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id="toc-Gross_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gross anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Lobes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Surfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Impressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscopic_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscopic_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Microscopic anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscopic_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Functional anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Couinaud_classification_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Couinaud_classification_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Couinaud classification system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Couinaud_classification_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_and_protein_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gene and protein expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fetal_blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fetal_blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fetal blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fetal_blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biliary_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biliary_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biliary flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biliary_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbohydrate_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbohydrate_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Carbohydrate metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbohydrate_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Protein metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Lipid metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Breakdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_reservoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_reservoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Blood reservoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_reservoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymph_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymph_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lymph production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymph_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Liver regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_transplantation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_transplantation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Liver transplantation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_transplantation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giraffe_liver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giraffe_liver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Giraffe liver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giraffe_liver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrow/bullet_poison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrow/bullet_poison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Arrow/bullet poison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrow/bullet_poison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewer" title="Lewer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber" title="Leber – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ጉበት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifere" title="Lifere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lifere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="كبد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figado" title="Figado – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Figado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܟܒܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܒܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լեարդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեարդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicatu" title="Hicatu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hicatu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E" title="যকৃৎ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যকৃৎ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9gadu" title="Fégadu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fégadu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskon" title="Oskon – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Oskon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dgado" title="Ígado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ígado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="ТӀул – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27iwcha" title="K'iwcha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K'iwcha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraciy%C9%99r" title="Qaraciyər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraciyər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="باغیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باغیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E" title="যকৃৎ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যকৃৎ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa%E2%81%BF" title="Koaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бауыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бауыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Печань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Печань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoy" title="Katoy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katoy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Черен дроб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черен дроб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཆེར་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཆེར་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avu" title="Avu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Avu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эльгэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эльгэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fetge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пĕвер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕвер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay_(anatomiya)" title="Atay (anatomiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Atay (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tra" title="Játra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Játra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitaka" title="Chitaka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitaka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afu" title="Afu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber" title="Leber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%AD" title="ފުރަމޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފުރަމޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks" title="Maks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Ήπαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήπαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9gghet" title="Fégghet – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fégghet" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Максо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Максо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADgado" title="Hígado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hígado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepato" title="Hepato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hepato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibel" title="Gibel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gibel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="کبد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareja" title="Kareja – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kareja" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foie" title="Foie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae" title="Ae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B9than" title="Grùthan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Grùthan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADgado" title="Fígado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fígado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4n-chh%C3%B3ng" title="Kôn-chhóng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kôn-chhóng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լյարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="यकृत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यकृत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepato" title="Hepato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hepato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalem" title="Dalem – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dalem" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" title="Hati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficato" title="Ficato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ficato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Игæр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Игæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibindi" title="Isibindi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibindi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifur" title="Lifur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lifur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegato" title="Fegato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fegato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93" title="כבד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94y%C9%9B" title="Hɔyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಯಕೃತ್ತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಕೃತ್ತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate" title="Ate – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ate" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ღვიძლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღვიძლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%9A%DB%81%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="کرٛیٚہنہٕ ماز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٛیٚہنہٕ ماز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Бауыр (орган) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауыр (орган)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi" title="Avi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Avi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini" title="Ini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwa_(%C3%B2gan)" title="Fwa (ògan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fwa (ògan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwa" title="Fwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezeb" title="Kezeb – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kezeb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Боор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fui%C3%A0_fosch" title="Fuià fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fuià fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%80" title="ТтиликӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ТтиликӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A" title="ຕັບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕັບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iecur" title="Iecur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iecur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aknas" title="Aknas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aknas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liewer" title="Liewer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liewer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Лекь (анатомия) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лекь (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepenys" title="Kepenys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kepenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laever" title="Laever – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laever" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libale" title="Libale – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libale" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figato" title="Figato – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Figato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidegh" title="Fidegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fidegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1j" title="Máj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Máj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Црн дроб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црн дроб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aty" title="Aty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BE" title="കരൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwied" title="Fwied – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fwied" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="यकृत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यकृत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩხონჩხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხონჩხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="كبد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كبد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" title="Hati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%94" title="ꯂꯤꯚꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯚꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83ng-c%C3%A2ung" title="Găng-câung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Găng-câung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Элэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Элэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အသည်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ltapachtli" title="Ēltapachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ēltapachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yate" title="Yate – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yate" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B" title="कलेजो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कलेजो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="सें – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सें" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%93" title="肝臓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肝臓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="ДоӀах – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ДоӀах" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fetge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88" title="Мокш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мокш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4" title="ଯକୃତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯକୃତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruu" title="Tiruu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tiruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigar" title="Jigar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jigar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਲਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altey" title="Altey – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Altey" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="کلیجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلیجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="اينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%98" title="ថ្លើម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្លើម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebber" title="Lebber – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lebber" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%85troba" title="Wątroba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wątroba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADgado" title="Fígado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fígado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ficat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukupin" title="Kukupin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kukupin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печунка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Печунка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Печень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Быар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/atay" title="atay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="atay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="यकृत् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यकृत्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figadu" title="Figadu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Figadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABl%C3%A7ia" title="Mëlçia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mëlçia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACcatu" title="Fìcatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìcatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අක්මාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්මාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%88" title="Pečeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pečeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(xubin)" title="Beer (xubin) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beer (xubin)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جەرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Јетра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јетра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksa" title="Maksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்லீரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்லீரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasa" title="Tasa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бавыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бавыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాలేయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలేయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ตับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҷигар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷигар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaci%C4%9Fer" title="Karaciğer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karaciğer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyr" title="Bagyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печінка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Печінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جگر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جىگەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جىگەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daep" title="Daep – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daep" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig%C3%A0" title="Figà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Figà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan" title="Gan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foad" title="Foad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Foad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foete" title="Foete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" title="肝脏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肝脏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לעבער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D" title="肝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezebe" title="Kezebe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kezebe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeknas" title="Jeknas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jeknas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肝臟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" title="Hati – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hati" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Liver" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the organ. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liver_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Liver (disambiguation)">Liver (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Liver</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/240px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/360px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg/480px-Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The human liver is located in the upper right <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liver_01_animation1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Liver_01_animation1.gif/240px-Liver_01_animation1.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Liver_01_animation1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of human liver (in red) shown on a male body</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">Foregut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper" title="Hepatic artery proper">Hepatic artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic vein">Hepatic vein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic portal vein">hepatic portal vein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">Celiac ganglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>jecur, iecur</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>hepar (ἧπαρ)<br /><small>root hepat- (ἡπατ-)</small></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008099">D008099</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.8.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.8.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3023">3023</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7197">7197</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368" class="extiw" title="d:Q9368">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>liver</b> is a major <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> exclusively found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, which performs many essential biological <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">functions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Detoxification" title="Detoxification">detoxification</a> of the organism, and the <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">synthesis of proteins</a> and various other <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemicals</a> necessary for <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, it is located in the <a href="/wiki/Quadrants_and_regions_of_abdomen" title="Quadrants and regions of abdomen">right upper quadrant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, below the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> and mostly shielded by the lower right <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>. Its other metabolic roles include <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>, the production of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, conversion and storage of nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, and the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liver is also an <a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive organ">accessory digestive organ</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> fluid containing <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acids</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Emulsifies" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifies">emulsifies</a> and aids the <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">breakdown of dietary fat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, a small hollow pouch that sits just under the right lobe of liver, stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver, which is later excreted to the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> to help with <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tortora945_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liver's highly specialized <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a>, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a>, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex organic molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but is generally cited as being around 500.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the liver has sometimes been described as the body's <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical factory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although <a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">liver dialysis</a> techniques can be used in the short term. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_organ#Liver" title="Artificial organ">Artificial livers</a> have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-EMedicine1900159_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMedicine1900159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">liver transplantation</a> is the only option for complete <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1085.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray1085.png/220px-Gray1085.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray1085.png/330px-Gray1085.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray1085.png/440px-Gray1085.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the <a href="/wiki/Falciform_ligament" title="Falciform ligament">falciform ligament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The liver is a dark reddish brown, wedge-shaped <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobes</a> of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a width of about 15 centimetres (6 inches).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard <a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">reference range</a> for men being 970–1,860 grams (2.14–4.10 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-MolinaDiMaio2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolinaDiMaio2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for women 600–1,770 g (1.32–3.90 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-MolinaDiMaio2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolinaDiMaio2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">gland</a> in the human body. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>, resting just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach, and overlying the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tortora945_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora945-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liver is connected to two large <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic artery">hepatic artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a>. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta via the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac trunk">celiac trunk</a>, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and also from the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMedicine1900159_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMedicine1900159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as <a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">liver sinusoids</a>, which then lead to <a href="/wiki/Lobules_of_liver" title="Lobules of liver">hepatic lobules</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="liver_capsule"></span> Hepatic lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic cells">hepatic cells</a> (hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fibroelastic" class="extiw" title="wikt:fibroelastic">fibroelastic</a> connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as <i>Glisson's capsule</i> after British doctor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Glisson" title="Francis Glisson">Francis Glisson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tissue extends into the structure of the liver by accompanying the blood vessels, ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver, except for the <a href="/wiki/Bare_area_of_the_liver" title="Bare area of the liver">bare area</a>, is covered in a <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous</a> coat derived from the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson's capsule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_anatomy">Gross anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gross anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terminology related to the liver often starts in <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes#H" title="List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes"><i>hepat-</i></a> from ἡπατο-, from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for liver.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_online_hepatic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology_online_hepatic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lobes">Lobes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lobes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_liver" title="Lobes of liver">Lobes of liver</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_389.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sobo_1906_389.png/220px-Sobo_1906_389.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sobo_1906_389.png/330px-Sobo_1906_389.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sobo_1906_389.png/440px-Sobo_1906_389.png 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions</figcaption></figure> <p>The liver is <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">grossly</a> divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe – and four parts when viewed from below (left, right, <a href="/wiki/Caudate_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudate lobe">caudate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrate lobe">quadrate lobes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Falciform_ligament" title="Falciform ligament">falciform ligament</a> makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the <a href="/wiki/Vena_cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava">vena cava</a> and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line is called <a href="/wiki/Cantlie%27s_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantlie's line">Cantlie's line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other anatomical landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">ligamentum venosum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_the_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Round ligament of the liver">round ligament of the liver</a>, which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the <a href="/wiki/Porta_hepatis" title="Porta hepatis">porta hepatis</a>, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)#Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">visceral</a> view.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surfaces">Surfaces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Hepar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/220px-Human_Hepar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/330px-Human_Hepar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/440px-Human_Hepar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Normal human liver at autopsy</figcaption></figure> <p>On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>, that helps to reduce friction against other organs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the <a href="/wiki/Falciform_ligament" title="Falciform ligament">falciform ligament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_triangular_ligament" title="Right triangular ligament">right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_triangular_ligament" title="Left triangular ligament">left triangular ligaments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_ligament" title="Peritoneal ligament">peritoneal ligaments</a> are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterior</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> body wall. </p><p>The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossa of gallbladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of porta hepatis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impressions">Impressions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1087-liver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/220px-Gray1087-liver.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/330px-Gray1087-liver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/440px-Gray1087-liver.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Impressions of the liver</figcaption></figure> <p>Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">hepatic flexure</a> and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the <a href="/wiki/Suprarenal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprarenal gland">suprarenal gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)" title="Fossa (anatomy)">fossa</a>, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left of the gastric impression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary''2012925-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the <a href="/wiki/Tuber_omentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuber omentale">tuber omentale</a>, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_omentum" title="Lesser omentum">lesser omentum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microscopic_anatomy">Microscopic anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Microscopic anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hepatic_structure2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hepatic_structure2.svg/220px-Hepatic_structure2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hepatic_structure2.svg/330px-Hepatic_structure2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hepatic_structure2.svg/440px-Hepatic_structure2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Cells, ducts, and blood vessels</figcaption></figure> <p>Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic lobule">hepatic lobules</a>. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">sinusoids</a> radiating from a central vein towards an imaginary perimeter of interlobular portal triads.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreK_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreK-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the <a href="/wiki/Portal_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal triad">portal triad</a>, which can be found running along each of the lobule's corners. The portal triad consists of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the common bile duct.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triad may be seen on a liver ultrasound, as a <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_sign" title="Mickey Mouse sign">Mickey Mouse sign</a> with the portal vein as the head, and the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct as the ears.<sup id="cite_ref-med.emory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med.emory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a>, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchymal</a> cells and nonparenchymal cells. About 70–85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Kmieć_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kmieć-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">liver sinusoids</a> are lined with two types of cell, <a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoidal_endothelial_cell" title="Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell">sinusoidal endothelial cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_stellate_cell" title="Hepatic stellate cell">Hepatic stellate cells</a> are nonparenchymal cells found in the <a href="/wiki/Perisinusoidal_space" title="Perisinusoidal space">perisinusoidal space</a>, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-Kmieć_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kmieć-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, intrahepatic <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> are often present in the sinusoidal lumen.<sup id="cite_ref-Kmieć_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kmieć-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microscopic anatomy of the liver"><img alt="Microscopic anatomy of the liver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg/105px-2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg/157px-2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg/210px-2423_Microscopic_Anatomy_of_Liver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microscopic anatomy of the liver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Types of capillaries–sinusoid on right"><img alt="Types of capillaries–sinusoid on right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg/120px-2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg/180px-2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg/240px-2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Types of capillaries–sinusoid on right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3D medical animation still shot depicting parts of liver"><img alt="3D Medical Animation Still Shot Depicting parts of liver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg/120px-3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg/180px-3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg/240px-3D_Medical_Animation_liver_parts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D medical animation still shot depicting parts of liver</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_anatomy">Functional anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functional anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilum_of_the_liver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hilum_of_the_liver.png/220px-Hilum_of_the_liver.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hilum_of_the_liver.png/330px-Hilum_of_the_liver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hilum_of_the_liver.png/440px-Hilum_of_the_liver.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Hilum of the liver, circled in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>The central area or <a href="/wiki/Hilum_(anatomy)" title="Hilum (anatomy)">hepatic hilum</a>, includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_artery" title="Common hepatic artery">common hepatic artery</a>, and the opening for the portal vein. The duct, vein, and artery divide into left and right branches, and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes. The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane, Cantlie's line, joining the gallbladder fossa to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>. The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes. The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes. The right lobe is further divided into an <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> segment by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial (anatomy)">medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antero-posteriorly" class="mw-redirect" title="Antero-posteriorly">lateral</a> segments by the left hepatic vein. </p><p>The hilum of the liver is described in terms of three <i>plates</i> that contain the <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a> and blood vessels. The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawarada_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawarada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three plates are the <i>hilar plate</i>, the <i>cystic plate</i> and the <i>umbilical plate</i> and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawarada_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawarada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Couinaud_classification_system">Couinaud classification system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Couinaud classification system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liver_segment" title="Liver segment">Liver segment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif/220px-Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif/330px-Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Liver_04_Couinaud_classification_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Shape of human liver in animation, with eight Couinaud segments labelled</figcaption></figure> <p>In the widely used <a href="/wiki/Claude_Couinaud" title="Claude Couinaud">Couinaud</a> system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein.<sup id="cite_ref-radiopaedia.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiopaedia.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches.<sup id="cite_ref-3d_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3d-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strunk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strunk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Couinaud classification divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins.<sup id="cite_ref-radiologyassistant.nl_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiologyassistant.nl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units (numbered I to VIII) with unit 1, the caudate lobe, receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of the portal vein. It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava.<sup id="cite_ref-radiopaedia.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiopaedia.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the units (II to VIII) are numbered in a clockwise fashion:<sup id="cite_ref-radiologyassistant.nl_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiologyassistant.nl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_and_protein_expression">Gene and protein expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gene and protein expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics#Gene_and_protein_expression" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression</a></div> <p>About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in a normal, adult liver.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver, with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue. A large fraction of the corresponding liver-specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins and <a href="/wiki/Hepatokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatokines">hepatokines</a>. Other liver-specific proteins are certain <a href="/wiki/Liver_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzymes">liver enzymes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyacid_oxidase_(glycolate_oxidase)_1" title="Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1">HAO1</a> and <a href="/wiki/RDH16" title="RDH16">RDH16</a>, proteins involved in bile synthesis such as <a href="/wiki/BAAT" title="BAAT">BAAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/SLC27A5" title="SLC27A5">SLC27A5</a>, and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/ABCB11" title="ABCB11">ABCB11</a> and <a href="/wiki/GLUT2" title="GLUT2">SLC2A2</a>. Examples of highly liver-specific proteins include <a href="/wiki/APOA2" class="mw-redirect" title="APOA2">apolipoprotein A II</a>, coagulation factors <a href="/wiki/Prothrombin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prothrombin">F2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factor_IX" title="Factor IX">F9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement factor related proteins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen_beta_chain" title="Fibrinogen beta chain">fibrinogen beta chain</a> protein.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg/220px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg/330px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg/440px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>CT scan showing an adult liver in the axial plane</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">Organogenesis</a>, the development of the organs, takes place from the third to the eighth week during <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>. The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> (endoderm being one of the three embryonic <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a>) and the constituents of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Septum_transversum" title="Septum transversum">septum transversum</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a>. In the human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_diverticulum" title="Hepatic diverticulum">hepatic diverticulum</a> is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme. The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate, to branch, and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver. A portion of the hepatic diverticulum (that region closest to the digestive tube) continues to function as the <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">drainage duct</a> of the liver, and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme, <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factor</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Heart_development" title="Heart development">developing heart</a> also contributes to hepatic competence, along with <a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid" title="Retinoic acid">retinoic acid</a> emanating from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_plate_mesoderm" title="Lateral plate mesoderm">lateral plate mesoderm</a>. The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_diverticulum" title="Hepatic diverticulum">liver bud</a>. Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21337461_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21337461-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme, the hepatic architecture begins to be established, with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing. The liver bud separates into the lobes. The left <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">umbilical vein</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/Ductus_venosus" title="Ductus venosus">ductus venosus</a> and the right <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitelline vein">vitelline vein</a> becomes the portal vein. The expanding liver bud is colonized by <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">hematopoietic cells</a>. The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocyte" title="Cholangiocyte">biliary epithelial cells</a> and hepatocytes. The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins, first producing a monolayer, and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells. In ductal plate, focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer, become surrounded by portal mesenchyme, and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinusoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi. Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion, they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte, and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> accumulation. In the adult liver, hepatocytes are not equivalent, with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>, ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">WNT/β-catenin</a> has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21337461_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21337461-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg/220px-Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg/330px-Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg/440px-Ultrasound_liver_right_lobe_and_right_kidney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Adult ultrasound showing the right lobe of the liver and right kidney</figcaption></figure> <p>At birth, the liver comprises roughly 4% of body weight and weighs on average about 120 g (4 oz). Over the course of further development, it will increase to 1.4–1.6 kg (3.1–3.5 lb) but will only take up 2.5–3.5% of body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hepatosomatic index (HSI) is the ratio of liver weight to body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fetal_blood_supply">Fetal blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fetal blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein, which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver. There, it joins with the left branch of the portal vein. The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava, allowing placental blood to bypass the liver. In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>. The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, creating the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a></span> (or T lymphocytes). After birth, the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>. After 2–5 days, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated; the former becomes the <a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liver" title="Round ligament of liver">round ligament of liver</a> and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum. In the <a href="/wiki/Medical_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical disorder">disorders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">portal hypertension</a>, the umbilical vein can open up again. </p><p>Unlike eutherian mammals, in marsupials the liver remains haematopoietic well after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Old_Deane_2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Deane_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old_Selwood_Deane_2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Selwood_Deane_2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old_Deane_2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Deane_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually in combination with other systems and organs. Currently, no <a href="/wiki/Artificial_organ" title="Artificial organ">artificial organ</a> or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by <a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">liver dialysis</a>, an experimental treatment for <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>. The liver also accounts for about 20% of resting total body oxygen consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75% of the liver's blood supply and carries <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow. Oxygen is provided from both sources; about half of the liver's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein, and half is met by the hepatic arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-364-9_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-364-9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hepatic artery also has both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors; therefore, flow through the artery is controlled, in part, by the splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system. </p><p>Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The <a href="/wiki/Central_veins_of_liver" title="Central veins of liver">central veins</a> coalesce into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liver_veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The liver and its veins"><img alt="The liver and its veins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Liver_veins.jpg/398px-Liver_veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Liver_veins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The liver and its veins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of liver, lobule, and portal tract and their inter-relations"><img alt="Diagram of liver, lobule, and portal tract and their inter-relations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg/314px-Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg/471px-Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg/628px-Liver_vascular_anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of liver, lobule, and portal tract and their inter-relations</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biliary_flow">Biliary flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biliary flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">Enterohepatic circulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_perihilar_bile_ducts_CRUK_357.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Biliary tract</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">biliary tract</a> is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. The bile produced in the liver is collected in <a href="/wiki/Bile_canaliculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile canaliculi">bile canaliculi</a>, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver, they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the <a href="/wiki/Porta_hepatis" title="Porta hepatis">transverse fissure</a>, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The <a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</a> from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biliary system and connective tissue is supplied by the hepatic artery alone. </p><p>Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">ampulla of Vater</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proteins_produced_and_secreted_by_the_liver" title="Proteins produced and secreted by the liver">Proteins produced and secreted by the liver</a></div> <p>The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbohydrate_metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Carbohydrate metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism. </p> <ul><li>The liver synthesizes and stores around 100g of glycogen via <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">glycogenesis</a>, the formation of glycogen from <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.</li> <li>When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a>, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The liver is also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">breakdown of fat</a>, which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liver also does <b>glyconeogenesis</b> which is synthesis of glycogen from <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protein_metabolism">Protein metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protein metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, synthesis as well as degradation. All <a href="/wiki/Plasma_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma proteins">plasma proteins</a> except <a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">Gamma-globulins</a> are synthesised in the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also responsible for a large part of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">amino acid synthesis</a>. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors, as well as <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factors">coagulation factors</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">I</a> (fibrinogen), <a href="/wiki/Thrombin" title="Thrombin">II</a> (prothrombin), <a href="/wiki/Factor_V" title="Factor V">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_VII" title="Factor VII">VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_IX" title="Factor IX">IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_X" title="Factor X">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_XI" title="Factor XI">XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_XII" title="Factor XII">XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_XIII" title="Factor XIII">XIII</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">protein C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_S" title="Protein S">protein S</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">antithrombin</a>. The liver is a major site of production for <a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">thrombopoietin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> hormone that regulates the production of <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a> by the bone marrow.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lipid_metabolism">Lipid metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lipid metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liver plays several roles in <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> metabolism: it performs <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> synthesis, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, and a bulk of the body's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. The liver plays a key role in digestion, as it produces and excretes <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> (a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver produces <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolic effects</a> in adults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown">Breakdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liver is responsible for the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. The liver breaks down <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> via <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a>, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products. It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a>) and most medicinal products in a process called <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">drug metabolism</a>. This sometimes results in <a href="/wiki/Toxication" title="Toxication">toxication</a>, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenobiotic conjugation">conjugated</a> to avail excretion in bile or urine. The liver converts <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">ornithine cycle</a> or the urea cycle, and the urea is excreted in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomy_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomy-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_reservoir">Blood reservoir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Blood reservoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the liver is an expandable organ, large quantities of blood can be stored in its blood vessels. Its normal blood volume, including both that in the hepatic veins and that in the hepatic sinuses, is about 450 milliliters, or almost 10 percent of the body's total blood volume. When high pressure in the right atrium causes backpressure in the liver, the liver expands, and 0.5 to 1 liter of extra blood is occasionally stored in the hepatic veins and sinuses. This occurs especially in <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac failure">cardiac failure</a> with peripheral congestion. Thus, in effect, the liver is a large, expandable, venous organ capable of acting as a valuable blood reservoir in times of excess blood volume and capable of supplying extra blood in times of diminished blood volume.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymph_production">Lymph production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lymph production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the pores in the hepatic sinusoids are very permeable and allow ready passage of both fluid and proteins into the <a href="/wiki/Perisinusoidal_space" title="Perisinusoidal space">perisinusoidal space</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> draining from the liver usually has a protein concentration of about 6 g/dl, which is only slightly less than the protein concentration of plasma. Also, the high permeability of the liver sinusoid epithelium allows large quantities of lymph to form. Therefore, about half of all the lymph formed in the body under resting conditions arises in the liver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The liver stores a multitude of substances, including <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> (1–2 years' supply), <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> (1–4 months' supply),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a> (3–5 years' supply),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemopoiesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemopoiesis">Haemopoiesis</a> - The formation of blood cells is called haemopoiesis. In embryonic stage RBC and WBC are formed by liver. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> has almost completely taken over that task.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The liver helps in the purification of blood. The <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a> of liver are <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytic cells</a>, helps in phagocytosis of dead blood cells and bacteria from the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The liver is responsible for immunological effects – the <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">mononuclear phagocyte system</a> of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system" title="Hepatic portal system">portal system</a>.</li> <li>The liver produces <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, the most abundant protein in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood serum</a>. It is essential in the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a>, and acts as a transport for <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormones</a>.</li> <li>The liver synthesizes <a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensinogen">angiotensinogen</a>, a hormone that is responsible for raising the <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> when activated by <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>, an enzyme that is released when the <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">kidney</a> senses <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>.</li> <li>The liver produces the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> to break down <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, a toxic <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidising agent</a>, into water and oxygen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver disease</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG/220px-Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG/330px-Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG/440px-Big_Liver_Tumor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Left lobe liver tumor</figcaption></figure> <p>The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is prone to many diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a>. Liver diseases may be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a>–blood tests that can identify various markers. For example, <a href="/wiki/Acute-phase_protein" title="Acute-phase protein">acute-phase reactants</a> are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation. </p><p>The most common chronic liver disease is <a href="/wiki/Nonalcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease">nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</a>, which affects an estimated one-third of the world population.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> is a common condition of inflammation of the liver. The most usual cause of this is <a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">viral</a>, and the most common of these infections are <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>. Some of these infections are <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted</a>. Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a>. Chronic (rather than acute) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis B (with 843,724 in the U.S.),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26231459_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26231459-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 142 million are chronically infected with hepatitis C<sup id="cite_ref-Global_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with 2.7 million in the U.S.).<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.hepatitisc.uw.edu_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.hepatitisc.uw.edu-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A<sup id="cite_ref-Global_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hepatitis E<sup id="cite_ref-urlWHO_|_Hepatitis_E_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWHO_|_Hepatitis_E-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively, but these generally resolve and do not become chronic. Hepatitis D virus is a "satellite" of hepatitis B virus (it can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B), and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B, globally.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16903225_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16903225-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a> is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver. This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal. <a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a> is a condition caused by <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">blockage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veins" title="Hepatic veins">hepatic veins</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>) that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_enlargement" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enlargement">liver enlargement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> caused by increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> in the system. The bilirubin results from the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> of dead red blood cells; normally, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile. </p><p>Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">alcoholic liver diseases</a> and these include <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">alcoholic hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">fatty liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, but can also include gender, genetics, and liver insult. Liver damage can also be <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">caused by drugs</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> and drugs used to treat cancer. A rupture of the liver can be caused by a <a href="/wiki/Liver_shot" title="Liver shot">liver shot</a> used in combat sports. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cholangitis" title="Primary biliary cholangitis">Primary biliary cholangitis</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> of the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dancygier2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dancygier2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a> of the liver, with the intralobular ducts (<a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Hering" title="Canals of Hering">Canals of Hering</a>) affected early in the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver (<a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">cholestasis</a>) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage. This can lead to scarring (<a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can result in <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">portal hypertension</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portacaval_anastomosis" title="Portacaval anastomosis">Congested anastomoses</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_system" title="Portal venous system">portal venous system</a> and the systemic circulation, can be a subsequent condition. </p><p>There are also many pediatric liver diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Biliary_atresia" title="Biliary atresia">biliary atresia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin_deficiency" title="Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency">alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagille_syndrome" title="Alagille syndrome">alagille syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_familial_intrahepatic_cholestasis" title="Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis">progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_liver_haemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavernous liver haemangioma">hepatic hemangioma</a> a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign tumour">benign tumour</a> the most common type of liver tumour, thought to be congenital. A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue, usually in later life, and usually asymptomatic, is <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_liver_disease" title="Polycystic liver disease">polycystic liver disease</a>. Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes. However, the liver has a great capacity to <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerate</a> and has a large reserve capacity. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a> refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes. It can be <a href="/wiki/Palpated" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpated">palpated</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Liver_span" title="Liver span">liver span</a> measurement. </p><p>Consuming <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> regularly may help safeguard individuals from <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it has been shown to slow the advancement of liver disease in those already affected, lower the risk of liver fibrosis, and provide a protective benefit against liver cancer for moderate coffee drinkers. A 2017 study revealed that the positive effects of caffeine on the liver were evident regardless of the coffee preparation method.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following: </p> <ul><li>Pale stools occur when <a href="/wiki/Stercobilin" title="Stercobilin">stercobilin</a>, a brown pigment, is absent from the stool. Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver.</li> <li>Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a> (yellow skin and/or whites of the eyes) This is where <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> deposits in skin, causing an intense <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itch</a>. Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure. Often this itch cannot be relieved by drugs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Swelling of the abdomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a> of the ankles and feet occurs because the <a href="/wiki/Hypoalbuminemia" title="Hypoalbuminemia">liver fails to make albumin</a>.</li> <li>Excessive fatigue occurs from a <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">generalized loss of nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a> and vitamins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">Bruising</a> and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting factors</a>, substances which help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson's capsule in conditions of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a> is made by <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a>, groups of <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>, that can readily show the extent of liver damage. If <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> is suspected, then other <a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">serological</a> tests will be carried out. A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness, and some form of <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">imaging</a> such as an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> or <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> may also be needed. </p><p>Sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">liver biopsy</a> will be necessary, and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>. This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the liver's subcapsular anterior surface[74]"><img alt="Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the liver's subcapsular anterior surface[74]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg/270px-Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg/405px-Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Axial_CT_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the liver's subcapsular anterior surface<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver"><img alt="Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg/270px-Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg/405px-Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Anterior_MIP_image_of_anomalous_hepatic_veins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous <a href="/wiki/Hepatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic">hepatic</a> veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lateral MIP view in the same patient as previous image"><img alt="Lateral MIP view in the same patient as previous image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg/270px-Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg/405px-Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lateral_MIP_CT_of_anomalous_surface_hepatic_veins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lateral MIP view in the same patient as previous image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CTscanofmyLiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown"><img alt="A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CTscanofmyLiver.jpg/251px-CTscanofmyLiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CTscanofmyLiver.jpg/377px-CTscanofmyLiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/CTscanofmyLiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_regeneration">Liver regeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Liver regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liver_regeneration" title="Liver regeneration">Liver regeneration</a></div> <p>The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a> of lost <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a>; as little as 25% of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver.<sup id="cite_ref-regen_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is, however, not true regeneration but rather <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_growth_(organ)" title="Compensatory growth (organ)">compensatory growth</a> in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function, not original form. This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored. In some other species, such as zebrafish, the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the liver, large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is predominantly due to the <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a> re-entering the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>. That is, the hepatocytes go from the quiescent <a href="/wiki/G0_phase" title="G0 phase">G0 phase</a> to the <a href="/wiki/G1_phase" title="G1 phase">G1 phase</a> and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by the <a href="/wiki/Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor" title="Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor">p75</a> receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18515089_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18515089-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also some evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bipotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipotential">bipotential</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>, called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes (not to be confused with oval red blood cells of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_ovalocytosis" title="Southeast Asian ovalocytosis">ovalocytosis</a>), which are thought to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Hering" title="Canals of Hering">canals of Hering</a>. These cells can differentiate into either <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocyte" title="Cholangiocyte">cholangiocytes</a>. Cholangiocytes are the <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial lining cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16550043_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16550043-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_organ" title="Artificial organ">artificial liver</a>. </p><p>Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> who was chained to a rock in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> where, each day, his liver was devoured by an eagle, only to grow back each night. The myth suggests the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> may have known about the liver's remarkable capacity for self-repair.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_transplantation">Liver transplantation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Liver transplantation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></div> <p>Human liver transplants were first performed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Calne" title="Roy Calne">Roy Calne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1963 and 1967, respectively. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liver..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liver..JPG/220px-Liver..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liver..JPG/330px-Liver..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liver..JPG/440px-Liver..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>After resection of left lobe liver tumor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a> is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, such as chronic <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for <a href="/wiki/Fulminant_hepatic_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminant hepatic failure">fulminant hepatic failure</a>, in which liver failure occurs rapidly over a period of days or weeks. </p><p>Liver <a href="/wiki/Allograft" class="mw-redirect" title="Allograft">allografts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">transplant</a> usually come from donors who have died from fatal <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">brain injury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Living_donor_liver_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Living donor liver transplantation">Living donor liver transplantation</a> is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (<a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">hepatectomy</a>) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child. </p><p>More recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerate</a>, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there were at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A 2006 publication addressed the problem of donor mortality and found at least fourteen cases.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of postoperative complications (and death) is far greater in right-sided operations than that in left-sided operations. </p><p>With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging, living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation. The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (MDCT) and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI). MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry. MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy. Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy, which makes them unsuitable for donation, could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation"><img alt="MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg/323px-CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg/485px-CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/CT_scan_showing_liver_and_kidney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LDLTP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation"><img alt="MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/LDLTP.jpg/270px-LDLTP.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/LDLTP.jpg/405px-LDLTP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/LDLTP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LDLT_volume_measure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure."><img alt="MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/LDLT_volume_measure.jpg/385px-LDLT_volume_measure.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/LDLT_volume_measure.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus."><img alt="Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG/390px-R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG/585px-R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG/780px-R_vs_L_Liver_by_CT.PNG 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cultures regard the liver as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the gods punished <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> for revealing fire to humans by chaining him to a rock where a <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a> (or an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>) would peck out his liver, which would regenerate overnight (the liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent). Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> called <a href="/wiki/Haruspicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruspicy">haruspicy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hepatomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatomancy">hepatomancy</a>, where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals. </p><p>In Plato, and in later physiology, the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions (specifically wrath, jealousy and greed) which drive men to action.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (tractate <i>Berakhot 61b</i>) refers to the liver as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> counteracting this. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> languages (<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">جگر</span></span> or <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जिगर</span></span> or <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">jigar</i></span>) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings, or "their best"; e.g., "This <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> has thrown to you the pieces of its liver!".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">jan e jigar</i></span>, literally "the strength (power) of my liver", is a term of endearment in Urdu. In Persian slang, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">jigar</i></span> is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable, especially women. In the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu language</a>, the word for liver (<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isibindi</i></span>) is the same as the word for courage. In English the term 'lily-livered' is used to indicate cowardice from the medieval belief that the liver was the seat of courage. Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">hígados</i></span> also means "courage".<sup id="cite_ref-DRAE_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the secondary meaning of Basque <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">gibel</i></span> is "indolence".<sup id="cite_ref-Azkue_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azkue-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In biblical Hebrew, the word for liver, <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">כבד</span></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Kauved</i></span>, stemmed <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">KBD</i></span> or <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">KVD</i></span>, similar to Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكبد</span></span>), also means <b>heavy</b> and is used to describe <b>the rich</b> ("heavy" with possessions) and <b>honor</b> (presumably for the same reason). In the Book of Lamentations (2:11) it is used to describe the physiological responses to sadness by "my liver spilled to earth" along with the flow of tears and the overturning in bitterness of the intestines.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On several occasions in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">book of Psalms</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Psalm_16" title="Psalm 16">16</a>:9), the word is used to describe happiness in the liver, along with the heart (which beats rapidly) and the flesh (which appears red under the skin). Further usage as <b>the self</b> (similar to "your honor") is widely available throughout the old testament, sometimes compared to the breathing soul (Genesis 49:6, Psalms 7:6, etc.). An honorable hat was also referred to with this word (Job 19:9, etc.) and under that definition appears many times along with <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">פאר</span></span> <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Pe'er</i></span> - grandeur.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These four meanings were used in preceding ancient <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> and Ancient Egyptian preserved in classical Ethiopic <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver (food)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG/220px-Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG/330px-Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG/440px-Finnish_maksalaatikko.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Maksalaatikko" title="Maksalaatikko">Maksalaatikko</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> liver casserole</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans commonly eat the livers of mammals, fowl, and fish as food. Domestic pig, ox, lamb, calf, chicken, and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets. In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the anatomical word for "liver" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>foie</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>hígado</i>, etc.) derives not from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> anatomical term, <i>jecur</i>, but from the culinary term <i>ficatum</i>, literally "stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a>," referring to the livers of geese that had been fattened on figs.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal livers are rich in iron, <a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">vitamin A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">cod liver oil</a> is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>. </p><p>Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw (<i>asbeh nayeh</i> or <i>sawda naye</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a>, or liver <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>). In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, as in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Meurav_Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meurav Yerushalmi">meurav Yerushalmi</a></i>). Well-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Liver_p%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Liver pâté">liver pâté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">chopped liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leverpastej" class="mw-redirect" title="Leverpastej">leverpastej</a>. Liver <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Braunschweiger_(sausage)" title="Braunschweiger (sausage)">Braunschweiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverwurst" title="Liverwurst">liverwurst</a>, are also a valued meal. <a href="/wiki/Liver_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver sausage">Liver sausages</a> may also be used as spreads. A traditional <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> delicacy, <a href="/wiki/Skilpadjies" title="Skilpadjies">skilpadjies</a>, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in <i>netvet</i> (caul fat), and grilled over an open fire. Traditionally, some fish livers were valued as food, especially the <a href="/wiki/Common_stingray" title="Common stingray">stingray</a> liver. It was used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England, as well as the <i>beignets de foie de raie</i> and <i>foie de raie en croute</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giraffe_liver">Giraffe liver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Giraffe liver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESCAYRAC(1853)_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg/220px-ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg/330px-ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg/440px-ESCAYRAC%281853%29_p454_Planche_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption>19th-century drinking scene in <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Humur" class="mw-redirect" title="Humur">Humr tribe</a>, who made a drink from giraffe liver. Plate from <i>Le Désert et le Soudan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_d%27Escayrac_de_Lauture" title="Stanislas d'Escayrac de Lauture">Stanislas d'Escayrac de Lauture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Humur" class="mw-redirect" title="Humur">Humr</a> are one of the tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Baggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggara">Baggara</a> ethnic group, native to southwestern <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Shuwa_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuwa Arabic"><i>Shuwa</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a>), make a non-alcoholic drink from the liver and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, which they call <i>umm nyolokh</i>. They claim it is intoxicating (Arabic سكران <i>sakran</i>), causing dreams and even waking <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudgley_Psychoactive-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist Ian Cunnison accompanied the Humr on one of their giraffe-hunting expeditions in the late 1950s, and noted that: </p> <dl><dd>It is said that a person, once he has drunk <i>umm nyolokh</i>, will return to giraffe again and again. Humr, being <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Mahdists</a>, are strict <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">abstainers</a> [from alcohol] and a Humrawi is never drunk (<i>sakran</i>) on <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> or beer. But he uses this word to describe the effects which <i>umm nyolokh</i> has upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunnison_Giraffe_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunnison_Giraffe-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Cunnison's remarkable account of an apparently psychoactive mammal found its way from a somewhat obscure scientific paper into more mainstream literature through a conversation between <a href="/wiki/Wendy_James_(anthropologist)" title="Wendy James (anthropologist)">W. James</a> of the Institute of Social and Cultural <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Anthropology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and specialist on the use of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a> and intoxicants in society, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudgley" title="Richard Rudgley">R. Rudgley</a>, who discussed it in a book on psychoactive drugs for general readers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudgley_Psychoactive-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He speculated that a hallucinogenic compound <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a> in the giraffe liver might account for the intoxicating properties claimed for <i>umm nyolokh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudgley_Psychoactive-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunnison, on the other hand, writing in 1958 found it hard to believe in the literal truth of the Humr's assertion that the drink was intoxicating: </p> <dl><dd>I can only assume that there is no intoxicating substance in the drink, and that the effect it produces is simply a matter of convention, although it may be brought about <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">subconsciously</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunnison_Giraffe_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunnison_Giraffe-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The study of <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogens</a> in general – including entheogens of animal origin (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">hallucinogenic fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">toad venom</a>) – has, however, made considerable progress in the sixty-odd years since Cunnison's report; the idea that some intoxicating substance might reside in giraffe livers may no longer be as far-fetched as it seemed to Cunnison. However, to date, proof (or disproof) still waits on detailed analyses of the organ and the beverage made from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudgley_Psychoactive-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrow/bullet_poison"><span id="Arrow.2Fbullet_poison"></span>Arrow/bullet poison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Arrow/bullet poison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a> of northeast Asia formerly prepared a type of <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">arrow poison</a> from rotting animal livers, which was, in later times, also applied to <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a>. Russian anthropologist <a href="/wiki/S._M._Shirokogoroff" title="S. M. Shirokogoroff">S. M. Shirokogoroff</a> wrote that: </p> <dl><dd>Formerly the using of poisoned arrows was common. For instance, among the Kumarčen, [a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a>] even in recent times, a poison was used which was prepared from decaying liver.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>[Note] This has been confirmed by the Kumarčen. I am not competent to judge as to the chemical conditions of production of poison which is not destroyed by the heat of explosion. However, the Tungus themselves compare this method [of poisoning ammunition] with the poisoning of arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leber_Schaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg/170px-Leber_Schaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg/255px-Leber_Schaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg/340px-Leber_Schaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a>'s liver</figcaption></figure> <p>The liver is found in all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> and is typically the largest internal organ. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates, though its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species, it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In neonatal marsupials, it is responsible for the production of blood cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Old_Deane_2000_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Deane_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old_Deane_2003_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Deane_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old_Selwood_Deane_2004_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Selwood_Deane_2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate <a href="/wiki/Amphioxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphioxus">amphioxus</a>. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a "true" liver but rather a <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)"><i>homolog</i></a> of the vertebrate liver.<sup id="cite_ref-YuanRuan2015_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuanRuan2015-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YuLecroisey2015_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuLecroisey2015-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EscrivaChao2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EscrivaChao2012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver-specific proteins <a href="/wiki/Vitellogenin" title="Vitellogenin">vitellogenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">antithrombin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">plasminogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanine aminotransferase">alanine aminotransferase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">insulin-like growth factor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuoZhang2009_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuoZhang2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">Porphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_D%C3%B6mling" title="Johann Joseph Dömling">Johann Joseph Dömling</a> (published <i>Is the liver a purifying organ</i> in 1798)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+6%2F6ch2%2Fs6ch2_30&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Physiology&rft.aulast=Nosek&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanphysiology.tuars.com%2Fprogram%2Fsection6%2F6ch2%2Fs6ch2_30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliasBengelsdorf1952" class="citation journal cs1">Elias, H.; Bengelsdorf, H. (1 July 1952). "The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates". <i>Cells Tissues Organs</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 297–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000140715">10.1159/000140715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14943381">14943381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells+Tissues+Organs&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+the+Liver+in+Vertebrates&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-337&rft.date=1952-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000140715&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14943381&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bengelsdorf%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel-MisihBloomston2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abdel-Misih, Sherif R.Z.; Bloomston, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038911">"Liver Anatomy"</a>. <i>Surgical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>90</b> (4): 643–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.04.017">10.1016/j.suc.2010.04.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038911">4038911</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20637938">20637938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Liver+Anatomy&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=643-653&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038911%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20637938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.04.017&rft.aulast=Abdel-Misih&rft.aufirst=Sherif+R.Z.&rft.au=Bloomston%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer.ca-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.ca_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110554/http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/liver/anatomy-and-physiology/?region=on">"Anatomy and physiology of the liver – Canadian Cancer Society"</a>. Cancer.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/liver/anatomy-and-physiology/?region=on">the original</a> on 2015-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 945. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08471-7"><bdi>978-0-470-08471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.pages=945&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-08471-7&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft.au=Derrickson%2C+Bryan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0"><bdi>978-0-13-981176-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337">32308337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32308337&rft.isbn=978-0-13-981176-0&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Jean+Hopkins&rft.au=Charles+William+McLaughlin&rft.au=Susan+Johnson&rft.au=Maryanna+Quon+Warner&rft.au=David+LaHart&rft.au=Jill+D.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakimBoyer2002" class="citation book cs1">Zakim, David; Boyer, Thomas D. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093159">"New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish"</a>. <i>Hepatology</i>. <b>50</b> (5): 1656–1663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.23157">10.1002/hep.23157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093159">3093159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19693947">19693947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hepatology&rft.atitle=New+school+in+liver+development%3A+Lessons+from+zebrafish&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1656-1663&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093159%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19693947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhep.23157&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Kirsten+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.T._Councilman1913" class="citation book cs1">W.T. Councilman (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1499279&pageno=21">"Two"</a>. <i>Disease and Its Causes</i>. New York Henry Holt and Company London Williams and Norgate The University Press, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two&rft.btitle=Disease+and+Its+Causes&rft.pub=New+York+Henry+Holt+and+Company+London+Williams+and+Norgate+The+University+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.date=1913&rft.au=W.T.+Councilman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcatalog%2Fworld%2Freadfile%3Ffk_files%3D1499279%26pageno%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18515089-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18515089_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzukiTanakaWatanabeSaito2008" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki K, Tanaka M, Watanabe N, Saito S, Nonaka H, Miyajima A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2008.03.075">"p75 Neurotrophin receptor is a marker for precursors of stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in mouse fetal liver"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>135</b> (1): 270–281.e3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2008.03.075">10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18515089">18515089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=p75+Neurotrophin+receptor+is+a+marker+for+precursors+of+stellate+cells+and+portal+fibroblasts+in+mouse+fetal+liver&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=270-281.e3&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2008.03.075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18515089&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+M&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+N&rft.au=Saito%2C+S&rft.au=Nonaka%2C+H&rft.au=Miyajima%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2008.03.075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16550043-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16550043_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTietzLarusso2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tietz PS, Larusso NF (May 2006). "Cholangiocyte biology". <i>Current Opinion in Gastroenterology</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 279–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mog.0000218965.78558.bc">10.1097/01.mog.0000218965.78558.bc</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16550043">16550043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38944986">38944986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Cholangiocyte+biology&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-287&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38944986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16550043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.mog.0000218965.78558.bc&rft.aulast=Tietz&rft.aufirst=PS&rft.au=Larusso%2C+NF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An argument for the ancient Greek’s knowing about liver regeneration is provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenChen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, T.S.; Chen, P.S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294986">"The myth of Prometheus and the liver"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 754–755. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294986">1294986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853302">7853302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+Prometheus+and+the+liver&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=754-755&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294986%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7853302&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft.au=Chen%2C+P.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span> Counterarguments are provided by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiniakosKandilisGeller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tiniakos, D.G.; Kandilis, A.; Geller, S.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2010.02.032">"Tityus: A forgotten myth of liver regeneration"</a>. <i>Journal of Hepatology</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 357–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2010.02.032">10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20472318">20472318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Tityus%3A+A+forgotten+myth+of+liver+regeneration&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357-361&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2010.02.032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20472318&rft.aulast=Tiniakos&rft.aufirst=D.G.&rft.au=Kandilis%2C+A.&rft.au=Geller%2C+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jhep.2010.02.032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span> and by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowerRasko2008" class="citation journal cs1">Power, C.; Rasko, J.E. (2008). "Whither prometheus' liver? Greek myth and the science of regeneration". <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>149</b> (6): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.689.8218">10.1.1.689.8218</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00009">10.7326/0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18794562">18794562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27637081">27637081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Whither+prometheus%27+liver%3F+Greek+myth+and+the+science+of+regeneration&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=421-426&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.689.8218%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27637081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18794562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00009&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Rasko%2C+J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramstedt_K2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bramstedt K (2006). "Living liver donor mortality: where do we stand?". <i>Am. J. Gastroenterol</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 755–759. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2006.00421.x">10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00421.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16494593">16494593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205786066">205786066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Gastroenterol.&rft.atitle=Living+liver+donor+mortality%3A+where+do+we+stand%3F&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=755-759&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205786066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16494593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2006.00421.x&rft.au=Bramstedt+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Spence" title="Lewis Spence">Spence, Lewis</a> (2010). <i>Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria</i>. Cosimo. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-464-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-464-2"><bdi>978-1-61640-464-2</bdi></a>. <q>Now among people in a primitive state of culture the soul is almost invariably supposed to reside in the liver instead of in the heart or brain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+Babylonia+and+Assyria&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61640-464-2&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaHillman,_James1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gopi_Krishna_(yogi)" title="Gopi Krishna (yogi)">Krishna, Gopi</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Hillman" title="James Hillman">Hillman, James</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055908/https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man"><i>Kundalini – the evolutionary energy in man</i></a>. London: Stuart & Watkins. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-280-9"><bdi>978-1-57062-280-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man">the original</a> on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+%E2%80%93+the+evolutionary+energy+in+man&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Stuart+%26+Watkins&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-280-9&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Gopi&rft.au=Hillman%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F7577310%2FKUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shawuniversitymosque.org/m/faq_qanda.php?id=94">The Great Battle Of Badar (Yaum-E-Furqan)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630115115/http://www.shawuniversitymosque.org/m/faq_qanda.php?id=94">Archived</a> 2014-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Shawuniversitymosque.org (2006-07-08). Retrieved 2013-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"hígado". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/h%C3%ADgado?m=form#KQjAtQ9"><i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i></a> (in Spanish) (23.4 ed.). ASALE-RAE. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>. <q><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ánimo, valentía. U. m. en pl.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=h%C3%ADgado&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=23.4&rft.pub=ASALE-RAE&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fh%25C3%25ADgado%3Fm%3Dform%23KQjAtQ9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azkue-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azkue_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzkue1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azkue, Resurrección María de (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diccionariovasco01azku/page/345/mode/2up">"gibel"</a>. <i>Diccionario vasco-español-francés ... Dictionnaire basque-espagnol-français .</i> (in Spanish and French). Bilbao, Dirección del autor. p. 345<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>(Bc, BN-s, R) <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cachaza</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">calme</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gibel&rft.btitle=Diccionario+vasco-espa%C3%B1ol-franc%C3%A9s+...+Dictionnaire+basque-espagnol-fran%C3%A7ais+..&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Bilbao%2C+Direcci%C3%B3n+del+autor&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Azkue&rft.aufirst=Resurrecci%C3%B3n+Mar%C3%ADa+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiccionariovasco01azku%2Fpage%2F345%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">כלו בדמעות עיני חמרמרו מעי נשפך לארץ כבדי על שבר בת עמי בעטף עולל ויונק ברחבות קריה</span></span> "My eyes terminated with tears, my intestines overturned with bitterness, my liver spilled to the earth on the breaking of my nation's daughter when a suckling baby lies in the town squares" (Lamentations 2:11) this could be interpreted to be read as my <b>honor</b> spilled, or <b>myself</b> being spilled).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruvik.co.il/סיפורי-מילים/כ/כבוד.aspx">Kavod - Honor</a> (in Hebrew, Israeli Linguist Ruvik Rosenthal's website). Rosenthal hypothesized that the term's usage to describe heaviness comes perhaps from the liver being the heaviest of all body parts in some farm animals or in humans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=kab%C4%81tu&language=rawakkadian">Kabadu</a> in Akkadian, (From online dictionary at Association Assyrophile de France organization website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/foie/34366?q=foie#34314">"Foie"</a>. <i>Larousse.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612002718/http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/foie/34366?q=foie#34314">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larousse.fr&rft.atitle=Foie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarousse.fr%2Fdictionnaires%2Ffrancais%2Ffoie%2F34366%3Fq%3Dfoie%2334314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe,_Calvin_W.1979" class="citation book cs1">Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC&pg=PA313"><i>Unmentionable Cuisine</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 313–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5"><bdi>978-0-8139-1162-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160044/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmentionable+Cuisine&rft.pages=313-&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1162-5&rft.au=Schwabe%2C+Calvin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiBntk9jGmoC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudgley_Psychoactive-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudgley_Psychoactive_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudgley,_R.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudgley" title="Richard Rudgley">Rudgley, R.</a> (1998). <i>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances</i>. Abacus. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11127-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11127-8"><bdi>0-349-11127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Psychoactive+Substances&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-349-11127-8&rft.au=Rudgley%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunnison_Giraffe-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunnison_Giraffe_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunnison_Giraffe_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunnison,_Ian1958" class="citation journal cs1">Cunnison, Ian (1958). "Giraffe hunting among the Humr tribe". <i>SNR</i>. <b>39</b>: 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SNR&rft.atitle=Giraffe+hunting+among+the+Humr+tribe&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=49-60&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Cunnison%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirokogoroff,_S.M.1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Shirokogoroff" title="S. M. Shirokogoroff">Shirokogoroff, S.M.</a> (1935). <i>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus</i>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychomental+Complex+of+the+Tungus&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Shirokogoroff%2C+S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5"><bdi>978-0-03-910284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldSelwoodDeane2003" class="citation journal cs1">Old, J.M.; Selwood, L.; Deane, E.M. (2003). "A Histological Investigation of the Lymphoid and Immunohaematopoietic Tissues of the Adult Stripe-Faced Dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura)". <i>Cells Tissues Organs</i>. <b>173</b> (2): 115–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000068946">10.1159/000068946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649589">12649589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells+Tissues+Organs&rft.atitle=A+Histological+Investigation+of+the+Lymphoid+and+Immunohaematopoietic+Tissues+of+the+Adult+Stripe-Faced+Dunnart+%28Sminthopsis+macroura%29&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-121&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000068946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12649589&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Selwood%2C+L.&rft.au=Deane%2C+E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YuanRuan2015-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YuanRuan2015_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanRuanHuangChen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Shaochun; Ruan, Jie; Huang, Shengfeng; Chen, Shangwu; Xu, Anlong (February 2015). "Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system". <i>Developmental & Comparative Immunology</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 297–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dci.2014.05.004">10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877655">24877655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+%26+Comparative+Immunology&rft.atitle=Amphioxus+as+a+model+for+investigating+evolution+of+the+vertebrate+immune+system&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-305&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dci.2014.05.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24877655&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shaochun&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Jie&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shengfeng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shangwu&rft.au=Xu%2C+Anlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YuLecroisey2015-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YuLecroisey2015_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuLecroiseyLe_PétillonEscriva2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Jr-Kai Sky; Lecroisey, Claire; Le Pétillon, Yann; Escriva, Hector; Lammert, Eckhard; Laudet, Vincent (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361685">"Identification, evolution and expression of an insulin-like peptide in the cephalochordate <i>Branchiostoma lanceolatum</i>"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (3): e0119461. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1019461L">2015PLoSO..1019461L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119461">10.1371/journal.pone.0119461</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361685">4361685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774519">25774519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Identification%2C+evolution+and+expression+of+an+insulin-like+peptide+in+the+cephalochordate+Branchiostoma+lanceolatum&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0119461&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4361685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25774519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119461&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1019461L&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Jr-Kai+Sky&rft.au=Lecroisey%2C+Claire&rft.au=Le+P%C3%A9tillon%2C+Yann&rft.au=Escriva%2C+Hector&rft.au=Lammert%2C+Eckhard&rft.au=Laudet%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4361685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EscrivaChao2012-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EscrivaChao2012_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscrivaChaoFanLiang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Escriva, Hector; Chao, Yeqing; Fan, Chunxin; Liang, Yujun; Gao, Bei; Zhang, Shicui (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299649">"A novel serpin with antithrombin-like activity in <i>Branchiostoma japonicum</i>: Implications for the presence of a primitive coagulation system"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (3): e32392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...732392C">2012PLoSO...732392C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032392">10.1371/journal.pone.0032392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299649">3299649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22427833">22427833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+novel+serpin+with+antithrombin-like+activity+in+Branchiostoma+japonicum%3A+Implications+for+the+presence+of+a+primitive+coagulation+system&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e32392&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299649%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22427833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032392&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...732392C&rft.aulast=Escriva&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft.au=Chao%2C+Yeqing&rft.au=Fan%2C+Chunxin&rft.au=Liang%2C+Yujun&rft.au=Gao%2C+Bei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shicui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuoZhang2009-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuoZhang2009_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoZhangWangLiang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Bin; Zhang, Shicui; Wang, Shaohui; Liang, Yujun (2009). "Expression, mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor in <i>Branchiostoma belcheri</i>". <i>Cell and Tissue Research</i>. <b>338</b> (1): 67–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00441-009-0824-8">10.1007/s00441-009-0824-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19657677">19657677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21261162">21261162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+and+Tissue+Research&rft.atitle=Expression%2C+mitogenic+activity+and+regulation+by+growth+hormone+of+growth+hormone+%2F+insulin-like+growth+factor+in+Branchiostoma+belcheri&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-77&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21261162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19657677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00441-009-0824-8&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shicui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shaohui&rft.au=Liang%2C+Yujun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorland's_illustrated_medical_dictionary2012" class="citation book cs1"><i>Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary</i> (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0985-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0985-4"><bdi>978-1-4557-0985-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorland%27s+illustrated+medical+dictionary&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=32nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+%2F+Saunders&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-0985-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheater's2014" class="citation book cs1">Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (4 November 2013). <i>Wheater's Functional Histology: A text and colour atlas</i> (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-4747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-4747-3"><bdi>978-0-7020-4747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheater%27s+Functional+Histology%3A+A+text+and+colour+atlas&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-4747-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=O%27Dowd%2C+Geraldine&rft.au=Woodford%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liver" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:liver">liver</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Livers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Livers">Livers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/liver">Liver at the Human Protein Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/VLiver/">VIRTUAL Liver – online learning resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liverenzymes.net">Liver enzymes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Liver"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Liver">"Liver" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–803.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liver&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=801-803&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span> with several diagrams.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rizi, Farid (14 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53347%2FrID-96561">"Beaver tail liver"</a>. <i>Radiopaedia.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53347%2FrID-96561">10.53347/rID-96561</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiopaedia.org&rft.atitle=Beaver+tail+liver&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53347%2FrID-96561&rft.aulast=Rizi&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.53347%252FrID-96561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiver" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_liver,_pancreas_and_biliary_tree" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Accessory_digestive_glands" title="Template:Accessory digestive glands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Accessory_digestive_glands" title="Template talk:Accessory digestive glands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Accessory_digestive_glands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Accessory digestive glands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_liver,_pancreas_and_biliary_tree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system#Components" title="Human digestive system">liver, pancreas and biliary tree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare_area_of_the_liver" title="Bare area of the liver">Bare area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantlie_line" title="Cantlie line">Cantlie line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">Ligamentum venosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_hepatis" title="Porta hepatis">Porta hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liver" title="Round ligament of liver">Round ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_liver" title="Lobes of liver">Lobes of liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudate lobe of liver">Caudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrate lobe of liver">Quadrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_capsule_of_Glisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous capsule of Glisson">Fibrous capsule of Glisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perisinusoidal_space" title="Perisinusoidal space">Perisinusoidal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">Liver sinusoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periportal_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Periportal space">Periportal space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal triad">Portal triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobules_of_liver" title="Lobules of liver">Lobules of liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_segment" title="Liver segment">Liver segment</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">Hepatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_stellate_cell" title="Hepatic stellate cell">Hepatic stellate cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoidal_endothelial_cell" title="Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell">Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile ducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts" title="Intrahepatic bile ducts">Intrahepatic bile ducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_canaliculus" title="Bile canaliculus">Bile canaliculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Hering" title="Canals of Hering">Canals of Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlobular_bile_ducts" title="Interlobular bile ducts">Interlobular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Left hepatic duct">Left hepatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hepatic duct">Right hepatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">Common hepatic duct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">Cystic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">Ampulla of Vater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi" title="Sphincter of Oddi">Sphincter of Oddi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystocyte" title="Cholecystocyte">Cholecystocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gross <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail of pancreas">Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of pancreas">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of pancreas">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of pancreas">Head</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_pancreas" title="Uncinate process of pancreas">Uncinate process</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Ducts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">accessory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Pancreatic islets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroacinar_cell" title="Centroacinar cell">Centroacinar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_stellate_cell" title="Pancreatic stellate cell">Stellate cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034933-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liver"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077748">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119338410">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119338410">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565010">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="játra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117211&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hígado"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527585">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533602505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.8.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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