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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old-style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old-style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old-style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old-style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiqua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiqua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Antiqua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiqua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Dutch taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transitional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Didone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slab_serif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slab_serif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Slab serif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slab_serif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readability_and_legibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readability_and_legibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Readability and legibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readability_and_legibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogues_in_other_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogues_in_other_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analogues in other writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analogues_in_other_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analogues in other writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analogues_in_other_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Thai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists_of_serif_typefaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_serif_typefaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lists of serif typefaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_serif_typefaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Serif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9)" title="ذنابة (طباعة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذنابة (طباعة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84" title="Серыф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Серыф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84" title="Сэрыф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэрыф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0cia_(tipografia)" title="Gràcia (tipografia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gràcia (tipografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serife" title="Serife – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Serife" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriif" title="Seriif – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seriif" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracia_(tipograf%C3%ADa)" title="Gracia (tipografía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gracia (tipografía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serifo" title="Serifo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Serifo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81" title="سریف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سریف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empattement_(typographie)" title="Empattement (typographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empattement (typographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84" title="세리프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세리프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_huruf_berkait" title="Rupa huruf berkait – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rupa huruf berkait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_tipografici_con_grazie" title="Caratteri tipografici con grazie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caratteri tipografici con grazie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%92_(%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9F)" title="תג (גופן) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תג (גופן)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serifas" title="Serifas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Serifas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreef" title="Schreef – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schreef" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="セリフ (文字) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セリフ (文字)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriff" title="Seriff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seriff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81" title="سیرف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیرف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeryf_(typografia)" title="Szeryf (typografia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szeryf (typografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serifa" title="Serifa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serifa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif%C4%83" title="Serifă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serifă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Засечки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Засечки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serife" title="Serife – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Serife" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serif" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriff" title="Seriff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seriff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เชิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rnak_(tipografi)" title="Tırnak (tipografi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tırnak (tipografi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Зарубки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зарубки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81" title="سیرف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیرف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B3_(%E5%AD%97%E5%BD%A2)" title="腳 (字形) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腳 (字形)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%AC%E7%BA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="衬线体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="衬线体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243449#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decorative detail in typography</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the font characteristic. For the software company, see <a href="/wiki/Serif_Europe" title="Serif Europe">Serif Europe</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Serif_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Serif (disambiguation)">Serif (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table style="float: right; margin: 0 1em 1em; border: solid 1px black;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/212px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/318px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/424px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="43" /></a></span> </td> <td>Sans-serif font </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/209px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/314px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/418px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Serif font </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/209px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/314px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/418px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Serif font (red serifs) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, a <b>serif</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol within a particular <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> or family of fonts. A <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> or "font family" making use of serifs is called a <b>serif typeface</b> (or <b>serifed typeface</b>), and a typeface that does not include them is <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a>. Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as "grotesque" (in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">grotesk</i></span>) or "Gothic"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although this often refers to <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> type as well) and serif typefaces as "<a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>" (or in German, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Antiqua</i></span>). </p><p>Serif typefaces can be broadly classified into one of four subgroups: <a href="#old_style">§ old style</a>, <a href="#transitional">§ transitional</a>, <a href="#Didone">§ Didone</a> and <a href="#Slab_Serif">§ Slab Serif</a>, in order of first appearance. Some Old-style typefaces can be classified further into one of two subgroups: <a href="#Antiqua">§ Antiqua</a> and <a href="#Dutch_Taste">§ Dutch Taste</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_etymology">Origins and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serifs originated from the first official Greek writings on stone and in <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">inscriptional lettering</a>—words carved into stone in Roman <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. The explanation proposed by Father <a href="/wiki/Edward_Catich" title="Edward Catich">Edward Catich</a> in his 1968 book <i>The Origin of the Serif</i> is now broadly but not universally accepted: the Roman letter outlines were first painted onto stone, and the stone carvers followed the brush marks, which flared at stroke ends and corners, creating serifs. Another theory is that serifs were devised to neaten the ends of lines as they were chiselled into stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Samara_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samara-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the word 'serif' is obscure, but apparently is almost as recent as the type style. The book <i>The British Standard of the Capital Letters contained in the Roman Alphabet, forming a complete code of systematic rules for a mathematical construction and accurate formation of the same</i> (1813) by <a href="/wiki/William_Hollins" title="William Hollins">William Hollins</a>, defined 'surripses', usually pronounced "surriphs", as "projections which appear at the tops and bottoms of some letters, the O and Q excepted, at the beginning or end, and sometimes at each, of all". The standard also proposed that 'surripsis' may be a Greek word derived from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σῠν-</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">'syn-'</i></span>, "together") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥῖψῐς</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">'rhîpsis'</i></span>, "projection"). </p><p>In 1827, Greek scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Hibbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Hibbert (page does not exist)">Julian Hibbert</a> printed with his own experimental <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> Greek types, remarking that the types of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni" title="Giambattista Bodoni">Giambattista Bodoni</a>'s <i>Callimachus</i> were "ornamented (or rather disfigured) by additions of what [he] believe[s] type-founders call syrifs or cerefs". The printer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Curson_Hansard" title="Thomas Curson Hansard">Thomas Curson Hansard</a> referred to them as "ceriphs" in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-Typographia,_an_Historical_Sketch_of_the_Origin_and_Progress_of_the_Art_of_Printing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Typographia,_an_Historical_Sketch_of_the_Origin_and_Progress_of_the_Art_of_Printing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest citations in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (<i>OED</i>) are 1830 for 'serif' and 1841 for 'sans serif'. The <i>OED</i> speculates that 'serif' was a <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formation</a> from 'sanserif'. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i> traces 'serif' to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> noun <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span>, meaning "line, stroke of the pen", related to the verb <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrappen</i></span>, "to delete, strike through" (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">'schreef'</i></span> now also means "serif" in Dutch). Yet, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span> is the past tense of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrijven</i></span> (to write). The relation between <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrappen</i></span> is documented by Van Veen and Van der Sijs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her book <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Chronologisch Woordenboek</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van der Sijs lists words by first known publication in the language area that is the Netherlands today: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrijven</i></span>, 1100;</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span>, 1350;</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrappen</i></span>, 1406 (i.e. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span> is from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrijven</i></span> (to write), not from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schrappen</i></span> (to scratch, eliminate by strike-through)).</li></ul> <p>The <i>OED</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s earliest citation for "grotesque" in this sense is 1875, giving 'stone-letter' as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a>. It would seem to mean "out of the ordinary" in this usage, as in art 'grotesque' usually means "elaborately decorated". Other synonyms include "Doric" and "Gothic", commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Gothic_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Gothic typeface">Japanese Gothic typefaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old-style"><span class="anchor"></span>Old-style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old-style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garamond_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Garamond_sample.svg/220px-Garamond_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Garamond_sample.svg/330px-Garamond_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Garamond_sample.svg/440px-Garamond_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Garamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Garamond">Adobe Garamond</a>, an example of an old-style serif.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Old-style typefaces date back to 1465, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. Early printers in Italy created types that broke with Gutenberg's <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> printing, creating upright and later <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a> styles inspired by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_first_roman_fonts_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_first_roman_fonts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old-style serif fonts have remained popular for setting body text because of their organic appearance and excellent readability on rough book paper. The increasing interest in early printing during the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a return to the designs of Renaissance printers and type-founders, many of whose names and designs are still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-Garamond,_Griffo_and_Others:_The_Price_of_Celebrity_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garamond,_Griffo_and_Others:_The_Price_of_Celebrity-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coles_Top_Ten_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coles_Top_Ten-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old-Face_Types_in_the_Victorian_Age_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old-Face_Types_in_the_Victorian_Age-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old-style type is characterized by a lack of large differences between thick and thin lines (low line contrast) and generally, but less often, by a diagonal stress (the thinnest parts of letters are at an angle rather than at the top and bottom). An old-style font normally has a left-inclining curve axis with weight stress at about 8 and 2 o'clock; serifs are almost always bracketed (they have curves connecting the serif to the stroke); head serifs are often angled.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old-style faces evolved over time, showing increasing abstraction from what would now be considered handwriting and blackletter characteristics, and often increased delicacy or contrast as printing technique improved.<sup id="cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unusual_fifteenth-century_fonts:_part_1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unusual_fifteenth-century_fonts:_part_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unusual_fifteenth-century_fonts:_part_2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unusual_fifteenth-century_fonts:_part_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old-style faces have often sub-divided into 'Venetian' (or '<a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification#Humanist" title="Vox-ATypI classification">humanist</a>') and '<a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification#Garalde" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Garalde</a>' (or 'Aldine'), a division made on the <a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Type_anatomy:_Family_Classifications_of_Type_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_anatomy:_Family_Classifications_of_Type-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some have argued that the difference is excessively abstract, hard to spot except to specialists and implies a clearer separation between styles than originally appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern typefaces such as <a href="/wiki/Arno_(typeface)" title="Arno (typeface)">Arno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(typeface)" title="Trinité (typeface)">Trinité</a> may fuse both styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Arno_Pro_specimen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arno_Pro_specimen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early "humanist" roman types were introduced in Italy. Modelled on the script of the period, they tend to feature an "e" in which the cross stroke is angled, not horizontal; an "M" with two-way serifs; and often a relatively dark colour on the page.<sup id="cite_ref-The_first_roman_fonts_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_first_roman_fonts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, that of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson" title="Nicolas Jenson">Nicolas Jenson</a> has been the most admired, with many revivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Olocco_Jenson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olocco_Jenson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_first_roman_fonts_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_first_roman_fonts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garaldes, which tend to feature a level cross-stroke on the "e", descend from an influential 1495 font cut by engraver <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> for printer <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>, which became the inspiration for many typefaces cut in France from the 1530s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-palaeotypography_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaeotypography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_View_of_Early_Typography_up_to_about_1600_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_View_of_Early_Typography_up_to_about_1600-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often lighter on the page and made in larger sizes than had been used for roman type before, French Garalde faces rapidly spread throughout Europe from the 1530s to become an international standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-palaeotypography_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaeotypography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldine:_the_intellectuals_begin_their_assault_on_font_design_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldine:_the_intellectuals_begin_their_assault_on_font_design-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during this period, <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a> evolved from a quite separate genre of type, intended for informal uses such as poetry, into taking a secondary role for emphasis. Italics moved from being conceived as separate designs and proportions to being able to be fitted into the same line as roman type with a design complementary to it.<sup id="cite_ref-i_love_typography_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i_love_typography-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vervliet2008_Aldine_Italic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008_Aldine_Italic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lane_JPHS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_JPHS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of contemporary Garalde old-style typefaces are <a href="/wiki/Bembo" title="Bembo">Bembo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garamond" title="Garamond">Garamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galliard_(typeface)" title="Galliard (typeface)">Galliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granjon" title="Granjon">Granjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goudy_Old_Style" title="Goudy Old Style">Goudy Old Style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minion_(typeface)" title="Minion (typeface)">Minion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatino" title="Palatino">Palatino</a>, Renard, <a href="/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon">Sabon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FF_Scala" title="FF Scala">Scala</a>. Contemporary typefaces with Venetian old style characteristics include <a href="/wiki/Cloister_(typeface)" title="Cloister (typeface)">Cloister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Jenson" title="Adobe Jenson">Adobe Jenson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Type" title="Golden Type">Golden Type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hightower_Text" title="Hightower Text">Hightower Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(typeface)" title="Centaur (typeface)">Centaur</a>, Goudy's Italian Old Style and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Old Style">Berkeley Old Style</a> and ITC Legacy. Several of these blend in Garalde influences to fit modern expectations, especially placing single-sided serifs on the "M"; Cloister is an exception.<sup id="cite_ref-Searching_for_Morris_Fuller_Benton_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searching_for_Morris_Fuller_Benton-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiqua">Antiqua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiqua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua (typeface class)</a></div> <p><b>Antiqua</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> used to mimic styles of handwriting or <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> common during the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenstein2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenstein2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters are designed to flow, and strokes connect together in a continuous fashion; in this way it is often contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>-style typefaces where the individual strokes are broken apart. The two typefaces were used alongside each other in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">germanophone</a> world, with the <a href="/wiki/Antiqua%E2%80%93Fraktur_dispute" title="Antiqua–Fraktur dispute">Antiqua–Fraktur dispute</a> often dividing along ideological or political lines. After the mid-20th century, Fraktur fell out of favor and Antiqua-based typefaces became the official standard in Germany. (In German, the term "Antiqua" refers to serif typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Renner-A_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renner-A-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_taste">Dutch taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dutch taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new genre of serif type developed around the 17th century in the Netherlands and Germany that came to be called the "Dutch taste" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"goût Hollandois"</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_Taste_Johnson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch_Taste_Johnson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a tendency towards denser, more solid typefaces, often with a high <a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a> (tall lower-case letters) and a sharp contrast between thick and thin strokes, perhaps influenced by blackletter faces.<sup id="cite_ref-Printing_Types_vol_2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printing_Types_vol_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-typo-history-1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-typo-history-1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_Taste_Johnson_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch_Taste_Johnson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Briot_project._Part_I_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Briot_project._Part_I-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists in the "Dutch taste" style include <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_den_Keere" title="Hendrik van den Keere">Hendrik van den Keere</a>, Nicolaas Briot, <a href="/wiki/Christoffel_van_Dijck" title="Christoffel van Dijck">Christoffel van Dijck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_T%C3%B3tfalusi_Kis" title="Miklós Tótfalusi Kis">Miklós Tótfalusi Kis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Janson" title="Janson">Janson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ehrhardt_(typeface)" title="Ehrhardt (typeface)">Ehrhardt</a> types based on his work and <a href="/wiki/Caslon" title="Caslon">Caslon</a>, especially the larger sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional">Transitional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transitional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Times_New_Roman_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Times_New_Roman_sample.svg/220px-Times_New_Roman_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Times_New_Roman_sample.svg/330px-Times_New_Roman_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Times_New_Roman_sample.svg/440px-Times_New_Roman_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a>, a modern example of a transitional serif design.</figcaption></figure> <p>Transitional, or baroque, serif typefaces first became common around the mid-18th century until the start of the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are in between "old style" and "modern" fonts, thus the name "transitional". Differences between thick and thin lines are more pronounced than they are in old style, but less dramatic than they are in the Didone fonts that followed. Stress is more likely to be vertical, and often the "R" has a curled tail. The ends of many strokes are marked not by blunt or angled serifs but by <a href="/wiki/Ball_terminal" title="Ball terminal">ball terminals</a>. Transitional faces often have an italic 'h' that opens outwards at bottom right.<sup id="cite_ref-Type_Designs_of_the_Past_and_Present,_Part_3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_Designs_of_the_Past_and_Present,_Part_3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the genre bridges styles, it is difficult to define where the genre starts and ends. Many of the most popular transitional designs are later creations in the same style. </p><p>Fonts from the original period of transitional typefaces include early on the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"<a href="/wiki/Romain_du_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romain du roi">romain du roi</a>"</i></span> in France, then the work of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Simon_Fournier" title="Pierre Simon Fournier">Pierre Simon Fournier</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Micha%C3%ABl_Fleischman" title="Joan Michaël Fleischman">Fleischman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rosart" title="Jacques François Rosart">Rosart</a> in the Low Countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Middendorp2004_Fleischman_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middendorp2004_Fleischman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eudald_Pradell" title="Eudald Pradell">Pradell</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulmer_(typeface)" title="Bulmer (typeface)">Bulmer</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Eighteenth_Century_Spanish_Type_Design_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eighteenth_Century_Spanish_Type_Design-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unger_2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger_2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among more recent designs, <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a> (1932), <a href="/wiki/Perpetua_(typeface)" title="Perpetua (typeface)">Perpetua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantin_(typeface)" title="Plantin (typeface)">Plantin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Eaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Eaves">Mrs. Eaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freight_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight (typeface)">Freight Text</a>, and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Modernised_Old_Style_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernised Old Style (typeface)">"modernised old styles"</a> have been described as transitional in design.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later 18th-century transitional typefaces in Britain begin to show influences of Didone typefaces from Europe, described below, and the two genres blur, especially in type intended for body text; <a href="/wiki/Bell_MT" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell MT">Bell</a> is an example of this.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Evolution_of_the_Modern-Face_Roman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Evolution_of_the_Modern-Face_Roman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Transitional_Faces_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transitional_Faces-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Didone">Didone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Didone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone (typography)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodoni_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bodoni_sample.svg/220px-Bodoni_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bodoni_sample.svg/330px-Bodoni_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bodoni_sample.svg/440px-Bodoni_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bodoni" title="Bodoni">Bodoni</a>, an example of a modern serif</figcaption></figure> <p>Didone, or modern, serif typefaces, which first emerged in the late 18th century, are characterized by extreme contrast between thick and thin lines.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These typefaces have a vertical stress and thin serifs with a constant width, with minimal bracketing (constant width). Serifs tend to be very thin, and vertical lines very heavy. Didone fonts are often considered to be less readable than transitional or old-style serif typefaces. Period examples include <a href="/wiki/Bodoni" title="Bodoni">Bodoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didot_(typeface)" title="Didot (typeface)">Didot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walbaum_(typeface)" title="Walbaum (typeface)">Walbaum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_Modern" title="Computer Modern">Computer Modern</a> is a popular contemporary example. The very popular <a href="/wiki/Century_type_family" title="Century type family">Century</a> is a softened version of the same basic design, with reduced contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Didone typefaces achieved dominance of printing in the early 19th-century printing before declining in popularity in the second half of the century and especially in the 20th as new designs and revivals of old-style faces emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovink_I_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovink_I-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ovink_II_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovink_II-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ovink_III_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovink_III-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In print, Didone fonts are often used on high-gloss <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">magazine paper</a> for magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i>, where the paper retains the detail of their high contrast well, and for whose <a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">image</a> a crisp, "European" design of type may be considered appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HFJ_Didot_introduction_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFJ_Didot_introduction-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used more often for general-purpose body text, such as book printing, in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-HFJ_Didot_introduction_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFJ_Didot_introduction-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HFJ_Didot_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFJ_Didot-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remain popular in the printing of Greek, as the Didot family were among the first to establish a printing press in newly independent Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-A_primer_on_Greek_type_design_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_primer_on_Greek_type_design-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GFS_Didot_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFS_Didot-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of Didone types' greatest popularity coincided with the rapid spread of printed <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a> and commercial <a href="/wiki/Ephemera" title="Ephemera">ephemera</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Bold_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Bold type">bold type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Affichen-Schriften_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Affichen-Schriften-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many Didone typefaces are among the earliest designed for <a href="/wiki/Typeface#Display_type" title="Typeface">"display"</a> use, with an ultra-bold "<a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a>" style becoming a common sub-genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Fat_Faces:_Their_History,_Forms_and_Use_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fat_Faces:_Their_History,_Forms_and_Use-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fat_faces_Phinney_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fat_faces_Phinney-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Our_Friend,_the_Fat_Face_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Our_Friend,_the_Fat_Face-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slab_serif">Slab serif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slab serif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">Slab serif</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockwell_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rockwell_sample.svg/220px-Rockwell_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rockwell_sample.svg/330px-Rockwell_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rockwell_sample.svg/440px-Rockwell_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Rockwell, an example of a more geometric slab serif</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarendon_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Clarendon_sample.svg/220px-Clarendon_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Clarendon_sample.svg/330px-Clarendon_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Clarendon_sample.svg/440px-Clarendon_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Clarendon, an example of a less geometric slab serif</figcaption></figure> <p>Slab serif typefaces date to about 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Three_chapters_in_the_development_of_clarendon/ionic_typefaces_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_chapters_in_the_development_of_clarendon/ionic_typefaces-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally intended as attention-grabbing designs for posters, they have very thick serifs, which tend to be as thick as the vertical lines themselves. Slab serif fonts vary considerably: some such as <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_(typeface)" title="Rockwell (typeface)">Rockwell</a> have a geometric design with minimal variation in stroke width—they are sometimes described as sans-serif fonts with added serifs. Others such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)" title="Clarendon (typeface)">"Clarendon"</a> model have a structure more like most other serif fonts, though with larger and more obvious serifs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel:_historical_background_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel:_historical_background-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Know_your_type:_Clarendon_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Know_your_type:_Clarendon-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These designs may have bracketed serifs that increase width along their length. </p><p>Because of the clear, bold nature of the large serifs, slab serif designs are often used for posters and in small print. Many <a href="/wiki/Monospace_font#Monospaced_typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospace font">monospace fonts</a>, on which all characters occupy the same amount of horizontal space as in a <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>, are slab-serif designs. While not always purely slab-serif designs, many fonts intended for newspaper use have large slab-like serifs for clearer reading on poor-quality paper. Many early slab-serif types, being intended for posters, only come in <a href="/wiki/Boldface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boldface">bold</a> styles with the key differentiation being width, and often have no lower-case letters at all. </p><p>Examples of slab-serif typefaces include <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)" title="Clarendon (typeface)">Clarendon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_(typeface)" title="Rockwell (typeface)">Rockwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archer_(typeface)" title="Archer (typeface)">Archer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courier_(typeface)" title="Courier (typeface)">Courier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excelsior (typeface)">Excelsior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesis_(typeface)" title="Thesis (typeface)">TheSerif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zilla_Slab" title="Zilla Slab">Zilla Slab</a>. <a href="/wiki/FF_Meta" title="FF Meta">FF Meta Serif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Egyptian" title="Guardian Egyptian">Guardian Egyptian</a> are examples of newspaper and small print-oriented typefaces with some slab-serif characteristics, often most visible in the bold weights. In the late 20th century, the term "humanist slab-serif" has been applied to typefaces such as <a href="/wiki/Chaparral_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaparral (typeface)">Chaparral</a>, Caecilia and Tisa, with strong serifs but an outline structure with some influence of old-style serif typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Phinney_Chaparral_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phinney_Chaparral-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LuptonArt2014_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuptonArt2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bringhurst_Caecilia_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bringhurst_Caecilia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_styles">Other styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, genres of serif type besides conventional body text faces proliferated.<sup id="cite_ref-Nineteenth-century_Ornamented_Typefaces_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nineteenth-century_Ornamented_Typefaces-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thinking_with_Type_23_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thinking_with_Type_23-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included "Tuscan" faces, with ornamental, decorative ends to the strokes rather than serifs, and "Latin" or "wedge-serif" faces, with pointed serifs, which were particularly popular in France and other parts of Europe including for signage applications such as business cards or shop fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-known typefaces in the "Latin" style include <a href="/wiki/Wide_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide Latin">Wide Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_Gothic" title="Copperplate Gothic">Copperplate Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnston_(typeface)#Johnston_Delf_Smith" title="Johnston (typeface)">Johnston Delf Smith</a> and the more restrained <a href="/wiki/Meridien_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridien (typeface)">Méridien</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Readability_and_legibility">Readability and legibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Readability and legibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serifed fonts are widely used for <a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">body text</a> because they are considered easier to read than <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> fonts in print.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colin Wheildon, who conducted scientific studies from 1982 to 1990, found that sans serif fonts created various difficulties for readers that impaired their comprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kathleen Tinkel, studies suggest that "most sans serif typefaces may be slightly less legible than most serif faces, but ... the difference can be offset by careful setting".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a> are considered to be more <a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legible</a> on computer screens. According to Alex Poole,<sup id="cite_ref-alexpoole_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexpoole-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "we should accept that most reasonably designed typefaces in mainstream use will be equally legible". A study suggested that serif fonts are more legible on a screen but are not generally preferred to sans serif fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-bernardliaomills_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernardliaomills-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study indicated that comprehension times for individual words are slightly faster when written in a sans serif font versus a serif font.<sup id="cite_ref-morettatay_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morettatay-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When size of an individual glyph is 9–20 pixels, proportional serifs and some lines of most glyphs of common vector fonts are smaller than individual pixels. <a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing" title="Spatial anti-aliasing">spatial anti-aliasing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subpixel_rendering" title="Subpixel rendering">subpixel rendering</a> allow to render distinguishable serifs even in this case, but their proportions and appearance are off and thickness is close to many lines of the main glyph, strongly altering appearance of the glyph. Consequently, it is sometimes advised to use sans-serif fonts for content meant to be displayed on screens, as they scale better for low resolutions. Indeed, most web pages employ sans-serif type.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent introduction of desktop displays with 300+ dpi resolution might eventually make this recommendation obsolete. </p><p>As serifs originated in inscription, they are generally not used in handwriting. A common exception is the <a href="/wiki/Block_letters" title="Block letters">printed</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital</a> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, where the addition of serifs distinguishes the character from <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> (l). The printed capital <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numeral</a> <a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a> are also often handwritten with serifs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are some images of serif letterforms across history: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenson006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The roman type of Nicolas Jenson"><img alt="The roman type of Nicolas Jenson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jenson006.jpg/120px-Jenson006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jenson006.jpg/180px-Jenson006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jenson006.jpg/240px-Jenson006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The roman type of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson" title="Nicolas Jenson">Nicolas Jenson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Aetna_1495.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Aetna, printed by Aldus Manutius"><img alt="De Aetna, printed by Aldus Manutius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/120px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/180px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/De_Aetna_1495.jpg/240px-De_Aetna_1495.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8838" data-file-height="6154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>De Aetna</i>, printed by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page printed by Robert Estienne"><img alt="Title page printed by Robert Estienne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg/73px-Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg/109px-Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg/145px-Houghton_TypTS_515.52.370_-_Alphabetum_Graecum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="2165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page printed by Robert Estienne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Primer type (c. 18 pt) by Claude Garamond"><img alt="Great Primer type (c. 18 pt) by Claude Garamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png/120px-Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png/180px-Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png/240px-Garamond%27s_Second_Great_Primer_Roman_Vervliet.png 2x" data-file-width="15519" data-file-height="5221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Primer type (c. 18 pt) by Claude Garamond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gros Canon type by Garamond"><img alt="Gros Canon type by Garamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg/120px-Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg/180px-Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg/240px-Claude_Garamond_Gros_Canon_image_basic_characters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gros Canon type by Garamond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_(1611).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1611 book, with arabesque ornament border"><img alt="1611 book, with arabesque ornament border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg/89px-Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg/133px-Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg/178px-Michael_Praetorius_Missodia_Sionia_%281611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1611 book, with <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">arabesque</a> ornament border</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large roman by Hendrik van den Keere, introducing the "Dutch taste" style"><img alt="Large roman by Hendrik van den Keere, introducing the "Dutch taste" style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/120px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/180px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/240px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large roman by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_den_Keere" title="Hendrik van den Keere">Hendrik van den Keere</a>, introducing the "Dutch taste" style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type by Christoffel van Dijck"><img alt="Type by Christoffel van Dijck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg/120px-Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg/180px-Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg/240px-Christoffel_van_Dijck_Ascendonica_Romein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type by <a href="/wiki/Christoffel_van_Dijck" title="Christoffel van Dijck">Christoffel van Dijck</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romain_du_roi_sample_(1702).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Romain du roi, the first "transitional" typeface"><img alt="The Romain du roi, the first "transitional" typeface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png/120px-Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png/180px-Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png/240px-Romain_du_roi_sample_%281702%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Romain_du_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romain du roi">Romain du roi</a></i>, the first "transitional" typeface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehrhardt_specimen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Condensed, high x-height types in the "Dutch taste" style, c. 1720"><img alt="Condensed, high x-height types in the "Dutch taste" style, c. 1720" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ehrhardt_specimen.png/120px-Ehrhardt_specimen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ehrhardt_specimen.png/180px-Ehrhardt_specimen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ehrhardt_specimen.png/240px-Ehrhardt_specimen.png 2x" data-file-width="7515" data-file-height="4870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Condensed, high x-height types in the "Dutch taste" style, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1720</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica,_Georgica,_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page by John Baskerville, 1757"><img alt="Title page by John Baskerville, 1757" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg/91px-Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg/137px-Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg/182px-Publii_Virgilii_Maronis_Bucolica%2C_Georgica%2C_et_%C3%86neis_by_John_Baskerville_1757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page by <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a>, 1757</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_sample,_Pierre_Simon_Fournier,_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alphabet by Pierre-Simon Fournier in his Manuel typographique, 1760s"><img alt="Alphabet by Pierre-Simon Fournier in his Manuel typographique, 1760s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png/85px-Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png/128px-Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png/171px-Type_sample%2C_Pierre_Simon_Fournier%2C_Manuel_Typographique_1766.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alphabet by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Fournier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Simon Fournier">Pierre-Simon Fournier</a> in his <i>Manuel typographique</i>, 1760s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transitional type by Joan Michaël Fleischman of Amsterdam, 1768"><img alt="Transitional type by Joan Michaël Fleischman of Amsterdam, 1768" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg/76px-Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg/114px-Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg/153px-Fleischman_Paragon_roman_%26_italic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transitional type by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Micha%C3%ABl_Fleischman" title="Joan Michaël Fleischman">Joan Michaël Fleischman</a> of Amsterdam, 1768</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feria_Sexta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern-face types by the Amoretti Brothers, 1797"><img alt="Modern-face types by the Amoretti Brothers, 1797" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Feria_Sexta.jpg/75px-Feria_Sexta.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Feria_Sexta.jpg/113px-Feria_Sexta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Feria_Sexta.jpg/151px-Feria_Sexta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern-face types by the <a href="/wiki/Amoretti_Brothers" title="Amoretti Brothers">Amoretti Brothers</a>, 1797</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_(Firmin-Didot).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Didone type in a book printed by the company of Firmin Didot, 1804"><img alt="Didone type in a book printed by the company of Firmin Didot, 1804" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg/72px-Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg/108px-Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg/144px-Code_civil_des_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Firmin-Didot%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Didone type in a book printed by the company of Firmin Didot, 1804</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodoni's posthumous Manuale Tipografico, 1818"><img alt="Bodoni's posthumous Manuale Tipografico, 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg/120px-Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg/180px-Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg/240px-Manuale-Tipografico1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodoni's posthumous <i>Manuale Tipografico</i>, 1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inline modern face"><img alt="Inline modern face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg/120px-Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg/180px-Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg/240px-Caslon_inline_Great_Primer_Columbia_specimen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inline modern face</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented,_No._4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Display type with pattern inside"><img alt="Display type with pattern inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/120px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/180px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/240px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Display type with pattern inside </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Fat face" ultra-bold Didone type"><img alt=""Fat face" ultra-bold Didone type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/90px-Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/135px-Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Redford_%26_Robins_-_poster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="4001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Fat face" ultra-bold Didone type</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original Clarendon typeface"><img alt="The original Clarendon typeface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg/120px-Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg/180px-Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg/240px-Fann_Street_Foundry_Clarendon_image_with_text_for_emphasis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original Clarendon typeface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Display-size slab-serifs"><img alt="Display-size slab-serifs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg/89px-Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg/134px-Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg/179px-Boston_Type_Foundry_Clarendon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Display-size slab-serifs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_(15399996818).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miller and Richard's Modernised Old Style, a reimagination of pre-Didone typefaces"><img alt="Miller and Richard's Modernised Old Style, a reimagination of pre-Didone typefaces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg/92px-Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg/137px-Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg/183px-Miller_%26_Richard_Old_Style_Type_Specimen_%2815399996818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miller and Richard's <a href="/wiki/Modernised_Old_Style_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernised Old Style (typeface)">Modernised Old Style</a>, a reimagination of pre-Didone typefaces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Morris's Golden Type in the style of Jenson and other typefaces of his Kelmscott Press"><img alt="William Morris's Golden Type in the style of Jenson and other typefaces of his Kelmscott Press" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg/90px-Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg/135px-Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg/180px-Kelmscott_Press_Typefaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William Morris's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Type" title="Golden Type">Golden Type</a> in the style of Jenson and other typefaces of his Kelmscott Press</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ATF's "Garamond" type, an example of historicist printing"><img alt="ATF's "Garamond" type, an example of historicist printing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg/79px-ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg/119px-ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg/159px-ATF_1923_Garamond_specimen_page_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="5979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_Type_Founders" title="American Type Founders">ATF</a>'s "Garamond" type, an example of historicist printing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial plaque by Eric Gill, c. 1920s"><img alt="Memorial plaque by Eric Gill, c. 1920s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG/120px-Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG/180px-Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG/240px-Sir_Harry_Johnston_memorial_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial plaque by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920s</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of the Linotype Legibility Group typefaces, the most popular newspaper typefaces during the twentieth century.[79]"><img alt="Sample of the Linotype Legibility Group typefaces, the most popular newspaper typefaces during the twentieth century.[79]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg/120px-Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg/180px-Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg/240px-Linotype_Textype_sample_Legibility_Group_typeface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample of the Linotype <a href="/wiki/Legibility_Group" title="Legibility Group">Legibility Group</a> typefaces, the most popular <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> typefaces during the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Changing_Newspaper_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Changing_Newspaper-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kindle3-it_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Humanist slab-serif PNM Caecilia on an Amazon Kindle"><img alt="Humanist slab-serif PNM Caecilia on an Amazon Kindle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png/92px-Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png/137px-Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png/183px-Kindle3-it_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Humanist slab-serif PNM Caecilia on an <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogues_in_other_writing_systems">Analogues in other writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Analogues in other writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ming_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typeface)">Ming (typeface)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_serif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/200px-Ming_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/300px-Ming_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/400px-Ming_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: a serif typeface with serifs in red, a serif typeface, and a sans-serif typeface</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> writing systems, there are common type styles based on the <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> akin to serif and sans serif fonts in the West. In Mainland China, the most popular category of serifed-like typefaces for body text is called <a href="/wiki/Songti" class="mw-redirect" title="Songti">Song</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宋体</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Songti</i></span>); in Japan, the most popular serif style is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minchō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明朝</span></span>)</span>; and in Taiwan and Hong Kong, it is called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Ming</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明體</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Mingti</i></span>). The names of these lettering styles come from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> dynasties, when <a href="/wiki/Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printing</a> flourished in China. Because the <a href="/wiki/Wood_grain" title="Wood grain">wood grain</a> on printing blocks ran horizontally, it was fairly easy to carve horizontal lines with the grain. However, carving vertical or slanted patterns was difficult because those patterns intersect with the grain and break easily. This resulted in a typeface that has thin horizontal strokes and thick vertical strokes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In accordance with Chinese calligraphy (<a href="/wiki/Kaiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiti">kaiti</a> style in particular), where each horizontal stroke is ended with a dipping motion of the brush, the ending of horizontal strokes are also thickened<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These design forces resulted in the current Song typeface characterized by thick vertical strokes contrasted with thin horizontal strokes, triangular ornaments at the end of single horizontal strokes, and overall geometrical regularity. </p><p>In Japanese typography, the equivalent of serifs on <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> characters are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uroko</i></span>—"fish scales". In Chinese, the serifs are called either <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǒujiǎotǐ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">有脚体</span></span>, lit. "forms with legs")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǒuchènxiàntǐ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">有衬线体</span></span>, lit. "forms with ornamental lines"). </p><p>The other common East Asian style of type is called black (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑体/體</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hēitǐ</i></span>) in Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gothic_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese gothic typeface">Gothic</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゴシック体</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Goshikku-tai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> in Japanese. This group is characterized by lines of even thickness for each stroke, the equivalent of "sans serif". This style, first introduced on newspaper headlines, is commonly used on headings, websites, signs and billboards. A Japanese-language font designed in imitation of western serifs also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thai">Thai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai typography</a></div> <p>Farang Ses, designed in 1913, was the first Thai typeface to employ thick and thin strokes reflecting old-style serif Latin typefaces, and became extremely popular, with its derivatives widely used into the digital age. (Examples: Angsana UPC, <a href="/wiki/Kinnari_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari (typeface)">Kinnari</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Farangses_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farangses-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/serif" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/serif">serif</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typeface)">Ming (typeface)</a>, a similar style in Asian typefaces <ul><li>The analogs of serifs, known in Japanese as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B1%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:鱗">鱗</a></span></span> <i>uroko</i>, literally "fish scales"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Serriffe" title="San Serriffe">San Serriffe</a>, an elaborate typographic joke</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_serif_typefaces">Lists of serif typefaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lists of serif typefaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serif_typefaces" title="List of serif typefaces">List of serif typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces#Serif" title="List of typefaces">List of typefaces#Serif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_style_serif_typefaces" title="Category:Old style serif typefaces">Old-style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transitional_serif_typefaces" title="Category:Transitional serif typefaces">Transitional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Didone_serif_typefaces" title="Category:Didone serif typefaces">Didone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that this image includes 'Th' <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, common in Adobe typefaces but not found in the 16th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, Manutius's type, the first type now classified as "Garalde", was not so different from other typefaces around at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-The_first_roman_fonts_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_first_roman_fonts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the waves of "Garalde" faces coming out of France from the 1530s onwards did tend to cleanly displace earlier typefaces, and became an international standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Aldine_Press:_catalogue_of_the_Ahmanson-Murphy_collection_of_books_by_or_relating_to_the_press_in_the_Library_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles:_incorporating_works_recorded_elsewhere._21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Aldine_Press:_catalogue_of_the_Ahmanson-Murphy_collection_of_books_by_or_relating_to_the_press_in_the_Library_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles:_incorporating_works_recorded_elsewhere.-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early italics were intended to exist on their own on the page, and so often had very long ascenders and descenders, especially the "chancery italics" of printers such as Arrighi.<sup id="cite_ref-Vervliet2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Krimpen" title="Jan van Krimpen">Jan van Krimpen</a>'s Cancelleresca Bastarda typeface, intended to complement his serif family Romulus, was nonetheless cast on a larger body to allow it to have an appropriately expansive feel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monotype executive <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Morison" title="Stanley Morison">Stanley Morison</a>, who commissioned Times New Roman, noted that he hoped that it "has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular".<sup id="cite_ref-The_history_of_the_Times_New_Roman_typeface_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_of_the_Times_New_Roman_typeface-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It should be realised that "Transitional" is a somewhat nebulous classification, almost always including Baskerville and other typefaces around this period but also sometimes including 19th and 20th-century reimaginations of old-style faces, such as <a href="/wiki/Bookman_Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookman Old Style">Bookman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantin_(typeface)" title="Plantin (typeface)">Plantin</a>, and sometimes some of the later "old-style" faces such as the work of Caslon and his imitators. In addition, of course Baskerville and others of this period would not have seen their work as "transitional" but as an end in itself. Eliason (2015) provides a leading modern critique and assessment of the classification, but even in 1930 A.F. Johnson called the term "vague and unsatisfactory."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Evolution_of_the_Modern-Face_Roman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Evolution_of_the_Modern-Face_Roman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-“Transitional”_Typefaces:_The_History_of_a_Typefounding_Classification_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Transitional”_Typefaces:_The_History_of_a_Typefounding_Classification-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional subgenres of Didone type include "fat faces" (ultra-bold designs for posters) and "Scotch Modern" designs (used in the English-speaking world for book and newspaper printing).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early slab-serif types were given a variety of names for branding purposes, such as 'Egyptian', 'Italian', 'Ionic', 'Doric', 'French-Clarendon' and 'Antique', which generally have little or no connection to their actual history. Nonetheless, the names have persisted in use.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhinney" class="citation web cs1">Phinney, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019220449/http://graphic-design.com/typography/design/sans-serif-gothic-and-grotesque">"Sans Serif: Gothic and Grotesque"</a>. <i>TA. Showker Graphic Arts & Design</i>. Showker. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graphic-design.com/typography/design/sans-serif-gothic-and-grotesque">the original</a> on 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TA.+Showker+Graphic+Arts+%26+Design&rft.atitle=Sans+Serif%3A+Gothic+and+Grotesque&rft.aulast=Phinney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graphic-design.com%2Ftypography%2Fdesign%2Fsans-serif-gothic-and-grotesque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samara-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samara_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamara2004" class="citation book cs1">Samara, Timothy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=denl7KWyM4EC&pg=PA21"><i>Typography workbook: a real-world guide to using type in graphic design</i></a>. Rockport Publishers. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-081-6"><bdi>978-1-59253-081-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209075231/https://books.google.com/books?id=denl7KWyM4EC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typography+workbook%3A+a+real-world+guide+to+using+type+in+graphic+design&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Rockport+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59253-081-6&rft.aulast=Samara&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddenl7KWyM4EC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Rob (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold"><i>Digital Typography: Practical Advice for Getting the Type You Want When You Want It</i></a></span>. Windsor Professional Information. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitaltypograph0000gold/page/264">264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893190-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893190-05-4"><bdi>978-1-893190-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Typography%3A+Practical+Advice+for+Getting+the+Type+You+Want+When+You+Want+It&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Windsor+Professional+Information&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-893190-05-4&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitaltypograph0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4bnAAAAMAAJ&q=serif+chisel&pg=PA266-IA7"><i>The Linotype Bulletin</i></a>. January–February 1921. p. 265. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209075214/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4bnAAAAMAAJ&q=serif+chisel&pg=PA266-IA7#v=snippet&q=serif%20chisel&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linotype+Bulletin&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1921-01%2F1921-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4bnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dserif%2Bchisel%26pg%3DPA266-IA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Typographia,_an_Historical_Sketch_of_the_Origin_and_Progress_of_the_Art_of_Printing-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Typographia,_an_Historical_Sketch_of_the_Origin_and_Progress_of_the_Art_of_Printing_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansard1825" class="citation book cs1">Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typographiaanhi01hansgoog"><i>Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typographiaanhi01hansgoog/page/n432">370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typographia%2C+an+Historical+Sketch+of+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+the+Art+of+Printing&rft.pages=370&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Hansard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Curson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypographiaanhi01hansgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Etymologisch Woordenboek</i> (Van Dale, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Veen, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry" class="citation web cs1">Berry, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acumin.typekit.com/history/">"A Neo-Grotesque Heritage"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilovetypography&rft.atitle=The+first+roman+fonts&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Boardley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filovetypography.com%2F2016%2F04%2F18%2Fthe-first-roman-fonts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venetian_origins_of_roman_type_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlocco" class="citation web cs1">Olocco, Riccardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.c-a-s-t.com/the-venetian-origins-of-roman-type-a856eb3f0cb">"The Venetian origins of roman type"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. C-A-S-T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113230423/https://articles.c-a-s-t.com/the-venetian-origins-of-roman-type-a856eb3f0cb">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Venetian+origins+of+roman+type&rft.aulast=Olocco&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.c-a-s-t.com%2Fthe-venetian-origins-of-roman-type-a856eb3f0cb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garamond,_Griffo_and_Others:_The_Price_of_Celebrity-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garamond,_Griffo_and_Others:_The_Price_of_Celebrity_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mosley, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraweb.net/articoli.php?chiave=200608401&rivista=84">"Garamond, Griffo and Others: The Price of Celebrity"</a>. <i>Bibiologia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134351/http://www.libraweb.net/articoli.php?chiave=200608401&rivista=84">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FontFeed+%28archived%29&rft.atitle=Top+Ten+Typefaces+Used+by+Book+Design+Winners&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffontfeed.com%2Farchives%2Ftop-ten-typefaces-used-by-book-design-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old-Face_Types_in_the_Victorian_Age-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Old-Face_Types_in_the_Victorian_Age_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Johnson" title="Alfred F. Johnson">Johnson, A.F.</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_30_242.pdf">"Old-Face Types in the Victorian Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monotype Recorder</i>. <b>30</b> (242): 5–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105747/http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_30_242.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monotype+Recorder&rft.atitle=Old-Face+Types+in+the+Victorian+Age&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=5-15&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metaltype.co.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fmr%2Fmr_30_242.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fonts.com/FavoriteFonts/OldStyleSerif.htm">"Old Style Serif"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095647/http://www.fonts.com/FavoriteFonts/OldStyleSerif.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i+love+typography&rft.atitle=Unusual+fifteenth-century+fonts%3A+part+2&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Boardley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filovetypography.com%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2Funusual-fifteenth-century-fonts-part2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Type_anatomy:_Family_Classifications_of_Type-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Type_anatomy:_Family_Classifications_of_Type_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807200219/http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/type_basics/type_families.htm">"Type anatomy: Family Classifications of Type"</a>. <i>SFCC Graphic Design department</i>. Spokane Falls Community College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/type_basics/type_families.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFCC+Graphic+Design+department&rft.atitle=Type+anatomy%3A+Family+Classifications+of+Type&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu%2Ftutorials%2Fprocess%2Ftype_basics%2Ftype_families.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_2002-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2002_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation cs2">Dixon, Catherine (2002), "Twentieth Century Graphic Communication: Technology, Society and Culture", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026120725/http://www.stbride.org/friends/conference/twentiethcenturygraphiccommunication/TypefaceClassification.html"><i>Typeface classification</i></a>, Friends of St Bride, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stbride.org/friends/conference/twentiethcenturygraphiccommunication/TypefaceClassification.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Graphic+Communication%3A+Technology%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.btitle=Typeface+classification&rft.pub=Friends+of+St+Bride&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stbride.org%2Ffriends%2Fconference%2Ftwentiethcenturygraphiccommunication%2FTypefaceClassification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Morison's_Aldine_Hypothesis_Revisited_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Amert, Kay (April 2008). "Stanley Morison's Aldine Hypothesis Revisited". <i>Design Issues</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 53–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fdesi.2008.24.2.53">10.1162/desi.2008.24.2.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566512">57566512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Issues&rft.atitle=Stanley+Morison%27s+Aldine+Hypothesis+Revisited&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-71&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fdesi.2008.24.2.53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57566512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amert&rft.aufirst=Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Aldine_Press:_catalogue_of_the_Ahmanson-Murphy_collection_of_books_by_or_relating_to_the_press_in_the_Library_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles:_incorporating_works_recorded_elsewhere.-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Aldine_Press:_catalogue_of_the_Ahmanson-Murphy_collection_of_books_by_or_relating_to_the_press_in_the_Library_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles:_incorporating_works_recorded_elsewhere._21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfiFtIkbNsEC&pg=PA22"><i>The Aldine Press: catalogue of the Ahmanson-Murphy collection of books by or relating to the press in the Library of the University of California, Los Angeles : incorporating works recorded elsewhere</i></a>. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press. 2001. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22993-8"><bdi>978-0-520-22993-8</bdi></a>. <q>[On the Aldine Press in Venice changing over to types from France]: the press followed precedent; popular in France, [these] types rapidly spread over western Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aldine+Press%3A+catalogue+of+the+Ahmanson-Murphy+collection+of+books+by+or+relating+to+the+press+in+the+Library+of+the+University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles+%3A+incorporating+works+recorded+elsewhere.&rft.place=Berkeley+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22993-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfiFtIkbNsEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arno_Pro_specimen-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arno_Pro_specimen_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwardoch,_Slimbach,_Sousa,_Slye2007" class="citation book cs1">Twardoch, Slimbach, Sousa, Slye (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830030331/http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/type/pdfs/ArnoPro.pdf"><i>Arno Pro</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Jose: Adobe Systems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/type/pdfs/ArnoPro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arno+Pro&rft.place=San+Jose&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Twardoch%2C+Slimbach%2C+Sousa%2C+Slye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwimages.adobe.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FAdobe%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Ftype%2Fpdfs%2FArnoPro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olocco_Jenson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olocco_Jenson_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlocco" class="citation web cs1">Olocco, Riccardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.c-a-s-t.com/nicolas-jenson-and-the-success-of-his-roman-type-9f0afeba4103">"Nicolas Jenson and the success of his roman type"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. C-A-S-T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209075216/https://articles.c-a-s-t.com/nicolas-jenson-and-the-success-of-his-roman-type-9f0afeba4103?gi=51c5b3759956">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Nicolas+Jenson+and+the+success+of+his+roman+type&rft.aulast=Olocco&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.c-a-s-t.com%2Fnicolas-jenson-and-the-success-of-his-roman-type-9f0afeba4103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palaeotypography-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palaeotypography_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palaeotypography_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D.L.</a> (2008). <i>The palaeotypography of the French Renaissance. Selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces. 2 vols</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 90–91, etc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>. <q>[On Robert Estienne's typefaces of the 1530s]: Its outstanding design became standard for Roman type in the two centuries to follow...From the 1540s onwards French Romans and Italics had begun to infiltrate, probably by way of Lyons, the typography of the neighbouring countries. In Italy, major printers replaced the older, noble but worn Italian characters and their imitations from Basle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance.+Selected+papers+on+sixteenth-century+typefaces.+2+vols.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=90-91%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_View_of_Early_Typography_up_to_about_1600-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_View_of_Early_Typography_up_to_about_1600_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1969" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Harry (1969). <i>A View of Early Typography up to about 1600</i> (Second edition (2002) ed.). London: Hyphen Press. pp. 72–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907259-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-907259-21-9"><bdi>0-907259-21-9</bdi></a>. <q><i>De Aetna</i> was decisive in shaping the printers' alphabet. The small letters are very well made to conform with the genuinely antique capitals by emphasis on long straight strokes and fine serifs and to harmonise in curvature with them. The strokes are thinner than those of Jenson and his school...the letters look narrower than Jenson's, but are in fact a little wider because the short ones are bigger, and the effect of narrowness makes the face suitable for octavo pages...this Roman of Aldus is distinguishable from other faces of the time by the level cross-stroke in 'e' and the absence of top serifs from the insides of the vertical strokes of 'M', following the model of Feliciano. We have come to regard his small 'e' as an improvement on previous practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+Early+Typography+up+to+about+1600&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72-4&rft.edition=Second+edition+%282002%29&rft.pub=Hyphen+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-907259-21-9&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldine:_the_intellectuals_begin_their_assault_on_font_design-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldine:_the_intellectuals_begin_their_assault_on_font_design_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsland2012" class="citation web cs1">Bergsland, David (29 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergsland.org/2012/08/book-production/typography/aldine-the-intellectuals-begin-their-assault-on-font-design/">"Aldine: the intellectuals begin their assault on font design"</a>. <i>The Skilled Workman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117063938/https://www.bergsland.org/2012/08/book-production/typography/aldine-the-intellectuals-begin-their-assault-on-font-design/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skilled+Workman&rft.atitle=Aldine%3A+the+intellectuals+begin+their+assault+on+font+design&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.aulast=Bergsland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergsland.org%2F2012%2F08%2Fbook-production%2Ftypography%2Faldine-the-intellectuals-begin-their-assault-on-font-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i_love_typography-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i_love_typography_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardley2014" class="citation web cs1">Boardley, John (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilovetypography.com/2014/11/25/notes-first-italic/">"Brief notes on the first italic"</a>. <i>i love typography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019195111/http://ilovetypography.com/2014/11/25/notes-first-italic">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i+love+typography&rft.atitle=Brief+notes+on+the+first+italic&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Boardley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filovetypography.com%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2Fnotes-first-italic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vervliet2008_Aldine_Italic-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_Aldine_Italic_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA287"><i>The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 287–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101004525/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA287#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Selected+Papers+on+Sixteenth-century+Typefaces&rft.pages=287-289&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sidSDlif48C%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane_JPHS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lane_JPHS_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">Lane, John</a> (1983). "The Types of Nicholas Kis". <i>Journal of the Printing Historical Society</i>: 47–75. <q><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_T%C3%B3tfalusi_Kis" title="Miklós Tótfalusi Kis">Kis's</a> Amsterdam specimen of c. 1688 is an important example of the increasing tendency to regard a range of roman and italic types as a coherent family, and this may well have been a conscious innovation. But italics were romanised to a greater degree in many earlier handwritten examples and occasional earlier types, and Jean Jannon displayed a full range of matching roman and italic of his own cutting in his 1621 specimen...[In appendix] [György] Haiman notes that this trend is foreshadowed in the specimens of Guyot in the mid-sixteenth century and Berner in 1592.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Printing+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Types+of+Nicholas+Kis&rft.pages=47-75&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vervliet2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA287"><i>The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 287–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101004525/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA287#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Selected+Papers+on+Sixteenth-century+Typefaces&rft.pages=287-319&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sidSDlif48C%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searching_for_Morris_Fuller_Benton-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Searching_for_Morris_Fuller_Benton_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen" class="citation web cs1">Shen, Juliet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/searching-for-morris-fuller-benton/">"Searching for Morris Fuller Benton"</a>. <i>Type Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135132/http://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/searching-for-morris-fuller-benton/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Culture&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Morris+Fuller+Benton&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypeculture.com%2Facademic-resource%2Farticles-essays%2Fsearching-for-morris-fuller-benton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-antiqua" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=antiqua">"antiqua"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=antiqua&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dantiqua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenstein2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstein2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Eisenstein, Elizabeth</a> (12 September 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti00eise_0"><i>The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti00eise_0/page/123">123</a>–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84543-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84543-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Printing+Revolution+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=123-163&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84543-4&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintingrevoluti00eise_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renner-A-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Renner-A_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linotype.com/5689/rennerantiqua.html">"Renner Antiqua – Reviving a serif typeface from the designer of Futura"</a>. Linotype. <q>Antiqua is a term used in German to denote serif typefaces, many of them oldstyles (Garamond-Antiqua, Palatino-Antiqua, etc.). The word is used in very much the same way as "roman" [is used] in English-speaking typography to differentiate between upright and italic typefaces in a family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renner+Antiqua+%E2%80%93+Reviving+a+serif+typeface+from+the+designer+of+Futura&rft.pub=Linotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linotype.com%2F5689%2Frennerantiqua.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch_Taste_Johnson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_Taste_Johnson_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_Taste_Johnson_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1939" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Johnson" title="Alfred F. Johnson">Johnson, A. F.</a> (1939). "The 'Goût Hollandois'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Library</i>. s4-XX (2): 180–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-XX.2.180">10.1093/library/s4-XX.2.180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=The+%27Go%C3%BBt+Hollandois%27&rft.volume=s4-XX&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180-196&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-XX.2.180&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Printing_Types_vol_2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Printing_Types_vol_2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdike1922" class="citation book cs1">Updike, Daniel Berkeley (1922). "Chapter 15: Types of the Netherlands, 1500-1800". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printingtypesthe02updi"><i>Printing Types: Their History, Forms and Uses: Volume 2</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printingtypesthe02updi/page/6">6</a>–7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Types+of+the+Netherlands%2C+1500-1800&rft.btitle=Printing+Types%3A+Their+History%2C+Forms+and+Uses%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintingtypesthe02updi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-typo-history-1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-typo-history-1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typofonderie.com/gazette/post/type-history-1/">"Type History 1"</a>. <i>Typofonderie Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141313/https://typofonderie.com/gazette/post/type-history-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typofonderie+Gazette&rft.atitle=Type+History+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypofonderie.com%2Fgazette%2Fpost%2Ftype-history-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Type_and_its_Uses,_1455-1830_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181144/http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/LRBS/Outline%20of%20Course_Type%26itsUses2013_2.pdf">"Type and its Uses, 1455-1830"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_English_Studies" title="Institute of English Studies">Institute of English Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/LRBS/Outline%20of%20Course_Type%26itsUses2013_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Although types on the 'Aldine' model were widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries, a new variant that was often slightly more condensed in its proportions, and darker and larger on its body, became sufficiently widespread, at least in Northern Europe, to be worth defining as a distinct style and examining separately. Adopting a term used by Fournier le jeune, the style is sometimes called the 'Dutch taste', and sometimes, especially in Germany, 'baroque'. Some names associated with the style are those of Van den Keere, Granjon, Briot, Van Dijck, Kis (maker of the so-called 'Janson' types), and <a href="/wiki/William_Caslon" title="William Caslon">Caslon</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Type+and+its+Uses%2C+1455-1830&rft.pub=Institute+of+English+Studies&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ies.sas.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FLRBS%2FOutline%2520of%2520Course_Type%2526itsUses2013_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Briot_project._Part_I-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Briot_project._Part_I_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_JongLane" class="citation web cs1">de Jong, Feike; Lane, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pampatype.com/blog/the-briot-project">"The Briot project. Part I"</a>. <i>PampaType</i>. TYPO, republished by PampaType. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144055/https://pampatype.com/blog/the-briot-project">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PampaType&rft.atitle=The+Briot+project.+Part+I&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Feike&rft.au=Lane%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpampatype.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-briot-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw2017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw2017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Shaw2017" class="citation book cs1">Paul Shaw (18 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 85–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6"><bdi>978-0-300-21929-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209075213/https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+Type%3A+Digital+Typefaces+Inspired+by+the+Past&rft.pages=85-98&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21929-6&rft.au=Paul+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7e0DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Type_Designs_of_the_Past_and_Present,_Part_3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Type_Designs_of_the_Past_and_Present,_Part_3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1937" class="citation journal cs1">Morison, Stanley (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904064848/http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-11-01/edition/4-3/page/19">"Type Designs of the Past and Present, Part 3"</a>. <i>PM</i>: 17–81. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-11-01/edition/4-3/page/19">the original</a> on 2017-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PM&rft.atitle=Type+Designs+of+the+Past+and+Present%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=17-81&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.iaddb.org%2Fissue%2FPM%2F1937-11-01%2Fedition%2F4-3%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middendorp2004_Fleischman-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Middendorp2004_Fleischman_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Middendorp2004" class="citation book cs1">Jan Middendorp (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sR9g5xPPJVQC&pg=PA27"><i>Dutch Type</i></a>. 010 Publishers. pp. 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-460-0"><bdi>978-90-6450-460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Type&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-6450-460-0&rft.au=Jan+Middendorp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsR9g5xPPJVQC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eighteenth_Century_Spanish_Type_Design-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eighteenth_Century_Spanish_Type_Design_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbeto2009" class="citation journal cs1">Corbeto, A. (25 September 2009). "Eighteenth Century Spanish Type Design". <i>The Library</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 272–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2F10.3.272">10.1093/library/10.3.272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161371751">161371751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=Eighteenth+Century+Spanish+Type+Design&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=272-297&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2F10.3.272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161371751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Corbeto&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger_2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unger_2001_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Unger, Gerard (1 January 2001). "The types of François-Ambroise Didot and Pierre-Louis Vafflard. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affichen-Schriften&rft.pub=Forgotten-Shapes&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforgotten-shapes.com%2Faffichen-schriften%3Farticle%3Daffichen-schriften&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fat_Faces:_Their_History,_Forms_and_Use-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fat_Faces:_Their_History,_Forms_and_Use_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Johnson" title="Alfred F. Johnson">Johnson, Alfred F.</a> (1970). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Three+chapters+in+the+development+of+clarendon%2Fionic+typefaces&rft.inst=University+of+Reading&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Miklav%C4%8Di%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typefacedesign.org%2Fresources%2Fessay%2FMitjaMiclavcic_essay_scr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sentinel:_historical_background-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sentinel:_historical_background_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/fonts/sentinel/history/">"Sentinel: historical background"</a>. Hoefler & Frere-Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170730/http://www.typography.com/fonts/sentinel/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sentinel%3A+historical+background&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Fsentinel%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Know_your_type:_Clarendon-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Know_your_type:_Clarendon_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalland" class="citation web cs1">Challand, Skylar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idsgn.org/posts/know-your-type-clarendon/">"Know your type: Clarendon"</a>. IDSGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122009/http://idsgn.org/posts/know-your-type-clarendon/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Know+your+type%3A+Clarendon&rft.pub=IDSGN&rft.aulast=Challand&rft.aufirst=Skylar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidsgn.org%2Fposts%2Fknow-your-type-clarendon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phinney_Chaparral-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phinney_Chaparral_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhinney" class="citation web cs1">Phinney, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.typekit.com/2005/11/07/most_overlooked_1/">"Most Overlooked: Chaparral"</a>. <i>Typekit Blog</i>. Adobe Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216105812/https://blog.typekit.com/2005/11/07/most_overlooked_1/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typekit+Blog&rft.atitle=Most+Overlooked%3A+Chaparral&rft.aulast=Phinney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.typekit.com%2F2005%2F11%2F07%2Fmost_overlooked_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LuptonArt2014-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LuptonArt2014_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Lupton" title="Ellen Lupton">Lupton, Ellen</a> (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gswEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Type on Screen: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Developers, and Students</i></a>. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61689-346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61689-346-0"><bdi>978-1-61689-346-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=gswEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+on+Screen%3A+A+Critical+Guide+for+Designers%2C+Writers%2C+Developers%2C+and+Students&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.isbn=978-1-61689-346-0&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgswEBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bringhurst_Caecilia-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bringhurst_Caecilia_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style"><i>The Elements of Typographic Style</i></a> (2nd ed.). Hartley & Marks. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780881791327/page/218">218, 330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881791327" title="Special:BookSources/9780881791327"><bdi>9780881791327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Typographic+Style&rft.pages=218%2C+330&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780881791327&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nineteenth-century_Ornamented_Typefaces-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nineteenth-century_Ornamented_Typefaces_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1976" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Nicolete (1976). <i>Nineteenth-century Ornamented Typefaces</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-century+Ornamented+Typefaces&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Nicolete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thinking_with_Type_23-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thinking_with_Type_23_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2014" class="citation book cs1">Lupton, Ellen (15 April 2014). <i>Thinking with Type</i>. Chronicle Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616890452" title="Special:BookSources/9781616890452"><bdi>9781616890452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+with+Type&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=9781616890452&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrutiger2014" class="citation book cs1">Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). <i>Typefaces – the complete works</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 26–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783038212607" title="Special:BookSources/9783038212607"><bdi>9783038212607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typefaces+%E2%80%93+the+complete+works&rft.pages=26-35&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=9783038212607&rft.aulast=Frutiger&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors</i>, (Springfield, 1998) p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheildon1995" class="citation book cs1">Wheildon, Colin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typelayouthowtyp0000whei/page/57"><i>Type and Layout: How Typography and Design Can Get your Message Across – Or Get in the Way</i></a>. Berkeley: Strathmoor Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typelayouthowtyp0000whei/page/57">57, 59–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9624891-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9624891-5-8"><bdi>0-9624891-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+and+Layout%3A+How+Typography+and+Design+Can+Get+your+Message+Across+%E2%80%93+Or+Get+in+the+Way&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=57%2C+59-60&rft.pub=Strathmoor+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-9624891-5-8&rft.aulast=Wheildon&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypelayouthowtyp0000whei%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Tinkel, "Taking it in: What makes type easy to read", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/adobemag/archive/pdfs/9603fekt.pdf">adobe.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019140934/http://www.adobe.com/products/adobemag/archive/pdfs/9603fekt.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 28 December 2010. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexpoole-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alexpoole_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literature Review <i>Which Are More Legible: Serif or Sans Serif Typefaces?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexpoole.info/academic/literaturereview.html">alexpoole.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306051141/http://www.alexpoole.info/academic/literaturereview.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernardliaomills-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bernardliaomills_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Effects of Font Type on the Legibility <i>The Effects of Font Type and Size on the Legibility and Reading Time of Online Text by Older Adults</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.wichita.edu/mbernard/articles/elderly.pdf">psychology.wichita.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007023610/http://psychology.wichita.edu/mbernard/articles/elderly.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morettatay-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morettatay_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moret-Tatay, C., & Perea, M. (2011). Do serifs provide an advantage in the recognition of written words? <i>Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23, 5, 619-24.</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valencia.edu/mperea/serif_JCP.pdf">valencia.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516205407/http://www.valencia.edu/mperea/serif_JCP.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Principles of Beautiful Web Design</i>, (2007) p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Changing_Newspaper-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Changing_Newspaper_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt1973" class="citation book cs1">Hutt, Allen (1973). <i>The Changing Newspaper: typographic trends in Britain and America 1622-1972</i> (1. publ. ed.). London: Fraser. pp. 100–2 etc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900406225" title="Special:BookSources/9780900406225"><bdi>9780900406225</bdi></a>. <q>the majority of the world's newspapers are typeset in one or another of the traditional Linotype 'Legibility Group', and most of the rest in their derivatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Newspaper%3A+typographic+trends+in+Britain+and+America+1622-1972&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100-2+etc.&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Fraser&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780900406225&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akibatec.net/wabunfont/library/dynafont/design.html#ugaso">"和文フォント大図鑑 [ダイナコムウェア／その他]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91+%26%2391%3B%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%8F%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%96%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akibatec.net%2Fwabunfont%2Flibrary%2Fdynafont%2Fdesign.html%23ugaso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farangses-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farangses_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPracha_Suveeranont" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pracha Suveeranont. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thaifaces.com/thaitype/farangses/">"ฝรั่งเศส"</a>. <i>๑๐ ตัวพิมพ์ กับ ๑๐ ยุคสังคมไทย (10 Faces of Thai Type and Thai Nation)</i> (in Thai). Thaifaces<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%90+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A+%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%90+%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%2810+Faces+of+Thai+Type+and+Thai+Nation%29&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA&rft.au=Pracha+Suveeranont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthaifaces.com%2Fthaitype%2Ffarangses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerif" class="Z3988"></span> Originally exhibited 18–31 October 2002 at the Jamjuree Art Gallery, Chulalongkorn University, and published in <i>Sarakadee</i>. <b>17</b> (211). September 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serif&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Robert Bringhurst</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a>,</i> version 4.0 (Vancouver, BC, Canada: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartley_%26_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartley & Marks (page does not exist)">Hartley & Marks</a> Publishers, 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-211-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88179-211-X">0-88179-211-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Harry Carter</a>, <i>A View of Early Typography: Up to about 1600</i> (London: Hyphen Press, 2002).</li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Edward_Catich" title="Edward Catich">Edward Catich</a>, <i>The Origin of the Serif: Brush Writing and Roman Letters</i>, 2nd ed., edited by Mary W. Gilroy (Davenport, Iowa: Catich Gallery, St. Ambrose University, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962974021" title="Special:BookSources/9780962974021">9780962974021</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Nicolete Gray</a>, <i>Nineteenth Century Ornamented Typefaces</i>, 2nd ed. (Faber, 1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571102174" title="Special:BookSources/9780571102174">9780571102174</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Johnson" title="Alfred F. Johnson">Alfred F. Johnson</a>, <i>Type Designs: Their History and Development</i> (Grafton, 1959).</li> <li>Stan Knight, <i>Historical Types: From Gutenberg to Ashendene</i> (Oak Knoll Press, 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584562986" title="Special:BookSources/9781584562986">9781584562986</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Lupton" title="Ellen Lupton">Ellen Lupton</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/papress/docs/thinking_with_type?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Fcolor%2Flayout.xml&backgroundColor=FFFFFF&showFlipBtn=true&pageNumber=6">Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students</a></i>, 2nd ed. (New York: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press" title="Princeton Architectural Press">Princeton Architectural Press</a>, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568989693" title="Special:BookSources/9781568989693">9781568989693</a>, <www.thinkingwithtype.com>.</li> <li>Indra Kupferschmid, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2016/01/type-classification-texts/">Some Type Genres Explained</a>," Type, kupferschrift.de (2016-01-15).</li> <li>Stanley Morison, <i>A Tally of Types</i>, edited by Brooke Crutchley et al., 2nd ed. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09786-4">978-0-521-09786-4</a>. (on revivals of historical typefaces created by the British company Monotype)</li> <li>———, “Type Designs of the Past and Present,” was serialized in 4 parts in 1937 in <i>PM Magazine</i> (the last 2 are available online): <ul><li>“Part 1,” <i>PM Magazine</i>, 4, 1 (1937-09);</li> <li>“Part 2,” <i>PM Magazine</i>, 4, 2 (1937-12);</li> <li>“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-11-01/edition/4-3/page/19">Part 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904064848/http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-11-01/edition/4-3/page/19">Archived</a> 2017-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,” <i>PM Magazine</i>, 4, 3 (1937-11): 17–32;</li> <li>“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-12-01/edition/4-4/page/63">Part 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724205300/https://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/PM/1937-12-01/edition/4-4/page/63">Archived</a> 2021-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,” <i>PM Magazine</i>, 4, 4 (1937-12): 61–81.</li></ul></li> <li>Sébastien Morlighem, <i>The 'modern face' in France and Great Britain, 1781-1825: typography as an ideal of progress</i> (thesis, University of Reading, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.651303">download link</a></li> <li>Sébastien Morlighem, <i>Robert Thorne and the Introduction of the 'modern' fat face</i>, 2020, Poem, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/516485231">presentation</a></li> <li>James Mosley, <i>Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Poucheé</i>, I.M. Imprimit, 1993</li> <li>Paul Shaw, <i>Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past</i> (Brighton: Quid Publishing, 2017), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6">978-0-300-21929-6</a>.</li> <li>Walter Tracy, <i>Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design</i>, 2nd ed. (David R. Godine, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567922400" title="Special:BookSources/9781567922400">9781567922400</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berkeley_Updike" title="Daniel Berkeley Updike">Daniel Berkeley Updike</a>, <i>Printing Types, their History, Forms, and Use: A Study in Survivals</i>, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1922), <a href="//archive.org/details/printingtypesthe01updi" class="extiw" title="iarchive:printingtypesthe01updi">volume 1</a> and <a href="//archive.org/details/printingtypesthe02updi" class="extiw" title="iarchive:printingtypesthe02updi">volume 2</a>—now outdated and known for a strong, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/elzevir-letter.html">not always accurate</a> dislike of Dutch and modern-face printing, but extremely comprehensive in scope.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Louis_Vervliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Désiré Louis Vervliet">H. D. L. Vervliet</a>, <i>The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-Century Typefaces</i>, 2 vols., Library of the Written Word series, No. 6, The Handpress World subseries, No. 4 (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008-11-27), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1">978-90-04-16982-1</a>.</li> <li>———, <i>Sixteenth Century Printing Types of the Low Countries</i>, Annotated catalogue (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1968-01-01), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6194-859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6194-859-9">978-90-6194-859-9</a>.</li> <li>———, <i>French Renaissance Printing Types: A Conspectus</i> (Oak Knoll Press, 2010).</li> <li>———, <i>Liber librorum: 5000 ans d'art du livre</i> (Arcade, 1972). <ul><li>Translation: Fernand Baudin, <i>The Book Through Five Thousand Years: A Survey</i>, edited by Hendrik D. L. Vervliet (London: Phaidon, 1972).</li></ul></li> <li>James Mosley's reading lists: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181144/http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/LRBS/Outline%20of%20Course_Type%26itsUses2013_2.pdf">"Type and its Uses, 1455–1830"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarebookschool.org/2008/reading/typography/t55/">1830-2000</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Typography" title="Template:Typography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Typography" title="Template talk:Typography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Typography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Typography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">Page</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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