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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90&returnto=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD" title="アカウントを作成してログインすることをお勧めしますが、必須ではありません"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>アカウント作成</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&returnto=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD" title="ログインすることを推奨します。ただし、必須ではありません。 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ログイン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ログアウトした編集者のページ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D" aria-label="編集の詳細"><span>もっと詳しく</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集の一覧 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>投稿記録</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集についての議論 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>トーク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-健全でないマクロ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#健全でないマクロ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>健全でないマクロ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-健全でないマクロ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-健全なマクロ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#健全なマクロ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>健全なマクロ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-健全なマクロ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目次" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">目次の表示・非表示を切り替え</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">健全なマクロ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。利用可能な言語3件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3の言語版</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienic_macro" title="英語: Hygienic macro" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hygienic macro" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%83%9D_%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C" title="韓国語: 위생 매크로" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위생 매크로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%8F" title="中国語: 卫生宏" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卫生宏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17157225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD" title="本文を閲覧 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ページ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="本文ページについての議論 (存在しないページ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ノート</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=history"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>リンク元</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k"><span>関連ページの更新状況</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ファイルのアップロード" title="ファイルをアップロードする [u]" accesskey="u"><span>ファイルをアップロード</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&oldid=102375097" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク"><span>この版への固定リンク</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報"><span>ページ情報</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&id=102375097&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="このページの引用方法"><span>このページを引用</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2581%25A5%25E5%2585%25A8%25E3%2581%25AA%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AD"><span>短縮URLを取得する</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2581%25A5%25E5%2585%25A8%25E3%2581%25AA%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AD"><span>QRコードをダウンロード</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD"><span>ブックの新規作成</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF 形式でダウンロード</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>印刷用バージョン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17157225" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ウィキデータ項目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><p><b>健全なマクロ</b>（英語: <span lang="en">hygienic macros</span>）とは、マクロ処理の過程で見かけ上同じに見える<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90" title="識別子">識別子</a>が発生（名前が衝突）しても、意図しない問題が起こらないことが保証されている<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E)" title="マクロ (コンピュータ用語)">マクロ</a>である。<a href="/wiki/Scheme" title="Scheme">Scheme</a><sup id="cite_ref-r5rs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r5rs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/Dylan" title="Dylan">Dylan</a>、<a href="/wiki/Rust_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" title="Rust (プログラミング言語)">Rust</a>、<a href="/wiki/Nim" title="Nim">Nim</a>、<a href="/wiki/Julia_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" title="Julia (プログラミング言語)">Julia</a>などのプログラミング言語がこの機能を持っている<sup id="cite_ref-dylan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dylan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。マクロ処理の過程で見かけ上同じに見える識別子が発生するという問題は、健全なマクロが導入される以前からLISPコミュニティで広く知られていた。マクロの作者は、プログラムコード中の他のどれとも異なるユニークな識別子を生成する <code>gensym</code> などの組み込み関数を使ってプログラマーが明示的に回避したり、通常使用されないような長くて複雑な名前の識別子を用いることでこの問題の可能性を低減させてきた。健全なマクロはこの問題を解決する方法をマクロの展開機能に組み込むことで問題を根本的に解決している。「健全」を意味する「<span lang="en">hygiene</span>」という語は、コールベッカー<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>らが1986年に書いた健全なマクロの展開を導入した論文で、数学の用語の影響を受けて初めて使用された<sup id="cite_ref-hygiene_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hygiene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="健全でないマクロ"><span id=".E5.81.A5.E5.85.A8.E3.81.A7.E3.81.AA.E3.81.84.E3.83.9E.E3.82.AF.E3.83.AD"></span>健全でないマクロ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 健全でないマクロ"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 健全なマクロの機能を持たないプログラミング言語では、マクロの展開中に作成された変数の束縛によって、すでに存在する変数の束縛が隠されてしまう可能性がある。C言語では、次のようなコードによってこの問題を説明できる。</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define incr(X) {int a=0 ; ++X ;}</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">incr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">incr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"a=%d, b=%d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div><p>C言語の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5" title="プリプロセッサ">プリプロセッサ</a>で上のコードを変換すると、次のコードが生成される。</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"a=%d, b=%d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div><p><code>main</code> のスコープで宣言された変数 <code>a</code> は、マクロの中にある変数 <code>a</code> によって隠されてしまっている。その結果、プログラムを実行しても <code>a</code> の値は変化せず、コンパイルされたプログラムは次のように出力する。 </p><pre>a=0, b=1</pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="健全なマクロ"><span id=".E5.81.A5.E5.85.A8.E3.81.AA.E3.83.9E.E3.82.AF.E3.83.AD"></span>健全なマクロ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 健全なマクロ"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>健全なマクロのシステムでは、マクロ展開プロセスにおいて処理系がすべての識別子（関数名、変数名、<code>if</code>、<code>while</code> など）のレキシカルスコープを保証し、意図しない捕捉（キャプチャー）を防ぐ。この性質は「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7%E9%80%8F%E9%81%8E%E6%80%A7" title="参照透過性">参照透過性</a>」と呼ばれている。捕捉（キャプチャー）が必要な場合のために、いくつかの実装では、健全なマクロのメカニズムにプログラマーが明示的に違反できるようにしている。 </p><p>たとえば、Scheme の <code>define-syntax</code> は健全なマクロのシステムである。すなわち、マクロ展開の処理において、見かけ上同じにみえる識別子でもそれぞれが所属する文脈を加味して処理されるため、プログラムが意図通りに動作することが保証されている。以下の <code>my-unless</code> の実装は、期待通りの振る舞いをする： </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-scheme mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">define-syntax</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">my-unless</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">syntax-rules</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="k">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; 大域的な名前空間に所属する not: 論理否定を意味する本来の定義である。</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">begin</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">b</span><span class="p">)])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; 局所的な名前空間に所属する not: 論理否定を意味する本来のものとは異なる定義である。</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">my-unless</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">#t</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">display</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"この文は出力されることはない！"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">newline</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: 脚注"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:auto; -webkit-column-count:auto; column-count:auto; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-r5rs-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r5rs_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees et al. (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">“Revised<sup>5</sup> Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme”</a>. <i>Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation</i> <b>11</b> (1): 7–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785">10.1023/A:1010051815785</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revised%3Csup%3E5%3C%2Fsup%3E+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+Scheme&rft.jtitle=Higher-Order+and+Symbolic+Computation&rft.aulast=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=William+Clinger&rft.au=Jonathan+Rees&rft.au=Rozas%2C%26%2332%3BG.J.&rft.au=Adams+Iv%2C%26%2332%3BN.I.&rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BD.P.&rft.au=Kohlbecker%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.au=Steele+Jr.%2C%26%2332%3BG.L.&rft.au=Bartley%2C%26%2332%3BD.H.&rft.date=August+1998&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%93105&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schemers.org%2FDocuments%2FStandards%2FR5RS%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dylan-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dylan_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees et al. (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">“Revised<sup>5</sup> Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme”</a>. <i>Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation</i> <b>11</b> (1): 7–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785">10.1023/A:1010051815785</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revised%3Csup%3E5%3C%2Fsup%3E+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+Scheme&rft.jtitle=Higher-Order+and+Symbolic+Computation&rft.aulast=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=William+Clinger&rft.au=Jonathan+Rees&rft.au=Rozas%2C%26%2332%3BG.J.&rft.au=Adams+Iv%2C%26%2332%3BN.I.&rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BD.P.&rft.au=Kohlbecker%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.au=Steele+Jr.%2C%26%2332%3BG.L.&rft.au=Bartley%2C%26%2332%3BD.H.&rft.date=August+1998&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%93105&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schemers.org%2FDocuments%2FStandards%2FR5RS%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">英語: <span lang="en">Kohlbecker</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hygiene-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hygiene_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees et al. (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">“Revised<sup>5</sup> Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme”</a>. <i>Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation</i> <b>11</b> (1): 7–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785">10.1023/A:1010051815785</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/">http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revised%3Csup%3E5%3C%2Fsup%3E+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+Scheme&rft.jtitle=Higher-Order+and+Symbolic+Computation&rft.aulast=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=Richard+Kelsey&rft.au=William+Clinger&rft.au=Jonathan+Rees&rft.au=Rozas%2C%26%2332%3BG.J.&rft.au=Adams+Iv%2C%26%2332%3BN.I.&rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BD.P.&rft.au=Kohlbecker%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.au=Steele+Jr.%2C%26%2332%3BG.L.&rft.au=Bartley%2C%26%2332%3BD.H.&rft.date=August+1998&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%93105&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1010051815785&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schemers.org%2FDocuments%2FStandards%2FR5RS%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: 参考文献"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On Lisp</i>, <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="ポール・グレアム">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?syntax-rules">syntax-rules on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?syntax-case">syntax-case on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?syntax-case-examples">examples of syntax-case on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?syntactic-closures">syntactic closures on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?simpler-macros">simpler-macros on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?simpler-macros-examples">examples of simpler-macros on schemewiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~dyb/pubs/tr356.pdf">Writing Hygienic Macros in Scheme with Syntax-Case</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">「<a dir="ltr" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=健全なマクロ&oldid=102375097">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=健全なマクロ&oldid=102375097</a>」から取得</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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