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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common traits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses_on_cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses_on_cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hypotheses on cause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hypotheses_on_cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hypotheses on cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses_on_cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developmental_and_psychiatric_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_and_psychiatric_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Developmental and psychiatric conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_and_psychiatric_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social and cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_modern_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_modern_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Role of modern technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_modern_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_education_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_education_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Japanese education system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_education_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_financial_burden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_financial_burden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Japanese financial burden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_financial_burden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"80–50_problem"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"80–50_problem""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>"80–50 problem"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"80–50_problem"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Hikikomori</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هيكيكوموري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكيكوموري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хикикомори – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хикикомори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Χικικομόρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χικικομόρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomorio" title="Hikikomorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hikikomorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیکی‌کوموری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیکی‌کوموری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%82%A4%EC%BD%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="히키코모리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히키코모리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Հիկիկոմորի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիկիկոմորի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="היקיקומורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היקיקומורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хикикомори – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хикикомори" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%93%E3%82%82%E3%82%8A" title="引きこもり – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="引きこもり" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хикикомори – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хикикомори" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хикикомори – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хикикомори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hikikomori" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reclusive adolescents or adults</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2008 South Korean film, see <a href="/wiki/Loner_(film)" title="Loner (film)">Loner (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hikikomori,_Hiasuki,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg/220px-Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg/330px-Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg/440px-Hikikomori%2C_Hiasuki%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A young Japanese man living as a <i>hikikomori</i> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Hikikomori</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">ひきこもり <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">or</span></span> 引きこもり</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "pulling inward, being confined")</span>, also known as <b>severe social withdrawal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is total withdrawal from society and seeking extreme degrees of <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a> and confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hikikomori</i> refers to both the phenomenon in general and the recluses themselves, described as <a href="/wiki/Loner" title="Loner">loners</a> or "modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon is primarily recognized in Japan, although similar concepts exist in other languages and cultures, especially <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates suggest that in Japan, half a million youths have become social <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">recluses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as more than half a million middle-aged individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Korea, the estimates vary from around 350,000–500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare">Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare</a> defines <i>hikikomori</i> as a condition in which the affected individuals refuse to leave their parents' house, <a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">do not work or go to school</a>, and isolate themselves from society and family in a single room for a period exceeding six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEItou2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItou2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Tamaki Saitō</a> defines <i>hikikomori</i> as "a state that has become a problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one's own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> researchers have developed more specific criteria to more accurately identify <i>hikikomori</i>. During a diagnostic interview, trained clinicians evaluate for:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeoGaw2010TeoStufflebamSahaFetters2015182_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeoGaw2010TeoStufflebamSahaFetters2015182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>spending most of the day and nearly every day confined to home,</li> <li>marked and persistent avoidance of social situations, and social relationships,</li> <li>social withdrawal symptoms causing significant functional impairment,</li> <li>duration of exceeding six months,</li> <li>no apparent physical or mental <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> to account for the social withdrawal symptoms.</li></ol> <p>The psychiatrist Alan Teo first characterized <i>hikikomori</i> in Japan as modern-day hermits,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the literary and communication scholar Flavio Rizzo similarly described <i>hikikomori</i> as "post-modern hermits" whose solitude stems from ancestral desires for withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often <i>hikikomori</i> start out as <a href="/wiki/School_refusal" title="School refusal">school refusers</a>, or <i>futōkō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">不登校</span></span>)</span> in Japanese (an older term is <i>tōkōkyohi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登校拒否</span></span>)</span>). </p><p><i>Hikikomori</i> has been defined by a Japanese expert group as having the following characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Spending most of the time at home</li> <li>No interest in going to school or working</li> <li>Persistence of withdrawal for more than 6 months</li> <li>Exclusion of schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a></li> <li>Exclusion of those who maintain personal relationships (e.g., friendships)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_traits">Common traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many people feel the pressures of the outside world, <i>hikikomori</i> react by complete social withdrawal. In some more severe cases, they isolate themselves in their bedrooms for months or years at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeo2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeo2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually have few or no friends. In interviews with current or recovering <i>hikikomori</i>, media reports and documentaries have captured the strong levels of psychological distress and fear felt by these individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FusionTV_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FusionTV-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>hikikomori</i> favor indoor activities, some venture outdoors occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The withdrawal from society usually starts gradually. Affected people may appear unhappy, lose their friends, become <a href="/wiki/Emotional_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional insecurity">insecure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">shy</a>, and talk less. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Japanese government figures released in 2010, there were at that time 700,000 individuals living as <i>hikikomori</i> within Japan, with an average age of 31.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The population of Japan in 2014 was 127.3 million.) Still, the numbers vary widely among experts. These included the <i>hikikomori</i> who were at that time in their 40s and had spent 20 years in isolation. This group is generally referred to as the "first-generation <i>hikikomori</i>". There is concern about their reintegration into society in what is known as "the 2030 Problem", when they will be in their 60s and their parents begin to die.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the government estimates that 1.55 million people are on the verge of becoming <i>hikikomori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamaki Saitō, who first coined the phrase, originally estimated that there may be over one million <i>hikikomori</i> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, although this was not based on national survey data. Nonetheless, considering that <i>hikikomori</i> adolescents are hidden away and their parents are often reluctant to talk about the problem, it is extremely difficult to gauge the number accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 Cabinet Office survey estimated that 541,000 <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">recluses</a> aged 15 to 39 existed. In 2019, another survey showed that there are roughly 613,000 people aged 40 to 64 that fall into the category of "adult hikikomori", which Japan's welfare minister Takumi Nemoto referred to as a "new social issue".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the terminology <i>hikikomori</i> is of Japanese origin, the phenomenon is not unique to Japan. There have been cases found in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeo2013_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeo2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conversation_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conversation-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypotheses_on_cause">Hypotheses on cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hypotheses on cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_and_psychiatric_conditions">Developmental and psychiatric conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developmental and psychiatric conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hikikomori</i> is similar to the social withdrawal exhibited by some people with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum disorder</a>. This has led some psychiatrists to suggest that <i>hikikomori</i> may be affected by autism spectrum disorder and other disorders that affect social integration, but that their disorders are altered from their typical Western presentation because of Japanese sociocultural pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suwa and Hara (2007) discovered that 5 of 27 cases of <i>hikikomori</i> had a high-functioning <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorder</a> (HPDD), and 12 more had other disorders or mental diseases (6 cases of personality disorders, 3 cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2 cases of depression, 1 case of slight intellectual impairment); 10 out of 27 had primary <i>hikikomori</i>. The researchers used a vignette to illustrate the difference between primary <i>hikikomori</i> (without any obvious mental disorder) and <i>hikikomori</i> with HPDD or other disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuwaHara2007_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuwaHara2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan Teo and colleagues conducted detailed diagnostic evaluations of 22 individuals with <i>hikikomori</i> and found that while the majority of cases fulfilled criteria for multiple psychiatric conditions, about 1 in 5 cases were primary <i>hikikomori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeoStufflebamSahaFetters2015182_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeoStufflebamSahaFetters2015182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, however, <i>hikikomori</i> is not included in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), due to insufficient data.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zielenziger" title="Michael Zielenziger">Michael Zielenziger</a>'s book <i>Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation</i>, the syndrome is more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>. The author claimed that the <i>hikikomori</i> interviewed for the book had discovered independent thinking and a sense of self that the current Japanese environment could not accommodate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZielenziger2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZielenziger2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The syndrome also closely parallels the terms <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a> (also known as "social phobia"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_cultural_influence">Social and cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social and cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes referred to as a social problem in Japanese discourse, <i>hikikomori</i> has a number of possible contributing factors. Alan Teo has summarized a number of potential cultural features that may contribute to its predominance in Japan. These include tendencies toward conformity and collectivism, overprotective parenting, and particularities of the educational, housing and economic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeoStufflebamKato2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeoStufflebamKato2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severe social withdrawal in Japan appears to affect men and women equally. However, because of differing social expectations for maturing boys and girls, the most widely reported cases of <i>hikikomori</i> are from middle- and upper-middle-class families; sons, typically their eldest, refuse to leave the home, often after experiencing one or more traumatic episodes of social or academic failure. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Dependence" title="The Anatomy of Dependence">The Anatomy of Dependence</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Doi" title="Takeo Doi">Takeo Doi</a> identifies the symptoms of <i>hikikomori</i>, and explains its prevalence as originating in the Japanese psychological construct of <i><a href="/wiki/Amae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amae">amae</a></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freudian</a> terms, "passive object love", typically of the kind between mother and infant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoi1973_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoi1973-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Japanese commentators such as academic <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Miyadai" title="Shinji Miyadai">Shinji Miyadai</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_Murakami" title="Ryū Murakami">Ryū Murakami</a>, have also offered analysis of the <i>hikikomori</i> phenomenon, and find distinct causal relationships with the modern Japanese social conditions of <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>, <i>amae</i> and atrophying paternal influence in nuclear family child <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>. Young adults may feel overwhelmed by modern Japanese society, or be unable to fulfill their expected social roles as they have not yet formulated a sense of personal <a href="/wiki/Honne_and_tatemae" title="Honne and tatemae"><i>honne</i> and <i>tatemae</i></a> – one's "true self" and one's "public façade" – necessary to cope with the paradoxes of adulthood. </p><p>The dominant nexus of <i>hikikomori</i> centres on the transformation from youth to the responsibilities and expectations of adult life. Indications are that advanced industrialized societies such as modern Japan fail to provide sufficient meaningful transformation rituals for promoting certain susceptible types of youth into mature roles. As do many societies, Japan exerts a great deal of pressure on adolescents to be successful and perpetuate the existing social <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. A traditionally strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_etiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese etiquette">complex social conduct</a>, rigid hierarchies and the resulting, potentially intimidating multitude of social expectations, responsibilities and duties in Japanese society contribute to this pressure on young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohlen1989_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohlen1989-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> teachings de-emphasizing the individual and favouring a <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformist</a> stance to ensure social harmony in a rigidly hierarchical society have shaped much of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, possibly explaining the emergence of the <i>hikikomori</i> phenomenon in other East Asian countries. </p><p>In general, the prevalence of <i>hikikomori</i> tendencies in Japan may be encouraged and facilitated by three primary factors: </p> <ol><li>Middle class affluence in a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> such as Japan allows parents to support and feed an adult child in the home indefinitely. Lower-income families do not have <i>hikikomori</i> children because a socially withdrawing youth is forced to work outside the home.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The inability of Japanese parents to recognize and act upon the youth's slide into isolation; soft parenting; or codependency between mother and son, known as <i>amae</i> in Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Decade (Japan)">decade of flat economic indicators</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and a shaky job market in Japan makes the pre-existing system requiring years of competitive schooling for elite jobs appear like a pointless effort to many.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkanoTsuchiya1999_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkanoTsuchiya1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_modern_technology">Role of modern technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of modern technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the connection between modern communication technologies (such as the Internet, social media and video games) and the phenomenon is not conclusively established, those technologies are considered at least an exacerbating factor that can deepen and nurture withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous studies of <i>hikikomori</i> in South Korea and Spain found that some of them showed signs of <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet addiction">Internet addiction</a>, though researchers do not consider this to be the main issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to associate professor of psychiatry at <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_University" title="Kyushu University">Kyushu University</a> in Fukuoka, Takahiro Kato, video games and social media have reduced the amount of time that people spent outside and in social environments that require direct face to face interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of mobile phones and then smartphones may also have deepened the issue, given that people can continue their addiction to gaming and online surfing anywhere, even in bed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_education_system">Japanese education system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese education system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_mama" title="Kyōiku mama">Kyōiku mama</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japanese education system</a> puts great demands upon youth. There is high competition to pass entrance exams into the next tier of education in what could be termed a rigid <i>pass-or-fail</i> ideology, which could induce a high level of stress. Echoing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> values of society, the educational system is viewed as playing an important part in society's overall <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> and success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohlen1992_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohlen1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this social frame, students often face significant pressure from parents and society in general to conform to its dictates and doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohlen1996_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohlen1996-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These doctrines, while part of modern Japanese society, are increasingly being rejected by Japanese youth in varying ways such as <i>hikikomori</i>, <a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">freeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">NEET</a> (Not currently engaged in Employment, Education, or Training), and <a href="/wiki/Parasite_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite singles">parasite singles</a>. The term "Hodo-Hodo <a href="/wiki/Zoku" title="Zoku">zoku</a>" (the "So-So tribe") applies to younger workers who refuse promotion to minimize stress and maximize free time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1960s, the pressure on Japanese youth to succeed began successively earlier in their lives, sometimes starting before <a href="/wiki/Nursery_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery school">pre-school</a>, where even <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddlers</a> had to compete through an entrance exam for the privilege of attending one of the best pre-schools. This was said to prepare children for the entrance exam of the best <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>, which in turn prepared the child for the entrance exam of the best <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">junior high school</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, and eventually for their <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan" title="List of universities in Japan">university</a> entrance exam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._White1987_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._White1987-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many adolescents take one year off after high school to study exclusively for the university entrance <a href="/wiki/Exam" title="Exam">exam</a>, and are known as <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin_(student)" title="Rōnin (student)">ronin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsukada1991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsukada1991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More prestigious universities have more difficult exams. The most prestigious university with the most difficult exam is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20060105_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20060105-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Ministry of Education">Japanese Ministry of Education</a> has taken steps to address this 'pressure-cooker' educational environment and instill greater creative thought in Japanese youth by significantly relaxing the school schedule from six-day weeks to five-day weeks and dropping two subjects from the daily schedule, with new academic curricula more comparable to Western educational models. However, Japanese parents are sending their children to private <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">cram schools</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Juku" title="Juku">juku</a></i>, to 'make up' for lost time.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-missing-million_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-missing-million-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from high school or university, Japanese youth also have to face a very difficult job market in Japan, often finding only part-time employment and ending up as freeters with little income, unable to start a family.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source of pressure is from their co-students, who may <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bully</a> (<i>ijime</i>) some students for a variety of reasons, including physical appearance, wealth, or educational or athletic performance. Refusal to participate in society makes <i>hikikomori</i> an extreme subset of a much larger group of younger Japanese that includes freeters.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20060105_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20060105-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-missing-million_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-missing-million-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_financial_burden">Japanese financial burden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japanese financial burden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organizations, such as the non-profit Japanese organization <i>NPO lila</i>, have been trying to combat the financial burden the <i>hikikomori</i> phenomenon has had on Japan's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese CD and DVD producer Avex Group produces DVDs of live-action women staring into a camera to help <i>hikikomori</i> learn to cope with eye contact and long spans of human interaction. The goal is to ultimately help <i>hikikomori</i> reintegrate into society by personal choice, thereby realizing an economic contribution and reducing the financial burden on parents or guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""80–50_problem""><span id=".2280.E2.80.9350_problem.22"></span>"80–50 problem"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "80–50 problem""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "80–50 problem" refers to <i>hikikomori</i> children from earlier days now entering their 50s, as their parents on whom they rely, enter their 80s.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_8050_on_20201113215453_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_8050_on_20201113215453-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first described in Japanese publications and media in the late 2010s. </p><p>In 2019, Japanese psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō held a press briefing at the Foreign Press Center Japan on the subject of <i>hikikomori</i>. In view of their rising age, he recommended practical advice to parents with older <i>hikikomori</i>, such as drawing up a lifetime financial plan for them, so they will be able to get by after the parents are gone. He also recommended that parents should not fear embarrassment or be concerned about appearances as they look at the options, including disability pensions or other forms of public assistance for their children. Tamaki emphasized the urgency and necessity for families in these situations to plan ahead; the Japanese government failed to see the urgency of the problem and demonstrated no motion toward developing substantive policies or systems like special safety nets related to the ageing group of <i>hikikomori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_programs">Treatment programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to psychosocial support, it is hard for therapists to attain direct access to <i>hikikomori</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:12_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research to find different and effective treatment plans to aid <i>hikikomori</i> has been ongoing. One such treatment plan is focused on the families of <i>hikikomori</i>. Such focus primarily includes educational intervention programs (e.g. lectures, role-play, etc.) that are geared towards reducing any averse stigma that family members have towards psychiatric disorders like <i>hikikomori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These educational programs are derived from other established family support programs, specifically Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRAFT specifically trains family members to express positive and functional communication, whereas MHFA provides skills to support <i>hikikomori</i> with depression/suicidal like behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies so far that have modified the family unit's behavioral response to a <i>hikikomori</i> has yielded positive results, indicating that family behavior is essential for recovery, however further research is still needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there has been a primary emphasis on educating family members, there are also therapy programs for the <i>hikikomori</i> themselves to participate in, like exercise therapy. The individual psychotherapy methods that are being stressed in current research are primarily directed towards cultivating self-confidence within the <i>hikikomori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, studies have delineated that efficacious treatment of <i>hikikomori</i> requires a multifaceted approach rather than the utilization of one individual approach, such as individual psychotherapy or family therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Korea hikikomori in low income families can get up to <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">₩</a>650,000 (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>490 or <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>390) as a monthly living allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-South_Korea_allowance_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Korea_allowance-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also apply for subsidies for various services, including (but not limited to): health, education, counselling, legal services and cultural activities.<sup id="cite_ref-South_Korea_allowance_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Korea_allowance-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in order to attempt to recover the daily lives of the hikikomori and attempt to reintegrate them into society.<sup id="cite_ref-South_Korea_allowance_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Korea_allowance-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "rental sister" is a system whereby hikikomori are regularly visited, encouraged to try and leave their bedrooms and integrate back into society.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_sisters_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_sisters-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can come through various methods, such as talking through a door and/or eating out, among other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_sisters_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_sisters-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19_pandemic_impact">COVID-19 pandemic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on prior outbreaks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">MERS</a>), studies have shown that due to increased loneliness, quarantined individuals have heightened stress-related mental disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering that political, social, and/or economical challenges already bring people to express <i>hikikomori</i>-like behavior, researchers theorize that since all the aforementioned factors are by-products of a pandemic, a <i>hikikomori</i> phenomenon may become more common in a post-pandemic world.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, people who do experience mental disturbances in Japan generally view seeking the help of a psychiatrist as shameful or a reason for them to be socially shunned.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts predict an increase in focus on issues such as the mental health problems now affecting youth, and specifically through effective telemedicine services to either the affected individual and/or their respective family unit.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, with <i>hikikomori</i> becoming more prevalent amid a pandemic, experts theorize that it will bring out more empathy and constructive attention towards the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acedia" title="Acedia">Acedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avolition" title="Avolition">Avolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fush%C5%ABgaku" title="Fushūgaku">Fushūgaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_refusal" title="School refusal">School refusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dhatsu" title="Jōhatsu">Jōhatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse_literature" title="Recluse literature">Recluse literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo!" title="Tokyo!">Tokyo!</a></i>, 2008 movie in three parts, the third part of which, <i>Shaking Tokyo</i>, shows the life of a <i>hikikomori</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_N.H.K." title="Welcome to the N.H.K.">Welcome to the N.H.K.</a></i>, a Japanese novel, manga, and anime series about a young man who is a <i>hikikomori</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_(video_game)" title="Omori (video game)"><i>Omori</i> (video game)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowkerBowkerSantoOjo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bowker, Julie C.; Bowker, Matthew H.; Santo, Jonathan B.; Ojo, Adesola Adebusola; Etkin, Rebecca G.; Raja, Radhi (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+plight+of+Japan%27s+modern+hermits&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Gent&rft.aufirst=Edd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20190129-the-plight-of-japans-modern-hermits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbesindia.com/article/essec-business-school/the-hikikomori-phenomenon-is-information-technology-really-to-blame/87909/1">"The Hikikomori Phenomenon – Is Information Technology Really To Blame?"</a>. <i>Forbes India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Hacks%3A+%27Rental+Sisters%27+for+Japan%27s+Reclusive+Young+Men&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmediacentre%2Fproginfo%2F2018%2F42%2Fbbc-world-hacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooksbyFuruhashiMcLeod2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rooksby, Maki; Furuhashi, Tadaaki; McLeod, Hamish J. (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7491622">"Hikikomori: a hidden mental health need following the COVID -19 pandemic"</a>. <i>World Psychiatry</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 399–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20804">10.1002/wps.20804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8617">1723-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7491622">7491622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931118">32931118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Hikikomori%3A+a+hidden+mental+health+need+following+the+COVID+-19+pandemic&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-400&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7491622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1723-8617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32931118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20804&rft.aulast=Rooksby&rft.aufirst=Maki&rft.au=Furuhashi%2C+Tadaaki&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Hamish+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7491622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoi1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Doi" title="Takeo Doi">Doi, Takeo</a> (1973). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Dependence" title="The Anatomy of Dependence"><i>The Anatomy of Dependence</i></a>. Translated by Bester, John. Tokyo: Kodansha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Dependence&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Doi&rft.aufirst=Takeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItou2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Itou, Junichirou (2003). <i>Guideline on Mental Health Activities in Communities for Social Withdrawal</i> (in Japanese). Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guideline+on+Mental+Health+Activities+in+Communities+for+Social+Withdrawal&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labor%2C+and+Welfare&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Itou&rft.aufirst=Junichirou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapan2006" class="citation book cs1">Japan. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2006). <i>White Paper on Labour and Economy 2006: Diversification of Employment and Working Life</i>. Translated by the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training. Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Paper+on+Labour+and+Economy+2006%3A+Diversification+of+Employment+and+Working+Life&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labour%2C+and+Welfare&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Japan.+Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labour+and+Welfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathewsB._White2004" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Gordon; White, Bruce (2004). <i>Japan's Changing Generations: Are Young People Creating a New Society?</i>. London: Routledge Courzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32227-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Changing+Generations%3A+Are+Young+People+Creating+a+New+Society%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+Courzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32227-0&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=White%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkanoTsuchiya1999" class="citation book cs1">Okano, Kaori; Tsuchiya, Motonori (1999). <i>Education in Contemporary Japan: Inequality and Diversity</i>. Contemporary Japanese Society. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62686-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Contemporary+Japan%3A+Inequality+and+Diversity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Contemporary+Japanese+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62686-6&rft.aulast=Okano&rft.aufirst=Kaori&rft.au=Tsuchiya%2C+Motonori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rohlen, Thomas P. (1989). "Order in Japanese Society: Attachment, Authority, and Routine". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 5–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132406">10.2307/132406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848">0095-6848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132406">132406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Order+in+Japanese+Society%3A+Attachment%2C+Authority%2C+and+Routine&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-40&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0095-6848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132406%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132406&rft.aulast=Rohlen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlen1992" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1992). "Learning: The Mobilization of Knowledge in the Japanese Political Economy". In Kumon, Sumpei; Rosovsky, Henry (eds.). <i>The Political Economy of Japan. Volume 3: Cultural and Social Dynamics</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 321–363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1992-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-1992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning%3A+The+Mobilization+of+Knowledge+in+the+Japanese+Political+Economy&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Japan.+Volume+3%3A+Cultural+and+Social+Dynamics&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=321-363&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1992-6&rft.aulast=Rohlen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlen1996" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1996). "Building Character". In Rohlen, Thomas P.; Le Tendre, Gerald K. (eds.). <i>Teaching and Learning in Japan</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49587-5"><bdi>978-0-521-49587-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+Character&rft.btitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=50-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49587-5&rft.aulast=Rohlen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaitō1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō, Tamaki</a> (1998). <i>Hikikomori kyūshutsu manyuaru</i> [<i>How to Rescue Your Child from "Hikikomori"</i>] (in Japanese). Tokyo: PHP Kenkyūjo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hikikomori+ky%C5%ABshutsu+manyuaru&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=PHP+Kenky%C5%ABjo&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaitō2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span> </a> (2012). <i>Social Withdrawal: Adolescence without End</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Angles" title="Jeffrey Angles">Angles, Jeffrey</a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Withdrawal%3A+Adolescence+without+End&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuwaHara2007" class="citation journal cs1">Suwa, Mami; Hara, Koichi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929091438/http://aska-r.aasa.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10638/956/1/0026-003-200703-094-101.pdf">"<i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Hikikomori<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> among Young Adults in Japan: The Importance of Differential Diagnosis between Primary <i>Hikikomori</i> and <i>Hikikomori</i> with High-functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>医療福祉研究 [Medical and Welfare Research]</i>. <b>3</b>: 94–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1349-7863">1349-7863</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aska-r.aasa.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10638/956/1/0026-003-200703-094-101.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E7%A6%8F%E7%A5%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%5BMedical+and+Welfare+Research%5D&rft.atitle=%27Hikikomori%27+among+Young+Adults+in+Japan%3A+The+Importance+of+Differential+Diagnosis+between+Primary+Hikikomori+and+Hikikomori+with+High-functioning+Pervasive+Developmental+Disorders&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=94-101&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1349-7863&rft.aulast=Suwa&rft.aufirst=Mami&rft.au=Hara%2C+Koichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faska-r.aasa.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10638%2F956%2F1%2F0026-003-200703-094-101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Teo, Alan R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886854">"Social Isolation Associated with Depression: A Case Report of <i>Hikikomori</i>"</a>. <i>International Journal of Social Psychiatry</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 339–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020764012437128">10.1177/0020764012437128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886854">4886854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22408115">22408115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Social+Isolation+Associated+with+Depression%3A+A+Case+Report+of+Hikikomori&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-341&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4886854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22408115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020764012437128&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4886854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeoGaw2010" class="citation journal cs1">Teo, Alan R.; Gaw, Albert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912003">"Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal? A Proposal for DSM-5"</a>. <i>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i>. <b>198</b> (6): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FNMD.0b013e3181e086b1">10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912003">4912003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20531124">20531124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Hikikomori%2C+a+Japanese+Culture-Bound+Syndrome+of+Social+Withdrawal%3F+A+Proposal+for+DSM-5&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4912003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20531124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FNMD.0b013e3181e086b1&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft.au=Gaw%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4912003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeoStufflebamKato2014" class="citation book cs1">Teo, Alan R.; Stufflebam, Kyle W.; Kato, Takahiro A. (2014). "The Intersection of Culture and Solitude: The Hikikomori Phenomenon in Japan". In Coplan, Robert J.; Bowker, Julie C. (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 445–460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42736-1"><bdi>978-1-118-42736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Intersection+of+Culture+and+Solitude%3A+The+Hikikomori+Phenomenon+in+Japan&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Solitude%3A+Psychological+Perspectives+on+Social+Isolation%2C+Social+Withdrawal%2C+and+Being+Alone&rft.pages=445-460&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-42736-1&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft.au=Stufflebam%2C+Kyle+W.&rft.au=Kato%2C+Takahiro+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeoStufflebamSahaFetters2015" class="citation journal cs1">Teo, Alan R.; Stufflebam, Kyle; Saha, Somnath; Fetters, Michael D.; Tateno, Masaru; Kanba, Shigenobu; Kato, Takahiro A. (2015). "Psychopathology Associated with Social Withdrawal: Idiopathic and Comorbid Presentations". <i>Psychiatry Research</i>. <b>228</b> (1): 182–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2015.04.033">10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1781">0165-1781</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25977071">25977071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8011082">8011082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+Research&rft.atitle=Psychopathology+Associated+with+Social+Withdrawal%3A+Idiopathic+and+Comorbid+Presentations&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=182-183&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0165-1781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8011082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25977071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2015.04.033&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft.au=Stufflebam%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Saha%2C+Somnath&rft.au=Fetters%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Tateno%2C+Masaru&rft.au=Kanba%2C+Shigenobu&rft.au=Kato%2C+Takahiro+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsukada1991" class="citation book cs1">Tsukada, Mamoru (1991). <i>Yobiko Life: A Study of the Legitimation Process of Social Stratification in Japan</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-031-1"><bdi>978-1-55729-031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yobiko+Life%3A+A+Study+of+the+Legitimation+Process+of+Social+Stratification+in+Japan&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-031-1&rft.aulast=Tsukada&rft.aufirst=Mamoru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._White1987" class="citation book cs1">White, Merry (1987). <i>The Japanese Educational Challenge</i>. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1373-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1373-6"><bdi>978-4-7700-1373-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Educational+Challenge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-1373-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Merry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZielenziger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zielenziger" title="Michael Zielenziger">Zielenziger, Michael</a> (2006). <i>Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation</i>. New York: Vintage Books (published 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7779-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-7779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shutting+Out+the+Sun%3A+How+Japan+Created+Its+Own+Lost+Generation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7779-3&rft.aulast=Zielenziger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanImotoToivonen2012" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Roger; Imoto, Yuki; Toivonen, Tuukka, eds. (2012). <i>A Sociology of Japanese Youth: From Returnees to NEETs</i>. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. Vol. 83. Abingdon, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66926-9"><bdi>978-0-415-66926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociology+of+Japanese+Youth%3A+From+Returnees+to+NEETs&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66926-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuhn, Kevin (2012). <i>Hikikomori</i> (in German). Berlin: Berlin Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8270-1116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8270-1116-9"><bdi>978-3-8270-1116-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hikikomori&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Berlin+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8270-1116-9&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToivonenNorasakkunkitUchida2011" class="citation journal cs1">Toivonen, Tuukka; Norasakkunkit, Vinai; Uchida, Yukiko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171786">"Unable to Conform, Unwilling to Rebel? Youth, Culture, and Motivation in Globalizing Japan"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (207): 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2011.00207">10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171786">3171786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21949510">21949510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Unable+to+Conform%2C+Unwilling+to+Rebel%3F+Youth%2C+Culture%2C+and+Motivation+in+Globalizing+Japan&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=207&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3171786%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21949510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2011.00207&rft.aulast=Toivonen&rft.aufirst=Tuukka&rft.au=Norasakkunkit%2C+Vinai&rft.au=Uchida%2C+Yukiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3171786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFgWy2ifX5s">"Japan's modern-day hermits: The world of hikikomori"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 18 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/oFgWy2ifX5s">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+modern-day+hermits%3A+The+world+of+hikikomori&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoFgWy2ifX5s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikikomori&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hikikomori" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06nxz78">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rental sisters' for Japan's Reclusive Young Men"</a>. <i>People Fixing the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. 16 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People+Fixing+the+World&rft.atitle=%27Rental+sisters%27+for+Japan%27s+Reclusive+Young+Men&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp06nxz78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHikikomori" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButet-roch2018" class="citation web cs1">Butet-roch, Laurence (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213194115/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2018/february/japan-hikikomori-isolation-society/">"Pictures Reveal the Isolated Lives of Japan's Social Recluses"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Photographer: Maika Elan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2018/february/japan-hikikomori-isolation-society/">the original</a> on 13 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_social_concepts_and_values" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_social_terms" title="Template:Japanese social terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_social_terms" title="Template talk:Japanese social terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_social_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese social terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_social_concepts_and_values" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese social concepts and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">values</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociocultural values</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Aiki</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Dependence#Main_Concept" title="The Anatomy of Dependence"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Amae</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type_personality_theory" title="Blood type personality theory">Blood type personality theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_complex" title="Brother complex">Brother complex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sister_complex" title="Sister complex">Sister complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bushido</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)#Japanese" title="Face (sociological concept)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekokuj%C5%8D" title="Gekokujō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gekokujō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansei" title="Hansei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hansei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_hachi_bun_me" title="Hara hachi bun me"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hara hachi bun me</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honne_and_tatemae" title="Honne and tatemae"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Honne</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatemae</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichi-go_ichi-e" title="Ichi-go ichi-e"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ichi-go ichi-e</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ikigai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin-denshin" title="Ishin-denshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ishin-denshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isagiyosa" title="Isagiyosa"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Isagiyosa</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_political_values" title="Japanese political values">Japanese political values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizen" title="Kaizen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kaizen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotodama" title="Kotodama"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kotodama</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_skin_in_Japanese_culture" title="Light skin in Japanese culture">Light skin in Japanese culture</a></li> <li>Mental states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fud%C5%8Dshin" title="Fudōshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fudōshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushin (mental state)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mushin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshin" title="Shoshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shoshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Zanshin</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai"><i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miai</i></span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mottainai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemawashi" title="Nemawashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nemawashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotenashi" title="Omotenashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Omotenashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuhari" title="Shuhari"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shuhari</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sontaku" title="Sontaku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sontaku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsundoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo" title="Ukiyo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ukiyo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japanese_culture)" title="Wa (Japanese culture)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wa</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yamato-damashii</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ensō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Iki</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-ha-ky%C5%AB" title="Jo-ha-kyū"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jo-ha-kyū</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kawaii</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(negative_space)" title="Ma (negative space)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ma</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyabi" title="Miyabi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miyabi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mono no aware</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibui" title="Shibui"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shibui</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wabi-sabi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabo" title="Yabo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yabo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics#Y.C5.ABgen" title="Japanese aesthetics"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yūgen</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a> and<br />social norms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizuchi" title="Aizuchi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Aizuchi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_Japan" title="Bowing in Japan">Bowing in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogeza" title="Dogeza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dogeza</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Dining etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Japanese honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_keigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual keigo">Manual <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">keigo</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan#Gifts_and_gift-giving" title="Etiquette in Japan">Gift-giving</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimu (page does not exist)">Gimu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99" class="extiw" title="ja:義務">ja</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giri</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giri_choco" title="Giri choco"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giri choco</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninj%C5%8D" title="Ninjō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ninjō</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamiza" title="Kamiza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamiza</i></span></a></li> <li>Sitting positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agura" title="Agura"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Agura</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seiza</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiza#Alternative_sitting_positions" title="Seiza">Other positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations#Japan" title="Four occupations"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinoukoushou</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kazoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizoku" title="Shizoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shizoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimin" title="Heimin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Heimin</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banch%C5%8D_(position)" title="Banchō (position)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Banchō</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijin" title="Bijin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bijin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bishōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bishōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Burakumin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikan_(body_contact)" title="Chikan (body contact)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chikan</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D" title="Chūnibyō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūnibyō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Denpa"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Denpa</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebune (page does not exist)">Ebune</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:家船">ja</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hikikomori</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">Idol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemoto" title="Iemoto"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Iemoto</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikemen" title="Ikemen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ikemen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jouhatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouhatsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jouhatsu</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_mama" title="Kyōiku mama"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyōiku mama</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEET#Japan" title="NEET">NEET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otokonoko</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_cafe_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Net cafe refugee">Net cafe refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasite_single" title="Parasite single">Parasite single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sensei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senpai_and_k%C5%8Dhai" title="Senpai and kōhai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Senpai</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōhai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza#Structure" title="Yakuza">Yakuza ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yamato nadeshiko</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bōsōzoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese street fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gyaru</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganguro" title="Ganguro"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ganguro</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gyaruo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kogal</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kei</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Netto-uyoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Omorashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otaku</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akiba-kei" title="Akiba-kei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Akiba-kei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_moe_zoku" title="Figure moe zoku">Figure <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe zoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujoshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fujoshi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Lolicon</i></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shotacon</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reki-jo" title="Reki-jo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Reki-jo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol#Fan_culture" title="Japanese idol"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wota</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_work_environment" title="Japanese work environment">Work culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_company_(Japan)" title="Black company (Japan)">Black company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card#Japan" title="Business card">Business card etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haken_(employment)" title="Haken (employment)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Haken</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Ren-So" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Ren-So"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ho-Ren-Sō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_blue_collar_workers" title="Japanese blue collar workers">Japanese blue collar workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_business_terms" title="Category:Japanese business terms">Japanese business terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Karoshi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Keiretsu</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaria%C5%ABman" title="Kyariaūman"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyariaūman</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Labor unions in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment#In_Japan" title="Permanent employment">Lifetime employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Management culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenko_system" title="Nenko system">Nenko system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">Office lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman">Salaryman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinise" title="Shinise"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinise</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Zaibatsu</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twixter" title="Twixter">Twixter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological or<br />social dysfunction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D" title="Chūnibyō">Chūnibyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnected_youth" title="Disconnected youth">Disconnected youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidult" title="Kidult">Kidult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">NEET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasite_single" title="Parasite single">Parasite single</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puer_aeternus" title="Puer aeternus">Puer aeternus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter-life_crisis" title="Quarter-life crisis">Quarter-life crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_adult" title="Vulnerable adult">Vulnerable adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waithood" title="Waithood">Waithood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_homelessness" title="Youth homelessness">Youth homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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