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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-β−-radiado_(elektrona)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β−-radiado_(elektrona)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>β<sup>−</sup>-radiado (elektrona)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β−-radiado_(elektrona)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β+-radiado_(pozitrona)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β+-radiado_(pozitrona)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>β<sup>+</sup>-radiado (pozitrona)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β+-radiado_(pozitrona)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektrona_kaptado_(K-kaptado)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektrona_kaptado_(K-kaptado)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elektrona kaptado (K-kaptado)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektrona_kaptado_(K-kaptado)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprecoj_de_la_radioj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprecoj_de_la_radioj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprecoj de la radioj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprecoj_de_la_radioj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidu_ankaŭ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidu_ankaŭ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vidu ankaŭ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidu_ankaŭ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta-radiado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 23 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_%CE%B2" title="Radiació β — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiació β" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastr%C3%A5ling" title="Betastråling — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betastråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="leginda artikolo"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betastrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_radiation" title="Beta radiation — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beta radiation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_beta" title="Radiación beta — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiación beta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetas%C3%A4teily" title="Beetasäteily — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beetasäteily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnement_b%C3%AAta" title="Rayonnement bêta — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayonnement bêta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ta-sug%C3%A1rz%C3%A1s" title="Béta-sugárzás — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béta-sugárzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiazione_beta" title="Radiazione beta — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiazione beta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E7%B7%9A" title="ベータ線 — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベータ線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80%EC%84%A0" title="베타선 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베타선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tastraoling" title="Bètastraoling — limburga" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bètastraoling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_spinduliavimas" title="Beta spinduliavimas — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beta spinduliavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastrahlen" title="Betastrahlen — platgermana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Betastrahlen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="platgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tastraling" title="Bètastraling — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bètastraling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastr%C3%A5ling" title="Betastråling — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betastråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastr%C3%A5ling" title="Betastråling — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betastråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бета-излучение — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бета-излучение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_zraci" title="Beta zraci — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Beta zraci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betastr%C3%A5lning" title="Betastrålning — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betastrålning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бета-випромінювання — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бета-випромінювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_beta" title="Phóng xạ beta — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phóng xạ beta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="Β辐射 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Β辐射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12082432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Beta-radiado" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskuto:Beta-radiado" rel="discussion" title="Diskuto pri la artikolo [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝanĝi lingvan varianton" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Esperanto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vidoj"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Beta-radiado"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=history" title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Iloj" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Iloj</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Pliaj opcioj" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Agoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Beta-radiado"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=history"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ĝenerale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kio_ligas_%C4%89i_tien%3F/Beta-radiado" title="Listo de ĉiuj vikiaj paĝoj kiuj ligas ĉi tien [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ligiloj ĉi tien</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Rilataj_%C5%9Dan%C4%9Doj/Beta-radiado" rel="nofollow" title="Lastaj ŝanĝoj en paĝoj kiuj ligas al ĉi tiu paĝo [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Rilataj ŝanĝoj</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eo" title="Alŝuti dosierojn [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Alŝuti dosieron</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Specialaj_pa%C4%9Doj" title="Listo de ĉiuj specialaj paĝoj [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialaj paĝoj</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&oldid=8458841" title="Porĉiama ligilo al ĉi versio de la paĝo"><span>Konstanta ligilo</span></a></li><li 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title="Beta-diseriĝo">Beta-diseriĝo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Beta_decay_artistic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beta_decay_artistic.svg/180px-Beta_decay_artistic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beta_decay_artistic.svg/270px-Beta_decay_artistic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beta_decay_artistic.svg/360px-Beta_decay_artistic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Figuro_de_Feynman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Figuro de Feynman (paĝo ne ekzistas)">figuro de Feynman</a> de β<sup>−</sup>-radiado</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Beta-radiado</b> (β) estas aro da partikloj elsenditaj kun granda <a href="/wiki/Energio" title="Energio">energio</a> dum la malintegriĝo de kelkaj tipoj de <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiveco" title="Radioaktiveco">radiaktivaj</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoj</a>. Ĝi estas tipo de <a href="/wiki/Joniga_radiado" title="Joniga radiado">joniga radiado</a>. La elsenditaj partikloj en la pli kutima <b>beto-minus-radiado</b> estas <a href="/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono">elektronoj</a>; ekzistas alia tipo de radiado, <b>beto-plus-radiado</b> β<sup>+</sup>, kun eligo <a href="/wiki/Pozitrono" title="Pozitrono">pozitronoj</a>; tria tipo estas la <a href="/wiki/Elektrona_kaptado" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrona kaptado">elektrona kaptado</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kineta_energio" title="Kineta energio">Kineta energio</a> de betaj partikloj havas kontinuan spektron inter 0 kaj la maksimuma havebla energio <i>Q</i>, kiu dependas de la fonta kaj rezulta nukleaj statoj de la disfalo. Tipa <i>Q</i> estas de ordo de 1 MeV, sed ĝi povas esti ankaŭ inter kelkaj keV kaj kelkaj dekoj de MeV. La plej energiaj betaj partikloj havas rapidojn tre proksimajn al la <a href="/wiki/Lumrapideco" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumrapideco">lumrapideco</a>. </p><p>La procezo estas jena: </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="β−-radiado_(elektrona)"><span id=".CE.B2.E2.88.92-radiado_.28elektrona.29"></span>β<sup>−</sup>-radiado (elektrona)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: β−-radiado (elektrona)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: β−-radiado (elektrona)"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La malstabilaj atomaj nukleoj kun eksceso de neŭtronoj povas stabiliĝi per la konvertado de unu neŭtrono en unu protonon, unu tre rapide forsenditan elektronon kaj unu elektronan antineŭtrinon (la <a href="/wiki/Antipartiklo" title="Antipartiklo">antipartiklo</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%ADtrino" title="Neŭtrino">neŭtrino</a>): </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}\rightarrow {\mbox{p}}+{\mbox{e}}^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}\rightarrow {\mbox{p}}+{\mbox{e}}^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ee1810375904970cd398760da993f6629820b7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.738ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}\rightarrow {\mbox{p}}+{\mbox{e}}^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"></span> </p><p>En beto-minus-disfalo, la <a href="/wiki/Malforta_nuklea_forto" title="Malforta nuklea forto">malforta nuklea forto</a> konvertas <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%ADtrono" title="Neŭtrono">neŭtronon</a> en <a href="/wiki/Protono" title="Protono">protonon</a> disradiante <a href="/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono">elektronon</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%ADtrino" title="Neŭtrino">elektronan antineŭtrinon</a>: </p><p>Je la <a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_partiklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamenta partiklo">fundamenta</a> nivelo (kiel estas prezentite en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Figuro_de_Feynman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Figuro de Feynman (paĝo ne ekzistas)">figuro de Feynman</a>), ĉi tiu estas pro la konvertiĝo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_kvarko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba kvarko (paĝo ne ekzistas)">suba kvarko</a> al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supra_kvarko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supra kvarko (paĝo ne ekzistas)">supra kvarko</a> per eligo de peza <a href="/w/index.php?title=W_bosono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W bosono (paĝo ne ekzistas)">W<sup>−</sup> bosono</a>, la W<sup>−</sup> bosono poste disfalas en elektronon kaj elektronan antineŭtrinon. </p><p>Ekzemplo de beto-minus-disfalo: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\hbox{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\hbox{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Co</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>28</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ni</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\hbox{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\hbox{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b00569f5e23ab217da9ce77741dfcb9a5c2f8d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.187ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\hbox{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\hbox{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="β+-radiado_(pozitrona)"><span id=".CE.B2.2B-radiado_.28pozitrona.29"></span>β<sup>+</sup>-radiado (pozitrona)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: β+-radiado (pozitrona)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: β+-radiado (pozitrona)"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La malstabilaj atomaj nukleoj kun eksceso de protonoj povas stabiliĝi per la konvertado de unu protono en unu neŭtronon, unu tre rapide forsenditan negativan elektronon (pozitrono) kaj unu elektronan neŭtrinon: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}\rightarrow {\mbox{n}}+{\mbox{e}}^{+}+\nu _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}\rightarrow {\mbox{n}}+{\mbox{e}}^{+}+\nu _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1e28988ba2f0851eabdd444c2f57022b5852ac6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.57ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}\rightarrow {\mbox{n}}+{\mbox{e}}^{+}+\nu _{e}}"></span> </p><p>Malsimile al beto-minus-disfalo, beto-plus-disfalo ne povas okazi en izolado, ĉar ĝi postulas energion, ĉar la <a href="/wiki/Maso" title="Maso">maso</a> de la neŭtrono estas pli granda ol la maso de la protono. Beto-plus-disfalo povas nur okazi se la absoluta valoro de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bindanta_energio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bindanta energio (paĝo ne ekzistas)">bindanta energio</a> de la fonta atomkerno estas malpli granda ol tiu de la rezultanta atomkerno. La diferenco inter ĉi tiuj energioj iras en la reakcion de konvertiĝo de protono en neŭtronon, pozitronon kaj neŭtrino kaj en kinetan energion de ĉi tiuj partikloj. </p><p>Ekzemplo de beto-plus-disfalo: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{9}^{18}{\hbox{F}}\rightarrow {}_{8}^{18}{\hbox{O}}+e^{+}+{\nu }_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>F</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{9}^{18}{\hbox{F}}\rightarrow {}_{8}^{18}{\hbox{O}}+e^{+}+{\nu }_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a46debc0cd45155f76e45ac5dbd442edc917e4c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.114ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{9}^{18}{\hbox{F}}\rightarrow {}_{8}^{18}{\hbox{O}}+e^{+}+{\nu }_{e}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektrona_kaptado_(K-kaptado)"><span id="Elektrona_kaptado_.28K-kaptado.29"></span>Elektrona kaptado (K-kaptado)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Elektrona kaptado (K-kaptado)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Elektrona kaptado (K-kaptado)"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alia tipo de β<sup>+</sup>-radiado estas la procezo de la <i>elektrona kaptado</i>: unu protono kuniĝas al elektrono, kaj konvertiĝas en neŭtronon plus neŭtrino. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathrm {n} +{\nu }_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathrm {n} +{\nu }_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/919efa234a0134c9a0eefa747be766daa63cc5a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.57ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathrm {n} +{\nu }_{e}}"></span> </p><p>En ĉiuj okazoj en kiuj beto-plus-disfalo estas permesita energie kaj la protono estas parto de kerno kun elektronaj ŝeloj, ĝi estas akompanita per la <a href="/wiki/Elektrona_kapto" title="Elektrona kapto">elektrona kapta</a> procezo, en kiu atoma elektrono estas kaptita per kerno kun eligo de neŭtrino: </p><p>Sed se la energia diferenco inter komenca kaj finaj ŝtatoj estas malgranda, malpli ol 2<i>m</i><sub>e</sub><i>c</i><sup>2</sup>), tiam beto-plus-disfalo estas ne permesita energie, kaj <a href="/wiki/Elektrona_kapto" title="Elektrona kapto">elektrona kapto</a> estas la sola reĝimo. </p><p>Ekzemplo de elektrona kaptado: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{53}^{123}{\hbox{I}}\rightarrow {}_{52}^{123}{\hbox{Te}}+{\nu }_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>53</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>123</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>I</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>52</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>123</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Te</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{53}^{123}{\hbox{I}}\rightarrow {}_{52}^{123}{\hbox{Te}}+{\nu }_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68a22dd8a18296ef499fcd22f84cdb0a5c3d767b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.548ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{53}^{123}{\hbox{I}}\rightarrow {}_{52}^{123}{\hbox{Te}}+{\nu }_{e}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprecoj_de_la_radioj">Proprecoj de la radioj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakti sekcion: Proprecoj de la radioj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit&section=4" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Proprecoj de la radioj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La beta-partikloj vojaĝas plurajn metrojn en la aero, sed estas haltigataj per maldikaj tavoloj de <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, aŭ per aliaj malpezaj materialoj. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Fonta izotopo </th> <th rowspan="2">Energio </th> <th colspan="3">Maksimumo vojo de la beto-partiklo en </th></tr> <tr> <th>aero </th> <th>plasto </th> <th>vitro </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricio" title="Tricio"><sup>3</sup>H</a></td> <td>19 keV</td> <td>8 cm</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">C</a></td> <td>156 keV</td> <td>65 cm</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>35</sup><a href="/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro">S</a></td> <td>167 keV</td> <td>70 cm</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>131</sup><a href="/wiki/Jodo" title="Jodo">I</a></td> <td>600 keV</td> <td>250 cm</td> <td>2,6 mm</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>32</sup><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">P</a></td> <td>1,710 MeV</td> <td>710 cm</td> <td>7,2 mm</td> <td>4 mm </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidu_ankaŭ"><span id="Vidu_anka.C5.AD"></span>Vidu ankaŭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redakti sekcion: Vidu ankaŭ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-radiado&action=edit&section=5" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Vidu ankaŭ"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; 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