ئاماژە بە سەرچاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:ئاماژە بە سەرچاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Навођење извора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Навођење извора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nyutat_rujukan" title="Wikipedia:Nyutat rujukan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wikipedia:Nyutat rujukan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merkitse_l%C3%A4hteet" title="Wikipedia:Merkitse lähteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikipedia:Merkitse lähteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagsisipi" title="Wikipedia:Pagsisipi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikipedia:Pagsisipi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:மேற்கோள் சுட்டுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:மேற்கோள் சுட்டுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82%D2%AF" title="Википедия:Чыганакларны күрсәтү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Википедия:Чыганакларны күрсәтү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీపీడియా:మూలాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:మూలాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงแหล่งที่มา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงแหล่งที่มา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Википедиа:Пайвандҳо ба сарчашмаҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Википедиа:Пайвандҳо ба сарчашмаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa:%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_g%C3%B6rkezme" title="Wikipediýa:Çeşme görkezme – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wikipediýa:Çeşme görkezme" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Посилання на джерела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Посилання на джерела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%81%DB%8C" title="ویکیپیڈیا:حوالہ دہی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکیپیڈیا:حوالہ دہی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c" title="Wikipedia:Chú thích nguồn gốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia:Chú thích nguồn gốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8:%E6%98%8E%E5%BC%95%E6%93%9A" title="維基大典:明引據 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="維基大典:明引據" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明來源 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Wikipedia:列明來源" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%B0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D6%BC%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2:%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="װיקיפּעדיע:מקורות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="װיקיפּעדיע:מקורות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%B9%E6%93%9A" title="Wikipedia:根據 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wikipedia:根據" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:列明来源" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q642335#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE">Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Guideline on how to cite sources</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For information on referencing citations in Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a>. For information about citing Wikipedia articles for use in work outside of Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CITE" and "WP:REF" redirect here. For the Citation Needed information page, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITENEED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITENEED">WP:CITENEED</a>. For the reference desk, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFD">WP:REFD</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CS" redirects here. For the policy on clean start, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Clean_start" title="Wikipedia:Clean start">Wikipedia:Clean start</a>. For the computer science WikiProject, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">content guideline</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CS"></span><span id="WP:CITE"></span><span id="WP:REF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CS&redirect=no">WP:CS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITE&redirect=no">WP:CITE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REF&redirect=no">WP:REF</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Cite <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a>. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""cite"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png/40px-VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png/60px-VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png/80px-VisualEditor_-_Cite_Pulldown.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="84"/></a></span> menu at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit#Edit_screen(s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Edit">editing box</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">markup</a>, you can add a citation manually using <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags">ref tags</a>. More elaborate and useful ways to cite sources are detailed below.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation" style="border: 2px solid #008560;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Information_icon_dark_green.svg/40px-Information_icon_dark_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Information_icon_dark_green.svg/60px-Information_icon_dark_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Information_icon_dark_green.svg/80px-Information_icon_dark_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-size: 120%; text-align: center">Are you new here? <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Welcome!</a> There is a simplified version of this page at <b><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help:Referencing for beginners</a></b>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>citation</b>, or <b>reference</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uniquely identifies a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCE">source</a> of information, e.g.: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Ritter, R. M. (2003). <i>The Oxford Style Manual</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860564-5"><bdi>978-0-19-860564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Style+Manual&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860564-5&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></div> <p>Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a> policy requires <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">inline citations</a> for any material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CHALLENGED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CHALLENGED">challenged or likely to be challenged</a>, and for all quotations, anywhere in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mainspace">article space</a>. </p><p>A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INCITE">inline citation</a>. This is usually displayed as a superscript <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote</a> number: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it. </p><p>This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(the principle is reviewed at <a href="#Variation_in_citation_methods">§ Variation in citation methods</a>)</span>. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. See: "<a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help:Referencing for beginners</a>", for a brief introduction on how to put references in Wikipedia articles; and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Using_standard_cite_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">cite templates in Visual Editor</a>, about a graphical way for citation, included in Wikipedia. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232484023">.mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#f5faff;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title{background:#cee0f2;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;margin-bottom:6px}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#cee0f2;padding:0.1em 0.7em 0.15em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content,.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding-top:0.15em}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="clear:right;width:21.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia guidelines">Wikipedia guidelines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies list</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_behavioral_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines">Behavioral</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Don't bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point"><span class="wrap">Don't disrupt to make a point</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_behavioral_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other behavioral guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Friendly space policy">WMF friendly space policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5eef8;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_discussion" title="Category:Wikipedia discussion">Discussions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">Content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content"><span class="wrap">Non-free content</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offensive_material" title="Wikipedia:Offensive material">Offensive material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Don't copy long texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content_guide" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other content guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_editing_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia editing guidelines">Editing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other editing guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5eef8;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categorization" title="Category:Wikipedia categorization">Categorization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">Style</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_deletion_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia deletion guidelines">Deletion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_process" title="Wikipedia:Deletion process">Deletion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Speedy_keep" title="Wikipedia:Speedy keep">Speedy keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators" title="Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators">Deletion guidelines for administrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_project_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia project content guidelines">Project content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_guideline_categories" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Notability" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Notability</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching#Administrative_namespaces" title="Help:Searching">Search</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="20" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="deepcat:"Wikipedia guidelines"" name="searchfilter"/><br/><input type="hidden" name="ns4" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns4-style-searchbox0.109346531676" checked=""/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search for a guideline" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guideline_list" title="Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guideline_list" title="Template talk:Guideline list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Citation_types" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citation_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citation_types"></span>Citation types<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citation_types"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITETYPE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITETYPE&redirect=no">WP:CITETYPE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>An <b>inline citation</b> means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.</li> <li><b>In-text attribution</b> involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Rawls argues that X.<sup>[5]</sup></span> This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>, or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source – this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See <a href="#In-text_attribution">In-text attribution</a> below.</li> <li>A <b>general reference</b> is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They are usually found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_and_full_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Short_and_full_citations-Citation_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Short_and_full_citations-Citation_types"></span>Short and full citations <span id="Shortened_and_full_footnotes"></span><span id="Short_citations"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Short_and_full_citations-Citation_types"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CITESHORT"></span><span class="anchor" id="SFN"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITESHORT"></span><span id="WP:SFN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITESHORT&redirect=no">WP:CITESHORT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SFN&redirect=no">WP:SFN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a></div> <ul><li>A <b>full citation</b> fully identifies a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES">reliable source</a> and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Rawls, John. <i>A Theory of Justice</i>. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</span> This type of citation is usually given as a <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote</a>, and is the most commonly used citation method in Wikipedia articles.</li> <li>A <b>short citation</b> is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source. Some Wikipedia articles use it, giving summary information about the source together with a page number. For example, <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>Rawls 1971, p. 1.</ref></code>, which renders as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Rawls 1971, p. 1.</span>. These are used together with <i>full citations</i>, which are listed in a separate "References" section or provided in an earlier footnote.</li></ul> <p>Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (<a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard style">Harvard style</a>, or <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago style</a>), and author-title or author-page referencing (<a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a> or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using either the <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Shortened_footnote" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><code>{{sfn}}</code> or <code>{{harvnb}}</code></a> templates or the <a href="/wiki/Template:R#R-style_shortened_references" title="Template:R"><code>{{r}}</code></a> referencing template. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">template documentation</a> for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">wikilinks to full references</a>. For a set of realistic examples, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods#Shortened_notes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">these</a>. </p><p>This is how short citations look in the edit box: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span>The Sun is pretty big,<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Miller 2005, p. 23.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> but the Moon is not so big.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Brown 2006, p. 46.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Miller 2005, p. 34.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="gu">== Notes ==</span> <span class="hll"><span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> </span><span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="gu">== References ==</span> <span class="hll"><span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span><span class="k">*</span> Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", <span class="ge">''Scientific American''</span>, 51 (78). </span><span class="hll"><span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span><span class="k">*</span> Miller, Edward (2005). <span class="ge">''The Sun''</span>. Academic Press. </span></pre></div> <p>This is how they look in the article:<span class="anchor" id="refnote"></span> </p> <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The Sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01b">[1]</a></sup> but the Moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot02b">[2]</a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03b">[3]</a></sup><br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b"><b><a href="#nbFoot01b">^</a></b> Miller 2005, p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b"><b><a href="#nbFoot02b">^</a></b> Brown 2006, p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b"><b><a href="#nbFoot03b">^</a></b> Miller 2005, p. 34.</li> </ol><br/> <p><span style="font-size:medium">References</span> </p> <hr/> <ul><li>Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51 (78).</li> <li>Miller, Edward (2005). <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press.</li></ul> </div> <p>Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article: </p> <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p><span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b"><b><a href="#nbFoot01b">^</a></b> Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b"><b><a href="#nbFoot02b">^</a></b> Brown, "Size of the Moon", p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b"><b><a href="#nbFoot03b">^</a></b> Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, p. 34.</li> </ol> </div> <p>When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script <a href="/wiki/User:Trappist_the_monk/HarvErrors" title="User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors">User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors</a> will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the <a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">W3C Markup Validation Service</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="When_and_why_to_cite_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span>When and why to cite sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:WHYCITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WHYCITE&redirect=no">WP:WHYCITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">Wikipedia:When to cite</a></div> <p>By citing sources for Wikipedia content you enable users to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> that the cited information is supported by reliable sources – improving the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">credibility of Wikipedia</a> while showing that the content is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">not original research</a>. You also help users find <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINK">additional information</a> on the subject; and by giving attribution you avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PLAGFORM">plagiarising</a> the source of your words or ideas. </p><p>In particular, sources are needed for material that is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">challenged or likely to be challenged</a>. If reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:QUOTE">quoting</a> someone, with or without quotation marks, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">closely paraphrasing</a> a source. But the need to cite sources is not limited to those situations: editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information in an article. </p><p>Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biography of living persons policy</a>, unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multimedia-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multimedia-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span>Multimedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multimedia-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span></h3></div> <p>For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its <a href="/wiki/Help:File_description_page" title="Help:File description page">file page</a>. Image <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Caption" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Caption">captions</a> should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternative_text_for_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Alternative text for images">alt text</a> that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "<i><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Rembrandt)" title="Belshazzar's Feast (Rembrandt)">Belshazzar's Feast</a></i> (1635)" for <i><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg" title="File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg">File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_not_to_cite" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_not_to_cite-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_not_to_cite-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span>When <em>not</em> to cite<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_not_to_cite-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:WHENNOTCITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WHENNOTCITE&redirect=no">WP:WHENNOTCITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite#When_a_source_or_citation_may_not_be_needed" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">Wikipedia:When to cite § When a source or citation may not be needed</a></div> <p>Citations are <em>not</em> used on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSDAB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOSDAB">disambiguation pages</a> (sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are often omitted from the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LEAD">lead section</a> of an article, insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although quotations and controversial statements, particularly if about living persons, should be supported by citations even in the lead. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LEADCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LEADCITE">WP:LEADCITE</a> for more information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span>Consecutive cites of the same source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consecutive_cites_of_the_same_source-When_and_why_to_cite_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONSECUTIVECITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONSECUTIVECITE&redirect=no">WP:CONSECUTIVECITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAIC">WP:PAIC</a>, citations should be placed at the end of the text that they support. Material that is repeated multiple times in a paragraph does not require an inline citation for every mention. If you say an elephant is a mammal more than once, provide one only at the first instance. Avoid cluttering text with redundant citations like this: </p> <blockquote><p>Elephants are large<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> land<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup> mammals<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup> ... Elephants' teeth<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> are very different<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> from those of most other mammals.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> Unlike most mammals,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup> which grow baby teeth<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[5]</sup> and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> elephants have cycles of tooth<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[5]</sup> rotation throughout their entire<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[6]</sup> lives.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>This does not apply to lists or tables, nor does it apply when <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEGRITY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEGRITY">multiple sources support different parts of a paragraph or passage</a>. Citation requirements for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DYK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DYK">WP:DYK</a> may require a citation to be inserted (for the duration of the DYK listing) even within a passage completely cited to the same sources.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Inline_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Inline_citations"></span>Inline citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Inline_citations"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INCITE"></span><span id="WP:INLINECITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INCITE&redirect=no">WP:INCITE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INLINECITE&redirect=no">WP:INLINECITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a></div> <p>Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given piece of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support it. Inline citations are added using <a href="#Footnotes">footnotes</a>, long or <a href="#Shortened_footnotes">short</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags-Inline_citations"></span><span id="Adding_the_citation"></span><span id="Inline_reference"></span><span id="Footnotes_and_references"></span>How to place an inline citation using ref tags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEFOOT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEFOOT&redirect=no">WP:CITEFOOT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes: the basics</a></div> <p>To create a footnote, use the <code><ref>...</ref></code> syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example: </p> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Justice is a human invention.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Rawls, John. <span class="ge">''A Theory of Justice''</span>. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> It ...</code></li></ul> <p>which will be displayed as something like: </p> <ul><li>Justice is a human invention.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> It ...</li></ul> <p>It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section. </p><p>As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed <em>after</em> adjacent punctuation such as periods (full stops) and commas. For exceptions, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Punctuation and footnotes</a>. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker. Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings. </p><p>The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering <a href="#Text–source_integrity">text–source integrity</a>. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avoiding_clutter" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoiding_clutter-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoiding_clutter-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span>Avoiding clutter<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoiding_clutter-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ILCLUTTER"></span><span id="WP:INLINECLUTTER"></span><span id="WP:INLINECITECLUTTER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ILCLUTTER&redirect=no">WP:ILCLUTTER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INLINECLUTTER&redirect=no">WP:INLINECLUTTER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INLINECITECLUTTER&redirect=no">WP:INLINECITECLUTTER</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become confusing and difficult to manage. There are two main methods to avoid <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">clutter</a> in the edit window: </p> <ul><li>Using <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#List-defined_references" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined references</a> by collecting the full citation code within the <a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist#List-defined_references" title="Template:Reflist">reference list template</a> {{reflist}}, and then inserting them in the text with a shortened reference tag, for example <code><ref name="Smith 2001, p99" /></code>.</li> <li>Inserting <a href="#Short_citations">short citations</a> (see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts</li></ul> <p>As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so. </p><p>Note, however, that references defined in the reference list template can no longer be edited with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repeated_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Repeated_citations-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Repeated_citations-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span>Repeated citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Repeated_citations-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REPEATCITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REPEATCITE&redirect=no">WP:REPEATCITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes: using a source more than once</a></div> <p>For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS">named references</a> feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>">text of the citation</ref></code>. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing the previous reference name, like this: <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>" /></code>. The use of the slash before the <code>></code> means that the tag is self-closing, and the <code class="nowrap" style=""></ref></code> used to close other references must not be used in addition. </p><p>The text of the <code>name</code> can be almost anything‍—‌apart from being completely numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the <code>name</code>, the text must be placed within double quotes. Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule. To help with page maintenance, it is recommended that the text of the <code>name</code> have a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page": <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>Smith 2005 p94</var>">text of the citation</ref></code>. </p><p>Use straight quotation marks <code>"</code> to enclose the reference name. Do not use curly quotation marks <code>“”</code>. Curly marks are treated as another character, not as delimiters. The page will display an error if one style of quotation marks is used when first naming the reference, and the other style is used in a repeated reference, or if a mix of styles is used in the repeated references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span><span id="MultiPages"></span>Citing multiple pages of the same source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source-How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="IBID"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:IBID"></span><span id="WP:OPCIT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IBID&redirect=no">WP:IBID</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OPCIT&redirect=no">WP:OPCIT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most Wikipedia editors use one of these options: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS">Named references</a> in conjunction with a combined list of page numbers using the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages" title="Help:Citation Style 1"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code></a> parameter of the <span>{{<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">cite xxx</a>}}</span> templates (can become confusing for large number of pages)</li> <li>Named references in conjunction with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>}}</code> templates to specify the page</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">Short citations</a></li></ul> <p>The use of <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Id." class="mw-redirect" title="Id.">id.</a></i>, or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (<i><a href="/wiki/Op._cit." title="Op. cit.">op. cit.</a></i> is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of <i>ibid</i> is extensive, tag the article using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ibid" title="Template:Ibid">ibid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_information_to_include" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_information_to_include-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_information_to_include-Inline_citations"></span>What information to include <span id="Putting_together_the_citation"></span><span id="HOW"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_information_to_include-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEHOW"></span><span id="WP:HOWCITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEHOW&redirect=no">WP:CITEHOW</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:HOWCITE&redirect=no">WP:HOWCITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses <a href="#Short_citations">short citations</a>, then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.) </p><p>In general, the citation information should be cited as it appears in the original source. For example, the album notes from <i><a href="/wiki/Hurts_2B_Human" title="Hurts 2B Human">Hurts 2B Human</a></i> should not be cited as being from the album <i>Hurts to be Human</i>, or an <a href="/wiki/X_(social_media_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="X (social media platform)">X</a> (formerly Twitter) user named "i😍dogs" should not be cited as "i[love]dogs". Retain the original special glyphs and spelling. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg/220px-Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg/330px-Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg/440px-Good_citations_vs_bad_citations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="278"/></a><figcaption>Use details in citing. Citations 1–3 are good, while citations 4–6 should be improved.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples-Inline_citations"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books" data-mw-thread-id="h-Books-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Books-Examples"></span>Books<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Books-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Citations for books typically include: </p> <ul><li>name of author(s)</li> <li>title of book</li> <li>volume when appropriate</li> <li>name of publisher</li> <li>place of publication</li> <li>date of publication of the edition</li> <li>chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate</li> <li>edition, if not the first edition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">ISBN</a> (optional)</li></ul> <p>Some edited books have individually authored chapters. Citations for these chapters are recommended. They typically include: </p> <ul><li>name of author(s)</li> <li>title of the chapter</li> <li>name of book's editor</li> <li>name of book and other details as above</li> <li>chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional)</li></ul> <p>In some instances, the <a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">verso</a> of a book's title page may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where "XXXX" is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. Note this in your citation. See <a href="#Dates_and_reprints">§ Dates and reprints</a> for further information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Journal_articles-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Journal_articles-Examples"></span>Journal articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Journal_articles-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Citations for journal articles typically include: </p> <ul><li>name of the author(s)</li> <li>year and sometimes month of publication</li> <li>title of the article</li> <li>name of the journal</li> <li>volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DOI">DOI</a> and/or other <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">identifiers</a> are optional and can often be used in place of a less stable URL (although URLs may also be listed in a journal citation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspaper_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Newspaper_articles-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Newspaper_articles-Examples"></span>Newspaper articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Newspaper_articles-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Citations for newspaper articles typically include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a> (author's name), if any</li> <li>title of the article</li> <li>name of the newspaper in italics</li> <li>city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper)</li> <li>date of publication</li> <li>page number(s) are optional and may be substituted with negative number(s) on microfilm reels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Web_pages-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Web_pages-Examples"></span>Web pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Web_pages-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEWEB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEWEB&redirect=no">WP:CITEWEB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include: </p> <ul><li>URL of the specific web page <em>where the referenced content can be found</em></li> <li>name of the author(s)</li> <li>title of the article</li> <li>title or domain name of the website</li> <li>publisher, if known</li> <li>date of publication</li> <li>page number(s) (if applicable)</li> <li>the date you retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_recordings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sound_recordings-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sound_recordings-Examples"></span>Sound recordings<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sound_recordings-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers#Other_in-source_locations" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers § Other in-source locations</a></div> <p>Citations for sound recordings typically include: </p> <ul><li>name of the composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s) or the like</li> <li>name of the performer(s)</li> <li>title of the song or individual track</li> <li>title of the album (if applicable)</li> <li>name of the record label</li> <li>year of release</li> <li>medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)</li> <li>approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate</li></ul> <p>Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer. Instead, make one citation for each work your text relies on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film,_television,_or_video_recordings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Film,_television,_or_video_recordings-Examples"><span id="Film.2C_television.2C_or_video_recordings"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Film,_television,_or_video_recordings-Examples"></span>Film, television, or video recordings<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Film,_television,_or_video_recordings-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include: </p> <ul><li>name of the director</li> <li>name of the producer, if relevant</li> <li>names of major performers</li> <li>the title of a TV episode</li> <li>title of the film or TV series</li> <li>name of the studio</li> <li>year of release</li> <li>medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)</li> <li>approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wikidata" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikidata-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikidata-Examples"></span>Wikidata<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikidata-Examples"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Q" title="Template:Cite Q">cite Q</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</div> <p>Wikidata is largely user-generated, and articles should not directly cite Wikidata as a source (just as it would be inappropriate to cite other Wikipedias' articles as sources). </p><p>But Wikidata's statements can be directly transcluded into articles; this is usually done to provide external links or infobox data. For example, more than two million external links from Wikidata are shown through the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Authority control</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. There has been controversy over the use of Wikidata in the English Wikipedia due to vandalism and its own sourcing. While there is no consensus on whether information from Wikidata should be used at all, there is general agreement that any Wikidata statements that are transcluded need to be just as – or more – reliable compared to Wikipedia content. As such, <a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB" title="Module:WikidataIB">Module:WikidataIB</a> and some related modules and templates filter Wikidata statements not supported by a reference by default; however, other modules and templates, such as <a href="/wiki/Module:Wikidata" title="Module:Wikidata">Module:Wikidata</a>, do not. </p><p>To transclude an item from Wikidata, the <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Glossary#QID" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Glossary">QID (Q number)</a> of an item in Wikidata needs to be known. QID can by found by searching for an item by the name or <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> in Wikidata. A book, a journal article, a musical recording, sheet music or any other item can be represented by a structured item in Wikidata. </p><p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Q" title="Template:Cite Q">Cite Q</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template can be used to cite works whose metadata is held in Wikidata, provided the cited work meets Wikipedia's standards. As of December 2020, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Q" title="Template:Cite Q">Cite Q</a>}}</code> does not support "last, first" or Vancouver-style author name lists, so it should not be used in articles in which "last, first" or Vancouver-style author names are the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">dominant citation style</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other-Examples"></span>Other<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other-Examples"></span></h4></div> <p>See also: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_album_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite album notes">cite album notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for conference reports or papers</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_court" title="Template:Cite court">cite court</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for court cases or legal decisions</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_act" title="Template:Cite act">cite act</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for a law or legal act</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for TV or radio series</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_patent" title="Template:Cite patent">cite patent</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for patents</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_video_game" title="Template:Cite video game">cite video game</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifying_parts_of_a_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifying_parts_of_a_source-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifying_parts_of_a_source-Inline_citations"></span>Identifying parts of a source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifying_parts_of_a_source-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PAGENUM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PAGENUM&redirect=no">WP:PAGENUM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_and_print_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Books_and_print_articles-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Books_and_print_articles-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"></span>Books and print articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Books_and_print_articles-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"></span></h4></div> <p>Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions. </p><p>If there are no page numbers, whether in <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebooks</a> or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number, the section title, or the specific entry. </p><p>In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and <a href="/wiki/Bekker_numbering" title="Bekker numbering">Bekker numbers</a> for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio_and_video_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Audio_and_video_sources-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Audio_and_video_sources-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"></span>Audio and video sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Audio_and_video_sources-Identifying_parts_of_a_source"></span></h4></div> <p>Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_and_ID_numbers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Links_and_ID_numbers-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Links_and_ID_numbers-Inline_citations"></span>Links and ID numbers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Links_and_ID_numbers-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <p>A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (web page) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL and the title in square brackets—the URL first, then a space, then the title. For example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-moin mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c">''</span><span class="k">[https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol66/mono66-7.pdf</span><span class="s"> IARC Monographs On The Evaluation Of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans – Doxefazepam</span><span class="k">]</span><span class="c">''</span>. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC). 66: 97–104. 13–20 February 1996. </pre></div> <p>For web-only sources with no publication date, the "Retrieved" date (or the date you accessed the web page) should be included, in case the web page changes in the future. For example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Retrieved 15 July 2011</span> or you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar_2.0#Automatic_date_insertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar 2.0">access-date</a> parameter in the automatic <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar 2.0">Wikipedia:refToolbar 2.0</a> editing window feature. </p><p>You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> for a book, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> (digital object identifier) for an article or some e-books, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) followed by a space and the ID number. </p><p>If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable</a>): providing an <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> or <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COPYVIO">briefly</a> and in context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files-Links_and_ID_numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files-Links_and_ID_numbers"></span>Linking to pages in PDF files<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linking_to_pages_in_PDF_files-Links_and_ID_numbers"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="PDF"></span><span class="anchor" id="pdf"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PAGELINKS"></span><span id="WP:BOOKLINKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PAGELINKS&redirect=no">WP:PAGELINKS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BOOKLINKS&redirect=no">WP:BOOKLINKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of <code>#page=<var>n</var></code> to the document URL, where <code>n</code> is the page number. For example, using <code>https://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5</code> as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature. If the viewer or browser does not support it, it will display the first page instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linking_to_Google_Books_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linking_to_Google_Books_pages-Links_and_ID_numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linking_to_Google_Books_pages-Links_and_ID_numbers"></span>Linking to Google Books pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linking_to_Google_Books_pages-Links_and_ID_numbers"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:GBOOKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:GBOOKS&redirect=no">WP:GBOOKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Google_Books_and_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Google Books and Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Google Books and Wikipedia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly. Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them, they should not be removed without cause; see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_30#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 30">October 2010 RfC</a> for further information. </p><p>These can be added in several ways (with and without citation templates): </p> <ul><li>Rawls, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18"><i>A Theory of Justice</i></a>. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.</li> <li>Or with a template: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1971" class="citation book cs1">Rawls, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18"><i>A Theory of Justice</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Justice&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkvpby7HtAe0C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">Rawls 1971, p. 18</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">Rawls 1971</a>, p. 18.</li> <li>Rawls 1971, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>.</li> <li>Rawls 1971, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">18</a>.</li></ul> <p>In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> can be entered like this using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last</span><span class="o">=</span>Rawls <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first</span><span class="o">=</span>John <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>1971 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>A Theory of Justice <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">publisher</span><span class="o">=</span>Harvard University Press <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">page</span><span class="o">=</span>18<span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>or like this, in the first of the above examples, formatted manually: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Rawls, John. <span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ge">''A Theory of Justice''</span><span class="p">]</span>. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18. </pre></div> <p>When the page number is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a>, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17">page xvii</a> (Roman numeral 17) of the same book:<br/> </p><p> <code>https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17</code><br/> </p><p>The <samp>&pg=PR17</samp> indicates "page, Roman, 17", in contrast to the <samp>&pg=PA18</samp>, "page, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic numeral">Arabic</a>, 18" the URL given earlier. </p><p>You can also link to a <a href="/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">tipped-in page</a>, such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages. (If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright, it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying "copyrighted image".) The URL for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11">eleventh tipped-in page inserted after page 304</a> of <i>The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony</i>, looks like this:<br/> </p><p> <code>https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11</code><br/> </p><p>The <samp>&pg=PA304-IA11</samp> can be interpreted as "page, Arabic, 304; inserted after: 11". </p><p>Note that some templates properly support links only in parameters specifically designed to hold URLs like <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> and that placing links in other parameters may not link properly or will cause mangled <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> metadata output. However, the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> parameters of all <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a> citation templates, the family of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>- and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>-style templates, as well as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ran" title="Template:Ran">ran</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> are designed to be safe in this regard as well. </p><p><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a> may be helpful. </p><p>Users may also link the quotation on Google Books to individual titles, via a short <a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">permalink</a> which ends with their related ISBN, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> numerical code, e.g.: <code>https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521349931</code>, a permalink to the Google book with the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> code 0521349931. For further details, you may see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/books/partner/answer/3474239?hl=en/">How-to explanation</a> on support.google.com. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Say_where_you_read_it" data-mw-thread-id="h-Say_where_you_read_it-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Say_where_you_read_it-Inline_citations"></span>Say where <em>you</em> read it <span id="SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Say_where_you_read_it-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT"></span><span id="WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span><span id="WP:SWYRT"></span><span id="WP:SWYGT"></span><span id="WP:SAYWHERE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT&redirect=no">WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT&redirect=no">WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SWYRT&redirect=no">WP:SWYRT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SWYGT&redirect=no">WP:SWYGT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SAYWHERE&redirect=no">WP:SAYWHERE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>"Say where <em>you</em> read it" follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself. If your knowledge of the source is secondhand—that is, if you have read Jones (2010), who cited Smith (2009), and you want to use what Smith (2009) said—make clear that your knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones. </p><p>When citing the source, write the following (this formatting is just an example): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>John Smith (2009). <i>Name of Book I Haven't Seen</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 99, cited in Paul Jones (2010). <i>Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 29.</p></blockquote> <p>Or if you are using short citations: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Smith (2009), p. 99, cited in Jones (2010), p. 29.</p></blockquote> <p>The same principle applies when indicating the source of images and other media files in an article. </p><p><b>Note</b>: The advice to "say where <em>you</em> read it" does <em>not</em> mean that you have to give credit to any search engines, websites, libraries, library catalogs, archives, subscription services, bibliographies, or other sources that led you to Smith's book. If you have read a book or article yourself, that's all you have to cite. You do not have to specify <em>how</em> you obtained and read it. </p><p>So long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy, it does not matter whether you read the material using an online service like Google Books; using preview options at a bookseller's website like Amazon; through your library; via online <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL">paid databases of scanned publications</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>; using <a href="/wiki/Reading_machine" title="Reading machine">reading machines</a>; on an <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> (except to the extent that this affects page numbering); or any other method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_and_reprints" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates_and_reprints-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates_and_reprints-Inline_citations"></span>Dates and reprints<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates_and_reprints-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Dates_and_reprints_of_older_publications"></span> </p><p>Date a book that is identically reprinted or printed-on-demand to the first date in which the edition became available. For example, if an edition of a book was first released in 2005 with an identical reprinting in 2007, date it to 2005. If substantive changes were made in a reprint, sometimes marked on the verso with "Reprinted with corrections", note the edition and append the corrected reprint year to it (e.g. "1st ed. reprinted with corrections 2005"). </p><p>Editors should be aware that older sources (especially those in the public domain) are sometimes republished with modern publication dates; treat these as new publications. When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it, cite <em>both</em> the new and original publication dates, e.g.: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1964" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1964) [1859]. <i>On the Origin of Species</i> (facsimile of 1st ed.). Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species&rft.edition=facsimile+of+1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>This is done automatically in the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates when you use the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=</code> parameter. </p><p>Alternately, information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoole1854" class="citation book cs1">Boole, George (1854). <i>An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Investigation+of+the+Laws+of+Thought+on+Which+Are+Founded+the+Mathematical+Theories+of+Logic+and+Probabilities&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Boole&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted with corrections, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1958.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems-Inline_citations"></span>Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <p>Publication dates, for both older and recent sources, should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and, once found, confirm that the correct publication has been located. For example, if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar, it should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar. </p><p>If the publication date was given as a season or holiday, such as "Winter" or "Christmas" of a particular year or two-year span, it should not be converted to a month or date, such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July–August</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">December 25</span>. If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates, prefer the specific one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_annotation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Additional_annotation-Inline_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Additional_annotation-Inline_citations"></span>Additional annotation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Additional_annotation-Inline_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ANNOTATION"></span><span id="WP:FOOTQUOTE"></span><span id="WP:FQ"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ANNOTATION&redirect=no">WP:ANNOTATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FOOTQUOTE&redirect=no">WP:FOOTQUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FQ&redirect=no">WP:FQ</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source (as described in the sections above); readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article. Sometimes, however, it is useful to include additional <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotation</a> in the footnote, for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting (particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="#Bundling_citations">§ Bundling citations</a> and <a href="#Text–source_integrity">§ Text–source integrity</a>, below</span>). </p><p>A footnote may also contain a relevant quotation from the source. This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense. A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference. Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible. However, caution should be exercised, as always, to avoid copyright violations. </p><p>In the case of non-English sources, it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an English translation. If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source (without the original), then the original should be included in the footnote. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">WP:Verifiability § Non-English sources</a> policy for more information.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_and_references_section" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_and_references_section"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_and_references_section"></span>Notes and references section<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_and_references_section"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Footnotes"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Standard_appendices_and_footers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers</a></div> <p>This section describes how to add footnotes and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes. </p><p>The first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a dedicated citations <a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">section</a> where they are to appear. Any reasonable name may be chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent choice is "References". Other options in diminishing order of popularity are, "Notes", "Footnotes", or "Works cited", although these are more often used to distinguish between multiple end-matter sections or subsections. </p><p>For an example of headings of a notes section, see the article <a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_references-Notes_and_references_section"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General_references-Notes_and_references_section"></span>General references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General_references-Notes_and_references_section"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:GENREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:GENREF&redirect=no">WP:GENREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">inline citation</a>. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor. General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of general references is that <a href="#Text–source_integrity">text–source integrity</a> is lost, unless the article is very short. They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations. </p><p>The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on <a href="#Short_citations">short citations</a> and <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical references</a>. If both cited and uncited references exist, their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names, e.g., "References" and "General references". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_create_the_list_of_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations-Notes_and_references_section"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations-Notes_and_references_section"></span>How to create the list of citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations-Notes_and_references_section"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFLIST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFLIST&redirect=no">WP:REFLIST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the <code><references /></code> tag or the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>}}</code> template. For example: </p> <pre>== References == {{Reflist}} </pre> <p>or </p> <pre>== References == <references /> </pre> <p>The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> that links back to the corresponding point in the text. </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="Avoid_scrolling_lists"></span><span class="anchor" id="Scrolling_lists"></span><span class="anchor" id="ASL"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ASL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ASL&redirect=no">WP:ASL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a <a href="/wiki/Scroll_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll box">scroll box</a>, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility">accessibility</a>, printing, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks">site mirroring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If an article contains a list of <a href="#General_references">general references</a>, this is usually placed in a separate section, titled, for example, "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"></span>Separating citations from explanatory footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Explanatory notes">Help:Explanatory notes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:EXPLNOTESECT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:EXPLNOTESECT&redirect=no">WP:EXPLNOTESECT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists using <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_groups" title="Help:Footnotes">footnotes groups</a>. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References", respectively. </p><p>Another method of separating explanatory footnotes from footnoted references is using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for the explanatory footnotes. The advantage of this system is that the content of an explanatory footnote can in this case be referenced with a footnoted citation. When explanatory footnotes and footnoted references are not in separate lists, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used for explanatory footnotes containing footnoted citations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duplicate_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Duplicate_citations-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Duplicate_citations-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"></span>Duplicate citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Duplicate_citations-How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="DupCites"></span><span class="anchor" id="DUPCITES"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:DUPCITES"></span><span id="WP:DUPREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DUPCITES&redirect=no">WP:DUPCITES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DUPREF&redirect=no">WP:DUPREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Combine <i>precisely duplicated full citations</i>, in keeping with the existing citation style (if any). In this context "precisely duplicated" means having the same content, not necessarily identical strings ("The New York Times" is the same as "NY Times"; different access-dates are not significant). Do not discourage editors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BITE">inexperienced</a> ones, from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate, because a duplicate is better than no citation. But any editor should feel free to combine them, and doing so is the best practice on Wikipedia. </p><p><i>Citations to different pages or parts of the same source</i> can also be combined (preserving the distinct parts of the citations), as described in <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a>. Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style (if any) may be used, or consensus can be sought to change the existing style. Some tools are listed at <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools#Duplicate_reference_finders" title="Help:Citation tools">Help:Citation tools § Duplicate reference finders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Citation_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citation_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citation_style"></span>Citation style <span id="Citation_styles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citation_style"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITESTYLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITESTYLE&redirect=no">WP:CITESTYLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Wikipedia does not have a single <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house style</a>, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist, including those described in the Wikipedia articles for <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a>, <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">ASA style</a>, <a href="/wiki/MLA_style" class="mw-redirect" title="MLA style">MLA style</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Author-date_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Author-date referencing">Author-date referencing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_system" title="Vancouver system">Vancouver system</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a></i>. </p><p>Although nearly any consistent style may be used, <em>avoid</em> all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2002-06-11</span> may be used, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">11/06/2002</span>. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> dates where the year is after 1582. Because it could easily be confused with a range of years, the format YYYY-MM (for example: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2002-06</span>) is not used. </p><p>For more information on the capitalization of cited works, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#All_caps_and_small_caps" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § All caps and small caps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_in_citation_methods" data-mw-thread-id="h-Variation_in_citation_methods-Citation_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Variation_in_citation_methods-Citation_style"></span>Variation in citation methods <span id="Style_variation_and_consistency"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Variation_in_citation_methods-Citation_style"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEVAR"></span><span id="WP:WHENINROME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEVAR&redirect=no">WP:CITEVAR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WHENINROME&redirect=no">WP:WHENINROME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style, merely on the grounds of personal preference or to make it match other articles, without first seeking <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> for the change.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">spelling differences</a>, it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page, unless a change in consensus has been achieved. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article. However, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)/Archive_171#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 171">since 5 September 2020</a>, inline <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical referencing</a> is a deprecated citation style on English-language Wikipedia. </p><p>If all or most of the citations in an article consist of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URLs</a>, or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data – such as the name of the source, the title of the article or web page consulted, the author (if known), the publication date (if known), and the page numbers (where relevant) – then that would not count as a "consistent citation style" and can be changed freely to insert such data. The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source, allow readers to find it, and allow readers to initially evaluate a source without retrieving it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generally_considered_helpful" data-mw-thread-id="h-Generally_considered_helpful-Variation_in_citation_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Generally_considered_helpful-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span>Generally considered helpful<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Generally_considered_helpful-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span></h4></div> <p>The following are standard practice: </p> <ul><li>improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it aids <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a>, and fights <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link rot</a>;</li> <li>replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader, and helps maintain text–source integrity;</li> <li>imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and edit;</li> <li>fixing errors in citation coding, including incorrectly used template parameters, and <code><ref></code> markup problems: an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly;</li> <li>combining duplicate citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Duplicate_citations">§ Duplicate citations</a>, above)</span>;</li> <li>converting <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAREN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAREN">parenthetical referencing</a> to an acceptable referencing style;</li> <li>replacing opaque <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS">named-reference</a> names with conventional ones, such as "Einstein-1905" instead of ":27"; and</li> <li>making citations added by other editors match the existing style (if any). Do not revert someone else's contribution merely because the citation style doesn't match. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOFIXIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOFIXIT">If you know how to fix it, then fix it</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_be_avoided" data-mw-thread-id="h-To_be_avoided-Variation_in_citation_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-To_be_avoided-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span>To be avoided<span data-mw-comment-end="h-To_be_avoided-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span></h4></div> <p>When an article is already consistent, avoid: </p> <ul><li>switching between major citation styles or replacing the preferred style of one academic discipline with another's – except when moving away from deprecated styles, such as <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical referencing</a>;</li> <li>adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently;</li> <li>changing where the references are defined, e.g., moving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LDRHOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LDRHOW">reference definitions in the reflist</a> to the prose, or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenthetical_referencing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Variation_in_citation_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span>Parenthetical referencing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Variation_in_citation_methods"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:PARENTHETICAL" redirects here. For guidelines on the use of parentheses (round brackets), see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Brackets_and_parentheses" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Brackets and parentheses</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PAREN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PAREN&redirect=no">WP:PAREN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Since September 2020, inline <a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical referencing</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Special:PermanentLink/976895063"><b>deprecated</b> on Wikipedia</a>. This includes short citations in parentheses placed <i>within the article text itself</i>, such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(Smith 2010, p. 1)</span>. This does not affect short citations that use <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags, which are not inline parenthetical references; see the <a href="#Short_and_full_citations">section on short citations</a> above for that method. As part of the deprecation process in existing articles, discussion of how best to convert inline parenthetical citations into currently accepted formats should be held if there is objection to a particular method. </p><p>This should no longer be used, and should be replaced with footnotes if encountered: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="background: white; padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #999;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <p>The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h2">References</div> <ul><li>Brown, R. (2006). "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51 (78).</li> <li>Miller, E. (2005). <i>The Sun</i>, Academic Press.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Handling_links_in_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Handling links in citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h2></div> <p>As noted above under <a href="#What_information_to_include">"What information to include"</a>, it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_embedded_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoid_embedded_links-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoid_embedded_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Avoid embedded links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoid_embedded_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CS:EMBED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CS:EMBED&redirect=no">WP:CS:EMBED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOELBODY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOELBODY">WP:NOELBODY</a></div> <p>Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linkrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Linkrot">linkrot</a>. Wikipedia allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this: [https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which is rendered as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html">[1]</a>. This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <code><ref>[https://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref></code>. Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none, do not revert the good-faith addition of partial citations. They should be considered temporary, and replaced with more complete, properly formatted citations as soon as possible. </p><p>Embedded links should never be used to place <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EL">external links</a> in the content of an article, like this: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Example Inc.</span></a> announced their latest product ..."</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convenience_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Convenience_links-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Convenience_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Convenience links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Convenience_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking_to_copyrighted_works" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Online_sources" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Help:Citation Style 1 § Online sources</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONLINK"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONLINK&redirect=no">WP:CONLINK</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A <i>convenience link</i> is a link to a copy of your source on a web page provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original rights-holders' copyrights. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">academic sources</a>, the convenience link is typically a reprint provided by an <a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">open-access repository</a>, such as the author's university's library or <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repository</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Green_open_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Green open access">green open access</a> links are generally preferable to <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> or otherwise commercial and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">unfree</a> sources. </p><p>Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicating_availability" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indicating_availability-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indicating_availability-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Indicating availability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indicating_availability-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INDICATEAVAIL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INDICATEAVAIL&redirect=no">WP:INDICATEAVAIL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If your source is not available online, it should be available in libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable</a>): providing an <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> or <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COPYVIO">briefly</a> and in context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_to_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Links_to_sources-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Links_to_sources-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Links to sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Links_to_sources-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SOURCELINKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCELINKS&redirect=no">WP:SOURCELINKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For a source available in <a href="/wiki/Hardcopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcopy">hardcopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Online_and_offline" title="Online and offline">online</a>, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBSCOhost" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCOhost">EBSCOhost</a>, or <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">list of academic databases and search engines</a>) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">ISBN</a>, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL">WP:PAYWALL</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links-Handling_links_in_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span>Preventing and repairing dead links <span id="Dead_links"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links-Handling_links_in_citations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_source" title="Help:Archiving a source">Help:Archiving a source</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:DEADREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DEADREF&redirect=no">WP:DEADREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>To help prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Dead external links">dead links</a>, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifier</a> (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Wikipedia, have <a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">permalinks</a> that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider making an archived copy of the cited document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/save">https://web.archive.org/save</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today">https://archive.today</a>) are fairly easy to use (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Pre-emptive_archiving" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">pre-emptive archiving</a>). </p><p><b>Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working</b>. Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. If you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content, follow these steps prior to deleting it: </p> <ol><li><b>Confirm status</b>: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged. The online service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isitdownrightnow.com/">"Is it down right now?"</a> can help to determine if a <i>site</i> is down, and any information known.</li> <li><b>Check for a changed URL on the same Web site</b>: Pages are frequently moved to different locations on the same site as they become archive content rather than news. The site's error page may have a "Search" box; alternatively, in both the Google and DuckDuckGo search engines – among others – the keyterm "site:" can be used. For instance: <code>site:nytimes.com "the goose is loose"</code>.</li> <li><b>Check for web archives</b>: Many <a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">web archiving</a> services exist (for a full list, see: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_web_archives_on_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:List of web archives on Wikipedia">Wikipedia:List of web archives on Wikipedia</a>); link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> has billions of archived web pages. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_the_Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine">Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_archive.today" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Using archive.today">Wikipedia:Using archive.today</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/UK_Government_Web_Archive" title="UK Government Web Archive">UK Government Web Archive</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/</a>) preserves 1500 UK central government websites.</li></ul></li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code>. If that parameter is not specified, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php?lang=en">search of the article's revision history</a> can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article.</dd> <dd>For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=</code> parameters. The primary link is switched to the archive link when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=dead</code>. This retains the original link location for reference.</dd> <dd>If the web page now leads to a completely different website, set <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=usurped</code> to hide the original website link in the citation.</dd> <dd><i>Note:</i> Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">dead link</a>|date=November 2024}}</code>, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead.</dd> <dd><b>Bookmarklets</b> to check common archive sites for archives of the current page: <dl><dt>Archive.org</dt> <dd><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nx">javascript</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="ow">void</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://web.archive.org/web/*/'</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">href</span><span class="p">))</span></code></dd> <dt>archive.today / archive.is</dt> <dd><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nx">javascript</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="ow">void</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://archive.today/'</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">href</span><span class="p">))</span></code></dd> <dt>Mementos interface</dt> <dd><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nx">javascript</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="ow">void</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">encodeURIComponent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">href</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s1">'?referrer='</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">encodeURIComponent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">referrer</span><span class="p">)))</span></code></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="4"><b>Remove convenience links</b>: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.</li> <li><b>Find a replacement source</b>: Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.</li> <li><b>Remove hopelessly-lost web-only sources</b>: If the source material does not exist offline, <em>and</em> if there is no archived version of the web page (be sure to wait ~24 months), <em>and</em> if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MINREF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MINREF">specifically required by policy to have an inline citation</a>, then please consider tagging it with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a>}}</code>. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor who added the now-dead link.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Text–source_integrity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Text–source_integrity"><span id="Text.E2.80.93source_integrity"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Text–source_integrity"></span>Text–source integrity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Text–source_integrity"></span></h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="INTEGRITY"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TSI"></span><span id="WP:INTEGRITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TSI&redirect=no">WP:TSI</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTEGRITY&redirect=no">WP:INTEGRITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:INTEGRITY" redirects here. For WikiProject Integrity, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPINTEGRITY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WPINTEGRITY">WP:WPINTEGRITY</a>.</div> <p>When using inline citations, it is important to maintain text–source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to see which part of the material is supported by the citation; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">original research</a>, of violations of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">sourcing policy</a>, and even of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PLAGFORM">plagiarism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keeping_citations_close" data-mw-thread-id="h-Keeping_citations_close-Text–source_integrity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Keeping_citations_close-Text–source_integrity"></span>Keeping citations close<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Keeping_citations_close-Text–source_integrity"></span></h3></div> <p>Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text–source relationships are maintained. References should not be moved if doing so might break the text–source relationship. </p><p>If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence/paragraph, without a source for the new text, is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it. When new text is inserted into a paragraph, make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source. For example, when editing text originally reading </p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The sun is pretty big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> <br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>an edit that does not imply that the new material is supported by the same reference is </p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The sun is pretty big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[2]</a></sup> <br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence: </p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </p><p>The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[2]</a></sup> <br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including: </p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </p><p>The sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot02a">[2]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[3]</a></sup> <br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot02a"><b><a href="#nbFoot02a">^</a></b> Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51 (78): 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_order" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citation_order-Text–source_integrity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citation_order-Text–source_integrity"></span>Citation order<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citation_order-Text–source_integrity"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia:REFORDER" redirects here. For the RfC, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)/Archive_136#RfC:_AWB_bot_ref_reordering" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 136">Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 136 § RfC: AWB bot ref reordering</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEORDER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEORDER&redirect=no">WP:CITEORDER</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>There is no consensus for a specific ordering of citations, and editors should not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">edit-war</a> over it, nor make <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MEATBOT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MEATBOT">mass changes</a> of ordering to suit personal preferences. In particular, references need not be moved solely to maintain the numerical order of footnotes as they appear in the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bundling_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bundling_citations-Text–source_integrity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bundling_citations-Text–source_integrity"></span>Bundling citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bundling_citations-Text–source_integrity"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITEBUNDLE"></span><span id="WP:BUNDLING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE&redirect=no">WP:CITEBUNDLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BUNDLING&redirect=no">WP:BUNDLING</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes#Bundling_citations" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes § Bundling citations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">Wikipedia:Citation overkill</a></div> <p>Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[5]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[6]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[7]</sup> Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> </p><p>Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages: </p> <ul><li>It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining <a href="#Text–source_integrity">text–source integrity</a>;</li> <li>It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;</li> <li>It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup></li> <li>It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.</li></ul> <p>To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below: </p> <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> <br/><br/> <span style="font-size:medium">Notes</span> </p> <hr/> <p><b>Use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list_citebundle" title="Template:Unbulleted list citebundle">Unbulleted list citebundle</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>:</b> </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot02a" value="1"> <b><a href="#nbFoot02a">^</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li><li>For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 2007, 51 (78): 46.</li><li>For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li></ul></div></li> </ol> <p><b>Use an inline paragraph:</b> </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot03a" value="1"> <b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 2007, 51 (78): 46. For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> <p><b>Use a bullet list:</b> </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a" value="1"> <b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Multiple sources: <ul><li>For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li>For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 2007, 51 (78): 46.</li> <li>For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li></ul> </li></ol> <p>This last approach needs an introductory line like "Multiple sources:" to prevent an unwanted linebreak after the footnote number. </p> </div> <p>Simply using line breaks to separate list items breaches <a href="/wiki/MOS:Accessibility#Nobreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:Accessibility">MOS:Accessibility § Nobreaks</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248585704">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""}</style><q class="inline-quote-talk">"<code class="nowrap" style=""><br /></code> line breaks ... should not be used."</q> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list_citebundle" title="Template:Unbulleted list citebundle">Unbulleted list citebundle</a>}}</code> a.k.a. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Multiref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Multiref">Multiref</a>}}</code> was made specifically for this purpose. Some other templates in the same vein are listed at the disambiguation page <a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Template:Multiple references</a>. </p><p>Within a given article only a single layout should generally be used, except that inline may always be appropriate for shortened references, often all for the same statement: </p> <div style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot03a" value="1"> <b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> For the sun's size, see: Miller (2005), p. 1; Brown (2007), p. 46; Smith (2005), p. 2.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="In-text_attribution" data-mw-thread-id="h-In-text_attribution"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In-text_attribution"></span>In-text attribution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In-text_attribution"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTEXT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTEXT&redirect=no">WP:INTEXT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Attributing_and_specifying_biased_statements" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Point of view</a></div> <p><b>In-text attribution</b> is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INCITE">inline citation</a> after the sentence. In-text attribution may need to be used with <a href="/wiki/Direct_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct speech">direct speech</a> (a source's words between quotation marks or as a <a href="/wiki/Block_quotation" title="Block quotation">block quotation</a>); <a href="/wiki/Indirect_speech" title="Indirect speech">indirect speech</a> (a source's words modified without quotation marks); and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>. It may also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words, and it should always be used for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ATTRIBUTEPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ATTRIBUTEPOV">biased statements of opinion</a>. For certain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">frequently discussed sources</a>, in-text attribution is always recommended. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question. </p><p>For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> To reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance" class="mw-redirect" title="Veil of ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup> </p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance" class="mw-redirect" title="Veil of ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup> </p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if "situated behind a <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance" class="mw-redirect" title="Veil of ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">neutrality</a> violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">majority view</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> says that human beings evolved through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> Humans evolved through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, as first explained in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests <i>The New York Times</i> has alone made this important discovery: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> According to <i>The New York Times</i>, the sun will set in the west this evening.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> The sun sets in the west each evening.</p></blockquote> <p>It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> In an article published in <i>The Lancet</i> in 2012, researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup> </p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> Researchers announced the new tissue type in 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[4]</sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Dealing_with_unsourced_material" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dealing_with_unsourced_material"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dealing_with_unsourced_material"></span><span id="Unsourced_material"></span>Dealing with unsourced material<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dealing_with_unsourced_material"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NOCITE"></span><span id="WP:BLPCITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOCITE&redirect=no">WP:NOCITE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BLPCITE&redirect=no">WP:BLPCITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If an article has no references at all, then: </p> <ul><li>If the entire article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PN">patent nonsense</a>, tag it for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">speedy deletion</a> using criterion G1.</li> <li>If the article is a biography of a living person, it can be tagged with {{subst:prod blp}} to propose deletion. If it's a biography of a living person and is an attack page, then it should be tagged for speedy deletion using criterion G10, which will blank the page.</li> <li>If the article doesn't fit into the above two categories, then consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the article creator. You may also tag the article with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">unreferenced</a>}}</code> template and consider nominating it for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AFD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AFD">deletion</a>.</li></ul> <p>For individual claims in an article not supported by a reference: </p> <ul><li>If the article is a biography of a living person, then any <em>contentious</em> material must be removed immediately: see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a>. If the material lacking reference is seriously inappropriate, it may need to be hidden from general view, in which case <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RFO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RFO">request admin assistance</a>.</li> <li>If the material added appears to be false or an expression of opinion, remove it and inform the editor who added the unsourced material. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Uw-unsourced1" title="Template:Uw-unsourced1">uw-unsourced1</a>}}</code> template may be placed on their talk page.</li> <li>In any other case consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the editor who added the unsourced material. You may place a <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dubious" title="Template:Dubious">dubious</a>}}</code> tag against the added text.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Citation_templates_and_tools" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citation_templates_and_tools"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citation_templates_and_tools"></span>Citation templates and tools <span class="anchor" id="generators"></span><span class="anchor" id="Citation_generation_tools"></span><span class="anchor" id="Duplicate_reference_finders"></span><span class="anchor" id="Programming_tool"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reference_management_software"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citation_templates_and_tools"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITECONSENSUS"></span><span id="WP:TEMPLATEREFS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITECONSENSUS&redirect=no">WP:CITECONSENSUS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TEMPLATEREFS&redirect=no">WP:TEMPLATEREFS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Help:Citation tools</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods#Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a> can be used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged: an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus – see <a href="#Variation_in_citation_methods">"Variation in citation methods"</a>, above. </p><p>If citation templates are used in an article, the parameters should be accurate. It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values to cause the template to render as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template (e.g., <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metadata" data-mw-thread-id="h-Metadata-Citation_templates_and_tools"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Metadata-Citation_templates_and_tools"></span>Metadata<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Metadata-Citation_templates_and_tools"></span></h3></div> <p>Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> standard. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span, according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocoins.info/">COinS specification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <p><b>How to cite</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts</a> – a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help:Referencing for beginners</a> – a simple practical guide to getting started</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_mine_a_source" title="Help:How to mine a source">Help:How to mine a source</a> – case study on getting maximum information from cited material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verification_methods" title="Wikipedia:Verification methods">Wikipedia:Verification methods</a> – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Improving_referencing_efforts" title="Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts">Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts</a> – essay on why references are important</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a> – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods</a> – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations</a> – additional considerations for citing sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a> – more information on inline citations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes</a> – how-to guide on "nesting" footnotes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Further reading</a> – for information about the "Further reading" section</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a> – for information about the "External links" section</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Public-domain_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism § Public-domain sources</a> – guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines</a> – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Shared_Resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources">Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources</a> – project guide on finding resources</li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite">MediaWiki:Extension:Cite</a> – details of the software which support the <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> parser hooks</li></ul> <p><b>Citation problems</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Irrelevant_citation" title="Template:Irrelevant citation">Template:Irrelevant citation</a> – inline template to note source simply is not relevant to the material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:More_citations_needed" title="Template:More citations needed">Template:More citations needed</a> – template to add to article (or section) where citations are insufficient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Text-source" title="Template:Text-source">Template:Text-source</a> – template to add to article (or section) where text–source integrity is questioned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Wikipedia:Citation needed</a> – explanation of template to tag statements that need a citation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">Wikipedia:Citation overkill</a> – why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a> – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a> – guide to preventing <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:More_seasoning_doesn%27t_mean_more_flavor" title="Wikipedia:More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor">Wikipedia:More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor</a> – an essay about how less detail doesn't always mean less info</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_don%27t_need_to_cite_that_the_sky_is_blue" title="Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue">Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue</a> – an essay advising: do not cite already obvious information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_do_need_to_cite_that_the_sky_is_blue" title="Wikipedia:You do need to cite that the sky is blue">Wikipedia:You <i>do</i> need to cite that the sky is blue</a> – an essay advising: just because something appears obvious to you does not mean it is obvious to everyone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Video_links" title="Wikipedia:Video links">Wikipedia:Video links</a> – an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Citation_cleanup" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup">Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup</a> – a group of people devoted to cleaning up citations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_database" title="Wikipedia:Reference database">Wikipedia:Reference database</a> – essay/proposal</li></ul> <p><b>Changing citation style formats</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Words like <i>citation</i> and <i>reference</i> are used interchangeably on the English Wikipedia. On talk pages, where the language can be more informal, or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration, <i>reference</i> is often abbreviated <i>ref</i>, with the plural <i>refs</i>. <i>Footnote</i> may refer specifically to citations using <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Footnote">ref tag formatting</a> or to explanatory text; <i>endnotes</i> specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page. See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary#Reference" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Wikipedia:Glossary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_19#Scrolling_Reference_Lists:_Formal_Policy_Discussion" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 19">this July 2007 discussion</a> for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The arbitration committee <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Preferred_styles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">ruled in 2006</a>: "Wikipedia does not mandate styles in many different areas; these include (but are not limited to) American vs. British spelling, date formats, and citation style. Where Wikipedia does not mandate a specific style, editors should not attempt to convert Wikipedia to their own preferred style, nor should they edit articles for the sole purpose of converting them to their preferred style, or removing examples of, or references to, styles which they dislike."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1175370901#WHENNOTCITE_vs_DYK" title="Special:PermanentLink/1175370901">discussion.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One reason this guideline does not standardize section headings for citations and explanatory notes is that Wikipedia draws editors from many disciplines (history, English, science, etc.), each with its own note and reference section-naming convention (or conventions). For more, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perennial_proposals#Changes_to_standard_appendices" title="Wikipedia:Perennial proposals">Wikipedia:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perennial_proposals#Establish_a_house_citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Perennial proposals">§ Establish a house citation style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Cnote2/example" title="Template:Cnote2/example">Template:Cnote2/example</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/public-affairs/style-guide#">"Online Style Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Style Manual">New Oxford Style Manual</a></i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876725-1"><bdi>978-0-19-876725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Online+Style+Guide&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+Style+Manual&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876725-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublic-affairs%2Fstyle-guide%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28705-8"><bdi>978-0-226-28705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28705-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writersworkshop.illinois.edu/resources-2/writer-resources/academic-writing/citing-sources/">"Academic Writing: Citing Sources"</a>. <i>Writers Workshop</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Writers+Workshop&rft.atitle=Academic+Writing%3A+Citing+Sources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritersworkshop.illinois.edu%2Fresources-2%2Fwriter-resources%2Facademic-writing%2Fciting-sources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/sb.php?subject_id=13235">"Citation Style Guides & Management Tools"</a>. <i>Library Guides</i>. <a href="/wiki/LIU_Post" title="LIU Post">LIU Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Guides&rft.atitle=Citation+Style+Guides+%26+Management+Tools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliu.cwp.libguides.com%2Fsb.php%3Fsubject_id%3D13235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.concordia.ca/help/citing/">"Citing: Help & how-to"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Library" title="Concordia University Library">Concordia University Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citing%3A+Help+%26+how-to&rft.pub=Concordia+University+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.concordia.ca%2Fhelp%2Fciting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp">"Citation Help"</a>. <i>Subject Guides</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Subject+Guides&rft.atitle=Citation+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fcitationhelp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html">"Guide to Citation Style Guides"</a>. <i>Journalism Resources</i>. University of Iowa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Resources&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Citation+Style+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fjournalism%2Fcite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capital.libguides.com/c.php?g=76089&p=6809978">"Library: Citing Sources & Citation Generators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capital_Community_College" title="Capital Community College">Capital Community College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library%3A+Citing+Sources+%26+Citation+Generators&rft.pub=Capital+Community+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapital.libguides.com%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D76089%26p%3D6809978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html">"Research and Citation Resources"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Writing_Lab" title="Online Writing Lab">Online Writing Lab</a></i>. Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Writing+Lab&rft.atitle=Research+and+Citation+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fowl.purdue.edu%2Fowl%2Fresearch_and_citation%2Fresources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/documentation/">"The Writer's Handbook: Documentation"</a>. <i>Writing Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Writing+Center&rft.atitle=The+Writer%27s+Handbook%3A+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwriting.wisc.edu%2Fhandbook%2Fdocumentation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/acsstyle">"ACS Style Guide"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. University of Wisconsin–Madison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=ACS+Style+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchguides.library.wisc.edu%2Facsstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html">"Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles"</a>. <i>MEDLINE and PubMed: The Resources Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a>. 26 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEDLINE+and+PubMed%3A+The+Resources+Guide&rft.atitle=Samples+of+Formatted+References+for+Authors+of+Journal+Articles&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbsd%2Funiform_requirements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">"reFill"</a>. <i><a href="https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge" class="extiw" title="wikitech:Portal:Toolforge">Toolforge</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill" title="Wikipedia:ReFill">WP:ReFill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toolforge&rft.atitle=reFill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefill.toolforge.org%2Fng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span> – tool that expands bare references semi-automatically</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2HFdEtYDyc"><i>Wikipedia editing basics: Citing sources (part 1)</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>). <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+editing+basics%3A+Citing+sources+%28part+1%29&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm2HFdEtYDyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_a9fBc13b4"><i>Wikipedia editing basics: Citing sources (part 2)</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>). <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+editing+basics%3A+Citing+sources+%28part+2%29&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DW_a9fBc13b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br/>templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>short, stand-alone, offline documents</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>academic journals</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>web sources</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span 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