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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Molecular biology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%AAre_biologie" title="Molekulêre biologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molekulêre biologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="علم الأحياء الجزيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء الجزيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa_molecular" title="Bioloxía molecular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioloxía molecular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulyar_biologiya" title="Molekulyar biologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molekulyar biologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-ch%C3%BA_seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекуляр биология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молекуляр биология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Малекулярная біялогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малекулярная біялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекулярна биология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молекулярна биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molekularna biologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molecular" title="Biologia molecular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biologia molecular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Молекулярлă биологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молекулярлă биологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_biologie" title="Molekulární biologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molekulární biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleg_foleciwlaidd" title="Bioleg foleciwlaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bioleg foleciwlaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi" title="Molekylærbiologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molekylærbiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularbiologie" title="Molekularbiologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molekularbiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulaarbioloogia" title="Molekulaarbioloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekulaarbioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μοριακή βιολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοριακή βιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molecular biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa_molecular" title="Biología molecular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula_biologio" title="Molekula biologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molekula biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molekular" title="Biologia molekular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biologia molekular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زیست‌شناسی مولکولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌شناسی مولکولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Biologie moléculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%AAre_biology" title="Molekulêre biology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molekulêre biology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjie_molecol%C3%A2r" title="Biologjie molecolâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biologjie molecolâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach" title="Bitheolaíocht mhóilíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bitheolaíocht mhóilíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa_molecular" title="Bioloxía molecular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioloxía molecular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="분자생물학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분자생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մոլեկուլային կենսաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլեկուլային կենսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अणुजैविकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अणुजैविकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molekularna biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biologi molekuler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameindal%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Sameindalíffræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameindalíffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biologia molecolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ביולוגיה מולקולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביולוגיה מולקולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular" title="Biologi molekular – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biologi molekular" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекулалық биология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молекулалық биология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia_ya_molekuli" title="Biolojia ya molekuli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biolojia ya molekuli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекулалык биология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молекулалык биология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molecularis" title="Biologia molecularis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biologia molecularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C4%81r%C4%81_biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Molekulārā bioloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molekulārā bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularbiologie" title="Molekularbiologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Molekularbiologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulin%C4%97_biologija" title="Molekulinė biologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molekulinė biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia_moleculal" title="Biolojia moleculal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biolojia moleculal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%A1ris_biol%C3%B3gia" title="Molekuláris biológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molekuláris biológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Молекуларна биологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молекуларна биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തന്മാത്രാ ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തന്മാത്രാ ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekul" title="Biologi molekul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biologi molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moleculaire biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi" title="Molekylærbiologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molekylærbiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi" title="Molekylærbiologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molekylærbiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulal_biologia" title="Molekulal biologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Molekulal biologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_moleculara" title="Biologia moleculara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biologia moleculara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulyar_biologiya" title="Molekulyar biologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molekulyar biologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="مالیکیولی جیون پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالیکیولی جیون پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molekular" title="Biologia molekular – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Biologia molekular" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molekularna" title="Biologia molekularna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biologia molekularna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molecular" title="Biologia molecular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia molecular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biologie moleculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекулярная биология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекулярная биология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjia_molekulare" title="Biologjia molekulare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biologjia molekulare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අණුක ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීව විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අණුක ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%A1rna_biol%C3%B3gia" title="Molekulárna biológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molekulárna biológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molekularna biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ژینناسیی گەردی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینناسیی گەردی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Молекуларна биологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молекуларна биологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molekularna biologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyylibiologia" title="Molekyylibiologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molekyylibiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A4rbiologi" title="Molekylärbiologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molekylärbiologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiyang_molekular" title="Biyolohiyang molekular – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohiyang molekular" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மூலக்கூற்று உயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூற்று உயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молекуляр биология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молекуляр биология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="อณูชีววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อณูชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносии молекулӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистшиносии молекулӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCler_biyoloji" title="Moleküler biyoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moleküler biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Молекулярна біологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекулярна біологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سالماتی حیاتیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سالماتی حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Sinh học phân tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học phân tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya_molekular" title="Biyolohiya molekular – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolohiya molekular" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分子生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="分子生物學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分子生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Molecular biology</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> level. The field overlaps with other areas of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molecular biology tries to explain the interactions between the various systems of a <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cell</a>. It studies the relationship of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">how proteins are made</a>, and how these interactions are regulated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_other_specialities">Relationship to other specialities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Relationship to other specialities" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Relationship to other specialities"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry,_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg/250px-Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg/375px-Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg/500px-Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><i>Schematic relationship between biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques that are typical for molecular biology, but they combine these with techniques and ideas from <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>. This diagram shows one possible view of the relationship between the fields: </p> <ul><li><i>Biochemistry</i> is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a> and vital processes occurring in living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.</li> <li><i>Genetics</i> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>: the effect of genetic differences on organisms.</li> <li><i>Molecular biology</i> includes the study of the structure and function of all <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>. This includes the chain of events from <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)">translation</a>. Much of the work in molecular biology is <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(chemistry)" title="Quantitative analysis (chemistry)">quantitative</a>, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">computational biology</a>. As of the early 2000s, the study of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> has been amongst the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytology" title="Cytology">Cytology</a></i>, which includes the appearance of cells and cell structures, <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopy</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">stains</a> and tags to help distinguish <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> and processes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytology" title="Cytology">Cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">Sequence analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription (genetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation (genetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)">Translation (genetics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberts B. Johnson A. Lewis J. Raff M. Roberts K. Walter P. 2008. <i>Molecular biology of the cell</i>, 5th ed. Garland. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1">0-8153-3218-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodish H. Berk A. Matsudaira P. Kaiser C.A. Krieger M. Scott M.P. Zipurksy S.L. Darnell J. 2004. <i>Molecular cell biology</i>, 5th ed. Freeman, NY.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Cohen S.N. Chang A.C.Y. Boyer H. & Heling R.B. 1973. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids <i>in vitro</i>. <i>PNAS</i> <b>70</b>, 3240–3244.</li> <li>Rodgers M. 1975. The Pandora's box congress. <i>Rolling Stone</i> <b>189</b>, 37–77.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reliable_accounts">Other reliable accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other reliable accounts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other reliable accounts"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/molecular-biology/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creatingtechnology.org/biomed/dna.htm">A brief history of molecular biology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_accounts_of_Nobel_Prize_winners">Personal accounts of Nobel Prize winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Personal accounts of Nobel Prize winners" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Personal accounts of Nobel Prize winners"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/1">Max Perutz</a> Freeview Video interview with Max Perutz by the Vega Science Trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18">Frederick Sanger</a> Freeview Video Interview/Documentary by the Vega Science Trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/41">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> Freeview interview by the Vega Science Trust.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Other" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Other"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/">DNA from the beginning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0002F40E-3D61-1056-BD6183414B7F0104">Scientific American Magazine (April 2004) Evolution encoded</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnai.org/">DNA Interactive</a></li> <li><i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrm/index.html">journal home</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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