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<span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparative mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flood chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology:_the_flood_and_the_creation_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology:_the_flood_and_the_creation_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theology: the flood and the creation narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology:_the_flood_and_the_creation_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Jewish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flood_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Flood geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Species distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genesis flood narrative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondvloed" title="Sondvloed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sondvloed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%A8_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%85" title="ማየ አይህ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማየ አይህ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حادثة الطوفان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حادثة الطوفان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আদিপুস্তকে বন্যা আখ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদিপুস্তকে বন্যা আখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Dilyw" title="Y Dilyw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Dilyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%8E%CE%B5" title="Κατακλυσμός του Νώε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατακλυσμός του Νώε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa_del_Diluvio_del_G%C3%A9nesis" title="Narrativa del Diluvio del Génesis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narrativa del Diluvio del Génesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="طوفان نوح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طوفان نوح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bah_(Nuh)" title="Air bah (Nuh) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air bah (Nuh)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C3%B6nv%C3%ADz_(Biblia)" title="Özönvíz (Biblia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Özönvíz (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safodrano_(araka_ny_Baiboly)" title="Safodrano (araka ny Baiboly) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Safodrano (araka ny Baiboly)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="طوفان نوح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوفان نوح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndfloda" title="Syndfloda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syndfloda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="طوفان نوح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طوفان نوح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa_do_dil%C3%BAvio_em_G%C3%AAnesis" title="Narrativa do dilúvio em Gênesis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narrativa do dilúvio em Gênesis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregimi_i_p%C3%ABrmbytjes_i_Zanafill%C3%ABs" title="Tregimi i përmbytjes i Zanafillës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregimi i përmbytjes i Zanafillës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genesis flood narrative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedenpaisumus" title="Vedenpaisumus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vedenpaisumus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="เรื่องเล่าน้ำท่วมในปฐมกาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรื่องเล่าน้ำท่วมในปฐมกาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarat%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F_Kitab%C4%B1_Tufan_hikayesi" title="Yaratılış Kitabı Tufan hikayesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaratılış Kitabı Tufan hikayesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="طوفان نوح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طوفان نوح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="創世紀洪水故仔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="創世紀洪水故仔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5532837#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Deluge" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deluge (disambiguation)">Deluge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg/310px-Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg/465px-Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg/620px-Le_d%C3%A9luge_-_mus%C3%A9e_de_beaux_arts_de_Nantes_20091017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i>The Flood of Noah and Companions</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911</span>) by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Comerre" title="Léon Comerre">Léon Comerre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Genesis flood narrative</b> (chapters 6–9 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>) is a Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeming2010469_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2010469-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tells of God's decision to return the universe to its pre-<a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation state</a> of watery <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a> and remake it through the microcosm of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's ark">Noah's ark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200861_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200861-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Book of Genesis was probably composed around the 5th century BCE;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver201712_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver201712-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some scholars believe that <a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">primeval history</a> (chapters 1–11), including the flood narrative, may have been composed and added as late as the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It draws on two sources, called the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a> and the non-Priestly or <a href="/wiki/Yahwist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahwist">Yahwist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although many of its details are contradictory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECline200720_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECline200720-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the story forms a unified whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A global flood as described in this myth is inconsistent with the physical findings of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, and the global <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of species">distribution of species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A branch of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> attempt to argue that such a global flood actually occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christians have preferred to interpret the narrative as describing a <a href="/wiki/Local_flood_theory" title="Local flood theory">local flood</a> instead of a global event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonLongman_III2018145–146_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonLongman_III2018145–146-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still others prefer to <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">interpret the narrative as allegorical</a> rather than historical.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deluge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Deluge.png/170px-Deluge.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Deluge.png/255px-Deluge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Deluge.png/340px-Deluge.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><i>The Deluge</i> (1865) by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the flood occurs in chapters 6–9 of the Book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible. Ten generations after the creation of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, God saw that the earth was corrupt and filled with violence, and he decided to destroy what he had created. But God found one righteous man, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, and to him he confided his intention: "I am about to bring on the Flood ... to eliminate everywhere all flesh in which there is the breath of life ... ." So God instructed him to build an <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's ark">ark</a> (in Hebrew, a chest or box), and Noah entered the Ark in his six hundredth year [of life], and on the 17th day of the second month of that year "the fountains of the Great Deep burst apart and the floodgates of heaven broke open" and rain fell for forty days and forty nights until the highest mountains were covered to a depth of 15 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a>, and all life perished except Noah and those with him in the Ark. After 150 days, "God remembered Noah ... and the waters subsided" until the Ark rested on the mountains of Ararat, and on the 27th day of the second month of Noah's six hundred and first year the earth was dry. Then Noah built an altar and made a sacrifice, and God made a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_with_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant with Noah">covenant with Noah</a> that man would be allowed to eat every living thing but not its blood, and that God would never again destroy all life by a flood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn199911–12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn199911–12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg/220px-Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg/330px-Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg/440px-Tissot_Building_the_Ark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><i>Building the Ark</i> (watercolor <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896–1902</span> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The consensus of modern scholars is that Genesis was composed around the 5th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver201712_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver201712-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as the first eleven chapters show little relationship to the rest of the book, some scholars believe that this section (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">primeval history</a>) may have been composed as late as the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally agreed that the history draws on two sources, one called the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a>, the other non-Priestly or <a href="/wiki/Yahwist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahwist">Yahwist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their interweaving is evidenced in the doublets (i.e., repetitions) contained within the final story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaltnerMcKenzie201474_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaltnerMcKenzie201474-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these are contradictory, such as how long the flood lasted (40 days according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#7:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 7:17</a>, 150 according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#7:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">7:24</a>), how many animals were to be taken aboard the ark (one pair of each in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#6:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">6:19</a>, one pair of the unclean animals and seven pairs of the clean in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#7:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">7:2</a>), and whether <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> released a raven which "went to and fro until the waters were dried up" or a dove which on the third occasion "did not return to him again," or possibly both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECline200720_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECline200720-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But despite this disagreement on details the story forms a unified whole (some scholars see in it a "<a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiasm</a>", a literary structure in which the first item matches the last, the second the second-last, and so on),<sup id="cite_ref-Chiasm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiasm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many efforts have been made to explain this unity, including attempts to identify which of the two sources was earlier and therefore influenced the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have even questioned whether the story is actually based on two different sources, noting that some of the doublets (such as the dove and raven) are not actually contradictory and in fact appear as linked <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motifs</a> in other biblical and non-biblical sources, that the method of doublets is inconsistently applied in that the alleged sources themselves contain doublets, and that the theory assumes a redactor who combined the sources inconsistently (in some cases extensively editing together the text and in some cases faithfully preserving contradictory versions) for unclear reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman2017236–268_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2017236–268-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the complete Genesis flood story matches the parallel <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> flood story in a way which neither of the proposed biblical sources does.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <p>The following table compares the proposed Yahwist and Priestly sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridge200941_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge200941-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each provides a complete story-line, with introductions and conclusions, reasons for the flood, and theologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabel198823_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabel198823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Verses<br /> </th> <th style="width:45%;">Yahwist (or non-Priestly)<br /> </th> <th style="width:45%;">Priestly<br /> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">6:5–8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Introduction: humanity's wickedness, God regrets creating, announces decision to destroy; Noah's righteousness. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">6:9–22 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Introduction: Noah's righteousness, humanity's wickedness, God's decision to destroy; Ark described, Covenant described, 1 pair of all animals, Noah does as God commands. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:1–5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 pairs of clean animals, 1 pair unclean; 7 days to gather animals; Noah does as God commands. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Noah's age: 600 years </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:7–10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Noah enters Ark with animals after 7 days </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:11 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Year 600, month 2, day 17: firmament breaks, waters fall from above and rise from below. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Rains 40 days and 40 nights. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:13–16a </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Noah and family and animals enter Ark on same day as flood begins. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:16b–17a </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Flood lasts 40 days and nights. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:18–21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Waters rise, all creatures destroyed. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:22–23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">All creatures destroyed. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">7:24–8:5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Flood lasts 150 days; God remembers Noah, fountains and floodgates closed, waters recede; <br />Month 7 day 17, Ark grounds on mountains of Ararat. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">8:6–12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">After 7 days Noah opens window, sends out raven, dove, dove, 7 days between flights </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">8:13–19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Year 601, month 1, day 1: Noah opens cover; ground begins to dry;<br />Month 2, day 27, dry land appears, Noah and family and animals exit, animals begin to multiply </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">8:20–22 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Noah builds altar, sacrifices clean animals, God smells sweet aroma, promises not to destroy again. </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">9:1–17 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;">Noah and family told to multiply, given animals to eat; Covenant established, rainbow as sign, God promises not to flood again. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_mythology">Comparative mythology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></div> <p>Scholars believe that the flood myth originated in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian Period">Old Babylonian Period</a> (c. 1880–1595 BCE) and reached Syro-Palestine in the latter half of the 2nd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20131,11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20131,11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extant texts show three distinct versions, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Epic of Ziusudra</a>, (the oldest, found in very fragmentary form on a single tablet dating from about 1600 BCE, although the story itself is older), and as episodes in two <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> epics, the <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atrahasis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201488_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201488-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the hero, according to the version concerned, was Ziusudra, Atrahasis, or <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a>, all of which are variations of each other, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of Utnapishtim/Utna'ishtim as "na'ish" was pronounced "Noah" in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley20082_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley20082-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous and often detailed parallels make clear that the Genesis flood narrative is dependent on the Mesopotamian epics, and particularly on Gilgamesh, which is thought to date from c. 1300–1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201710–11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201710–11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flood_chronology">Flood chronology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg/170px-The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg/255px-The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg/340px-The_Bow_of_Promise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>1896 illustration of the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbows_in_mythology" title="Rainbows in mythology">rainbow</a>, which God created as <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">a sign of the covenant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Numbers in the Bible often have symbolic or idiomatic meaning, and the 40 days and nights for which rain fell on the Earth indicates a complete cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton20191978–1979_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton20191978–1979-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flood begins on the 17th day of the second month, <a href="/wiki/Marcheshvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcheshvan">Marcheshvan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when "the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened", and after 40 days the ark floats (Genesis 7:11–12). The waters rise and then recede, and on the 17th day of the seventh month (or the 27th day in the Greek version) the ark rests on the mountains (Genesis 8:4). The waters continue to fall, the ark is uncovered on the 1st day of the 1st month of Noah's 601st year, and is opened on the 27th day of his 601st year (Genesis 8:13–14).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201074_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201074-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from the beginning of the flood to the landing on the mountain is five months (the second month to the seventh, Genesis 7:11 and 8:4) and 150 days (8:3), making an impossible five months of 30 days each; the number is schematic, and is based on the Babylonian astronomical calendar of 360 days (12 months of 30 days each).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiano201026_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiano201026-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the flood lasts 36 weeks according to the flood calendar, in which an extra day is added to every third month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of weeks is symbolically significant, representing the biblical cypher for destruction (the number 6, expressed as 6x6=36), while the number 7 (the number of days in a week) represents the persistence of creation during this time of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have long puzzled over the significance of the flood lasting one year and eleven days (day 17 of year 600 to day 27 of year 601); one solution is that the basic calendar is a lunar one of 354 days, to which eleven days have been added to match a solar year of 365 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam20023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam20023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "original", Jahwist narrative of the Great Deluge was modest; a week of ostensibly non-celestial rain is followed by a forty-day flood which takes a mere week to recede in order to provide Noah his stage for God's covenant. It is the Priestly source which adds more fantastic figures of a 150-day flood, which emerged by divine hand from the heavens and earth and took ten months to finally stop. That the Jahwist source's capricious and somewhat simplistic depiction of Yahweh is clearly distinguished from the Priestly source's characteristically majestic, transcendental, and austere virtuous Yahweh.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Priestly flood narrative is the only Priestly text that covers dates with much detail before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_narrative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exodus narrative (page does not exist)">Exodus narrative</a>. This is perhaps due to a version of the flood myth that was available at the time. There is a text discovered from Ugarit known as RS 94.2953, consisting of fourteen lines telling a first-person account of how <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a> appeared to the story's protagonist and commanded him to use tools to make a window (<i>aptu</i>) at the top of the construction he was building, and how he implemented this directive and released a bird. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Cavigneaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Cavigneaux (page does not exist)">Antoine Cavigneaux</a>'s translation of this text made him propose that this fragment belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Mesopotamian flood myth</a>, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Atrahasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrahasis">Atrahasis</a> or Tablet IX of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, which has a version found in Ugarit (RS 22.421) that contains a first person account of the flood. If this suggestion is correct, then RS 94.2953 represents a unique version of the Mesopotamian flood story. Line 1 of the text says "At the start of the time of the disappearance of the moon, at the beginning of the month". This reference to the lunar date giving the specific date the protagonist released the bird is significant as it is the only variant of the flood story giving a specific date and the rest do not attribute specific dates or calendrical details to the various stages of the flood. Both RS 94.2953 and Genesis 8 are about the flood protagonist releasing a bird on a specific calendrical date in order to find land in the midst of the flood.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology:_the_flood_and_the_creation_narrative">Theology: the flood and the creation narrative</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_(2004_1_58).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg/220px-Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg/330px-Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg/440px-Cornelisz_Humanit%C3%A9_%282004_1_58%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><i>The depravity of mankind before the flood</i> (1615) by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Haarlem" title="Cornelis van Haarlem">Cornelis van Haarlem</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg/220px-Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg/330px-Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg/440px-Cornelis_van_Haarlem_Before_the_Deluge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><i>The prodigal son</i> (1615) by Cornelis van Haarlem depicting people engaged in sexual activity before the deluge </figcaption></figure> <p>The primeval history is first and foremost about the world God made, its origins, inhabitants, purposes, challenges, and failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20172_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20172-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It asks why the world which God has made is so imperfect and of the meaning of human violence and evil, and its solutions involve the notions of covenant, law, and forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20173_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20173-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> (Genesis 1–2) deals with God's creation and God's repentance is the rationale behind the flood narrative, and in the Priestly source (which runs through all of Genesis and into the other four books of the Torah) these two verbs, "create" and "forgive", are reserved exclusively for divine actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20173–4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20173–4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intertextuality is the way biblical stories refer to and reflect one another. Such echoes are seldom coincidental—for instance, the word used for <i>ark</i> is the same used for the basket in which Moses is saved, implying a symmetry between the stories of two divinely chosen saviours in a world threatened by water and chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodner2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzlS1DAAAQBAJpgPA95_95–96]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodner2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzlS1DAAAQBAJpgPA95_95–96]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant such echo is a reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>; the division between the "waters above" and the "waters below" the earth is removed, the dry land is flooded, most life is destroyed, and only Noah and those with him survive to obey God's command to "be fruitful and multiply."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson198810–11_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson198810–11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flood is a reversal and renewal of God's creation of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaden2012184_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden2012184-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis 1</a> God separates the "waters above the earth" from those below so that dry land can appear as a home for living things, but in the flood story the "windows of heaven" and "fountains of the deep" are opened so that the world is returned to the watery chaos of the time before creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the sequence of flood events mimics that of creation, the flood first covering the earth to the highest mountains, then destroying, in order, birds, cattle, beasts, "swarming creatures", and finally mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This parallels the Babylonian flood story in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, where at the end of rain "all of mankind had returned to clay," the substance of which they had been made.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_fn.29_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_fn.29-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ark itself is likewise a microcosm of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_traditions">Later traditions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a>, the sins in the antediluvian world included blasphemy, occult practices and preventing new traders from making profit. Children also had the ability to talk and walk immediately after birth and battle with demons. </p><p>When the flood commenced, God caused each raindrop to pass through <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> before it fell on earth for forty days so that it could scald the skin of sinners. It was a punishment that befitted their crime because like the rain, humanity's sensual desires made them hot and inflamed to immoral excesses.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Biblical infallibility</a></div> <p>The Genesis flood narrative is included in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible (see <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a>). Jesus and the apostles additionally taught on the Genesis flood narrative in New Testament writing (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2024:37–39">Matthew 24:37–39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2017:26–27">Luke 17:26–27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Peter%203:20">1 Peter 3:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%202:5">2 Peter 2:5</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Peter_3:6" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter 3:6">2 Peter 3:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hebrews%2011:7">Hebrews 11:7</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christian biblical scholars suggest that the flood is a picture of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation in Christ</a>—the Ark was planned by God and there is only one way of salvation through the door of the Ark, akin to one way of salvation through Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some scholars commenting on the teaching of the apostle <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Peter%203:18–22">1 Peter 3:18–22</a>), connect the Ark with the resurrection of Christ; the waters burying the old world but raising Noah to a new life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian scholars also highlight that <a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Peter_3:18%E2%80%9322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1 Peter 3:18–22 (page does not exist)">1 Peter 3:18–22</a> demonstrates the Genesis flood as a <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">type</a> to Christian <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3></div> <p>In the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> codex now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_of_the_Archons" title="Hypostasis of the Archons">Hypostasis of the Archons</a>, it is the corrupt rulers (<a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archons</a>) who decide to flood the world in order to dispose of most of mankind. However, Noah is spared and told to build an ark. But when his wife <a href="/wiki/Norea" title="Norea">Norea</a> wants to board the ark, Noah attempts to not let her, thus she uses her divine power to blow on the ark, causing it to be consumed by fire. Noah later builds the ark a second time. When the Archons try to seize Norea, she calls out to God for help, then the angel <a href="/wiki/Eleleth" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleleth">Eleleth</a> appears and scares away the Archons, revealing to Norea that she is a divine child of the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">great spirit</a>. A different view is found in the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Secret Book of John</a>; instead of an ark, Noah hides in a bright cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> teaches that the flood of Noah was the last of three events where the world's population was reduced to a single family. Thirty generations after Adam, most of the population was killed by pestilence and war, leaving only Ram and his wife Rud. Twenty-five generations later, most of the population was killed by fire, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Shurbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurbai">Shurbai</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sharhabeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharhabeil">Sharhabeil</a>. Fifteen generations later, most of the population was killed by flood, leaving only Noah and Shem,<sup id="cite_ref-ginza-alsaadi-r2-1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginza-alsaadi-r2-1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the latter's wife <a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark#Gnostic_traditions" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Nuraitha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ginza-alsaadi-r19_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginza-alsaadi-r19-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noah and his family are saved because they were able to build an ark or <i>kawila</i> (or <i>kauila</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> term; it is cognate with Syriac <i>kēʾwilā</i>, which is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> New Testament, such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a>:38 and <a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">Luke 17</a>:27).<sup id="cite_ref-Häberl_2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häberl_2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <p>The story of Noah and the Great Flood is related in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> in the surah <i><a href="/wiki/N%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Nūḥ">Nūḥ</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2></div> <p>Academic scholars and researchers consider the story in its present form to be exaggerated and/or implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of the Deluge describes either a severe <a href="/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a> event or the origins of a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> among the descendants of the survivors, in that the survivors are related. There is no evidence of such a severe genetic bottleneck at that period of time (~2,500 BC) either among humans or other animal species;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, if the flood narrative is derived from a more localized event and describes a founder effect among one population of humans, certain explanations such as the events described by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a> may elaborate on the historicity of the flood narrative. </p><p>Localized catastrophic floodings have left traces in the geological record: the <a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled Scablands</a> in the southeastern areas of the state of Washington have been demonstrated to have been formed by a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">series of catastrophic floods</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bjornstad_Others2012a_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornstad_Others2012a-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NeuendorfOthers2005a_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeuendorfOthers2005a-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originating from the collapse of glacial dams of glacial lakes in the region, the last of which has been estimated to have occurred between 18,200 and 14,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Balbas2017a_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balbas2017a-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another geologic feature believed to have been formed by massive catastrophic flooding is the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Tsangpo Gorge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UW_Geology_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW_Geology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Channeled Scablands of the state of Washington, breakthroughs of glacial ice dams are believed to have unleashed massive and sudden torrents of water to form the gorge some time between 600 and 900 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_Geology_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW_Geology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some also relate the climate change phenomena associated with the <a href="/wiki/Piora_Oscillation" title="Piora Oscillation">Piora Oscillation</a>, which triggered the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Biblical flood myth.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current understanding of the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Altai_flood" title="Altai flood">cataclysmic flooding from the Altai Mountains</a> is that several <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a> from the Altai Mountains caused massive flooding along the <a href="/wiki/Katun_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Katun River">Katun River</a> (in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>) some time between 12000 BC and 9000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as demonstrated by the fact that much of the gravel deposited along the Katun valley lacks a stratigraphic structure, instead showing characteristics of a deposition directly after suspension in a turbulent flow.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, archaeologists discovered evidence of a tsunami that destroyed middle <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> coastal settlements in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Tel Dor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as it traveled between 3.5 to 1.5 km inland. The tsunami was approximately 16 m high. Recovery in the affected areas was slow but overall, it did not significantly affect the social development of the southern Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the tsunami is not identified with the Biblical flood, it is believed to contribute to the flood myths found in numerous cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_geology">Flood geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scriptural_geologist" title="Scriptural geologist">Scriptural geologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">Antediluvian</a></div> <p>The development of scientific geology had a profound impact on attitudes towards the biblical flood narrative by undermining the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical chronology">biblical chronology</a>, which placed the Creation and the flood no more than a few thousand years back in history. In 1823 the English theologian and natural scientist <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> interpreted geological phenomena as <i>Reliquiæ Diluvianæ</i> (relics of the flood) "Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge". His views were supported by others at the time, including the influential geologist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, but by 1830 Sedgwick considered that the evidence suggested only local floods. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> subsequently explained such deposits as the results of <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buckland_1823_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckland_1823-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, William Thomson (later to become <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>) calculated the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> at between 24 million and 400 million years, and for the remainder of the 19th century, discussion focused not on the viability of this theory of <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a>, but on the derivation of a more precise figure for the age of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lux_Mundi_(book)" title="Lux Mundi (book)">Lux Mundi</a></i>, an 1889 volume of theological essays which marks a stage in the acceptance of a more critical approach to scripture, took the stance that readers should rely on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> as completely historical, but should not take the earlier chapters of Genesis literally.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a variety of independent means, scientists have since determined that the Earth is approximately <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">4.54 billion years old</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1997_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1997-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_2001_205–221_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple_2001_205–221-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> which contradicts a number of principles and discoveries of fact in the fields of geology, stratigraphy, geophysics, physics, paleontology, biology, anthropology, and archaeology in an attempt to interpret and reconcile geological features on Earth in accordance with a literal understanding of the Genesis flood narrative)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199579_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199579-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2006unpaginated_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2006unpaginated-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton2001unpaginated_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2001unpaginated-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007173_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007173-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2010123_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010123-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be traced to "<a href="/wiki/Scriptural_geologist" title="Scriptural geologist">Scriptural geologists</a>," a heterogeneous group of writers from the early 19th century, most of whom lacked any background in geology and also lacked influence even in religious circles.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geologic views of these writers were ignored by the scientific community of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flood geology was largely ignored in the 19th century, but was revived in the 20th century by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_McCready_Price" title="George McCready Price">George McCready Price</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was inspired by the visions of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>. As Price's career progressed, he gained attention outside of Seventh-day Adventist groups, and by 1929 he was a popular scientific author among <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian fundamentalists">Christian fundamentalists</a>, though those who were not Seventh-day Adventists rejected his <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young Earth</a> theories.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the middle of the 20th century, despite debates between Protestant Christian scientists,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flood geology maintained traction amongst evangelical Christian circles. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</a> argues that an ideological connection by evangelical Christians wanting to challenge aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> that they believe contradict their interpretation of religious texts was first established by the publication of the 1961 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genesis_Flood" title="The Genesis Flood">The Genesis Flood</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scientific fields, particularly those contradicted by flood geology, rely on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s established principle of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarianism (science)">uniformitarianism</a>, which for much of their history was seen to contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a> inherent in flood geology. However, with the discovery of evidence for some catastrophic events, events similar to those on which the flood narrative may be based are accepted as possible within an overall uniformitarian framework.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to geological forces, uniformitarianism explains the formation of the Earth's features by means of mostly slow-acting forces seen in operation today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_distribution">Species distribution</h3></div> <p>By the 17th century, believers in the Genesis account faced the issue of reconciling the exploration of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and increased awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">global distribution of species</a> with the older scenario whereby all life had sprung from a single point of origin on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>. The obvious answer involved mankind spreading over the continents following the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> and taking animals along, yet some of the results seemed peculiar. In 1646 Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> wondered why the natives of North America had taken <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnakes</a> with them, but not horses: "How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Browne, among the first to question the notion of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>, was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing. However, biblical scholars of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a> (1547–1606) and <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> (c. 1601–1680), had also begun to subject the Ark story to rigorous scrutiny as they attempted to harmonize the biblical account with the growing body of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural historical</a> knowledge. The resulting hypotheses provided an important impetus to the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals, and indirectly spurred the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> in the 18th century. Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them. One influential theory held that the biblical Ararat was striped with varying climatic zones, and as climate changed, the associated animals moved as well, eventually spreading to repopulate the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was also the problem of an <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">ever-expanding number of known species</a>: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark. Less than a century later, discoveries of new species made it increasingly difficult to justify a literal interpretation for the Ark story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1983276_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1983276-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 18th century only a few natural historians accepted a literal interpretation of the narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199579_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199579-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parsha)">Noach (parsha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chiasm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiasm_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The controversial existence of a chiasm is not an argument against the construction of the story from two sources. See the overview in <a href="#CITEREFFriedman1996">Friedman (1996)</a>, p. 91 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2010469-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeming2010469_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeming2010">Leeming 2010</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200861-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200861_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver201712-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver201712_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver201712_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver2017">Oliver 2017</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin20063_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGmirkin2006">Gmirkin 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington2019147_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorthington2019">Worthington 2019</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECline200720-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECline200720_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECline200720_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCline2007">Cline 2007</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200997_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200997_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2009">Arnold 2009</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=A+Gentle+Journey+Through+the+Truth+in+Rocks&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Feskeptic%2F13-01-02%2F%23feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2012_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontgomery2012">Montgomery 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1999_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1999">Cohn 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007237–238_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaak2007">Isaak 2007</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonLongman_III2018145–146-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonLongman_III2018145–146_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltonLongman_III2018">Walton & Longman III 2018</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologos.org/common-questions/how-should-we-interpret-the-genesis-flood-account">"How Should we Interpret the Genesis Flood Account?"</a>. <i>BioLogos</i>. 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioLogos&rft.atitle=How+Should+we+Interpret+the+Genesis+Flood+Account%3F&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologos.org%2Fcommon-questions%2Fhow-should-we-interpret-the-genesis-flood-account&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn199911–12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn199911–12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1999">Cohn 1999</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaltnerMcKenzie201474-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaltnerMcKenzie201474_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaltnerMcKenzie2014">Kaltner & McKenzie 2014</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2017236–268-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman2017236–268_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerman2017">Berman 2017</a>, pp. 236–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg" title="Gary A. Rendsburg">Gary A. Rendsburg</a>, <i>The biblical flood story in the light of the Gilgameš flood account</i>, p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge200941-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridge200941_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBridge2009">Bridge 2009</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabel198823-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabel198823_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabel1988">Habel 1988</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20131,11-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20131,11_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2013">Chen 2013</a>, p. 1,11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201488-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201488_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2014">Finkel 2014</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley20082-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley20082_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2008">Dalley 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201710–11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201710–11_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2017">Collins 2017</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton20191978–1979-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton20191978–1979_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton2019">Burton 2019</a>, pp. 1978–1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Old Aramaic translation</a> of Genesis 7:11, which reads (translated): "In the six-hundredth year of the life of Noah, in the second month, being the month of <i>Marcheshvan</i>, insofar that up until that time, the months were not being counted except from <i><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishri</a></i>, seeing that it is the start of the Year [as one gives reckoning] to the perfection of the universe, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that very day, all the flood waters of the great deep burst forth," etc. [source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargum_Pseudo-Jonathan1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a> (1974). M. Ginsburger (ed.). <i>Pseudo-Jonathan (Thargum Jonathan ben Usiël zum Pentateuch</i> (in Hebrew). Berlin: S. Calvary & Co. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6082732">6082732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Jonathan+%28Thargum+Jonathan+ben+Usi%C3%ABl+zum+Pentateuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=S.+Calvary+%26+Co.&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6082732&rft.au=Targum+Pseudo-Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span> (First printed in 1903, Based on British Museum add. 27031)].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201074-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201074_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillaume2010">Guillaume 2010</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiano201026-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiano201026_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiano2010">Miano 2010</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaume201073–74_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillaume2010">Guillaume 2010</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam20023-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam20023_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2002">VanderKam 2002</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9XUv3KAVIUC&pg=PA34"><i>A Complete Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809145522" title="Special:BookSources/9780809145522"><bdi>9780809145522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780809145522&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9XUv3KAVIUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarshan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Darshan, Guy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0507">"The Calendrical Framework of the Priestly Flood Story in Light of a New Akkadian Text from Ugarit (RS 94.2953)"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>136</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">507–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.3.0507">10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0507">10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Calendrical+Framework+of+the+Priestly+Flood+Story+in+Light+of+a+New+Akkadian+Text+from+Ugarit+%28RS+94.2953%29&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.3.0507%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.3.0507&rft.aulast=Darshan&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.3.0507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20172-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20172_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchule2017">Schule 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20173-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20173_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchule2017">Schule 2017</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchule20173–4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchule20173–4_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchule2017">Schule 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodner2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzlS1DAAAQBAJpgPA95_95–96]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodner2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzlS1DAAAQBAJpgPA95_95–96]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodner2016">Bodner 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlS1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">95–96</a>: "There is increasing recognition that the pentateuchal narrative is seldom careless or arbitrary," write John Bergsma and Scott Hahn, "and intertextual echoes are seldom coincidental."<sup>17</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson198810–11-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson198810–11_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson1988">Levenson 1988</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden2012184-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaden2012184_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaden2012">Baden 2012</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeiser2013">Keiser 2013</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_fn.29-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeiser2013133_fn.29_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeiser2013">Keiser 2013</a>, p. 133 fn.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis (1909). <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">The Legends of the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/four.htm#5">Vol I : The Inmates of the Ark</a></i> (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/the-flood.html">"Flood, the – Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology Online"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=Flood%2C+the+%E2%80%93+Baker%27s+Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Biblical+Theology+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fdictionaries%2Fbakers-evangelical-dictionary%2Fthe-flood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720203222/https://creationworldview.org/articles_view.asp?id=40">"Creation Worldview Ministries: The New Testament and the Genesis Flood: A Hermeneutical Investigation of the Historicity, Scope, and Theological Purpose of the Noahic Deluge"</a>. <i>www.creationworldview.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creationworldview.org/articles_view.asp?id=40">the original</a> on 20 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.creationworldview.org&rft.atitle=Creation+Worldview+Ministries%3A+The+New+Testament+and+the+Genesis+Flood%3A+A+Hermeneutical+Investigation+of+the+Historicity%2C+Scope%2C+and+Theological+Purpose+of+the+Noahic+Deluge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreationworldview.org%2Farticles_view.asp%3Fid%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiersbe1993" class="citation book cs1">Wiersbe, Warren (1993). <i>Wiersbe's expository outlines on the Old Testament</i>. Wheaton, Illinois: Victor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896938472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896938472"><bdi>978-0896938472</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27034975">27034975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiersbe%27s+expository+outlines+on+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Victor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27034975&rft.isbn=978-0896938472&rft.aulast=Wiersbe&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2000" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Henry (2000). <i>Matthew henry's concise commentary on the whole bible</i>. Nelson's concise series. [Place of publication not identified]: Nelson Reference & Electronic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0785245292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0785245292"><bdi>978-0785245292</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/947797222">947797222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+henry%27s+concise+commentary+on+the+whole+bible&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.series=Nelson%27s+concise+series&rft.pub=Nelson+Reference+%26+Electronic&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947797222&rft.isbn=978-0785245292&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/schmeling.html">"The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament, by G.R. Schmeling"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=The+Typological+Interpretation+of+the+Old+Testament%2C+by+G.R.+Schmeling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fschmeling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (2009). "The Reality of the Rulers (The Hypostasis of the Archons) and The Secret Book of John". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEFmwEACAAJ"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590306314" title="Special:BookSources/9781590306314"><bdi>9781590306314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reality+of+the+Rulers+%28The+Hypostasis+of+the+Archons%29+and+The+Secret+Book+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781590306314&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SEFmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-alsaadi-r2-1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-alsaadi-r2-1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Book Two, 1st Glorification: Upon Each Faithful Mandaean, I Will Place My Right Hand". <i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i>. Vol. Right Volume. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+Two%2C+1st+Glorification%3A+Upon+Each+Faithful+Mandaean%2C+I+Will+Place+My+Right+Hand&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-alsaadi-r19-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-alsaadi-r19_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Book Nineteen: The Deluge". <i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i>. Vol. Right Volume. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+Nineteen%3A+The+Deluge&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span> [Note: this book, or a larger text containing it, is numbered book 18 in some other editions.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Häberl_2022-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Häberl_2022_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2022" class="citation book cs1">Häberl, Charles (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781800856271"><i>The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire</i></a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2F9781800856271">10.3828/9781800856271</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-627-1"><bdi>978-1-80085-627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kings+and+the+Explanations+of+This+World%3A+A+Universal+History+from+the+Late+Sasanian+Empire&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2F9781800856271&rft.isbn=978-1-80085-627-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.3828%2F9781800856271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1980" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Christopher Gregory (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/cej/1/1/fatal-flaws-flood-geology">"The Fatal Flaws of Flood Geology"</a>. <i>Creation Evolution Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creation+Evolution+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Fatal+Flaws+of+Flood+Geology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcej%2F1%2F1%2Ffatal-flaws-flood-geology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naturalis Historia blog. "The Great Genetic Bottleneck that Contradicts Ken Ham’s Radical Accelerated Diversification (Post-Flood Hyper-Evolution)." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2016/03/30/the-great-genetic-bottleneck-that-contradicts-ken-hams-radical-accelerated-diversification-ie-post-flood-hyper-evolution/">https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2016/03/30/the-great-genetic-bottleneck-that-contradicts-ken-hams-radical-accelerated-diversification-ie-post-flood-hyper-evolution/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjornstad_Others2012a-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjornstad_Others2012a_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjornstadKiver2012" class="citation book cs1">Bjornstad, B.; Kiver, E. (2012). <i>On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: The Northern Reaches: A geological field guide to northern Idaho and the Channeled Scabland</i>. Sandpoint, Idaho: Keokee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879628397" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879628397"><bdi>978-1879628397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Trail+of+the+Ice+Age+Floods%3A+The+Northern+Reaches%3A+A+geological+field+guide+to+northern+Idaho+and+the+Channeled+Scabland&rft.place=Sandpoint%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Keokee+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1879628397&rft.aulast=Bjornstad&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Kiver%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeuendorfOthers2005a-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NeuendorfOthers2005a_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) <i>Glossary of Geology</i> (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922152-76-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-922152-76-4">0-922152-76-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balbas2017a-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balbas2017a_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balbas, A.M., Barth, A.M., Clark, P.U., Clark, J., Caffee, M., O'Connor, J., Baker, V.R., Konrad, K. and Bjornstad, B., 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/45/7/583/207857/10be-dating-of-late-pleistocene-megafloods-and"><i>10Be dating of late Pleistocene megafloods and Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreat in the northwestern United States.</i></a> <i>Geology,</i> 45(7), pp. 583–586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montgomery DR."Biblical-Type Floods Are Real, and They're Absolutely Enormous." Discover Magazine, 2012 August 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/biblical-type-floods-are-real-and-theyre-absolutely-enormous">https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/biblical-type-floods-are-real-and-theyre-absolutely-enormous</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_Geology-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UW_Geology_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UW_Geology_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Washington. "Historic Himalayan Ice Dams Created Huge Lakes, Mammoth Floods." Science News, 2004 December 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041220010147.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041220010147.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb1995">Lamb 1995</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915080218/http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=366:sedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia&catid=71:2011-06-14-11-56-27&Itemid=122">"Rudoy, A.N., Baker, V. R. <i>Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia</i> // Sedimentary Geology, 85 (1993) 53–62"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=366:sedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia&catid=71:2011-06-14-11-56-27&Itemid=122">the original</a> on 15 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudoy%2C+A.N.%2C+Baker%2C+V.+R.+Sedimentary+effects+of+cataclysmic+late+Pleistocene+glacial+outburst+flooding%2C+Altay+Mountains%2C+Siberia+%2F%2F+Sedimentary+Geology%2C+85+%281993%29+53%E2%80%9362.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fice.tsu.ru%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D366%3Asedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia%26catid%3D71%3A2011-06-14-11-56-27%26Itemid%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, V. R., G. Benito, A. N. Rudoy, <i>Paleohydrology of late Pleistocene Superflooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia,</i> Science, 1993, Vol. 259, pp. 348–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudoy A.N. Mountain Ice-Dammed Lakes of Southern Siberia and their Influence on the Development and Regime of the Runoff Systems of North Asia in the Late Pleistocene. Chapter 16. (pp. 215–234) – Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. – Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grosswald, M.G., 1998, New approach to the ice age paleohydrology of northern Eurasia. Chapter 15. (pp. 199–214) – Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. – Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915080218/http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=366:sedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia&catid=71:2011-06-14-11-56-27&Itemid=122">"Rudoy, A.N., Baker, V. R. <i>Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia</i> // Sedimentary Geology, 85 (1993) 53–62"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=366:sedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia&catid=71:2011-06-14-11-56-27&Itemid=122">the original</a> on 15 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudoy%2C+A.N.%2C+Baker%2C+V.+R.+Sedimentary+effects+of+cataclysmic+late+Pleistocene+glacial+outburst+flooding%2C+Altay+Mountains%2C+Siberia+%2F%2F+Sedimentary+Geology%2C+85+%281993%29+53%E2%80%9362.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fice.tsu.ru%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D366%3Asedimentary-effects-of-cataclysmic-late-pleistocene-glacial-outburst-flooding-altay-mountains-siberia%26catid%3D71%3A2011-06-14-11-56-27%26Itemid%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtienbergYasur-LandauNorrisLazar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omir; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7757801">"A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (12): e0243619. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1543619S">2020PLoSO..1543619S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0243619">10.1371/journal.pone.0243619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7757801">7757801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362214">33362214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Neolithic+mega-tsunami+event+in+the+eastern+Mediterranean%3A+Prehistoric+settlement+vulnerability+along+the+Carmel+coast%2C+Israel&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e0243619&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7757801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33362214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0243619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1543619S&rft.aulast=Shtienberg&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft.au=Yasur-Landau%2C+Assaf&rft.au=Norris%2C+Richard+D.&rft.au=Lazar%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rittenour%2C+Tammy+M.&rft.au=Tamberino%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Gadol%2C+Omir&rft.au=Cantu%2C+Katrina&rft.au=Arkin-Shalev%2C+Ehud&rft.au=Ward%2C+Steven+N.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7757801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiderra2020" class="citation web cs1">Kiderra, Inga (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215044613/https://today.ucsd.edu/index_redis_default_site.php?/story/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago&/pressrelease/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago">"Massive Tsunami Hit the Neolithic Middle East 9,000+ Years Ago"</a>. <i>UC San Diego Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.ucsd.edu/index_redis_default_site.php?/story/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago&/pressrelease/massive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago">the original</a> on 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+San+Diego+Today&rft.atitle=Massive+Tsunami+Hit+the+Neolithic+Middle+East+9%2C000%2B+Years+Ago&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Kiderra&rft.aufirst=Inga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.ucsd.edu%2Findex_redis_default_site.php%3F%2Fstory%2Fmassive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago%26%2Fpressrelease%2Fmassive-tsunami-hit-the-neolithic-middle-east-9000-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1991" class="citation news cs1">Herbert, Sandra (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=13">"Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author"</a>. <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i>. No. 24. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>174<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+as+a+prospective+geological+author&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA342%26pageseq%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckland_1823-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckland_1823_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1823" class="citation book cs1">Buckland, W. (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UM05AQAAMAAJ"><i>Reliquiæ Diluvianæ: Or Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge</i></a>. J. Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of London. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718708641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718708641"><bdi>978-0718708641</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asa3.org/asa/topics/AboutScience/chronology_barr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Chronology%2C+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0718708641&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasa3.org%2Fasa%2Ftopics%2FAboutScience%2Fchronology_barr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS1997-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS1997_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">"Age of the Earth"</a>. 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"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". <i>Special Publications, Geological Society of London</i>. <b>190</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130092094">130092094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Publications%2C+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130092094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManhesa,_GérardAllègre,_Claude_J.Dupréa,_BernardHamelin,_Bruno1980" class="citation journal cs1">Manhesa, Gérard; <a href="/wiki/Claude_All%C3%A8gre" title="Claude Allègre">Allègre, Claude J.</a>; Dupréa, Bernard & Hamelin, Bruno (1980). "Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">370–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980E&PSL..47..370M">1980E&PSL..47..370M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2880%2990024-2">10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Lead+isotope+study+of+basic-ultrabasic+layered+complexes%3A+Speculations+about+the+age+of+the+earth+and+primitive+mantle+characteristics&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2880%2990024-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980E%26PSL..47..370M&rft.au=Manhesa%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rft.au=All%C3%A8gre%2C+Claude+J.&rft.au=Dupr%C3%A9a%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Hamelin%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraterman2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Braterman, Paul S. 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Retrieved 7 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199579-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199579_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199579_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1995">Young 1995</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2006unpaginated-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2006unpaginated_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaak2006">Isaak 2006</a>, p. unpaginated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2001unpaginated-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton2001unpaginated_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton2001">Morton 2001</a>, p. unpaginated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007173-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2007173_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaak2007">Isaak 2007</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010123-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2010123_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2010">Stewart 2010</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccardiMasse2007" class="citation book cs1">Piccardi, L.; Masse, W. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Society">Geological Society</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-216-8"><bdi>978-1-86239-216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Geology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-216-8&rft.aulast=Piccardi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Masse%2C+W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstoneHartNoll1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Livingstone" title="David N. Livingstone">Livingstone, David</a>; Hart, Darryl G.; Noll, Mark A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4K720YRj88C&q=Evangelicals+and+Science+in+Historical+Perspective"><i>Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511557-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicals+and+Science+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511557-4&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hart%2C+Darryl+G.&rft.au=Noll%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4K720YRj88C%26q%3DEvangelicals%2Band%2BScience%2Bin%2BHistorical%2BPerspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudwick1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._S._Rudwick" title="Martin J. S. Rudwick">Rudwick, Martin J. S.</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Devonian_Controversy" title="The Great Devonian Controversy"><i>The Great Devonian Controversy</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73102-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73102-5"><bdi>978-0-226-73102-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Devonian+Controversy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73102-5&rft.aulast=Rudwick&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudwick2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._S._Rudwick" title="Martin J. S. Rudwick">Rudwick, Martin J. S.</a> (2008). <i>Worlds before Adam</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73128-5"><bdi>978-0-226-73128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+before+Adam&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73128-5&rft.aulast=Rudwick&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2004" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPWTn9DNBMEC&q=science+and+Dissent+in+England,+1688-1945"><i>Science and Dissent in England, 1688–1945</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3718-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-3718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Dissent+in+England%2C+1688%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3718-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPWTn9DNBMEC%26q%3Dscience%2Band%2BDissent%2Bin%2BEngland%2C%2B1688-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungStearley2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (2008). <i>The Bible, rocks, and time : geological evidence for the age of the earth</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%2C+rocks%2C+and+time+%3A+geological+evidence+for+the+age+of+the+earth&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2876-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rft.au=Stearley%2C+Ralph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers1993" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb"><i>The Creationists</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08393-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08393-6&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationistsevol0000numb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulp1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Laurence_Kulp" title="J. Laurence Kulp">Kulp, J. Laurence</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014037/http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1950/JASA3-50Kulp.html">"Deluge Geology"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1950/JASA3-50Kulp.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Scientific+Affiliation&rft.atitle=Deluge+Geology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Kulp&rft.aufirst=J.+Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FaSA%2FPSCF%2F1950%2FJASA3-50Kulp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1993" class="citation web cs1">Yang, Seung-Hun (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html">"Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiocarbon+Dating+and+American+Evangelical+Christians&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Seung-Hun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2FPSCF%2F1993%2FPSCF12-93Yang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers1993" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb"><i>The Creationists</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08393-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08393-6&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationistsevol0000numb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers,_Ronald_L.2006" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/69734583"><i>The creationists : from scientific creationism to intelligent design</i></a> (Expanded, First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02339-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02339-0"><bdi>0-674-02339-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69734583">69734583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+creationists+%3A+from+scientific+creationism+to+intelligent+design&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=Expanded%2C+First+Harvard+University+Press+paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69734583&rft.isbn=0-674-02339-0&rft.au=Numbers%2C+Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F69734583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, E. A., et al., 1986, Cataclysms on the Columbia, Timber Press, Portland, OR.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-067-3">978-0-88192-067-3</a> <ul><li>"Bretz knew that the very idea of catastrophic flooding would threaten and anger <i>the geological community</i>. And here's why: among geologists in the 1920s, catastrophic explanations for geological events (other than volcanos or earthquakes) were considered wrong-minded to the point of heresy." p. 42.</li> <li>"Consider, then, what Bretz was up against. The very word 'Catastrophism' was heinous in the ears of geologists. ... It was a step backward, a betrayal of <i>all that geological science had fought to gain</i>. It was a heresy of the worst order." p. 44</li> <li>"It was inevitable that sooner or later <i>the geological community would rise up</i> and attempt to defeat Bretz's 'outrageous hypothesis.'" p. 49</li> <li>"Nearly 50 years had passed since Bretz first proposed the idea of catastrophic flooding, and now in 1971 <i>his arguments had become a standard of geological thinking</i>." p. 71</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger1993" class="citation book cs1">Ager, Derek V. (1993). <i>The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record</i> (3rd ed.). Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-93808-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-93808-4"><bdi>0-471-93808-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Stratigraphical+Record&rft.place=Chichester%2C+New+York%2C+Brisbane%2C+Toronto%2C+Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-471-93808-4&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Derek+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>"geologists do not deny uniformitarianism in its true sense, that is to say, of interpreting the past by means of the processes that are seen going on at the present day, so long as we remember that the periodic catastrophe is one of those processes. Those periodic catastrophes make more showing in the stratigraphical record than we have hitherto assumed."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1983276-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1983276_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1983">Browne 1983</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2008" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMhkJ8a708C&pg=PA13"><i>The Five Books of Moses</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393070248" title="Special:BookSources/9780393070248"><bdi>9780393070248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Books+of+Moses&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780393070248&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcMhkJ8a708C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2009" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Bill T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfstnHO_AmgC&q=%22attempts+to+explain+the+unity+of+the+flood+story%22&pg=PA97"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521000673" title="Special:BookSources/9780521000673"><bdi>9780521000673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521000673&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Bill+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfstnHO_AmgC%26q%3D%2522attempts%2Bto%2Bexplain%2Bthe%2Bunity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bflood%2Bstory%2522%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaden2012" class="citation book cs1">Baden, Joel S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYW7z9tFHisC&q=%22flood+story%22%22reversal+and+renewal+of+creation%22&pg=PA184"><i>The Composition of the Pentateuch</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300152647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300152647"><bdi>978-0300152647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Composition+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0300152647&rft.aulast=Baden&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYW7z9tFHisC%26q%3D%2522flood%2Bstory%2522%2522reversal%2Band%2Brenewal%2Bof%2Bcreation%2522%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfoGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495391050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495391050"><bdi>978-0495391050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2F+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfoGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpg1xWbaycUC&pg=PA380"><i>Bible and Interpretation: The Collected Essays of James Barr</i></a>. Volume II: Biblical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969289-7"><bdi>978-0-19-969289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+and+Interpretation%3A+The+Collected+Essays+of+James+Barr&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Volume+II%3A+Biblical+Studies&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969289-7&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpg1xWbaycUC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Berman" title="Joshua Berman">Berman, Joshua A.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBonDwAAQBAJ&dq=13+Source+Criticism+and+Its+Biases%3A+The+Flood+Narrative+of+Genesis+6%E2%80%939&pg=PT303"><i>Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065882-3"><bdi>978-0-19-065882-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inconsistency+in+the+Torah%3A+Ancient+Literary+Convention+and+the+Limits+of+Source+Criticism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065882-3&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBonDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D13%2BSource%2BCriticism%2Band%2BIts%2BBiases%253A%2BThe%2BFlood%2BNarrative%2Bof%2BGenesis%2B6%25E2%2580%25939%26pg%3DPT303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blenkinsopp" title="Joseph Blenkinsopp">Blenkinsopp, Joseph</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B12qwOSMD20C"><i>Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A discursive commentary on Genesis 1–11</i></a>. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567372871" title="Special:BookSources/9780567372871"><bdi>9780567372871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation%2C+Un-creation%2C+Re-creation%3A+A+discursive+commentary+on+Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780567372871&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB12qwOSMD20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, Steven L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vudyEeX7-3UC&dq=sources+table+priestly+flood+narrative&pg=PT41"><i>Getting the Old Testament</i></a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441232779" title="Special:BookSources/9781441232779"><bdi>9781441232779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441232779&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvudyEeX7-3UC%26dq%3Dsources%2Btable%2Bpriestly%2Bflood%2Bnarrative%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2019" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Keith A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1978"><i>Symbolic numbers</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467460460" title="Special:BookSources/9781467460460"><bdi>9781467460460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+numbers&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781467460460&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFq7qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2021" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkUUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Genesis 1–11</i></a>. Kohlhammer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4"><bdi>978-0-567-13439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-567-13439-4&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWkUUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodner2016" class="citation book cs1">Bodner, Keith (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlS1DAAAQBAJ"><i>An Ark on the Nile: The Beginning of the Book of Exodus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878407-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878407-4"><bdi>978-0-19-878407-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ark+on+the+Nile%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+Book+of+Exodus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878407-4&rft.aulast=Bodner&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlS1DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Browne, Janet</a> (1983), <i>The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography</i>, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, p. 276, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02460-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02460-6"><bdi>0-300-02460-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Ark%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+Biogeography&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-300-02460-6&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Y. S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199676200" title="Special:BookSources/9780199676200"><bdi>9780199676200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primeval+Flood+Catastrophe%3A+Origins+and+Early+Development+in+Mesopotamian+Traditions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199676200&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrZGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2007" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW-zhffwk4C&pg=PA13"><i>From Eden to Exile</i></a>. National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426212246" title="Special:BookSources/9781426212246"><bdi>9781426212246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eden+to+Exile&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781426212246&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJW-zhffwk4C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Cohn, Norman</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ7g-BIfXu0C&pg=PA11"><i>Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300076486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300076486"><bdi>978-0300076486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+Genesis+Story+in+Western+Thought&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0300076486&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZ7g-BIfXu0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume2010" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume, Philippe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>Land and Calendar</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567401205" title="Special:BookSources/9780567401205"><bdi>9780567401205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Calendar&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567401205&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LCoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2017" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Matthew A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">"An Ongoing Tradition"</a>. In Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda; Morgan, Jon (eds.). <i>Noah as Antihero</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351720700" title="Special:BookSources/9781351720700"><bdi>9781351720700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Ongoing+Tradition&rft.btitle=Noah+as+Antihero&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351720700&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2008" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, Stephanie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru3eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Myths from Mesopotamia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102721-5"><bdi>978-0-19-102721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102721-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRu3eDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1991" class="citation cs2">Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991), <i>The Age of the Earth</i>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2331-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2331-1"><bdi>0-8047-2331-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8047-2331-1&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2014" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Irving (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGYwIoItJQIC&q=The+Ark+Before+Noah"><i>The Ark Before Noah</i></a>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444757071" title="Special:BookSources/9781444757071"><bdi>9781444757071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+Before+Noah&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781444757071&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGYwIoItJQIC%26q%3DThe%2BArk%2BBefore%2BNoah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1996" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvFrWwau-1oC&q=%22Kikawada+argues+that+the+Noah+story+has+a+chiastic+structure%22&pg=PA90">"Non-Arguments Concerning the Documentary Hypothesis"</a>. In Fox, Michael V.; Hurowitz, V. A. (eds.). <i>Texts, Temples and Traditions</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060033" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060033"><bdi>9781575060033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-Arguments+Concerning+the+Documentary+Hypothesis&rft.btitle=Texts%2C+Temples+and+Traditions&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781575060033&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvFrWwau-1oC%26q%3D%2522Kikawada%2Bargues%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BNoah%2Bstory%2Bhas%2Ba%2Bchiastic%2Bstructure%2522%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmirkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKuoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4"><bdi>978-0-567-13439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berossus+and+Genesis%2C+Manetho+and+Exodus&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-13439-4&rft.aulast=Gmirkin&rft.aufirst=Russell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKuoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak1998" class="citation web cs1">Isaak, M (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html">"Problems with a Global Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problems+with+a+Global+Flood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-noahs-ark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2006" class="citation web cs1">Isaak, Mark (5 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/list.html#CD">"Index to Creationist Claims, Geology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+to+Creationist+Claims%2C+Geology&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Findexcc%2Flist.html%23CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2007" class="citation book cs1">Isaak, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151400/https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520249264"><i>The Counter-Creationism Handbook</i></a>. University of California Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520249264">the original</a> on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Creationism+Handbook&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520249264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltnerMcKenzie2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaltner, John; McKenzie, Steven L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ef7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>The Old Testament: Its Background, Growth, and Content</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-264-6"><bdi>978-1-62564-264-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+Its+Background%2C+Growth%2C+and+Content&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-264-6&rft.aulast=Kaltner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Ef7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeiser2013" class="citation book cs1">Keiser, Thomas A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdJNAwAAQBAJ&q=%22reversal+of+the+original+creation+of+Gen+1%22&pg=PA133"><i>Genesis 1-11: Its Literary Coherence and Theological Message</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625640925" title="Special:BookSources/9781625640925"><bdi>9781625640925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+1-11%3A+Its+Literary+Coherence+and+Theological+Message&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781625640925&rft.aulast=Keiser&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdJNAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522reversal%2Bof%2Bthe%2Boriginal%2Bcreation%2Bof%2BGen%2B1%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1995" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Nucx3udvnoC"><i>Climate, History, and the Modern World</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12735-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12735-1"><bdi>0-415-12735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate%2C+History%2C+and+the+Modern+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-12735-1&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Hubert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Nucx3udvnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2010" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9I62BcuPxfYC&pg=PA469"><i>Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598841749" title="Special:BookSources/9781598841749"><bdi>9781598841749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Myths+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781598841749&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I62BcuPxfYC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson1988" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon Douglas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrnYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Creation and the persistence of evil : the Jewish drama of divine omnipotence</i></a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062548450" title="Special:BookSources/9780062548450"><bdi>9780062548450</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568745811">568745811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+and+the+persistence+of+evil+%3A+the+Jewish+drama+of+divine+omnipotence&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568745811&rft.isbn=9780062548450&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrnYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2012" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, David R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92tuITDWvCYC&q=geology+rocks+creationism"><i>The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood</i></a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393082395" title="Special:BookSources/9780393082395"><bdi>9780393082395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocks+Don%27t+Lie%3A+A+Geologist+Investigates+Noah%27s+Flood&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780393082395&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92tuITDWvCYC%26q%3Dgeology%2Brocks%2Bcreationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiano2010" class="citation book cs1">Miano, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lOZIGBa2e8C&pg=PA26"><i>Shadow on the Steps</i></a>. Society for Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589834781" title="Special:BookSources/9781589834781"><bdi>9781589834781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+on+the+Steps&rft.pub=Society+for+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781589834781&rft.aulast=Miano&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lOZIGBa2e8C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2001" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Glenn (17 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/geocolumn/">"The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geologic+Column+and+its+Implications+for+the+Flood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2001-02-17&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fgeocolumn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2017" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Simon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQjTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"><i>Creation</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567656117" title="Special:BookSources/9780567656117"><bdi>9780567656117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780567656117&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFQjTDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailhamer2010" class="citation book cs1">Sailhamer, John H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBVWU9U85m0C&pg=PA301"><i>The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878888" title="Special:BookSources/9780830878888"><bdi>9780830878888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Revelation%2C+Composition+and+Interpretation&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780830878888&rft.aulast=Sailhamer&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBVWU9U85m0C%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchule2017" class="citation book cs1">Schule, Andreas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwCQx3NPerkC&pg=PA2"><i>Theology from the Beginning</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161539978" title="Special:BookSources/9783161539978"><bdi>9783161539978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+from+the+Beginning&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783161539978&rft.aulast=Schule&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwCQx3NPerkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). <i>Science and religion in dialogue</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+religion+in+dialogue&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8921-7&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Melville+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1995" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331124027/http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm">"Diluvial Cosmogonies and the Beginnings of Geology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hL7YAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence</i></a>. Eerdmans. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0719-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diluvial+Cosmogonies+and+the+Beginnings+of+Geology&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Flood%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Church%27s+Response+to+Extrabiblical+Evidence&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0719-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bringyou.to%2Fapologetics%2Fp82.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungStearley2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (18 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRKtFWlSrRsC&pg=PA45"><i>The Bible, Rocks and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%2C+Rocks+and+Time%3A+Geological+Evidence+for+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2876-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rft.au=Stearley%2C+Ralph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRKtFWlSrRsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2002" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcyEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134709632" title="Special:BookSources/9781134709632"><bdi>9781134709632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendars+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134709632&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcyEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonLongman_III2018" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John H.; Longman III, Tremper (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5VRDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Lost World of the Flood: Mythology, Theology, and the Deluge Debate</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8782-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-8782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+the+Flood%3A+Mythology%2C+Theology%2C+and+the+Deluge+Debate&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-8782-8&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Longman+III%2C+Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5VRDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2019" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Martin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uG5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT417"><i>Ea's Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878888" title="Special:BookSources/9780830878888"><bdi>9780830878888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ea%27s+Duplicity+in+the+Gilgamesh+Flood+Story&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780830878888&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uG5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2003" class="citation book cs1">Cotter, David W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lCVzr4cT9QC&q=great+flood"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814650400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814650400"><bdi>978-0814650400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0814650400&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lCVzr4cT9QC%26q%3Dgreat%2Bflood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabel1988" class="citation book cs1">Habel, Norman C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E__dnnQwGDwC&q=%22literary+sources%22%22continued+in+the+two+flood+versions%22&pg=PA23">"Two Flood Myths"</a>. In Dundes, Alan (ed.). <i>The Flood Myth</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520063532" title="Special:BookSources/9780520063532"><bdi>9780520063532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Flood+Myths&rft.btitle=The+Flood+Myth&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520063532&rft.aulast=Habel&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE__dnnQwGDwC%26q%3D%2522literary%2Bsources%2522%2522continued%2Bin%2Bthe%2Btwo%2Bflood%2Bversions%2522%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WW31E9Zt5-wC&pg=PR3"><i>The book of Genesis: chapters 1–17</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825216" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825216"><bdi>9780802825216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Genesis%3A+chapters+1%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780802825216&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWW31E9Zt5-wC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerDeurloo2004" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Martin; Deurloo, Karel Adriaan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBWeLCTgT0QC"><i>A commentary on Genesis: the book of beginnings</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809142057" title="Special:BookSources/9780809142057"><bdi>9780809142057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+commentary+on+Genesis%3A+the+book+of+beginnings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780809142057&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Deurloo%2C+Karel+Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBWeLCTgT0QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/VI. The Deluge"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/VI._The_Deluge">"Chapter VI. The Deluge" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI.+The+Deluge&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC">"Genesis: introduction and annotations"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195297515" title="Special:BookSources/9780195297515"><bdi>9780195297515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis%3A+introduction+and+annotations&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195297515&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDuy3p5QvEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown2008" class="citation book cs1">McKeown, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gqTTl1iPr8C"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802827050" title="Special:BookSources/9780802827050"><bdi>9780802827050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802827050&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gqTTl1iPr8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2005" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, J. Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXmKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+flood+story%22%22is+of+Mesopotamian+origin%22&pg=PA132"><i>The Liberating Image: The Imago Dei in Genesis 1</i></a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441242785" title="Special:BookSources/9781441242785"><bdi>9781441242785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberating+Image%3A+The+Imago+Dei+in+Genesis+1&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781441242785&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=J.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXmKAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bflood%2Bstory%2522%2522is%2Bof%2BMesopotamian%2Borigin%2522%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson1991" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, John William (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFle13pCS0wC"><i>Genesis 1–11</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567083388" title="Special:BookSources/9780567083388"><bdi>9780567083388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780567083388&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFle13pCS0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1990" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Robert D (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RobertSacksACommentaryOnTheBookOfGenesis"><i>A Commentary on the Book of Genesis</i></a>. Edwin Mellen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Genesis&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Robert+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRobertSacksACommentaryOnTheBookOfGenesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowner2001" class="citation book cs1">Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664252564" title="Special:BookSources/9780664252564"><bdi>9780664252564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780664252564&rft.aulast=Towner&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Sibley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ONdsoa7MHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham2003" class="citation book cs1">Wenham, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA34">"Genesis"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). <i>Eerdmans Bible Commentary</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhybray2001" class="citation book cs1">Whybray, R.N (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=4.+Genesis+Whybray+Genesis+and+the+Pentateuch&pg=PA38">"Genesis"</a>. In John Barton (ed.). <i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Whybray&rft.aufirst=R.N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3D4.%2BGenesis%2BWhybray%2BGenesis%2Band%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenesis+flood+narrative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template talk:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noah&#039;s_Ark55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genesis flood narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wives aboard Noah's Ark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Noah" title="Book of Noah">Book of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_wood" title="Gopher wood">Gopher wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Magical_Ark" title="Captain Noah and His Magical Ark">Captain Noah and His Magical Ark</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Noah's Ark"</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Island" title="Noah's Island">Noah's Island</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(miniseries)" title="Noah's Ark (miniseries)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VeggieTales" title="VeggieTales">VeggieTales</a>: Noah's Ark</i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(film)" title="The Ark (film)">The Ark</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(1928_film)" title="Noah's Ark (1928 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Father_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Father Noah's Ark">Father Noah's Ark</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible:_In_the_Beginning..." title="The Bible: In the Beginning...">The Bible: In the Beginning...</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Trapalh%C3%A3o_na_Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé">O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel%27s_Egg" title="Angel's Egg">Angel's Egg</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stowaways_on_the_Ark" title="Stowaways on the Ark">Stowaways on the Ark</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis:_The_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="Genesis: The Creation and the Flood">Genesis: The Creation and the Flood</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(1998_film)" title="Noah (1998 film)">Noah</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raining_Cats_and_Frogs" title="Raining Cats and Frogs">Raining Cats and Frogs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2007_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2007 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evan_Almighty" title="Evan Almighty">Evan Almighty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/40_Days_and_Nights" title="40 Days and Nights">40 Days and Nights</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)" title="Noah (2014 film)">Noah</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ooops!_Noah_Is_Gone..." title="Ooops! Noah Is Gone...">Ooops! Noah Is Gone...</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2024_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2024 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_and_the_Aardvark" title="The Ark and the Aardvark">The Ark and the Aardvark</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Two_(musical)" title="Two by Two (musical)">Two by Two</a></i> (1970 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_diluvio_universale" title="Il diluvio universale">Il diluvio universale</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9luge_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Le Déluge (Saint-Saëns)">Le Déluge</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Noé (opera)">Noé</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noye%27s_Fludde" title="Noye's Fludde">Noye's Fludde</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flood_(Stravinsky)" title="The Flood (Stravinsky)">The Flood</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Life_of_Noah" title="Scenes from the Life of Noah">Scenes from the Life of Noah</a></i> (1436-1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Poulakis)" title="Noah's Ark (Poulakis)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (17th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Dove_to_the_Ark" title="The Return of the Dove to the Ark">The Return of the Dove to the Ark</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Deluge_(painting)" title="After the Deluge (painting)">After the Deluge</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sintflut" title="Die Sintflut">Die Sintflut</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unicorn_(song)" title="The Unicorn (song)">The Unicorn</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Floating_Zoo" title="Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo">Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prophet%27s_Song" title="The Prophet's Song">The Prophet's Song</a>" (1975)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Animals_(Kevin_Ayers_song)" title="Animals (Kevin Ayers song)">Animals</a>" (1980)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Not_Yours" title="Forever Not Yours">Forever Not Yours</a>" (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(video_game)" title="Noah's Ark (video game)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_3D_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Super 3D Noah's Ark">Super 3D Noah's Ark</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Noah's Ark</i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_and_the_Secret_Lake" title="Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake">Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_in_the_Cloud" title="The Moon in the Cloud">The Moon in the Cloud</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Spier_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Spier book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Wanted_on_the_Voyage" title="Not Wanted on the Voyage">Not Wanted on the Voyage</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's Brother">Noah's Brother</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Many_Waters" title="Many Waters">Many Waters</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Pinkney_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Pinkney book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_End_of_the_World_(McCaughrean_novel)" title="Not the End of the World (McCaughrean novel)">Not the End of the World</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararat_(novel)" title="Ararat (novel)">Ararat</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Ancient Greek flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_flood_myth" title="Finnish flood myth">Finnish flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)" title="Great Flood (China)">Great Flood of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_flood_myths" title="Mesoamerican flood myths">Mesoamerican flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn#Cessair" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Cessair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">Noah in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">Searches for Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark" title="In Search of Noah's Ark">In Search of Noah's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_anomaly" title="Ararat anomaly">Ararat anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives">Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boner%27s_Ark" title="Boner's Ark">Boner's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_silver_coins" title="Noah's Ark silver coins">Noah's Ark silver coins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Genesis251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template talk:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Genesis251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (1–11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> (3) </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> (4)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a> (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genesis flood narrative</a> (6:1–9:28)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> (9:20–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a> and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> (11:1–9)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Patriarchal age</a> (12–50)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (12–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> (14:1–17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a> (15)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (19:1–28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (21–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> (22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Jacob">his sons</a> (25–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> (28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a> (32:22–32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">coat of many colors</a> (37–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a> (49)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">1:1</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">1:2</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">1:3</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">1:4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">1:5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a> (1:1–6:8)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a> (6:9–11:32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (12:1–17:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a> (18:1–22:24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a> (23:1–25:18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a> (25:19–28:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a> (28:10–32:3)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a> (32:4–36:43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a> (37:1–40:23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a> (41:1–44:17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a> (44:18–47:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vayechi</a> (47:28–50:26)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arcana_C%C5%93lestia" title="Arcana Cœlestia">Arcana Cœlestia</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Pesher on Genesis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Textual variants in the Book of Genesis">Textual variations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambratija_shipwreck" title="Zambratija shipwreck">Zambratija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Canaanite and Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27agan_Michael_Ship" title="Ma'agan Michael Ship">Ma'agan Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_shipwrecks_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n" title="Phoenician shipwrecks of Mazarrón">Mazarrón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam ship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia#History" title="Civitavecchia">Centumcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmutha" title="Charmutha">Charmutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa#Ancient_times" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Oakleaf" title="Ferriby Boats">Oakleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Morgawr" title="Ferriby Boats">Morgawr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td 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