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Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Letterkunde" title="Portaal:Letterkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Letterkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatur" title="Portal:Literatur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Literatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="بوابة:أدب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:أدب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%C6%8Fd%C9%99biyyat" title="Portal:Ədəbiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Ədəbiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پوْرتال:ادبیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوْرتال:ادبیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Портал:Литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Lennegezh" title="Porched:Lennegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Lennegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Katitikan" title="Ganghaan:Katitikan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganghaan:Katitikan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Literatura" title="Portál:Literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatur" title="Portal:Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Kirjandus" title="Portaal:Kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Literaturo" title="Portalo:Literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari:Literatura" title="Atari:Literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atari:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="درگاه:ادبیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:ادبیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Portail:Littérature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="포털:문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofa:Adabi" title="Kofa:Adabi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kofa:Adabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտալ:Գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտալ:Գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sastra" title="Portal:Sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Letteratura" title="Portale:Letteratura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פורטל:ספרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:ספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ლიტერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuveli:Suteroteem" title="Tuveli:Suteroteem – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tuveli:Suteroteem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2tay:literati" title="Pòtay:literati – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtay:literati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatur" title="Portal:Literatur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portal:Literatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Irodalom" title="Portál:Irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Портал:Книжевност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:സാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sastera" title="Portal:Sastera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Sastera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Literatuur" title="Portaal:Literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ков:Литература – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ков:Литература" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Adabiyot" title="Portal:Adabiyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Adabiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatur%C4%83" title="Portal:Literatură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Literatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Simi_kapchiy" title="Punku p'anqa: Simi kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Simi kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Портал:Литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatur%C3%AB" title="Portal:Literaturë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portal:Literaturë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්වාරය:සාහිත්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:සාහිත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="باب:ادب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Literat%C3%BAra" title="Portál:Literatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literatura" title="Portal:Literatura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portal:Literatura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95" title="دەروازە:وێژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:وێژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Портал:Књижевност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Kirjallisuus" title="Teemasivu:Kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Litteratur" title="Portal:Litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portal:Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D3%98%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Портал:Әдәбият – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Әдәбият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Literature</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <div style="float:left; padding:10px; background:#F8EABA; border:1px solid #7B3F00;"> <div style="font-size:135%; text-align: center;"><b>The Literature Portal</b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Introduction" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>Introduction</big></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_(Lunon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/260px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/390px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/520px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon#Library" title="Palais Bourbon">Library of the Palais Bourbon</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></b> is any collection of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">written</a> work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> form, especially <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">plays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poems</a>. It includes both print and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">digital writing</a>. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a> is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary merit">literary merit</a> or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book">history of the book</a>. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> written with the goal of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">artistic merit</a>, but can also include works in various <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essays</a>. Within this broader definition, literature includes non-fictional <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, articles, or other written information on a particular subject. (<b><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_literature_articles" title="Index of literature articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various literature-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:75%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Cutlery for children. Detail showing fairy-tale scenes: Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood, Hansel and Gretel. (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="Spoons for children;engraved on them are fairy tale scenes from "Snow White", "Little Red Riding Hood", and "Hansel and Gretel"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg/120px-Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg/180px-Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg/240px-Cutlery_for_children_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span>Cutlery for children. Detail showing fairy-tale scenes: <a href="/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel">Hansel and Gretel</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 2The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/120px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/180px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/240px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a>, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3Father Frost acts as a donor in the Russian fairy tale Father Frost, testing the heroine before bestowing riches upon her (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="Father Frost, a fairy tale character made of ice, acts as a donor in the Russian fairy tale "Father Frost". He tests the heroine, a veiled young girl sitting in the snow, before bestowing riches upon her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/96px-1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/144px-1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/192px-1932._%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>Father Frost acts as a donor in the Russian fairy tale <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Frost_(fairy_tale)" title="Father Frost (fairy tale)">Father Frost</a></i>, testing the heroine before bestowing riches upon her (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown,_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain,_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4Page from the Blue Quran manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 4Page from the Blue Quran manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4993" data-file-height="3329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>Page from the <i>Blue Quran</i> manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 CE. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 5Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 CE. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/112px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/167px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/223px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span>Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>. Wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, before 79 CE. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_(The_Madonna_of_the_Book)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6The scene in Botticelli's Madonna of the Book (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 6The scene in Botticelli's Madonna of the Book (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/82px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/122px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/163px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="10001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>The scene in <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Book" title="Madonna of the Book">Madonna of the Book</a></i> (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 7Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/94px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/140px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/187px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Bauer_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8John Bauer's illustration of trolls and a princess from a collection of Swedish fairy tales (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="Illustration of three trolls surrounding a princess in a dark area, as adapted from a collection of Swedish fairy tales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Bauer_1915.jpg/120px-John_Bauer_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Bauer_1915.jpg/180px-John_Bauer_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Bauer_1915.jpg/240px-John_Bauer_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a>'s illustration of trolls and a princess from a collection of Swedish fairy tales (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Hugo Ball performing at the Cabaret Voltaire (from Performance poetry)"><img alt="Image 9Hugo Ball performing at the Cabaret Voltaire (from Performance poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg/88px-Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg/132px-Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg/176px-Hugo_Ball_Cabaret_Voltaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>Hugo Ball performing at the Cabaret Voltaire (from <b><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crane_frog4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Walter Crane's chromolithograph illustration for The Frog Prince, 1874. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 10Walter Crane's chromolithograph illustration for The Frog Prince, 1874. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg/104px-Crane_frog4.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg/155px-Crane_frog4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg/207px-Crane_frog4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithograph</a> illustration for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_(story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frog Prince (story)">The Frog Prince</a></i>, 1874. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Dresden Codex (page 49) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 11Dresden Codex (page 49) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/55px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/83px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/110px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a> (page 49) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12Natias Neutert performing Diogenes Synopsis as at Künstlerhaus Bethanien Berlin, 1986 (from Performance poetry)"><img alt="Image 12Natias Neutert performing Diogenes Synopsis as at Künstlerhaus Bethanien Berlin, 1986 (from Performance poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg/99px-Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg/149px-Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg/199px-Natias_Neutert_as_Diogenes.Performance_at_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus_Bethanien_Berlin%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span>Natias Neutert performing <i>Diogenes Synopsis</i> as at Künstlerhaus Bethanien Berlin, 1986 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13Gabrielle Roy was a notable French Canadian author. (from Canadian literature)"><img alt="Image 13Gabrielle Roy was a notable French Canadian author. (from Canadian literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg/102px-Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg/153px-Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg/204px-Gabrielle_Roy_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Roy" title="Gabrielle Roy">Gabrielle Roy</a> was a notable French Canadian author. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14Poet Charles G. D. Roberts belonged to an informal group known as the Confederation Poets. (from Canadian literature)"><img alt="Image 14Poet Charles G. D. Roberts belonged to an informal group known as the Confederation Poets. (from Canadian literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/77px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/115px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg/154px-Charles_G._D._Roberts_cph.3a43709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>Poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a> belonged to an informal group known as the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Poets" title="Confederation Poets">Confederation Poets</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on a Latin edition of The Travels of Marco Polo (from Travel literature)"><img alt="Image 15Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on a Latin edition of The Travels of Marco Polo (from Travel literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/120px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/180px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/240px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>Handwritten notes by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> on a Latin edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aforadam.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16The New England Primer (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 16The New England Primer (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aforadam.png/120px-Aforadam.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aforadam.png/180px-Aforadam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aforadam.png/240px-Aforadam.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>The New England Primer (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17The character which means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese Great Seal script style. The modern character is 詩/诗 (shī). (from History of poetry)"><img alt="Image 17The character which means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese Great Seal script style. The modern character is 詩/诗 (shī). (from History of poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg/120px-%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg/180px-%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg/240px-%E8%A9%A9-bigseal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>The character which means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seal script">Great Seal script</a> style. The modern character is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:詩">詩</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:诗">诗</a> (shī). (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18Goethe's Italian Journey between September 1786 and May 1788 (from Travel literature)"><img alt="Image 18Goethe's Italian Journey between September 1786 and May 1788 (from Travel literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png/95px-Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png/143px-Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png/190px-Goethe%27s_Italian_Journey.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>Goethe's Italian Journey between September 1786 and May 1788 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Beauty and the Beast, illustration by Warwick Goble (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="Illustration of the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast". The princess is standing alongside the "beast", who is lying on the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg/120px-Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg/180px-Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg/240px-Warwick_Goble_Beauty_and_Beast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a>, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Goble" title="Warwick Goble">Warwick Goble</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih,_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20A Sumerian clay tablet, currently housed in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, inscribed with the text of the poem Inanna and Ebih by the priestess Enheduanna, the first author whose name is known"><img alt="(from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/92px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/138px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/184px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="4571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a>, currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, inscribed with the text of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Inanna#Justice_myths" title="Inanna">Inanna and Ebih</a></i> by the priestess <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>, the first author whose name is known</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21Galway Kinnell performing a poetic piece in Vermont (from Performance poetry)"><img alt="Image 21Galway Kinnell performing a poetic piece in Vermont (from Performance poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg/94px-Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg/142px-Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg/189px-Galway_Kinnell_Grindstone_Cafe_Lyndonville_VT_March_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span><a href="/wiki/Galway_Kinnell" title="Galway Kinnell">Galway Kinnell</a> performing a poetic piece in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22A Chinese bamboo book, The Art of War, commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor in 18th century China (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 22A Chinese bamboo book, The Art of War, commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor in 18th century China (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/104px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/155px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/207px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span>A Chinese bamboo book, <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a>, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> in 18th century <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York,_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories;_a_Book_for_Boys.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23A twentieth-century copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros that features three rams and the copyright year, 1903 (from History of books)"><img alt="A copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/120px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/180px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/240px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span>A twentieth-century copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros that features three rams and the copyright year, 1903 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_a_word.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik van Loon, 1st Newbery Award winner (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 24The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik van Loon, 1st Newbery Award winner (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/120px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/180px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/240px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Mankind" title="The Story of Mankind">The Story of Mankind</a></i> (1921) by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Loon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik van Loon">Hendrik van Loon</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Newbery Award">Newbery Award</a> winner (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25Roberto Bolaño is considered to have had the greatest United States impact of any post-Boom author (from Latin American literature)"><img alt="Image 25Roberto Bolaño is considered to have had the greatest United States impact of any post-Boom author (from Latin American literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/95px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/142px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/189px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> is considered to have had the greatest United States impact of any post-Boom author (from <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26The first page of Beowulf (from Medieval literature)"><img alt="Image 26The first page of Beowulf (from Medieval literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/71px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/107px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg/143px-Beowulf_Cotton_MS_Vitellius_A_XV_f._132r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="6868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>The first page of <i>Beowulf</i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27The European fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf in a painting by Carl Larsson in 1881. (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg/120px-Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg/180px-Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg/240px-Carl_Larsson_-_Little_Red_Riding_Hood_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>The European fairy tale <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf" title="Big Bad Wolf">Wolf</a> in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Larsson" title="Carl Larsson">Carl Larsson</a> in 1881. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 28The Codex Manesse, a German book from the Middle Ages (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 28The Codex Manesse, a German book from the Middle Ages (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/80px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/120px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/160px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 28</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></i>, a German book from the Middle Ages (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 29J. K. Rowling reads from her novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (from Children's literature)"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/95px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/143px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/191px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 29</span></span><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> reads from her novel <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 30Gabriel García Márquez, one of the most renowned Latin American writers (from Latin American literature)"><img alt="Image 30Gabriel García Márquez, one of the most renowned Latin American writers (from Latin American literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/80px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/120px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/160px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 30</span></span><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, one of the most renowned Latin American writers (from <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Munro_2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 31Short story writer Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. (from Canadian literature)"><img alt="Image 31Short story writer Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. (from Canadian literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/97px-Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/146px-Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-Alice_Munro_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 31</span></span><a href="/wiki/Short_story_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Short story writer">Short story writer</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2013. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A4umling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 32Hop-o'-My-Thumb and the ogre in an 1865 illustration (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="A painting from the fairy tale "The Facetious Nights of Straparola", showing people observing as a person jumps inside a building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/D%C3%A4umling.jpg/84px-D%C3%A4umling.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/D%C3%A4umling.jpg/127px-D%C3%A4umling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/D%C3%A4umling.jpg/169px-D%C3%A4umling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 32</span></span><a href="/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb" title="Hop-o'-My-Thumb">Hop-o'-My-Thumb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">ogre</a> in an 1865 illustration (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 33Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 33Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/80px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/120px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/160px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 33</span></span>Folio from the <i><b>Shah Jahan Album</b></i>, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinocchio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 34The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and one of the best-selling books ever published. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 34The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and one of the best-selling books ever published. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/87px-Pinocchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/131px-Pinocchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/174px-Pinocchio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 34</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a></i> (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">one of the best-selling books</a> ever published. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redsun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 35Ivan Bilibin (1876–1942)'s illustration of the Russian fairy tale about Vasilisa the Beautiful (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="Illustration of the Russian fairy tale about Vasilisa the Beautiful, showing a rider on a horse in a forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Redsun.jpg/79px-Redsun.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Redsun.jpg/118px-Redsun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Redsun.jpg/158px-Redsun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 35</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin" title="Ivan Bilibin">Ivan Bilibin</a> (1876–1942)'s illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Russian fairy tale</a> about <a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_the_Beautiful" title="Vasilisa the Beautiful">Vasilisa the Beautiful</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 361900 edition of the controversial The Story of Little Black Sambo (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 361900 edition of the controversial The Story of Little Black Sambo (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg/75px-Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg/112px-Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg/150px-Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 36</span></span>1900 edition of the controversial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo" title="The Story of Little Black Sambo">The Story of Little Black Sambo</a></i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur,_Iraq._Ur_III_period,_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 37The oldest known love poem. Sumerian terracotta tablet#2461 from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul (from History of poetry)"><img alt="Image 37The oldest known love poem. Sumerian terracotta tablet#2461 from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul (from History of poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/85px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/128px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/171px-The_oldest_love_poem._Sumerian_terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._Ur_III_period%2C_2037-2029_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="4917" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 37</span></span>The oldest known love poem. Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_2461" title="Istanbul 2461">terracotta tablet#2461</a> from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037–2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 38Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 38Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/120px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/180px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/240px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 38</span></span><i>Jikji</i>, <i>Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters</i>, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>, Paris. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Camus,_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel,_portrait_en_buste,_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche,_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 39French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. (from Nobel Prize in Literature)"><img alt="Image 39French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. (from Nobel Prize in Literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/100px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/150px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/200px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 39</span></span>French author <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> was the first African-born writer to receive the award. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 40Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 40Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/120px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/180px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/240px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="4769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 40</span></span>Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 41The former Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate George Elliott Clarke (2015) (from Canadian literature)"><img alt="Image 41The former Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate George Elliott Clarke (2015) (from Canadian literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-A_passionate_George_Elliot_Clarke_recites_poetry_2015_07_09_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 41</span></span>The former <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliamentary_Poet_Laureate" title="Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate">Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Clarke" title="George Elliott Clarke">George Elliott Clarke</a> (2015) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 42Sculpture of Alfonso Reyes writer of influential pieces of Mexican surrealism. (from Latin American literature)"><img alt="Image 42Sculpture of Alfonso Reyes writer of influential pieces of Mexican surrealism. (from Latin American literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg/82px-Alfonso_Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg/123px-Alfonso_Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg/164px-Alfonso_Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 42</span></span>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes" title="Alfonso Reyes">Alfonso Reyes</a> writer of influential pieces of Mexican <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 43Hemingway's telegram in 1954 (The academy has alternately used for Literature and in Literature over the years, the latter becoming the norm today.) (from Nobel Prize in Literature)"><img alt="Image 43Hemingway's telegram in 1954 (The academy has alternately used for Literature and in Literature over the years, the latter becoming the norm today.) (from Nobel Prize in Literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/120px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/180px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/240px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 43</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway's</a> telegram in 1954 (The academy has alternately used <i>for</i> Literature and <i>in</i> Literature over the years, the latter becoming the norm today.) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 44Statuta Mutine Reformata, 1420–1485; parchment codex bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps. (from Medieval literature)"><img alt="Image 44Statuta Mutine Reformata, 1420–1485; parchment codex bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps. (from Medieval literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg/82px-Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg/123px-Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg/164px-Statuta_civitatis_mutine_reformata_1420_1485.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 44</span></span><i>Statuta Mutine Reformata</i>, 1420–1485; parchment <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4512-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 4512-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/90px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/135px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/180px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 45</span></span>12-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Ideas" title="Walk of Ideas">Walk of Ideas</a>, commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">invention of modern book printing</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure-island01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 46Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 pirate adventure Treasure Island (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 46Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 pirate adventure Treasure Island (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/87px-Treasure-island01.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/131px-Treasure-island01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/174px-Treasure-island01.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 46</span></span>Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 pirate adventure <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_(8978291669).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 47Two people dressed up in costumes inspired by Willy Wonka (from Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory), and the Hatter (from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) in London (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 47Two people dressed up in costumes inspired by Willy Wonka (from Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory), and the Hatter (from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) in London (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/80px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/119px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/159px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 47</span></span>Two people dressed up in costumes inspired by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</a> (from Roald Dahl's <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Hatter</a> (from Lewis Carroll's <i>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</i>) in London (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 48Peruvian poet César Vallejo, considered by Thomas Merton "the greatest universal poet since Dante" (from Latin American literature)"><img alt="Image 48Peruvian poet César Vallejo, considered by Thomas Merton "the greatest universal poet since Dante" (from Latin American literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg/85px-Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg/128px-Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg/170px-Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 48</span></span>Peruvian poet <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a>, considered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a> "the greatest universal poet since Dante" (from <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinder_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 49Pages from the 1819 edition of Kinder- und Haus-Märchen by the Brothers Grimm (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 49Pages from the 1819 edition of Kinder- und Haus-Märchen by the Brothers Grimm (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/120px-Kinder_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/180px-Kinder_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/240px-Kinder_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 49</span></span>Pages from the 1819 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Kinder- und Haus-Märchen</a></i> by the Brothers Grimm (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perrault1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 50A picture by Gustave Doré of Mother Goose reading written (literary) fairy tales (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="A picture by Gustave Doré showing Mother Goose, an old woman, reading written (literary) fairy tales to children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Perrault1.jpg/95px-Perrault1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Perrault1.jpg/142px-Perrault1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Perrault1.jpg/190px-Perrault1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 50</span></span>A picture by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a> reading written (literary) fairy tales (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbispictus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 51A late 18th-century reprint of Orbis Pictus by Comenius, the first children's picture book. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 51A late 18th-century reprint of Orbis Pictus by Comenius, the first children's picture book. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/120px-Orbispictus.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/180px-Orbispictus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/240px-Orbispictus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 51</span></span>A late 18th-century reprint of <i><a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus" title="Orbis Pictus">Orbis Pictus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a>, the first children's picture book. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_violet_fairy_book_(1906)_(14751020284).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 52The Violet Fairy Book (1906)"><img alt="(from Fairy tale)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg/72px-The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg/108px-The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg/145px-The_violet_fairy_book_%281906%29_%2814751020284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 52</span></span><a href="/wiki/Lang%27s_Fairy_Books#The_Violet_Fairy_Book_(1901)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lang's Fairy Books">The Violet Fairy Book</a> (1906)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_the_scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 53The philosopher Confucius was influential in the developed approach to poetry and ancient music theory. (from History of poetry)"><img alt="Image 53The philosopher Confucius was influential in the developed approach to poetry and ancient music theory. (from History of poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/82px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/124px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Confucius_the_scholar.jpg/165px-Confucius_the_scholar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 53</span></span>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was influential in the developed approach to poetry and <a href="/wiki/Music_theory#China" title="Music theory">ancient music theory</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairy_Tales_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 54A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century lithograph by Jessie Willcox Smith. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 54A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century lithograph by Jessie Willcox Smith. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/81px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/121px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/162px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 54</span></span>A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnie_the_minx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 55Statue of Minnie the Minx, a character from The Beano. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with Dennis the Menace appearing on the cover. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 55Statue of Minnie the Minx, a character from The Beano. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with Dennis the Menace appearing on the cover. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/98px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/147px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/196px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 55</span></span>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Minnie_the_Minx" title="Minnie the Minx">Minnie the Minx</a>, a character from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beano" title="The Beano">The Beano</a></i>. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_and_Gnasher" title="Dennis the Menace and Gnasher">Dennis the Menace</a></i> appearing on the cover. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 56European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 56European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/120px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/180px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/240px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 56</span></span>European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sully-Prudhomme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 57In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection, and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." (from Nobel Prize in Literature)"><img alt="Image 57In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection, and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." (from Nobel Prize in Literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sully-Prudhomme.jpg/85px-Sully-Prudhomme.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sully-Prudhomme.jpg/127px-Sully-Prudhomme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sully-Prudhomme.jpg/170px-Sully-Prudhomme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 57</span></span>In 1901, French poet and essayist <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a> (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection, and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." (from <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_return_of_Rama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 58A Tagore illustration of a Hindu myth (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 58A Tagore illustration of a Hindu myth (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/82px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/123px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/163px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 58</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Tagore</a> illustration of a Hindu myth (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornbook_Mexican.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 59An early Mexican hornbook pictured in Tuer's History of the Horn-Book, 1896. (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 59An early Mexican hornbook pictured in Tuer's History of the Horn-Book, 1896. (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/75px-Hornbook_Mexican.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/112px-Hornbook_Mexican.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/150px-Hornbook_Mexican.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 59</span></span>An early Mexican <a href="/wiki/Hornbook" title="Hornbook">hornbook</a> pictured in Tuer's <i>History of the Horn-Book</i>, 1896. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 60Calliope, the muse of heroic poetry (from History of poetry)"><img alt="Image 60Calliope, the muse of heroic poetry (from History of poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg/67px-Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg/101px-Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg/134px-Calliope_Pio-Clementino_Inv312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 60</span></span><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a> of heroic poetry (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt,_and_next_to_him,_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 61Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 61Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/120px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/180px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/240px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 61</span></span>Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 62Peter Pan statue in Kensington Gardens, London (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 62Peter Pan statue in Kensington Gardens, London (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/90px-Peter_Pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/135px-Peter_Pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/180px-Peter_Pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 62</span></span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_statue" title="Peter Pan statue">Peter Pan statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a>, London (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 63The Crescent Moon by Rabindranath Tagore illus. by Nandalal Bose, Macmillan 1913 (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 63The Crescent Moon by Rabindranath Tagore illus. by Nandalal Bose, Macmillan 1913 (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg/77px-Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg/116px-Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg/154px-Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 63</span></span><i>The Crescent Moon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> illus. by <a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>, Macmillan 1913 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 64A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 64A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/87px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/131px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/175px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 64</span></span>A 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">Incunable</a>. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paz0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 65Octavio Paz helped to define modern poetry and the Mexican personality. (from Latin American literature)"><img alt="Image 65Octavio Paz helped to define modern poetry and the Mexican personality. (from Latin American literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paz0.jpg/82px-Paz0.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paz0.jpg/123px-Paz0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paz0.jpg/164px-Paz0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 65</span></span><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> helped to define modern poetry and the Mexican personality. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 66Folio from a manuscript of the Shanamah (Book of Kings) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 66Folio from a manuscript of the Shanamah (Book of Kings) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/81px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/122px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/162px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 66</span></span>Folio from a manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shanamah</a></i> (Book of Kings) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 67H. O. Tanager performs at a bookstore in Boise, Idaho. (from Performance poetry)"><img alt="Image 67H. O. Tanager performs at a bookstore in Boise, Idaho. (from Performance poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg/90px-HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg/135px-HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg/180px-HOTanagerRediscoveredBookshopPoetrySlam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 67</span></span>H. O. Tanager <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performs</a> at a bookstore in Boise, Idaho. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 68The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang dynasty China, i.e. 868 CE, the oldest known dated printed book in the world (British Library) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 68The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang dynasty China, i.e. 868 CE, the oldest known dated printed book in the world (British Library) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/120px-Jingangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/180px-Jingangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/240px-Jingangjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 68</span></span>The intricate frontispiece of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China, i.e. 868 CE, the oldest known dated printed book in the world (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 69A poet with a few enraptured fans (from Performance poetry)"><img alt="Image 69A poet with a few enraptured fans (from Performance poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg/82px-A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg/122px-A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg/163px-A_poet_and_a_few_enraptured_fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 69</span></span>A poet with a few enraptured fans (from <b><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">Performance poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 70Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector in 2020 (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 70Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector in 2020 (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/120px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/180px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/240px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 70</span></span>Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector in 2020 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_(FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS)_-_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 71Kings' Fairy Tale, 1909, by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (from Fairy tale)"><img alt="A 1909 illustration of kings in a dark forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg/120px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg/180px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg/240px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_FAIRY_TALE_%28FAIRY_TALE_OF_KINGS%29_-_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 71</span></span><i>Kings' Fairy Tale</i>, 1909, by <a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 72An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the Shijing (Classic of Poetry) (from History of poetry)"><img alt="Image 72An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the Shijing (Classic of Poetry) (from History of poetry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/70px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/105px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/140px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 72</span></span>An early Chinese <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a>, the <i>Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn</i> (孔子詩論), discussing the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry"><i>Shijing</i></a> (<i>Classic of Poetry</i>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 73European output of books 500–1800 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 73European output of books 500–1800 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/120px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/180px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/240px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 73</span></span>European output of books 500–1800 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 74An author portrait of Jean Miélot writing his compilation of the Miracles of Our Lady, one of his many popular works. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 74An author portrait of Jean Miélot writing his compilation of the Miracles of Our Lady, one of his many popular works. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/120px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/180px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/240px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 74</span></span>An author portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mi%C3%A9lot" title="Jean Miélot">Jean Miélot</a> writing his compilation of the <i>Miracles of Our Lady</i>, one of his many popular works. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript,_Kalpa-sutra,_Text_(recto),_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript,_Kalpa-sutra,_Birth_of_Mahavira,_folio_40_(verso)_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 75Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 75Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="2836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 75</span></span>Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, c. 1400 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 76European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 76European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/120px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/180px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/240px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 76</span></span>European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_C.S._Lewis,_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 77Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 77Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/80px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/120px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/160px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 77</span></span>Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></i> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewberyPocketBook.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 78Newbery's A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, originally published in 1744 (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 78Newbery's A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, originally published in 1744 (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/120px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/180px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/240px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 78</span></span>Newbery's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book" title="A Little Pretty Pocket-Book">A Little Pretty Pocket-Book</a></i>, originally published in 1744 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 79Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies (from Medieval literature)"><img alt="Image 79Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies (from Medieval literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/120px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/180px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/240px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 79</span></span>Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies (from <b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 80Illustration from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1865 (from Children's literature)"><img alt="Image 80Illustration from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1865 (from Children's literature)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/82px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/123px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/165px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="3614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 80</span></span>Illustration from <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>, 1865 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996214246" /><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column" style="flex:3"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_work" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Selected work</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured articles</a> are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</small></i></div> <hr /> <div style="float:left;margin-right:8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T. S. Eliot in 1934"><img alt="T. S. Eliot in 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/150px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/225px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/300px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </div><b>"<a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Simeon" title="A Song for Simeon">A Song for Simeon</a>"</b> is a 37-line poem written in 1928 by American-English poet <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot%27s_Ariel_poems" title="T. S. Eliot's Ariel poems">one of five poems</a> that Eliot contributed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ariel_poems_(Faber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel poems (Faber)">Ariel poems</a></i> series of 38 pamphlets by several authors published by <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Gwyer</a>. "A Song for Simeon" was the sixteenth in the series and included an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Edward_McKnight_Kauffer" title="Edward McKnight Kauffer">Edward McKnight Kauffer</a>. The poems, including "A Song for Simeon", were later published in both the 1936 and 1963 editions of Eliot's collected poems. <p>In 1927, Eliot had converted to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> and his poetry, starting with the <i>Ariel Poems</i>, took on a decidedly religious character. "A Song for Simeon" is seen by many critics and scholars as a discussion of the conversion experience. In the poem, Eliot retells the story of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> from the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, a just and devout Jew who encounters <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and the infant Jesus entering the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>. Promised by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a> that he would not die until he had seen the Saviour, Simeon sees in the infant Jesus the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> promised by the Lord and asks God to permit him to "depart in peace" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:25–35</a>). Several critics have debated whether Eliot's depiction of Simeon is a negative portrayal of a Jewish figure and evidence of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> on Eliot's part. </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_work" title="Portal:Literature/Selected work">More selected works</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Simeon" title="A Song for Simeon">Read more...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biographies_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Selected biographies - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured articles</a> are displayed here.</small></i></div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966" /><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Portrait of Rădulescu, by Mișu Popp Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliade or Eliade Rădulescu; Romanian pronunciation: [ˈi.on heliˈade rəduˈlesku]; 6 January 1802 – 27 April 1872) was a Wallachian, later Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician. A prolific translator of foreign literature into Romanian, he was also the author of books on linguistics and history. For much of his life, Heliade Rădulescu was a teacher at Saint Sava College in Bucharest, which he helped reopen. He was a founding member and first president of the Romanian Academy. Heliade Rădulescu is considered one of the foremost champions of Romanian culture from the first half of the 19th century, having first risen to prominence through his association with Gheorghe Lazăr and his support of Lazăr's drive for discontinuing education in Greek. Over the following decades, he had a major role in shaping the modern Romanian language, but caused controversy when he advocated the massive introduction of Italian neologisms into the Romanian lexis. A Romantic nationalist landowner siding with moderate liberals, Heliade was among the leaders of the 1848 Wallachian revolution, after which he was forced to spend several years in exile. Adopting an original form of conservatism, which emphasized the role of the aristocratic boyars in Romanian history, he was rewarded for supporting the Ottoman Empire and clashed with the radical wing of the 1848 revolutionaries. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 Portrait of Rădulescu, by Mișu Popp Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliade or Eliade Rădulescu; Romanian pronunciation: [ˈi.on heliˈade rəduˈlesku]; 6 January 1802 – 27 April 1872) was a Wallachian, later Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician. A prolific translator of foreign literature into Romanian, he was also the author of books on linguistics and history. For much of his life, Heliade Rădulescu was a teacher at Saint Sava College in Bucharest, which he helped reopen. He was a founding member and first president of the Romanian Academy. Heliade Rădulescu is considered one of the foremost champions of Romanian culture from the first half of the 19th century, having first risen to prominence through his association with Gheorghe Lazăr and his support of Lazăr's drive for discontinuing education in Greek. Over the following decades, he had a major role in shaping the modern Romanian language, but caused controversy when he advocated the massive introduction of Italian neologisms into the Romanian lexis. A Romantic nationalist landowner siding with moderate liberals, Heliade was among the leaders of the 1848 Wallachian revolution, after which he was forced to spend several years in exile. Adopting an original form of conservatism, which emphasized the role of the aristocratic boyars in Romanian history, he was rewarded for supporting the Ottoman Empire and clashed with the radical wing of the 1848 revolutionaries. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Heliade_Radulescu_Popp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ion_Heliade_Radulescu_Popp.jpg/220px-Ion_Heliade_Radulescu_Popp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Ion_Heliade_Radulescu_Popp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Portrait of Rădulescu, by <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99u_Popp" title="Mișu Popp">Mișu Popp</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Ion Heliade Rădulescu</a></b> or <b>Ion Heliade</b> (also known as <i>Eliade</i> or <i>Eliade Rădulescu</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈi.on<span class="wrap"> </span>heliˈade<span class="wrap"> </span>rəduˈlesku]</a></span>; 6 January 1802 – 27 April 1872) was a <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> academic, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicist</a> poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician. A prolific translator of foreign literature into <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, he was also the author of books on <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and history. For much of his life, Heliade Rădulescu was a teacher at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava_College" title="Saint Sava College">Saint Sava College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, which he helped reopen. He was a founding member and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>.<br /><br />Heliade Rădulescu is considered one of the foremost champions of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian culture">Romanian culture</a> from the first half of the 19th century, having first risen to prominence through his association with <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Laz%C4%83r" title="Gheorghe Lazăr">Gheorghe Lazăr</a> and his support of Lazăr's drive for discontinuing education in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. Over the following decades, he had a major role in shaping the modern Romanian language, but caused controversy when he advocated the massive introduction of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Romanian lexis</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalist</a> landowner siding with moderate <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">liberals</a>, Heliade was among the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/1848_Wallachian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Wallachian revolution">1848 Wallachian revolution</a>, after which he was forced to spend several years in exile. Adopting an original form of conservatism, which emphasized the role of the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romanian history</a>, he was rewarded for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> wing of the 1848 revolutionaries. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 William Shakespeare (c. 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men after the ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories as to whether the works attributed to him were written by others. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 William Shakespeare (c. 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men after the ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories as to whether the works attributed to him were written by others. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor,_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/220px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/330px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/440px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a> of <a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">Avon</a>" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">collaborations</a>, consist of some <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">39 plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">154 sonnets</a>, three long <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative poem">narrative poems</a> and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays <a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">have been translated</a> into every major <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">living language</a> and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.<br /><br />Shakespeare was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a>, with whom he had three children: <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna</a>, and twins <a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith</a>. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">part-owner</a> ("sharer") of a <a href="/wiki/Playing_company" title="Playing company">playing company</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI of Scotland</a> to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">his physical appearance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">his sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">his religious beliefs</a> and even certain <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theories</a> as to whether the works attributed to him were <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">written by others</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Photo by Tee Corinne, 1983 Ann Weldy (born September 15, 1932), better known by her pen name Ann Bannon, is an American author who, from 1957 to 1962, wrote six lesbian pulp fiction novels known as The Beebo Brinker Chronicles. The books' enduring popularity and impact on lesbian identity has earned her the title "Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction". Bannon was a young housewife trying to address her own issues of sexuality when she was inspired to write her first novel. Her subsequent books featured four characters who reappeared throughout the series, including her eponymous heroine, Beebo Brinker, who came to embody the archetype of a butch lesbian. The majority of her characters mirrored people she knew, but their stories reflected a life she did not feel she was able to live. Despite her traditional upbringing and role in married life, her novels defied conventions for romance stories and depictions of lesbians by addressing complex homosexual relationships. Her books shaped lesbian identity for lesbians and heterosexuals alike, but Bannon was mostly unaware of their impact. She stopped writing in 1962. Later, she earned a doctorate in linguistics and became an academic. She endured a difficult marriage for 27 years and, as she separated from her husband in the 1980s, her books were republished; she was stunned to learn of their influence on society. They were released again between 2001 and 2003 and were adapted as an award-winning Off-Broadway production. They are taught in women's and LGBT studies courses, and Bannon has received numerous awards for pioneering lesbian and gay literature. She has been described as "the premier fictional representation of US lesbian life in the fifties and sixties", and it has been said that her books "rest on the bookshelf of nearly every even faintly literate Lesbian". (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Photo by Tee Corinne, 1983 Ann Weldy (born September 15, 1932), better known by her pen name Ann Bannon, is an American author who, from 1957 to 1962, wrote six lesbian pulp fiction novels known as The Beebo Brinker Chronicles. The books' enduring popularity and impact on lesbian identity has earned her the title "Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction". Bannon was a young housewife trying to address her own issues of sexuality when she was inspired to write her first novel. Her subsequent books featured four characters who reappeared throughout the series, including her eponymous heroine, Beebo Brinker, who came to embody the archetype of a butch lesbian. The majority of her characters mirrored people she knew, but their stories reflected a life she did not feel she was able to live. Despite her traditional upbringing and role in married life, her novels defied conventions for romance stories and depictions of lesbians by addressing complex homosexual relationships. Her books shaped lesbian identity for lesbians and heterosexuals alike, but Bannon was mostly unaware of their impact. She stopped writing in 1962. Later, she earned a doctorate in linguistics and became an academic. She endured a difficult marriage for 27 years and, as she separated from her husband in the 1980s, her books were republished; she was stunned to learn of their influence on society. They were released again between 2001 and 2003 and were adapted as an award-winning Off-Broadway production. They are taught in women's and LGBT studies courses, and Bannon has received numerous awards for pioneering lesbian and gay literature. She has been described as "the premier fictional representation of US lesbian life in the fifties and sixties", and it has been said that her books "rest on the bookshelf of nearly every even faintly literate Lesbian". (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg/220px-Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg/330px-Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Ann_Bannon_in_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Photo by <a href="/wiki/Tee_Corinne" title="Tee Corinne">Tee Corinne</a>, 1983</div></div></div></div><br /><b>Ann Weldy</b> (born September 15, 1932), better known by her pen name <b><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bannon" title="Ann Bannon">Ann Bannon</a></b>, is an American author who, from 1957 to 1962, wrote six <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pulp_fiction" title="Lesbian pulp fiction">lesbian pulp fiction</a> novels known as <i>The Beebo Brinker Chronicles</i>. The books' enduring popularity and impact on lesbian identity has earned her the title "Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction". Bannon was a young housewife trying to address her own issues of sexuality when she was inspired to write her first novel. Her subsequent books featured four characters who reappeared throughout the series, including her eponymous heroine, Beebo Brinker, who came to embody the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch</a> lesbian. The majority of her characters mirrored people she knew, but their stories reflected a life she did not feel she was able to live. Despite her traditional upbringing and role in married life, her novels defied conventions for romance stories and depictions of lesbians by addressing complex homosexual relationships.<br /><br />Her books shaped lesbian identity for lesbians and heterosexuals alike, but Bannon was mostly unaware of their impact. She stopped writing in 1962. Later, she earned a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and became an academic. She endured a difficult marriage for 27 years and, as she separated from her husband in the 1980s, her books were republished; she was stunned to learn of their influence on society. They were released again between 2001 and 2003 and were adapted as an award-winning <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> production. They are taught in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT studies">LGBT studies</a> courses, and Bannon has received numerous awards for pioneering lesbian and gay literature. She has been described as "the premier fictional representation of US lesbian life in the fifties and sixties", and it has been said that her books "rest on the bookshelf of nearly every even faintly literate Lesbian". (<b><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bannon" title="Ann Bannon">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Carson in 1943 Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist, writer, and conservationist whose sea trilogy (1941–1955) and book Silent Spring (1962) are credited with advancing marine conservation and the global environmental movement. Carson began her career as an aquatic biologist in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Her widely praised 1951 bestseller The Sea Around Us won her a U.S. National Book Award, recognition as a gifted writer and financial security. Its success prompted the republication of her first book, Under the Sea Wind (1941), in 1952, which was followed by The Edge of the Sea in 1955 — both were also bestsellers. This sea trilogy explores the whole of ocean life from the shores to the depths. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Carson in 1943 Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist, writer, and conservationist whose sea trilogy (1941–1955) and book Silent Spring (1962) are credited with advancing marine conservation and the global environmental movement. Carson began her career as an aquatic biologist in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Her widely praised 1951 bestseller The Sea Around Us won her a U.S. National Book Award, recognition as a gifted writer and financial security. Its success prompted the republication of her first book, Under the Sea Wind (1941), in 1952, which was followed by The Edge of the Sea in 1955 — both were also bestsellers. This sea trilogy explores the whole of ocean life from the shores to the depths. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel-Carson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/220px-Rachel-Carson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/330px-Rachel-Carson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/440px-Rachel-Carson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Carson in 1943</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Louise Carson</a></b> (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American <a href="/wiki/Marine_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biologist">marine biologist</a>, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationist</a> whose sea trilogy (1941–1955) and book <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> (1962) are credited with advancing <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">marine conservation</a> and the global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>.<br /><br />Carson began her career as an aquatic biologist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Bureau of Fisheries</a>, and became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Her widely praised 1951 bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us" title="The Sea Around Us">The Sea Around Us</a></i> won her a U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>, recognition as a gifted writer and financial security. Its success prompted the republication of her first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sea_Wind" title="Under the Sea Wind">Under the Sea Wind</a></i> (1941), in 1952, which was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_the_Sea" title="The Edge of the Sea">The Edge of the Sea</a> </i> in 1955 — both were also bestsellers. This sea trilogy explores the whole of ocean life from the shores to the depths. (<b><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Rowling at the White House in 2010 Joanne Rowling (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ⓘ ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She is the author of Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy novel series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. The Casual Vacancy was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, under the alias Robert Galbraith. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, concluding with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Rowling at the White House in 2010 Joanne Rowling (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ⓘ ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She is the author of Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy novel series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. The Casual Vacancy was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, under the alias Robert Galbraith. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, concluding with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg/220px-J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg/330px-J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg/440px-J._K._Rowling_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Rowling at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 2010</div></div></div></div><br /><b>Joanne Rowling</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/J._K._Rowling_%282%29.ogg\/J._K._Rowling_%282%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"J. K. Rowling (2).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/J._K._Rowling_%282%29.ogg/J._K._Rowling_%282%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:J._K._Rowling_(2).ogg" title="File:J. K. Rowling (2).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROH</span>-ling</i></a>; born 31 July 1965), known by her <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></b></span>, is a British author and philanthropist. She is the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, a seven-volume <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> novel series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books#List_of_best-selling_book_series" title="List of best-selling books">sold over 600 million copies</a>, been <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_in_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter in translation">translated</a> into 84 languages, and spawned a <a href="/wiki/Wizarding_World" title="Wizarding World">global media franchise</a> including <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(films)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter (films)">films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_video_games" title="Harry Potter video games">video games</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Casual_Vacancy" title="The Casual Vacancy">The Casual Vacancy</a></i> was her first novel for adults. She writes <i><a href="/wiki/Cormoran_Strike" title="Cormoran Strike">Cormoran Strike</a></i>, an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> series, under the alias <b>Robert Galbraith</b>. <br /><br />Born in <a href="/wiki/Yate" title="Yate">Yate</a>, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the <i>Harry Potter</i> series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i>, was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, concluding with <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a></i> (2007). By 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> had named her the world's highest-paid author. (<b><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Cabinet card of W. S. Gilbert in about 1880 by Elliott & Fry Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which produced fourteen comic operas. The most famous of these include H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado. The popularity of these works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them, in Britain and abroad, by the repertory company that Gilbert, Sullivan and their producer Richard D'Oyly Carte founded, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. These Savoy operas are still frequently performed in the English-speaking world and beyond. Gilbert's creative output included over 75 plays and libretti, and numerous short stories, poems and lyrics, both comic and serious. After brief careers as a government clerk and a lawyer, Gilbert began to focus, in the 1860s, on writing light verse, including his Bab Ballads, short stories, theatre reviews and illustrations, often for Fun magazine. He also began to write burlesques and his first comic plays, developing a unique absurdist, inverted style that would later be known as his "topsy-turvy" style. He also developed a realistic method of stage direction and a reputation as a strict theatre director. In the 1870s, Gilbert wrote 40 plays and libretti, including his German Reed Entertainments, several blank-verse "fairy comedies", some serious plays, and his first five collaborations with Sullivan: Thespis, Trial by Jury, The Sorcerer, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. In the 1880s, Gilbert focused on the Savoy operas, including Patience, Iolanthe, The Mikado, The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Cabinet card of W. S. Gilbert in about 1880 by Elliott & Fry Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which produced fourteen comic operas. The most famous of these include H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado. The popularity of these works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them, in Britain and abroad, by the repertory company that Gilbert, Sullivan and their producer Richard D'Oyly Carte founded, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. These Savoy operas are still frequently performed in the English-speaking world and beyond. Gilbert's creative output included over 75 plays and libretti, and numerous short stories, poems and lyrics, both comic and serious. After brief careers as a government clerk and a lawyer, Gilbert began to focus, in the 1860s, on writing light verse, including his Bab Ballads, short stories, theatre reviews and illustrations, often for Fun magazine. He also began to write burlesques and his first comic plays, developing a unique absurdist, inverted style that would later be known as his "topsy-turvy" style. He also developed a realistic method of stage direction and a reputation as a strict theatre director. In the 1870s, Gilbert wrote 40 plays and libretti, including his German Reed Entertainments, several blank-verse "fairy comedies", some serious plays, and his first five collaborations with Sullivan: Thespis, Trial by Jury, The Sorcerer, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. In the 1880s, Gilbert focused on the Savoy operas, including Patience, Iolanthe, The Mikado, The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gilbert posing, looking toward the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg/220px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg/330px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg/440px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_photograph_W._S._Gilbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_card" title="Cabinet card">Cabinet card</a> of W. S. Gilbert in about 1880 by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_%26_Fry" title="Elliott & Fry">Elliott & Fry</a></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">Sir William Schwenck Gilbert</a></b> (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librettist" class="mw-redirect" title="Librettist">librettist</a>, poet and illustrator best known for his <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">collaboration</a> with composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>, which produced fourteen <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a>. The most famous of these include <i><a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a></i> and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></i>. The popularity of these works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them, in Britain and abroad, by the repertory company that Gilbert, Sullivan and their producer <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a> founded, the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a> are still frequently performed in the English-speaking world and beyond.<br /><br />Gilbert's creative output included over 75 plays and <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a>, and numerous short stories, poems and lyrics, both comic and serious. After brief careers as a government clerk and a lawyer, Gilbert began to focus, in the 1860s, on writing light verse, including his <i><a href="/wiki/Bab_Ballads" title="Bab Ballads">Bab Ballads</a></i>, short stories, theatre reviews and illustrations, often for <i><a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a></i> magazine. He also began to write <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a> and his first comic plays, developing a unique absurdist, inverted style that would later be known as his "topsy-turvy" style. He also developed a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realistic</a> method of stage direction and a reputation as a strict theatre director. In the 1870s, Gilbert wrote 40 plays and libretti, including his <a href="/wiki/German_Reed_Entertainments" title="German Reed Entertainments">German Reed Entertainments</a>, several blank-verse "fairy comedies", some serious plays, and his first five collaborations with Sullivan: <i><a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_by_Jury" title="Trial by Jury">Trial by Jury</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></i>, <i>H.M.S. Pinafore</i> and <i>The Pirates of Penzance</i>. In the 1880s, Gilbert focused on the Savoy operas, including <i><a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></i>, <i>The Mikado</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a></i>. (<b><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Achebe in Lagos, 1966 Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbeɪ/ ⓘ; born Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as a central figure of modern African literature. His first novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart, his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the "African Trilogy". Later novels include A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). Achebe is often referred to as the "father of modern African literature", although he vigorously rejected the characterization. Born in Ogidi, Colonial Nigeria, Achebe's childhood was influenced by both Igbo traditional culture and colonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the University of Ibadan, where he became fiercely critical of how Western literature depicted Africa. Moving to Lagos after graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) and garnered international attention for his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart. In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through the publisher Heinemann, with whom he began the Heinemann African Writers Series and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Flora Nwapa. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Achebe in Lagos, 1966 Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbeɪ/ ⓘ; born Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as a central figure of modern African literature. His first novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart, his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the "African Trilogy". Later novels include A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). Achebe is often referred to as the "father of modern African literature", although he vigorously rejected the characterization. Born in Ogidi, Colonial Nigeria, Achebe's childhood was influenced by both Igbo traditional culture and colonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the University of Ibadan, where he became fiercely critical of how Western literature depicted Africa. Moving to Lagos after graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) and garnered international attention for his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart. In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through the publisher Heinemann, with whom he began the Heinemann African Writers Series and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Flora Nwapa. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinua_Achebe,_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg/220px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg/330px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg/440px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Achebe in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, 1966</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Ig-Chinua_Achebe.ogg\/Ig-Chinua_Achebe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ig-Chinua Achebe.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Ig-Chinua_Achebe.ogg/Ig-Chinua_Achebe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ig-Chinua_Achebe.ogg" title="File:Ig-Chinua Achebe.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; born <b>Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe</b>; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as a central figure of modern <a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African literature</a>. His first novel and <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a></i> (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with <i>Things Fall Apart</i>, his <i><a href="/wiki/No_Longer_at_Ease" title="No Longer at Ease">No Longer at Ease</a></i> (1960) and <i><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_God" title="Arrow of God">Arrow of God</a></i> (1964) complete the "African Trilogy". Later novels include <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_of_the_People" title="A Man of the People">A Man of the People</a></i> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/Anthills_of_the_Savannah" title="Anthills of the Savannah">Anthills of the Savannah</a></i> (1987). Achebe is often referred to as the "father of modern African literature", although he vigorously rejected the characterization.<br /><br />Born in <a href="/wiki/Ogidi,_Anambra" title="Ogidi, Anambra">Ogidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a>, Achebe's childhood was influenced by both <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> traditional culture and colonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ibadan" title="University of Ibadan">University of Ibadan</a>, where he became fiercely critical of how <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a> depicted Africa. Moving to <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> after graduation, he worked for the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Broadcasting Service">Nigerian Broadcasting Service</a> (NBS) and garnered international attention for his 1958 novel <i>Things Fall Apart</i>. In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through the publisher <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>, with whom he began the <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_African_Writers_Series" title="Heinemann African Writers Series">Heinemann African Writers Series</a> and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Nwapa" title="Flora Nwapa">Flora Nwapa</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Vonnegut in 1965 Kurt Vonnegut (/ˈvɒnəɡət/ VON-ə-gət; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. His published work includes fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works over fifty-plus years; further works have been published since his death. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut attended Cornell University, but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the U.S. Army. As part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He was interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox. He and his wife both attended the University of Chicago while he worked as a night reporter for the City News Bureau. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Vonnegut in 1965 Kurt Vonnegut (/ˈvɒnəɡət/ VON-ə-gət; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. His published work includes fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works over fifty-plus years; further works have been published since his death. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut attended Cornell University, but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the U.S. Army. As part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He was interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox. He and his wife both attended the University of Chicago while he worked as a night reporter for the City News Bureau. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_(1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg/220px-Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg/330px-Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg/440px-Kurt_Vonnegut_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_%281965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="4815" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Vonnegut in 1965</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VON</span>-ə-gət</i></a>; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> and darkly humorous novels. His published work includes fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works over fifty-plus years; further works have been published since his death.<br /><br />Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Vonnegut attended <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. As part of his training, he studied <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was captured by the Germans during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">interned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, where he survived the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Allied bombing of the city</a> in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox. He and his wife both attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> while he worked as a night reporter for the <a href="/wiki/City_News_Bureau_of_Chicago" title="City News Bureau of Chicago">City News Bureau</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Revised detail of daguerreotype taken in 1842 Honoré de Balzac (/ˈbælzæk/ BAL-zak, more commonly US: /ˈbɔːl-/ BAWL-; French: [ɔnɔʁe d(ə) balzak]; born Honoré Balzac; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James, and filmmakers François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all." (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Revised detail of daguerreotype taken in 1842 Honoré de Balzac (/ˈbælzæk/ BAL-zak, more commonly US: /ˈbɔːl-/ BAWL-; French: [ɔnɔʁe d(ə) balzak]; born Honoré Balzac; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James, and filmmakers François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all." (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_(1842)_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/330px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/440px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Revised detail of <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> taken in 1842</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BAL</span>-zak</i></a>, <small>more commonly</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BAWL</span>-</i></a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔnɔʁe<span class="wrap"> </span>d(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>balzak]</a></span>; born <b>Honoré Balzac</b>; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The <a href="/wiki/Novel_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel sequence">novel sequence</a> <i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i>, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a></i>.<br /><br />Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> in <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a>. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, and filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rivette" title="Jacques Rivette">Jacques Rivette</a>. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all." (<b><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Wollstonecraft c. 1797 Mary Wollstonecraft (UK: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/ WUUL-stən-krahft, US: /-kræft/ -⁠kraft; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer and philosopher best known for her advocacy of women's rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional (at the time) personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences. During her brief career she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men but appeared to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Wollstonecraft c. 1797 Mary Wollstonecraft (UK: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/ WUUL-stən-krahft, US: /-kræft/ -⁠kraft; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer and philosopher best known for her advocacy of women's rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional (at the time) personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences. During her brief career she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men but appeared to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Wollstonecraft <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WUUL</span>-stən-krahft</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠kraft</i></a>; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer and philosopher best known for her advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional (at the time) personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding <a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist philosopher">feminist philosophers</a>, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences.<br /><br />During her brief career she wrote novels, treatises, a <a href="/wiki/Travel_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel narrative">travel narrative</a>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a>, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men but appeared to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> founded on reason. (<b><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Literature/Selected biography">More selected biographies</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_excerpt" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected excerpt</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">When can their glory fade?<br />O the wild charge they made!<br />     All the world wonder'd.<br />Honour the charge they made!<br />Honour the Light Brigade,<br />     Noble six hundred! </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a>"</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Excerpts" title="Portal:Literature/Excerpts">More excerpts...</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Charge of the Light Brigade">Read at Wikisource...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="More_Did_you_know" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More Did you know</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Thio_Tjin_Boen" title="Thio Tjin Boen">Thio Tjin Boen</a></b><span class="nowrap">'s</span> novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/Tjerita_Oeij_Se" title="Tjerita Oeij Se">Tjerita Oeij Se</a></b></i>, with a man who becomes rich after finding a kite made of paper money, has been read as a condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">interethnic marriage</a>?</li> <li>... that <i><b><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Milk_for_Boston_Babes" title="Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes">Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes</a></b></i> is the first known children's book published in America?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Hella_Haasse" title="Hella Haasse">Hella Haasse</a> submitted her debut novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oeroeg" title="Oeroeg">Oeroeg</a></b></i> under the pseudonym Soeka toelis ("Like to write")?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> playwright <b><a href="/wiki/Peretz_Hirshbein" class="mw-redirect" title="Peretz Hirshbein">Peretz Hirshbein</a></b> tried his hand at farming, both in the <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>?</li> <li>... that the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i> novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_34th_Rule" title="The 34th Rule">The 34th Rule</a></b></i> was intended to be an allegory for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>?</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Literature/Did you know">More Did you know facts</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column" style="flex:2"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_illustration" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected illustration</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238452006">.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a[href="/wiki/File:Blank.png"]{display:none}.mw-parser-output .gallerytext{font-size:100%!important;text-align:left}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966" /><div class="randomSlideshow-container portalSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy,_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Illustration: George Cruikshank; Restoration: Adam Cuerden In this scene from Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, Uncle Toby's colonel invents a device for firing multiple miniature cannons at once, based on a hookah. Unfortunately, he and Toby find the puffing on the hookah pipe so enjoyable that they keep setting the cannons off. The novel was published in nine volumes over ten years, starting in 1759. Although it was not always held in high esteem by other writers, its bawdy humour was popular with London society, and it has come to be seen as one of the greatest comic novels in English, as well as a forerunner for many modern narrative devices and styles. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 1 The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Illustration: George Cruikshank; Restoration: Adam Cuerden In this scene from Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, Uncle Toby's colonel invents a device for firing multiple miniature cannons at once, based on a hookah. Unfortunately, he and Toby find the puffing on the hookah pipe so enjoyable that they keep setting the cannons off. The novel was published in nine volumes over ten years, starting in 1759. Although it was not always held in high esteem by other writers, its bawdy humour was popular with London society, and it has come to be seen as one of the greatest comic novels in English, as well as a forerunner for many modern narrative devices and styles. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg/92px-George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg/138px-George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg/183px-George_Cruikshank_-_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Plate_VIII._The_Smoking_Batteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="5284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">In this scene from <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>'s <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</a></b></i>, Uncle Toby's colonel invents a device for firing multiple miniature <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> at once, based on a <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a>. Unfortunately, he and Toby find the puffing on the hookah pipe so enjoyable that they keep setting the cannons off. The novel was published in nine volumes over ten years, starting in 1759. Although it was not always held in high esteem by other writers, its bawdy humour was popular with London society, and it has come to be seen as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">comic novels</a> in English, as well as a forerunner for many modern narrative devices and styles.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 The Princess and the Trolls Illustration: John Bauer The Princess and the Trolls, by John Bauer (1882–1918), was painted as an illustration for "The Changeling", a short story by Helena Nyblom. A watercolour held by the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, it was first published in the 1913 edition of the anthology Among Gnomes and Trolls. It shows the princess Bianca Maria between two trolls in a forest. Bauer's illustrations of fairy tales and children's stories made him a household name in his native Sweden, and shaped perceptions of many fairy tale characters. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 2 The Princess and the Trolls Illustration: John Bauer The Princess and the Trolls, by John Bauer (1882–1918), was painted as an illustration for "The Changeling", a short story by Helena Nyblom. A watercolour held by the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, it was first published in the 1913 edition of the anthology Among Gnomes and Trolls. It shows the princess Bianca Maria between two trolls in a forest. Bauer's illustrations of fairy tales and children's stories made him a household name in his native Sweden, and shaped perceptions of many fairy tale characters. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-John_Bauer_-_The_Princess_and_the_Trolls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="3042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)"><i>The Princess and the Trolls</i></a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: <a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><i>The Princess and the Trolls</i>, by <b><a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a></b> (1882–1918), was painted as an illustration for "The Changeling", a short story by <a href="/wiki/Helena_Nyblom" title="Helena Nyblom">Helena Nyblom</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalmuseum" title="Nationalmuseum">Nationalmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, it was first published in the 1913 edition of the anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Among_Gnomes_and_Trolls" title="Among Gnomes and Trolls">Among Gnomes and Trolls</a></i>. It shows the princess <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria" title="Bianca Maria">Bianca Maria</a> between two trolls in a forest. Bauer's illustrations of fairy tales and children's stories made him a household name in his native Sweden, and shaped perceptions of many fairy tale characters.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_(1920_printing)_-_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Jeeves Illustration: Unknown; restoration: Adam Cuerden Jeeves is a fictional character in a series of comedic short stories and novels by English author P. G. Wodehouse, in which he is depicted as the highly competent valet of a wealthy and idle young Londoner named Bertie Wooster. First appearing in the short story "Extricating Young Gussie" in 1915, Jeeves continued to feature in Wodehouse's work until his last completed novel, Aunts Aren't Gentlemen (1974). He also appeared in numerous films and television series, portrayed by such actors as Arthur Treacher, Michael Aldridge, and Dennis Price. The name and character of Jeeves have come to be identified with the quintessential valet or butler. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 3 Jeeves Illustration: Unknown; restoration: Adam Cuerden Jeeves is a fictional character in a series of comedic short stories and novels by English author P. G. Wodehouse, in which he is depicted as the highly competent valet of a wealthy and idle young Londoner named Bertie Wooster. First appearing in the short story "Extricating Young Gussie" in 1915, Jeeves continued to feature in Wodehouse's work until his last completed novel, Aunts Aren't Gentlemen (1974). He also appeared in numerous films and television series, portrayed by such actors as Arthur Treacher, Michael Aldridge, and Dennis Price. The name and character of Jeeves have come to be identified with the quintessential valet or butler. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg/75px-P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg/113px-P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg/151px-P.G._Wodehouse_-_My_Man_Jeeves_-_1st_American_edition_%281920_printing%29_-_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jeeves" title="Jeeves">Jeeves</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: Unknown; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jeeves" title="Jeeves">Jeeves</a></b> is a fictional character in a series of <a href="/wiki/Comedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedic">comedic</a> short stories and novels by English author <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a>, in which he is depicted as the highly competent <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a> of a wealthy and idle young Londoner named <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Wooster" title="Bertie Wooster">Bertie Wooster</a>. First appearing in the short story "<a href="/wiki/Extricating_Young_Gussie" title="Extricating Young Gussie">Extricating Young Gussie</a>" in 1915, Jeeves continued to feature in Wodehouse's work until his last completed novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Aunts_Aren%27t_Gentlemen" title="Aunts Aren't Gentlemen">Aunts Aren't Gentlemen</a></i> (1974). He also appeared in numerous films and television series, portrayed by such actors as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Treacher" title="Arthur Treacher">Arthur Treacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Aldridge" title="Michael Aldridge">Michael Aldridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Price" title="Dennis Price">Dennis Price</a>. The name and character of Jeeves have come to be identified with the quintessential valet or <a href="/wiki/Butler" title="Butler">butler</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_of_the_Mohicans,_Merrill_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The Last of the Mohicans Illustration: Frank T. Merrill; restoration: Chris Woodrich An illustration from 1896 edition of James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. Set during the French and Indian War, the novel details the transport of two young women to Fort William Henry. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, the Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas. In this scene, Bumppo (disguised as a bear) fights against the novel's villain, Magua, as two of his compatriots look on. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 4 The Last of the Mohicans Illustration: Frank T. Merrill; restoration: Chris Woodrich An illustration from 1896 edition of James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. Set during the French and Indian War, the novel details the transport of two young women to Fort William Henry. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, the Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas. In this scene, Bumppo (disguised as a bear) fights against the novel's villain, Magua, as two of his compatriots look on. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg/94px-Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg/141px-Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg/189px-Last_of_the_Mohicans%2C_Merrill_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: Frank T. Merrill; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Crisco_1492" title="User:Crisco 1492">Chris Woodrich</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">An illustration from 1896 edition of <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>'s <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></b></i>. Set during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the novel details the transport of two young women to <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry" title="Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a>. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman <a href="/wiki/Natty_Bumppo" title="Natty Bumppo">Natty Bumppo</a>, the Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians <a href="/wiki/Chingachgook" title="Chingachgook">Chingachgook</a> and Uncas. In this scene, Bumppo (disguised as a bear) fights against the novel's villain, <a href="/wiki/Magua" title="Magua">Magua</a>, as two of his compatriots look on.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 "The Queen of Hearts" Restoration: Lise Broer William Wallace Denslow's illustration of the poem "The Queen of Hearts" from a 1901 issue of Mother Goose. The poem was originally published in 1782 as part of a set of four playing card based poems, but proved to be far more popular than the others. By 1785 it had been set to music, and it forms the basis of the plot of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Chapter XI: "Who Stole the Tarts?" Although it was originally published in a magazine for adults, it is now best known as a nursery rhyme. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 5 "The Queen of Hearts" Restoration: Lise Broer William Wallace Denslow's illustration of the poem "The Queen of Hearts" from a 1901 issue of Mother Goose. The poem was originally published in 1782 as part of a set of four playing card based poems, but proved to be far more popular than the others. By 1785 it had been set to music, and it forms the basis of the plot of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Chapter XI: "Who Stole the Tarts?" Although it was originally published in a magazine for adults, it is now best known as a nursery rhyme. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg/90px-Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg/134px-Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg/179px-Queen_of_Hearts_Mother_Goose2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%">"<a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Hearts_(poem)" title="The Queen of Hearts (poem)">The Queen of Hearts</a>"</span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a>'s illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a> "<b><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Hearts_(poem)" title="The Queen of Hearts (poem)">The Queen of Hearts</a></b>" from a 1901 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a></i>. The poem was originally published in 1782 as part of a set of four <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing card</a> based poems, but proved to be far more popular than the others. By 1785 it had been set to music, and it forms the basis of the plot of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>, Chapter XI: "Who Stole the Tarts?" Although it was originally published in a magazine for adults, it is now best known as a <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_(Restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby Artist: Jessie Willcox Smith; Restoration: ErikTheBikeMan Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid, a character named after the Golden Rule, from The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, a children's novel by Charles Kingsley. Published in 1863, the book was extremely popular in England, and was a mainstay of British children's literature for many decades. The book had been intended in part as a satire, a tract against child labour, as well as a serious critique of the closed-minded approaches of many scientists of the day in their response to Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 6 The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby Artist: Jessie Willcox Smith; Restoration: ErikTheBikeMan Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid, a character named after the Golden Rule, from The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, a children's novel by Charles Kingsley. Published in 1863, the book was extremely popular in England, and was a mainstay of British children's literature for many decades. The book had been intended in part as a satire, a tract against child labour, as well as a serious critique of the closed-minded approaches of many scientists of the day in their response to Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg/86px-Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg/129px-Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg/171px-Jessie_Willcox_Smith_-_The_Water_Babies_-_p236_%28Restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Artist: <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:ErikTheBikeMan" title="User:ErikTheBikeMan">ErikTheBikeMan</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid, a character named after the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>, from <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby</a></b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>. Published in 1863, the book was extremely popular in England, and was a mainstay of British children's literature for many decades. The book had been intended in part as a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, a tract against <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, as well as a serious critique of the closed-minded approaches of many scientists of the day in their response to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s ideas on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 The Hunting of the Snark Illustration credit: Henry Holiday, after Lewis Carroll; restored by Adam Cuerden The Hunting of the Snark is a poem composed by the English writer Lewis Carroll between 1874 and 1876, typically characterised as a nonsense poem. The plot follows a crew of ten who cross the ocean to hunt the Snark, which may turn out to be a highly dangerous Boojum. This is the second of Henry Holiday's original illustrations for the first edition of the poem. It introduces some of the crew, whose names all start with "B"; the Bellman and Baker are on the upper deck, with the Barrister seated in the background; below are the Billiard-marker, the Banker and the Broker, with the maker of Bonnets and Hoods visible behind. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 7 The Hunting of the Snark Illustration credit: Henry Holiday, after Lewis Carroll; restored by Adam Cuerden The Hunting of the Snark is a poem composed by the English writer Lewis Carroll between 1874 and 1876, typically characterised as a nonsense poem. The plot follows a crew of ten who cross the ocean to hunt the Snark, which may turn out to be a highly dangerous Boojum. This is the second of Henry Holiday's original illustrations for the first edition of the poem. It introduces some of the crew, whose names all start with "B"; the Bellman and Baker are on the upper deck, with the Barrister seated in the background; below are the Billiard-marker, the Banker and the Broker, with the maker of Bonnets and Hoods visible behind. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg/81px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg/121px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg/162px-Lewis_Carroll_-_Henry_Holiday_-_Hunting_of_the_Snark_-_Plate_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="5064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration credit: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>; restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a></b></i> is a poem composed by the English writer <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> between 1874 and 1876, typically characterised as a <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">nonsense poem</a>. The plot follows a crew of ten who cross the ocean to hunt the <a href="/wiki/Snark_(Lewis_Carroll)" title="Snark (Lewis Carroll)">Snark</a>, which may turn out to be a highly dangerous Boojum. This is the second of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a>'s original illustrations for the first edition of the poem. It introduces some of the crew, whose names all start with "B"; the Bellman and Baker are on the upper deck, with the Barrister seated in the background; below are the Billiard-marker, the Banker and the Broker, with the maker of Bonnets and Hoods visible behind.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midas_gold2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Midas Artist: Walter Crane; Restoration: Lise Broer An illustration from an 1893 version of A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys by Nathaniel Hawthorne, which recounted the tale of King Midas. In Greek mythology, Midas was given ability to turn everything he touched into gold by the god Bacchus. However, he soon discovered that he was unable to even eat. Bacchus told him to wash in the river Pactolus, and the power flowed in the river, which was supposedly the reason for why the river was so rich in gold in later years. In Hawthorne's version, Midas' touch even turned his daughter to gold (pictured here). More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 8 Midas Artist: Walter Crane; Restoration: Lise Broer An illustration from an 1893 version of A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys by Nathaniel Hawthorne, which recounted the tale of King Midas. In Greek mythology, Midas was given ability to turn everything he touched into gold by the god Bacchus. However, he soon discovered that he was unable to even eat. Bacchus told him to wash in the river Pactolus, and the power flowed in the river, which was supposedly the reason for why the river was so rich in gold in later years. In Hawthorne's version, Midas' touch even turned his daughter to gold (pictured here). More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Midas_gold2.jpg/81px-Midas_gold2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Midas_gold2.jpg/121px-Midas_gold2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Midas_gold2.jpg/161px-Midas_gold2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Artist: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">An illustration from an 1893 version of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Wonder-Book_for_Girls_and_Boys" title="A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys">A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, which recounted the tale of <b><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">King Midas</a></b>. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, Midas was given ability to turn everything he touched into <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> by the god <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>. However, he soon discovered that he was unable to even eat. Bacchus told him to wash in the river <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a>, and the power flowed in the river, which was supposedly the reason for why the river was so rich in gold in later years. In Hawthorne's version, Midas' touch even turned his daughter to gold (pictured here).</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 The Sleeping Beauty Illustration: W. E. F. Britten; restoration: Adam Cuerden "The Sleeping Beauty" is a poem written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and published in 1830; it was later expanded and published in 1842 as "The Day-Dream". Based on the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, the poem (as with many of Tennyson's adaptations of existing literary works) focuses on a single aspect of the story, the appearance of the eponymous character as she sleeps. This illustration by W. E. F. Britten was published in 1901 to accompany a reprinting of "The Sleeping Beauty". It accompanies the poem's final lines: "She sleeps, nor dreams, but ever dwells / A perfect form in perfect rest." More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 9 The Sleeping Beauty Illustration: W. E. F. Britten; restoration: Adam Cuerden "The Sleeping Beauty" is a poem written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and published in 1830; it was later expanded and published in 1842 as "The Day-Dream". Based on the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, the poem (as with many of Tennyson's adaptations of existing literary works) focuses on a single aspect of the story, the appearance of the eponymous character as she sleeps. This illustration by W. E. F. Britten was published in 1901 to accompany a reprinting of "The Sleeping Beauty". It accompanies the poem's final lines: "She sleeps, nor dreams, but ever dwells / A perfect form in perfect rest." More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg/93px-W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg/139px-W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg/186px-W.E.F._Britten_-_The_Early_Poems_of_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson_-_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5155" data-file-height="6656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/The_Day-Dream" title="The Day-Dream">The Sleeping Beauty</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Frank_Britten" title="William Edward Frank Britten">W. E. F. Britten</a>; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">"<b><a href="/wiki/The_Day-Dream" title="The Day-Dream">The Sleeping Beauty</a></b>" is a poem written by <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>, and published in 1830; it was later expanded and published in 1842 as "The Day-Dream". Based on the fairy tale <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a></i>, the poem (as with many of Tennyson's adaptations of existing literary works) focuses on a single aspect of the story, the appearance of the eponymous character as she sleeps.<br /><br />This illustration by <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Frank_Britten" title="William Edward Frank Britten">W. E. F. Britten</a> was published in 1901 to accompany a reprinting of "The Sleeping Beauty". It accompanies the poem's final lines: "She sleeps, nor dreams, but ever dwells / A perfect form in perfect rest."</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabberwocky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 "Jabberwocky" Illustration: John Tenniel The Jabberwock, the titular creature of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky". First included in Carroll's novel Through the Looking-Glass (1871), the poem was illustrated by John Tenniel, who gave the creature "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod". "Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English, and has contributed such nonsense words and neologisms as galumphing and chortle to the English lexicon. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 10 "Jabberwocky" Illustration: John Tenniel The Jabberwock, the titular creature of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky". First included in Carroll's novel Through the Looking-Glass (1871), the poem was illustrated by John Tenniel, who gave the creature "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod". "Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English, and has contributed such nonsense words and neologisms as galumphing and chortle to the English lexicon. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/80px-Jabberwocky.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/120px-Jabberwocky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/160px-Jabberwocky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4238" data-file-height="6362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabberwocky_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabberwocky (poem) (page does not exist)">Jabberwocky</a>"</span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration: <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The Jabberwock, the titular creature of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">nonsense poem</a> "<b><a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a></b>". First included in Carroll's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i> (1871), the poem was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>, who gave the creature "the leathery wings of a <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterodactyl</a> and the long scaly neck and tail of a <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a>". "Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English, and has contributed such <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonsense word">nonsense words</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neologisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neologisms">neologisms</a> as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galumphing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:galumphing">galumphing</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chortle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chortle">chortle</a></i> to the English lexicon.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Illustration by John Bauer Painting: John Bauer A watercolor illustration by John Bauer (1882–1918) titled "Still, Tuvstarr sits and gazes down into the water", which accompanied Helge Kjellin's fairy tale "The Tale of the Moose Hop and the Little Princess Cotton Grass" in the 1913 edition of Among Gnomes and Trolls. In this scene, Tuvstarr looks for her lost heart in a tarn, symbolizing innocence lost. Born and raised in Jönköping, Sweden, Bauer moved to Stockholm at age 16 to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. He painted and illustrated in a romantic nationalistic style, in part influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Sami cultures. Most of his works are watercolors or prints in monochrome or muted colours; he also produced oil paintings and frescos. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 11 Illustration by John Bauer Painting: John Bauer A watercolor illustration by John Bauer (1882–1918) titled "Still, Tuvstarr sits and gazes down into the water", which accompanied Helge Kjellin's fairy tale "The Tale of the Moose Hop and the Little Princess Cotton Grass" in the 1913 edition of Among Gnomes and Trolls. In this scene, Tuvstarr looks for her lost heart in a tarn, symbolizing innocence lost. Born and raised in Jönköping, Sweden, Bauer moved to Stockholm at age 16 to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. He painted and illustrated in a romantic nationalistic style, in part influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Sami cultures. Most of his works are watercolors or prints in monochrome or muted colours; he also produced oil paintings and frescos. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/119px-John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/178px-John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/238px-John_Bauer_-_Princess_Tuvstarr_gazing_down_into_the_dark_waters_of_the_forest_tarn._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">Illustration by John Bauer</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Painting: <a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A watercolor illustration by <b><a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a></b> (1882–1918) titled "Still, Tuvstarr sits and gazes down into the water", which accompanied Helge Kjellin's fairy tale "The Tale of the Moose Hop and the Little Princess Cotton Grass" in the 1913 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Among_Gnomes_and_Trolls" title="Among Gnomes and Trolls">Among Gnomes and Trolls</a></i>. In this scene, Tuvstarr looks for her lost heart in a <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">tarn</a>, symbolizing innocence lost.<br /><br />Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a>, Sweden, Bauer moved to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> at age 16 to study at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts">Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts</a>. He painted and illustrated in a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalistic</a> style, in part influenced by the Italian <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> cultures. Most of his works are <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolors</a> or prints in monochrome or muted colours; he also produced oil paintings and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Guy Mannering Artist: Norman Mills Price; Restoration: Adam Cuerden A scene from Chapter XXVII of Guy Mannering, a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott that was originally published anonymously in 1815. It is set in the 1760s to 1780s, mostly in the Galloway area of southwest Scotland. The eponymous character of Guy Mannering is actually only a minor character in the story, the plot being mostly concerned with Harry Bertram, the son of the Laird of Ellangowan, who is kidnapped at the age of five by smugglers. It follows the fortunes and adventures of Harry and his family in subsequent years, and the struggle over the inheritance of Ellangowan. The novel also depicts the lawlessness that existed at the time, when smugglers operated along the coast and thieves frequented the country roads. The book was a huge success, selling out the day after its first edition. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 12 Guy Mannering Artist: Norman Mills Price; Restoration: Adam Cuerden A scene from Chapter XXVII of Guy Mannering, a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott that was originally published anonymously in 1815. It is set in the 1760s to 1780s, mostly in the Galloway area of southwest Scotland. The eponymous character of Guy Mannering is actually only a minor character in the story, the plot being mostly concerned with Harry Bertram, the son of the Laird of Ellangowan, who is kidnapped at the age of five by smugglers. It follows the fortunes and adventures of Harry and his family in subsequent years, and the struggle over the inheritance of Ellangowan. The novel also depicts the lawlessness that existed at the time, when smugglers operated along the coast and thieves frequented the country roads. The book was a huge success, selling out the day after its first edition. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg/74px-N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg/111px-N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg/148px-N._M._Price_-_Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Guy_Mannering_-_At_the_Kaim_of_Derncleugh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering" title="Guy Mannering">Guy Mannering</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Artist: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mills_Price" title="Norman Mills Price">Norman Mills Price</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A scene from <span class="nowrap">Chapter XXVII</span> of <i><b><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering" title="Guy Mannering">Guy Mannering</a></b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> that was originally published <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymously</a> in 1815. It is set in the 1760s to 1780s, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> area of southwest <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The eponymous character of Guy Mannering is actually only a minor character in the story, the plot being mostly concerned with Harry Bertram, the son of the <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">Laird</a> of Ellangowan, who is kidnapped at the age of five by <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smugglers</a>. It follows the fortunes and adventures of Harry and his family in subsequent years, and the struggle over the inheritance of Ellangowan. The novel also depicts the lawlessness that existed at the time, when smugglers operated along the coast and thieves frequented the country roads. The book was a huge success, selling out the day after its first edition.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Headless Horseman Painting: John Quidor The Headless Horseman is a mythical figure who has appeared in folklore around the world since at least the Middle Ages. Depending on the legend, the Horseman is either carrying his head, or missing it altogether, and is searching for it. Examples include the dullahan from Ireland, who is a demonic fairy usually depicted riding a horse and carrying his head under his arm; the titular knight from the English tale Gawain and the Green Knight; and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," a short story written in 1820 by American Washington Irving which has been adapted into several other works of literature and film including the 1999 Tim Burton movie Sleepy Hollow. This picture, titled The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane, is an 1858 painting by American artist John Quidor, depicting a scene from "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". It is in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 13 Headless Horseman Painting: John Quidor The Headless Horseman is a mythical figure who has appeared in folklore around the world since at least the Middle Ages. Depending on the legend, the Horseman is either carrying his head, or missing it altogether, and is searching for it. Examples include the dullahan from Ireland, who is a demonic fairy usually depicted riding a horse and carrying his head under his arm; the titular knight from the English tale Gawain and the Green Knight; and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," a short story written in 1820 by American Washington Irving which has been adapted into several other works of literature and film including the 1999 Tim Burton movie Sleepy Hollow. This picture, titled The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane, is an 1858 painting by American artist John Quidor, depicting a scene from "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". It is in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-John_Quidor_-_The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Painting: <a href="/wiki/John_Quidor" title="John Quidor">John Quidor</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></b> is a mythical figure who has appeared in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> around the world since at least the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Depending on the legend, the Horseman is either carrying his head, or missing it altogether, and is searching for it. Examples include the <i><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">dullahan</a></i> from Ireland, who is a demonic fairy usually depicted riding a horse and carrying his head under his arm; the titular knight from the English tale <a href="/wiki/Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawain and the Green Knight">Gawain and the Green Knight</a>; and "<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a>," a short story written in 1820 by American <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> which has been adapted into several other works of literature and film including the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)" title="Sleepy Hollow (film)">Sleepy Hollow</a></i>.<br /><br />This picture, titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Horseman_Pursuing_Ichabod_Crane" title="The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane">The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane</a></i>, is an 1858 painting by American artist <a href="/wiki/John_Quidor" title="John Quidor">John Quidor</a>, depicting a scene from "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". It is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> in Washington, D.C.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Pride and Prejudice Artist: George Pickering, Engraver: William Greatbatch; Restoration: Adam Cuerden One of the two earliest illustrations of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, which was first published on January 28, 1813. This engraving comes from the first illustrated edition, published twenty years later, and depicts Elizabeth Bennet (the main protagonist, right) and her father, in fashions that were common in the 1830s, not the story's original time setting. The novel is told from Bennet's point of view and deals with issues of manners, upbringing, moral rightness, education and marriage in the aristocratic society of early 19th century England. The novel retains a fascination for modern readers, having sold some 20 million copies worldwide and continuing near the top of lists of 'most loved books'. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 14 Pride and Prejudice Artist: George Pickering, Engraver: William Greatbatch; Restoration: Adam Cuerden One of the two earliest illustrations of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, which was first published on January 28, 1813. This engraving comes from the first illustrated edition, published twenty years later, and depicts Elizabeth Bennet (the main protagonist, right) and her father, in fashions that were common in the 1830s, not the story's original time setting. The novel is told from Bennet's point of view and deals with issues of manners, upbringing, moral rightness, education and marriage in the aristocratic society of early 19th century England. The novel retains a fascination for modern readers, having sold some 20 million copies worldwide and continuing near the top of lists of 'most loved books'. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg/72px-Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg/107px-Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg/143px-Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="6044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Artist: George Pickering, Engraver: William Greatbatch; Restoration: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" class="extiw" title="commons:User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">One of the two earliest illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></b></i>, which was first published on January 28, 1813. This <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> comes from the first illustrated edition, published twenty years later, and depicts <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet" title="Elizabeth Bennet">Elizabeth Bennet</a> (the main protagonist, right) and her father, in <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashions</a> that were common in the 1830s, not the story's original time setting. The novel is told from Bennet's point of view and deals with issues of <a href="/wiki/Manners" class="mw-redirect" title="Manners">manners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">upbringing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral rightness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> in the aristocratic society of early <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">19th century England</a>. The novel retains a fascination for modern readers, having sold some 20 million copies worldwide and continuing near the top of lists of 'most loved books'.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Humpty Dumpty Restoration: Jujutacular An illustration of Humpty Dumpty by American artist William Wallace Denslow, depicting the title character from the nursery rhyme of the same name. He is typically portrayed as an egg, although the rhyme never explicitly states that he is, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle. The earliest known version is in a manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose's Melody published in 1803. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 15 Humpty Dumpty Restoration: Jujutacular An illustration of Humpty Dumpty by American artist William Wallace Denslow, depicting the title character from the nursery rhyme of the same name. He is typically portrayed as an egg, although the rhyme never explicitly states that he is, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle. The earliest known version is in a manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose's Melody published in 1803. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg/92px-Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg/139px-Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg/185px-Denslow%27s_Humpty_Dumpty_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="3308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Jujutacular" title="User:Jujutacular">Jujutacular</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">An illustration of <b><a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a></b> by American artist <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a>, depicting the title character from the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> of the same name. He is typically portrayed as an egg, although the rhyme never explicitly states that he is, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a <a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">riddle</a>. The earliest known version is in a manuscript addition to a copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a>'s Melody</i> published in 1803.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Literature/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29_-_load_new_batch"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small> - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Literature&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that the lands of the <b><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></b> served as the focal point for <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> during the 12th century?</li> <li>... that <i>History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brothers in the Caribbean</i> by C. G. A. Oldendorp was the first book to <b><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">publish Igbo-language terms</a></b> in 1777?</li> <li>... that campaign literature in the <b><a href="/wiki/1894_Montana_capital_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1894 Montana capital referendum">1894 Montana capital referendum</a></b> accused <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a> residents of copious <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattan</a> consumption?</li> <li>... that a poem by <b><a href="/wiki/Moses_da_Rieti" title="Moses da Rieti">Moses da Rieti</a></b> includes an encyclopedia of the sciences, a Jewish paradise fantasy, and a post-biblical history of Jewish literature?</li> <li>... that according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i>, the 1913 Polish novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/Krzy%C5%BC_i_p%C3%B3%C5%82ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc" title="Krzyż i półksiężyc">The Cross and the Crescent</a></b></i> is "perhaps the first example" of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">military science fiction</a> in Polish literature?</li> <li>... that <i><b><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_Through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fiction Literature Through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature Through History: An Encyclopedia</a></b></i> contains entries on topics not typically associated with science fiction, such as William Shakespeare and the <i>Odyssey</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">?</span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Today_in_literature" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Today in literature</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/28_February" class="mw-redirect" title="28 February">28 February</a></b> </p> <ul><li>1533 - <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, French writer born</li> <li>1812 - <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Auerbach" title="Berthold Auerbach">Berthold Auerbach</a>, German poet and author born</li> <li>1882 - <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a>, Mexican writer born</li> <li>1882 - <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a>, Irish writer born</li> <li>1895 - <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pagnol" title="Marcel Pagnol">Marcel Pagnol</a>, French novelist born</li> <li>1971 - <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Louis" title="Tristan Louis">Tristan Louis</a>, American writer born</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Adil_archive" title="Portal:Literature/Adil archive">Archive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature/Adil_archive/February" title="Portal:Literature/Adil archive/February">February</a>)</b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Topics</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td scope="col" width="80px"><b><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book">History of the book</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>By genre:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Fantasy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Horror_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror novel">Horror</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative nonfiction">Narrative nonfiction</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Romance_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance fiction">Romance</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary genres">more...</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>By region:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_literature" title="Category:North American literature">North American</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic literature">Oceanic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>By era:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_literature" title="Early medieval literature">Early medieval</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern literature">Early Modern</a> <b>·</b> Modern </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>By century:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_literature" title="10th century in literature">10th century in literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_literature" title="11th century in literature">11th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_literature" title="12th century in literature">12th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_literature" title="14th century in literature">14th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_literature" title="15th century in literature">15th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_literature" title="21st century in literature">21st</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Recent:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_in_literature" title="2018 in literature">2018 in literature</a><b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2017_in_literature" title="2017 in literature">2017</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2016_in_literature" title="2016 in literature">2016</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2015_in_literature" title="2015 in literature">2015</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2014_in_literature" title="2014 in literature">2014</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2013_in_literature" title="2013 in literature">2013</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2012_in_literature" title="2012 in literature">2012</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2011_in_literature" title="2011 in literature">2011</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2010_in_literature" title="2010 in literature">2010</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2009_in_literature" title="2009 in literature">2009</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2008_in_literature" title="2008 in literature">2008</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/2007_in_literature" title="2007 in literature">2007</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">more...</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049300">.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox th,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_composition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_composition158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Literary composition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Techniques</a> / devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Linguistic contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" title="Contrast (literary)">Literary contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewriting" title="Prewriting">Prewriting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's voice">Writer's voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Rhetorical modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">Stylistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beyond the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid 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class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_databases" title="Category:Literature databases">Literature databases</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Literature_franchises" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_franchises" title="Category:Literature franchises">Literature franchises</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Literature_in_popular_culture" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_in_popular_culture" title="Category:Literature in popular culture">Literature in popular culture</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Literature_lists" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_lists" title="Category:Literature lists">Literature lists</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Literature_records" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_records" title="Category:Literature records">Literature records</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_timelines" title="Category:Literature timelines">Literature timelines</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Meitei_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Meitei_literature" title="Category:Meitei literature">Meitei literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Miscellanies" title="Category:Miscellanies">Miscellanies</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicknames_in_literature" title="Category:Nicknames in literature">Nicknames in literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Occupations_in_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupations_in_literature" title="Category:Occupations in literature">Occupations in literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Oral_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oral_literature" title="Category:Oral literature">Oral literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="People_in_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_literature" title="Category:People in literature">People in literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Postcolonial_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Postcolonial_literature" title="Category:Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Professorships_in_literature" title="Category:Professorships in literature">Professorships in literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Quotations_from_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Quotations_from_literature" title="Category:Quotations from literature">Quotations from literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:References_in_literary_works" title="Category:References in literary works">References in literary works</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Self-portraiture" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-portraiture" title="Category:Self-portraiture">Self-portraiture</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Stylistics" title="Category:Stylistics">Stylistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Unfinished_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Unfinished_literature" title="Category:Unfinished literature">Unfinished literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Versions_of_literary_works" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Versions_of_literary_works" title="Category:Versions of literary works">Versions of literary works</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Wikipedia_categories_named_after_texts" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories_named_after_texts" title="Category:Wikipedia categories named after texts">Wikipedia categories named after texts</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_about_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_literature" title="Category:Works about literature">Works about literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_based_on_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_literature" title="Category:Works based on literature">Works based on literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Literature_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_stubs" title="Category:Literature stubs">Literature stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Wikipedia_categories_named_after_literary_texts" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories_named_after_literary_texts" title="Category:Wikipedia categories named after literary texts">Wikipedia categories named after literary texts</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996214246" /><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Portals</a> related to literature</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Concepts:</b></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/27px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/41px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/54px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/25px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/50px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/27px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/41px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/54px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Theatre" title="Portal:Theatre">Theatre</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genres:</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004" /><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/18px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/27px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/36px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Children and Young Adult Literature">Children and Young Adult Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/24px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/37px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/48px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Religions:</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004" /><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/27px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/41px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/54px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td scope="col" width="80px"><b>Create:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Literature" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Arts and entertainment/Literature">Requested literature articles</a> <b><big>·</big></b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_writers" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of writers">Requested photographs of writers</a> <b><big>·</big></b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_publications" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of publications">Requested photographs of publications</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Expand:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types/Culture#Literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types/Culture">Literature stubs</a> <b><big>·</big></b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types/Culture#Writers" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types/Culture">Writer stubs</a> <b><big>·</big></b> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Literature&quality=Start-Class">Start class literature articles</a></span> <b><big>·</big></b> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Literature&quality=C-Class">C class literature articles</a></span> <b><big>·</big></b> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Literature&quality=List-Class">Literature lists</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Polish:</b></td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Literature&quality=B-Class">B class literature articles</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>More:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Literature#To_do" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Literature">Open tasks at WikiProject Literature</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Literature">literature</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td scope="col" width="80px"><b>Concepts:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">Biographies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Books">Books</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Comics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics">Comics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Magazines">Magazines</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga">Manga</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels">Novels</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Poetry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Poetry">Poetry</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Short_story_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Short story task force">Short stories</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Translation_studies" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Translation studies">Translation studies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genres:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alternate_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternate History">Alternate history</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Children%27s_literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Children's literature">Children's literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Crime_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Crime task force">Crime</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Fantasy_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Fantasy task force">Fantasy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horror" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horror">Horror</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mythology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Mythology">Mythology</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romance" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romance">Romance</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science_Fiction" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science Fiction">Science fiction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Authors:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Balzac" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Roald_Dahl_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Roald Dahl task force">Roald Dahl</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Shakespeare" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Series:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Artemis_Fowl" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Artemis Fowl">Artemis Fowl</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Chronicles_of_Narnia_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Chronicles of Narnia task force">Chronicles of Narnia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Discworld" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Discworld">Discworld</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Harry_Potter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/His_Dark_Materials_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/His Dark Materials task force">His Dark Materials</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Inheritance_Cycle" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Inheritance Cycle">Inheritance Cycle</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_James_Bond" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject James Bond">James Bond</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_King_Arthur" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject King Arthur">King Arthur</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle-earth" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Percy_Jackson_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Percy Jackson Task Force">Percy Jackson</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Redwall" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Redwall">Redwall</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Lemony_Snicket_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Lemony Snicket task force">A Series of Unfortunate Events</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Shannara_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Shannara task force">Shannara</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Star_Wars" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Star Wars">Star Wars</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Sword_of_Truth_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Sword of Truth task force">Sword of Truth</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Twilight_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Twilight task force">Twilight</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Warriors" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Warriors">Warriors</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Water_Margin" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Water Margin">Water Margin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Oz" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Oz">Wizard of Oz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Regions:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Australian_literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian literature">Australian literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian literature">Indian literature</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Persian_literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Persian literature">Persian literature</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#f7c66c;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #7B3F00;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Literature" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Literature">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Literature">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Literature">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Literature">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Literature">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Literature">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Literature">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Literature">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380" /> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, 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