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Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics | WIRED

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|| { cmd: [] } </script><script type="text/javascript">window.cns = window.cns || {}; window.cns.pageContext = {"channel":"science","content":{"copyCount":2356,"imageCount":2,"embedCount":1,"ratio":785.3333333333334,"midContentCadence":375},"contentType":"article","experiments":{},"keywords":{"copilotid":["5e94af87ca6a5100098746ea"],"platform":["verso"],"tags":["science","physics-math","math","physics","computing","crowdsourcing","universe"]},"server":"production","slug":"stephen-wolfram-invites-you-to-solve-physics","subChannel":"physics-math","subSubChannel":"","templateType":"mt_article_two_column"};</script><link rel="preconnect" href="https://ads-static.conde.digital"/><script id="ads-v6" src="https://ads-static.conde.digital/production/cns/builds/wired/v6.js" async=""></script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","articleBody":"“My original thought was that we should wait,” Wolfram says via Zoom from his home in Massachusetts, “that it’s kind of disrespectful to release an irrelevant, intellectual thing when people are having all this trouble with this pandemic.”\nBut then Wolfram, who splits his time between science (he began as a particle physicist and in 2002 wrote a controversial 1,280-page manifesto about the computational nature of the universe) and commerce (he’s the CEO of the 800-person company Wolfram Research), started getting emails from friends, acquaintances, and total strangers stuck at home, who suddenly had time to pursue intellectual projects. He realized that a world sheltered at home might provide the perfect army to search for a single rule that governs our universe. “We could wait for six months or something for the pandemic to clear out. But a lot of people are sitting at home wanting to think about intellectual things, and we've got an intellectual thing that I think is interesting,” he asks. “Why don't we just release it?”\nSo today marks the debut of the Wolfram Physics Project. (Wolfram is an artist of the eponymous, having named previous products Wolfram Alpha, Wolfram Language, Wolfram Data Framework, and so on.) The physics project lays out the theories of its 60-year-old creator, provides documentation for his claims that he has already made progress in understanding space, time, and the nature of elementary particles, and invites everyone to join in the search to decode fundamental physics. Basically, the project involves creating graph-like models of many possible universes, as defined by rules that determine how the model evolves. As the graphs become more complex—really more complex—they generate phenomena that’s worthy of study in themselves. If the rules are right, one can “discover” in them the real physics that govern our universe—everything from E=mc2 to the law of gravity.\nTo help his explorers, Wolfram has written over 800 pages of documents, and his collaborators have produced three papers of their own. Wolfram, a digital pack rat, has also recorded many of the brainstorming meetings between himself and his collaborators and is releasing 430 hours or so of videos. (Even sheltering in place won’t give you enough time for that!)\nIt’s an understatement to say this project is unusual, and many traditional physicists will regard it as folly. But the project is totally in character for Wolfram, whose career includes a MacArthur Foundation fellowship—also known as a “Genius Grant”—at age 21; a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study (Einstein’s former home); the founding of his company; the invention of the Wolfram Alpha knowledge engine; creating a calculation tool (Mathematica); and writing Wolfram Language, a full-scale computational computer language.\nHe is also known for his immodesty. “Physics hasn't had something dramatic happen in a long time,” he says, though he does concede that the detection of gravitational waves was kind of a moment. “Sciences go through cycles that can last often more than a human life span when it's kind of just incremental, and then suddenly something exciting happens. I'm pretty hopeful that, at a purely technical level, what we've done will reenergize theoretical physics, which is in something of a rut right now.”\nNow he’s asking the world to become part of the effort. “I think we finally have a path to a fundamental theory of physics,” he writes in one of the documents on the site. “But we’re not there yet … So let’s all go and find the fundamental theory of physics together! It’s going to be great!”\nWolfram’s project is a continuation of a thread that he began over 20 years ago but had dropped for a while. In 2002, he wrote what he regarded as his masterwork: that 1,280-page tome called A New Kind of Science, which he shorthands as NKS, in which he argued that huge advances could be made by viewing the universe from a computational perspective. In the 100-page chapter 9, he wrote about fundamental physics: “The history of physics has seen the development of a sequence of progressively more accurate models for the universe—from classical mechanics, through quantum field theory and beyond. And one may wonder whether this process will go on forever, or whether at some point will come to an end, and one will reach a final ultimate model for the universe.”\nHis own belief is that not only will that model be found, but it will follow “a single, simple underlying rule.” Finding that rule would be, he wrote, “a major triumph for science, and a clear demonstration that at least in some direction human thought has reached the edge of what’s possible.”\nWhen I wrote about Wolfram and NKS in a WIRED profile in 2002, I felt that he would thereafter be engaged in finding that rule. The piece ended with a conversation we had in a Champaign, Illinois, steakhouse, where Wolfram spoke of a time when we will be able to write that simple rule—maybe a few lines of code in a Mathematica program—and say: “That is the universe.”\n“Do you believe we’ll find this code in your lifetime?” I asked.\n“I hope so, yeah.”\n“Do you want to find it?”\n“Sure, that’d be nice,” he said.\nI asked if that was his next thing to do.\nWolfram smiled. “I’d like to think about that, yeah.”\nBut that’s not what happened. As he writes in a paper accompanying the physics project, over the years, when he would bring up the idea to physicists, “they would just give me quizzical looks, and I could tell they were uncomfortably wondering if I had lost my marbles.” Even his physicist friends would change the subject. “My project of trying to find the fundamental theory of physics languished,” he wrote.\nHe became more involved in the various products he had created and in running Wolfram Research. He did keep working on the ideas he raised in NKS, though, and every year he held a “Summer School” where young scientists inspired by his ideas would listen to his lectures and share their own ideas. A few years ago, two physics students, Max Piskunov and Jonathan Gorard, separately expressed their interest in pursuing the ideas in chapter 9. Their bubbling enthusiasm seemed to energize Wolfram, and in mid-2019 he decided to work with them, immersing himself again in the world of science.\nSo how does the process work? It’s easier to grasp visually than written out (“Human language is not built to explain this stuff,” Wolfram says in apology), but here goes: It’s all about building model universes in the form of graphs. The raw material of these model universes is points of space. (In Wolfram’s view, space is not continuous but formed by discrete points.) Each model starts with a simple representation with a few of these points, then a rule is applied that generates more points. The rule could be anything, as long as it consistently determines how the graph will evolve in the next iteration.\nOne of the big lessons of Wolfram’s previous work was how the execution of simple rules could produce spectacularly complex behavior, and that applies in this case as well. The question is, as Wolfram puts it: “If we were to run rules like these long enough, would they end up making something that reproduces our physical universe? Or, put another way: Out in this computational universe of simple rules, can we find our physical universe?”\nHoly matrix! In other words, he’s suggesting that what happens in these models, which exist only as computations, is as valid as phenomena in what we call the real world—even though these model universes are spectacularly less complex than the actual universe. (Even building his simulations with a 100-core network he has access to as the CEO of a company can’t begin to approach the computation invested in the real universe, which Wolfram guesses might have run its basic rule something like 10400 iterations to get, well, everything.)\nNonetheless, Wolfram says he has been able to discover the same equations operating in these models as the ones we use to prove theories like quantum mechanics or gravity in the real world.\n“We started to prove various general properties of these models,” says his 22-year-old collaborator Gorard, who is a PhD candidate at Cambridge. “By making just simple constraints on the rules, we were able to get out phenomena that we could show was analogous to—or in some cases equivalent to—things we know about in real physics.” By this, he means things like the cornerstones of physics: general relativity and quantum field theory.\nBut so far none of the universes have viable candidates for the one Wolfram wants most to produce: the single rule that’s the one that our universe runs.\nDo I even need to bother mentioning that Wolfram’s approach isn’t exactly the way physics is practiced these days? Though his early adoption of the computational paradigm of physics has proved prescient, there have always been sharp critics of his unconventional approach, most notably the celebrated Freeman Dyson, who died in February. \"I'm not sure that what he does can be called science,\" Dyson told me when he was a colleague of Wolfram’s at the Institute for Advanced Study. When NKS came out, Dyson said it was “worthless.” (Wolfram now tells me that a few months ago, he asked Dyson if the quotes about him were accurate. Dyson verified that they were. “I still have the email exchange where he said, ‘Well, yes, I said that—and I still think all the stuff you've done is nonsense!” Wolfram tells me.)\nWolfram understands that his project is likely to draw more interest from computer scientists than traditional physicists at first. “What I've told Stephen is that the people who work on computing will probably find this incredibly compelling,” says Nathan Myhrvold, the CEO of Intellectual Ventures who, in a former life, was a particle physicist working with Stephen Hawking. “And more traditional fundamental physicists will probably say, ‘OK, great. You've used an unusual formalism to prove something we already knew.’” (Myhrvold does think that Wolfram’s work on the physics project is “intriguing.”)\nAnd when I asked Jonathan Gorard what his physics professors thought of his work with Wolfram, he admitted that many were “apathetic.” On the other hand, he said, “Gratifyingly, no one has completely shut it down and said, ‘This is totally crazy. You're nuts.’ Or whatever.”\nBut not all of the establishment writes off Wolfram. Andrew Strominger, the Gwill E. York professor of physics at Harvard University and a leading string theorist, wrote in an email that there is a need for new concepts and tools to solve long-standing problems in physics. “Stephen is addressing these issues with a radically new approach,” he wrote. “It has been stimulating to discuss these issues with him, and I am excited to see where it will lead.”\nAfter an admittedly brief look at Wolfram’s materials, the prominent physicist Sean Carroll also showed interest, while expressing reservations. “On the one hand, I'm in favor of taking swings at fundamental physics with wildly nonstandard ideas and seeing what happens,” says Carroll, a research professor of physics at Caltech. “Most such efforts will inevitably fail, but the payoff is huge if you hit the target. On the other hand, the standard procedure in the development of such ideas would be to verify that you can recover some simple cases of known physics—the simple harmonic oscillator, the inverse-square law for gravity, the double-slit experiment—before raising hopes for a fundamental theory of everything.” (“Of course we’ve done that,” says Wolfram.)\nFor his part, after almost four decades of creating projects other people found to be idiosyncratic, Wolfram is used to hearing reservations. “I don't go into these things saying, ‘I'm going to build something bizarrely different that nobody's going to understand,’” he says. “It just ends up that way.”\nThe real test, as in any scientific enterprise, will be whether the theories unearthed by studying the model universes can be replicated in the real world. At this point, such experiments are aspirational. But whether the physics establishment approves or not, the Wolfram Physics Project is opening for business today. We will soon find out whether scientists will accept his challenge and begin building candidate universes within it, hoping to find the rule that rules us all.\nWhat the hell else do they have to do, all cooped up in the house?\nUpdated 4/14/2020 12:30 EST: A previous version of this article incorrectly spelled Champaign, Illinois, and Andrew Strominger's name.\n\nMore Great WIRED Stories\n\nThe unbearable lightness of Animal Crossing\nWhy old-growth trees are crucial to fighting climate change\nHow to upgrade your home audio while you're quarantined\nThe JavaScript framework that puts web pages on a diet\nTo beat the coronavirus, raise an army of the recovered\n👁 Why can't AI grasp cause and effect? Plus: Get the latest AI news\n💻 Upgrade your work game with our Gear team’s favorite laptops, keyboards, typing alternatives, and noise-canceling headphones","isBasedOn":"https://www.wired.com/story/stephen-wolfram-invites-you-to-solve-physics/","articleSection":"science","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Steven Levy","sameAs":"https://www.wired.com/author/steven-levy/"}],"dateModified":"2020-04-14T10:00:00.000-04:00","datePublished":"2020-04-14T09:00:00.000-04:00","headline":"Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics","image":["https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/16:9/w_2287,h_1286,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/4:3/w_2043,h_1532,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/1:1/w_1285,h_1285,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg"],"keywords":["science","physics and 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class="ArticlePageLedeBackground-EufvU ittFsh"><header class="ContentHeaderWrapper-clujbs hBAptx content-header article__content-header"><div data-testid="ContentHeaderContainer" class="ContentHeaderContainer-cGKRbE knDxNq"><div class="ContentHeaderHedAccreditationWrapper-GFiQf cDNVlV"><div data-testid="ContentHeaderTitleBlockWrapper" class="ContentHeaderTitleBlockWrapper-cjmSKp gRsajm"><div data-testid="ContentHeaderRubric" class="ContentHeaderRubricBlock-LmpbT hkFrAN"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk jYjxgY bylines bylines--inlined-with-bg ContentHeaderBylines-cZqgyJ bHLeKI"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH dlzgzD byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn bAqyQm byline__name"><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLink-eNWuiM BylineLink-gEnFiw iUEiRd euNVPR jdMSdZ BDKtv byline__name-link button" href="/author/steven-levy/">Steven Levy</a></span></span></span></div><div data-testid="ContentHeaderRubricDateBlock" class="ContentHeaderRubricDateBlock-kAQcZP fTFWxD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric ContentHeaderRubricContainer-eTudtt edKnIL"><a class="RubricLink-gRWSOU fTtYjx rubric__link" href="/category/science"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Science</span></a></div><time data-testid="ContentHeaderPublishDate" dateTime="2020-04-14T10:00:00-04:00" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHeaderTitleBlockPublishDate-hYmSqb iUEiRd iJViBS cXawal">Apr 14, 2020 10:00 AM</time></div></div><h1 data-testid="ContentHeaderHed" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHeaderHed-NCyCC iUEiRd cvHIvL kctZMs">Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics</h1></div><div class="ContentHeaderAccreditation-lfctVB etVsnJ content-header__accreditation" data-testid="ContentHeaderAccreditation"><div class="ContentHeaderDek-bIqFFZ jTjywE">His new initiative intends to crowdsource the pursuit of the discipline&#39;s holy grail: a fundamental theory of everything.</div></div></div><div class="ContentHeaderLeadAsset-hGbumP cAlrhp lead-asset ContentHeaderLeadAssetWrapper-hfXHEc besjtV lead-asset--width-small" data-testid="ContentHeaderLeadAsset"><figure class="ContentHeaderLeadAssetContent-kOfYSG dRGWbI"><div class="ContentHeaderLeadAssetContentMedia-bLEIpi jjhWdS lead-asset__content__photo"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI responsive-asset ContentHeaderResponsiveAsset-bREgIb cZenhb"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gOkWog"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa ContentHeaderResponsiveAsset-bREgIb cZenhb responsive-image"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_120,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_240,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_320,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_640,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 640w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_960,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 960w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_120,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_240,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_320,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_640,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 640w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_960,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 960w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_1280,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 1280w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_1600,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 1600w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_1920,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 1920w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_2240,c_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg 2240w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="stephen wolfram" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/Science_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg"/></picture></div></div></span><div class="CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE fJvQtP caption ContentHeaderLeadAssetCaption-hPWmSN cZMGrQ"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd isTgyB fNaHcW caption__credit">Photograph: Stephen McCarthy/Getty Images</span></div></div></figure><div data-testid="ContentHeaderLeadRailAnchor" class="ContentHeaderLeadRailAnchor-jYVcDc djtEof"></div></div></div></header></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN jZDNzd article-body__content"><div class="ActionBarWrapperContent-lasBkU jrRtuw"><div class="ActionBarWrapperComponent-cjwxLS bEeSLb"><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="ActionBarWrapper-dhxmQh ttAbm viewport-monitor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save" class="ActionBarButton-dyFOZU jqKQwk bookmark large-screen"><span class="ActionBarSecondaryButtonPrimaryIcon-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-icon"><svg class="icon icon-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Save this story</title><path class="icon-bookmark-stroke" d="M11.7661 16.3228L4.5 20.1695V3.5H19.5V20.1695L12.2339 16.3228L12 16.199L11.7661 16.3228Z" stroke-linecap="square"/></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActionBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd cZgghu gkccfO">Save</span></button></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="ActionBarWrapper-dhxmQh fHZWTF viewport-monitor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save" class="ActionBarButton-dyFOZU jSNLic bookmark mobile"><span class="ActionBarSecondaryButtonPrimaryIcon-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-icon"><svg class="icon icon-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Save this story</title><path class="icon-bookmark-stroke" d="M11.7661 16.3228L4.5 20.1695V3.5H19.5V20.1695L12.2339 16.3228L12 16.199L11.7661 16.3228Z" stroke-linecap="square"/></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActionBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd cZgghu gkccfO">Save</span></button></div></div></div><div class="ArticlePageChunksContent-etcMtP bwyLBj"><div data-testid="ArticlePageChunks" class="ArticlePageChunks-fLyCVG eOdfIs"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p><span class="lead-in-text-callout">The novel coronavirus</span> has derailed everyday existence for all of us, forcing us to make difficult choices. But a few weeks ago, Stephen Wolfram’s dilemma was unique. What should you do, he wondered, if, right in the middle of a pandemic, you were ready to announce that you had made historical progress—at least as you saw it—toward solving a fundamental physics question? If you felt you had figured out the path to the Holy Grail of Physics: a unified theory, making it possible for the first time to discover the underlying rule of our entire universe, one that intertwines relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics with an elegant coherence? And what if you were ready to release the tools and background materials that would enable a crowdsourced effort to take physicists over the finish line?</p><p class="paywall">“My original thought was that we should wait,” Wolfram says via Zoom from his home in Massachusetts, “that it’s kind of disrespectful to release an irrelevant, intellectual thing when people are having all this trouble with this pandemic.”</p><div></div><div></div><p class="paywall">But then Wolfram, who splits his time between science (he began as a particle physicist and in 2002 wrote a controversial 1,280-page manifesto about the computational nature of the universe) and commerce (he’s the CEO of the 800-person company Wolfram Research), started getting emails from friends, acquaintances, and total strangers stuck at home, who suddenly had time to pursue intellectual projects. He realized that a world sheltered at home might provide the perfect army to search for a single rule that governs our universe. “We could wait for six months or something for the pandemic to clear out. But a lot of people are sitting at home wanting to think about intellectual things, and we&#x27;ve got an intellectual thing that I think is interesting,” he asks. “Why don&#x27;t we just release it?”</p><div class="Container-hnJNtl gxMaIG"></div><p class="paywall">So today marks the debut of the <a data-offer-url="http://wolframphysics.org" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;http://wolframphysics.org&quot;}" href="http://wolframphysics.org" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Wolfram Physics Project.</a> (Wolfram is an artist of the eponymous, having named previous products <a data-offer-url="https://www.wolframalpha.com/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolframalpha.com/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Wolfram Alpha</a>, <a data-offer-url="https://www.wolfram.com/language/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolfram.com/language/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolfram.com/language/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Wolfram Language</a>, <a data-offer-url="https://www.wolfram.com/data-framework/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolfram.com/data-framework/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolfram.com/data-framework/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Wolfram Data Framework</a>, and so on.) The physics project lays out the theories of its 60-year-old creator, provides documentation for his claims that he has already made progress in understanding space, time, and the nature of elementary particles, and invites everyone to join in the search to decode fundamental physics. Basically, the project involves creating graph-like models of many possible universes, as defined by rules that determine how the model evolves. As the graphs become more complex—<em>really</em> more complex—they generate phenomena that’s worthy of study in themselves. If the rules are right, one can “discover” in them the real physics that govern our universe—everything from E=mc<sup>2</sup> to the law of gravity.</p><p class="paywall">To help his explorers, Wolfram has written over 800 pages of documents, and his collaborators have produced three papers of their own. Wolfram, a digital pack rat, has also recorded many of the brainstorming meetings between himself and his collaborators and is releasing 430 hours or so of videos. (Even sheltering in place won’t give you enough time for <em>that</em>!)</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--article-mid-content" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--article-mid-content consumer-marketing-unit__slot--in-content"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">It’s an understatement to say this project is unusual, and many traditional physicists will regard it as folly. But the project is totally in character for Wolfram, whose career includes a <a data-offer-url="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/93/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.macfound.org/fellows/93/&quot;}" href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/93/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">MacArthur Foundation fellowship</a>—also known as a “Genius Grant”—at age 21; a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study (Einstein’s former home); the founding of his company; the invention of the Wolfram Alpha knowledge engine; creating a calculation tool (<a data-offer-url="https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Mathematica</a>); and writing <a data-offer-url="https://www.wolfram.com/language/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolfram.com/language/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolfram.com/language/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Wolfram Language</a>, a full-scale computational computer language.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="spbgg"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="RecircMostPopularWrapper-bRuGTi nZGkR recirc-most-popular-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"><div class="RecircMostPopularContiner-jiViNn ktrplG recirc-most-popular-sparrow-tracking" data-most-popular-id="mod-most-popular-39226"><div class="RecircMostPopularHeading-iVzhzt gSVwof">Most Popular</div><ul class="RecircMostPopularItems-dCAajf bmLWUm"><li><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff byWGsE summary-item summary-item--has-border summary-item--REVIEW summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-side-by-side summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-33-66 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw gkxuUB" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;Carv 2 Digital Coach Is the Best Ski Teacher Money Can 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cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/hisense-px3-pro/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Parker Hall</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="AsideAdListItem-fTYGpp lmohmA hide-aside-ad"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw ghmKWT ad ad--aside"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--aside" data-node-id="nrq9u7"></div></div></li></ul><div class="RecircMostPopularFooter-enPjgs knSlyA"></div></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholder-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="ffwc6r"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">He is also known for his immodesty. “Physics hasn&#x27;t had something dramatic happen in a long time,” he says, though he does concede that the detection of <a data-offer-url="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gravitational-waves" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gravitational-waves&quot;}" href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gravitational-waves" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">gravitational waves</a> was kind of a moment. “Sciences go through cycles that can last often more than a human life span when it&#x27;s kind of just incremental, and then suddenly something exciting happens. I&#x27;m pretty hopeful that, at a purely technical level, what we&#x27;ve done will reenergize theoretical physics, which is in something of a rut right now.”</p><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--in-content"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--in-content" data-node-id="9shty"></div></div><p class="paywall">Now he’s asking the world to become part of the effort. “I think we finally have a path to a fundamental theory of physics,” he writes in one of the documents on the site. “But we’re not there yet … So let’s all go and find the fundamental theory of physics together! It’s going to be great!”</p><p class="paywall">Wolfram’s project is a continuation of a thread that he began over 20 years ago but had dropped for a while. In 2002, he wrote what he regarded as his masterwork: that 1,280-page tome called <a data-offer-url="https://www.wolframscience.com/nks/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://www.wolframscience.com/nks/&quot;}" href="https://www.wolframscience.com/nks/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>A New Kind of Science</em></a>, which he shorthands as <em>NKS</em>, in which he argued that huge advances could be made by viewing the universe from a computational perspective. In the 100-page chapter 9, he wrote about fundamental physics: “The history of physics has seen the development of a sequence of progressively more accurate models for the universe—from classical mechanics, through quantum field theory and beyond. And one may wonder whether this process will go on forever, or whether at some point will come to an end, and one will reach a final ultimate model for the universe.”</p><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContainer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-container"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-image"><noscript><img alt="diagram showing wolfram&#x27;s physics project" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_120,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_240,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_320,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_640,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 640w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_960,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 960w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_1280,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 1280w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d/master/w_1600,c_limit/explainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 1600w" sizes="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE fJvQtP caption AssetEmbedCaption-fNQBPI dDrfgT asset-embed__caption"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd isTgyB fNaHcW caption__credit">Courtesy of Wolfram</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="0ts0d3"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="RecircMostPopularWrapper-bRuGTi nZGkR recirc-most-popular-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"><div class="RecircMostPopularContiner-jiViNn ktrplG recirc-most-popular-sparrow-tracking" data-most-popular-id="mod-most-popular-39227"><div class="RecircMostPopularHeading-iVzhzt gSVwof">Most Popular</div><ul 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https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_320,h_350,c_limit/undefined 320w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content"><div class="SummaryItemRubricWrapper-jjNbqu bsjkmD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN lapGFj summary-item__rubric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/hisense-px3-pro/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Parker Hall</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="AsideAdListItem-fTYGpp lmohmA hide-aside-ad"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw ghmKWT ad ad--aside"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--aside" data-node-id="p1ttcr"></div></div></li></ul><div class="RecircMostPopularFooter-enPjgs knSlyA"></div></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholder-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="xu5bqi"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">His own belief is that not only will that model be found, but it will follow “a single, simple underlying rule.” Finding that rule would be, he wrote, “a major triumph for science, and a clear demonstration that at least in some direction human thought has reached the edge of what’s possible.”</p><p class="paywall">When I wrote about Wolfram and <em>NKS</em> in a <a href="https://www.wired.com/2002/06/wolfram/">WIRED profile</a> in 2002, I felt that he would thereafter be engaged in finding that rule. The piece ended with a conversation we had in a Champaign, Illinois, steakhouse, where Wolfram spoke of a time when we will be able to write that simple rule—maybe a few lines of code in a Mathematica program—and say: “That is the universe.”</p><p class="paywall"><em>“Do you believe we’ll find this code in your lifetime?” I asked.</em></p><p class="paywall"><em>“I hope so, yeah.”</em></p><p class="paywall"><em>“Do you want to find it?”</em></p><p class="paywall"><em>“Sure, that’d be nice,” he said.</em></p><p class="paywall"><em>I asked if that was his next thing to do.</em></p><p class="paywall"><em>Wolfram smiled. “I’d like to think about that, yeah.”</em></p><p class="paywall">But that’s not what happened. As he writes in a paper accompanying the physics project, over the years, when he would bring up the idea to physicists, “they would just give me quizzical looks, and I could tell they were uncomfortably wondering if I had lost my marbles.” Even his physicist friends would change the subject. “My project of trying to find the fundamental theory of physics languished,” he wrote.</p><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContainer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-container"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-image"><noscript><img alt="digram of figures" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_120,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_240,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_320,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_640,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 640w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_960,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 960w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_1280,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 1280w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc/master/w_1600,c_limit/Science_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 1600w" sizes="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE fJvQtP caption AssetEmbedCaption-fNQBPI dDrfgT asset-embed__caption"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd isTgyB fNaHcW caption__credit">Courtesy of Wolfram</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="3uznkp"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="RecircMostPopularWrapper-bRuGTi nZGkR recirc-most-popular-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"><div class="RecircMostPopularContiner-jiViNn ktrplG recirc-most-popular-sparrow-tracking" data-most-popular-id="mod-most-popular-39228"><div class="RecircMostPopularHeading-iVzhzt gSVwof">Most Popular</div><ul class="RecircMostPopularItems-dCAajf bmLWUm"><li><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff byWGsE summary-item summary-item--has-border summary-item--REVIEW summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-side-by-side summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-33-66 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false 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cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-3" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/apple-mac-mini-m4-2024/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The New Mac Mini Is Tinier and More Capable Than Ever</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY 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fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content"><div class="SummaryItemRubricWrapper-jjNbqu bsjkmD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN lapGFj summary-item__rubric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/hisense-px3-pro/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Parker Hall</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="AsideAdListItem-fTYGpp lmohmA hide-aside-ad"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw ghmKWT ad ad--aside"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--aside" data-node-id="p033s"></div></div></li></ul><div class="RecircMostPopularFooter-enPjgs knSlyA"></div></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholder-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="uwbkdj"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">He became more involved in the various products he had created and in running Wolfram Research. He did keep working on the ideas he raised in <em>NKS</em>, though, and every year he held a “Summer School” where young scientists inspired by his ideas would listen to his lectures and share their own ideas. A few years ago, two physics students, Max Piskunov and Jonathan Gorard, separately expressed their interest in pursuing the ideas in chapter 9. Their bubbling enthusiasm seemed to energize Wolfram, and in mid-2019 he decided to work with them, immersing himself again in the world of science.</p><p class="paywall">So how does the process work? It’s easier to grasp visually than written out (“Human language is not built to explain this stuff,” Wolfram says in apology), but here goes: It’s all about building model universes in the form of graphs. The raw material of these model universes is points of space. (In Wolfram’s view, space is not continuous but formed by discrete points.) Each model starts with a simple representation with a few of these points, then a rule is applied that generates more points. The rule could be anything, as long as it consistently determines how the graph will evolve in the next iteration.</p><p class="paywall">One of the big lessons of Wolfram’s previous work was how the execution of simple rules could produce spectacularly complex behavior, and that applies in this case as well. The question is, as Wolfram puts it: “If we were to run rules like these long enough, would they end up making something that reproduces our physical universe? Or, put another way: Out in this computational universe of simple rules, can we find our physical universe?”</p><p class="paywall">Holy matrix! In other words, he’s suggesting that what happens in these models, which exist only as computations, is as valid as phenomena in what we call the real world—even though these model universes are spectacularly less complex than the actual universe. (Even building his simulations with a 100-core network he has access to as the CEO of a company can’t begin to approach the computation invested in the real universe, which Wolfram guesses might have run its basic rule something like 10<sup>400</sup> iterations to get, well, everything.)</p><p class="paywall">Nonetheless, Wolfram says he has been able to discover the same equations operating in these models as the ones we use to prove theories like quantum mechanics or gravity in the real world.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="izyn8k"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div 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class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">“We started to prove various general properties of these models,” says his 22-year-old collaborator Gorard, who is a PhD candidate at Cambridge. “By making just simple constraints on the rules, we were able to get out phenomena that we could show was analogous to—or in some cases equivalent to—things we know about in real physics.” By this, he means things like the cornerstones of physics: general relativity and quantum field theory.</p><p class="paywall">But so far none of the universes have viable candidates for the one Wolfram wants most to produce: the single rule that’s the one that <em>our</em> universe runs.</p><p class="paywall">Do I even need to bother mentioning that Wolfram’s approach isn’t exactly the way physics is practiced these days? Though his early adoption of the computational paradigm of physics has proved prescient, there have always been sharp critics of his unconventional approach, most notably the celebrated Freeman Dyson, who died in February. &quot;I&#x27;m not sure that what he does can be called science,&quot; Dyson told me when he was a colleague of Wolfram’s at the Institute for Advanced Study. When <em>NKS</em> came out, Dyson said it was “worthless.” (Wolfram now tells me that a few months ago, he asked Dyson if the quotes about him were accurate. Dyson verified that they were. “I still have the email exchange where he said, ‘Well, yes, I said that—and I still think all the stuff you&#x27;ve done is nonsense!” Wolfram tells me.)</p><p class="paywall">Wolfram understands that his project is likely to draw more interest from computer scientists than traditional physicists at first. “What I&#x27;ve told Stephen is that the people who work on computing will probably find this incredibly compelling,” says Nathan Myhrvold, the CEO of Intellectual Ventures who, in a former life, was a particle physicist working with Stephen Hawking. “And more traditional fundamental physicists will probably say, ‘OK, great. You&#x27;ve used an unusual formalism to prove something we already knew.’” (Myhrvold does think that Wolfram’s work on the physics project is “intriguing.”)</p><p class="paywall">And when I asked Jonathan Gorard what his physics professors thought of his work with Wolfram, he admitted that many were “apathetic.” On the other hand, he said, “Gratifyingly, no one has completely shut it down and said, ‘This is totally crazy. You&#x27;re nuts.’ Or whatever.”</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="qr6ni7"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="RecircMostPopularWrapper-bRuGTi nZGkR recirc-most-popular-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"><div class="RecircMostPopularContiner-jiViNn ktrplG recirc-most-popular-sparrow-tracking" data-most-popular-id="mod-most-popular-39230"><div class="RecircMostPopularHeading-iVzhzt gSVwof">Most Popular</div><ul 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class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Sony&#39;s MDR-M1 Are Excellent Wired Studio Headphones</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Terrence O’Brien</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff byWGsE summary-item summary-item--has-border summary-item--REVIEW summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-side-by-side summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-33-66 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw gkxuUB" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The New Mac Mini Is Tinier and More Capable Than Ever&quot;,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/review/apple-mac-mini-m4-2024/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/review/apple-mac-mini-m4-2024/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gJaBeu summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz hlQxkn"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gJaBeu summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_120,h_350,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_240,h_350,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_320,h_350,c_limit/undefined 320w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_120,h_350,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_240,h_350,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_320,h_350,c_limit/undefined 320w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The New Mac Mini Is Tinier and More Capable Than Ever" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/672be6fd7280b80e81e89fbe/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content"><div class="SummaryItemRubricWrapper-jjNbqu bsjkmD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN lapGFj summary-item__rubric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-3" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/apple-mac-mini-m4-2024/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The New Mac Mini Is Tinier and More Capable Than Ever</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Brenda Stolyar</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff byWGsE summary-item summary-item--has-border summary-item--REVIEW summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-side-by-side summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-33-66 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard 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SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gJaBeu summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz hlQxkn"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gJaBeu summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_120,h_350,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_240,h_350,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_320,h_350,c_limit/undefined 320w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_120,h_350,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_240,h_350,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_320,h_350,c_limit/undefined 320w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6730f2391c65d10473b1826e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content"><div class="SummaryItemRubricWrapper-jjNbqu bsjkmD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN lapGFj summary-item__rubric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Gear</span></div></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp kFnjUG summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link right_rail-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/review/hisense-px3-pro/#intcid=_wired-right-rail_1bf3a41e-126a-437d-8d77-1257b4aeb025_popular4-1-reranked-by-vidi" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ kgaBCS summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Hisense PX3-Pro Is Our Favorite Short Throw Projector</div></div></div></a><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylinePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd bsrfLw gnILss byline__preamble">By </span>Parker Hall</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="AsideAdListItem-fTYGpp lmohmA hide-aside-ad"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ RecircMostPopularSummaryItem-jQxxiw ghmKWT ad ad--aside"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--aside" data-node-id="7g0h7a"></div></div></li></ul><div class="RecircMostPopularFooter-enPjgs knSlyA"></div></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholder-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="u2u35p"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">But not all of the establishment writes off Wolfram. Andrew Strominger, the Gwill E. York professor of physics at Harvard University and a leading string theorist, wrote in an email that there is a need for new concepts and tools to solve long-standing problems in physics. “Stephen is addressing these issues with a radically new approach,” he wrote. “It has been stimulating to discuss these issues with him, and I am excited to see where it will lead.”</p><p class="paywall">After an admittedly brief look at Wolfram’s materials, the prominent physicist Sean Carroll also showed interest, while expressing reservations. “On the one hand, I&#x27;m in favor of taking swings at fundamental physics with wildly nonstandard ideas and seeing what happens,” says Carroll, a research professor of physics at Caltech. “Most such efforts will inevitably fail, but the payoff is huge if you hit the target. On the other hand, the standard procedure in the development of such ideas would be to verify that you can recover some simple cases of known physics—the simple harmonic oscillator, the inverse-square law for gravity, the double-slit experiment—before raising hopes for a fundamental theory of everything.” (“Of course we’ve done that,” says Wolfram.)</p><p class="paywall">For his part, after almost four decades of creating projects other people found to be idiosyncratic, Wolfram is used to hearing reservations. “I don&#x27;t go into these things saying, ‘I&#x27;m going to build something bizarrely different that nobody&#x27;s going to understand,’” he says. “It just ends up that way.”</p><p class="paywall">The real test, as in any scientific enterprise, will be whether the theories unearthed by studying the model universes can be replicated in the real world. At this point, such experiments are aspirational. But whether the physics establishment approves or not, the Wolfram Physics Project is opening for business today. We will soon find out whether scientists will accept his challenge and begin building candidate universes within it, hoping to find the rule that rules us all.</p><p class="paywall">What the hell else do they have to do, all cooped up in the house?</p><p class="paywall"><em>Updated 4/14/2020 12:30 EST: A previous version of this article incorrectly spelled Champaign, Illinois, and Andrew Strominger&#x27;s name.</em></p><hr class="paywall"/><div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="paywall heading-h3">More Great WIRED Stories</div><ul class="paywall"><li>The unbearable lightness <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/unbearable-lightness-animal-crossing/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">of <em>Animal Crossing</em></a></li><li>Why old-growth trees are crucial to <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/trees-plants-nature-best-carbon-capture-technology-ever/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">fighting climate change</a></li><li>How to upgrade your home audio <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/home-audio-gear-and-tips/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">while you&#x27;re quarantined</a></li><li>The JavaScript framework that <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/javascript-framework-puts-web-pages-diet/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">puts web pages on a diet</a></li><li>To beat the coronavirus, raise <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/to-beat-the-coronavirus-raise-an-army-of-the-recovered/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">an army of the recovered</a></li><li>👁 Why can&#x27;t AI <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/ai-smart-cant-grasp-cause-effect/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">grasp cause and effect</a>? Plus: <a href="https://www.wired.com/category/business/artificial-intelligence/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">Get the latest AI news</a></li><li>💻 Upgrade your work game with our Gear team’s <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-laptops/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">favorite laptops</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/top-3-mechanical-keyboards/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">keyboards</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/best-keyboard-alternatives/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">typing alternatives</a>, and <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-noise-canceling-headphones/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories&amp;itm_content=footer-recirc">noise-canceling headphones</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYBuk fifekH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-node-id="7cocz"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--display-rail" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholder-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 PaywallInlineBarrierWithWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="body body__inline-barrier article__body"><div class="container container--body"><div class="container--body-inner"><aside class="PaywallInlineBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-testid="PaywallInlineBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--paywall-inline-barrier" role="presentation" aria-live="polite" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--paywall-inline-barrier"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></aside></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ContentWrapperGrid-fvkmBv brYtrA grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="body body__container"><div class="container container--body"><div class="container--body-inner"></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="ContentFooterWrapper-jVNdRG dTJkpP ArticlePageContentFooterGrid-ccsXYy eMZRHU article-body__footer"><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="ContributorsWrapper-eNpWFu hYyBes contributors" data-testid="Contributors"><div data-testid="contributor-bio-wrapper" class="ContributorBioWrapper-bnVHbt gukMon"><div class="ContributorBioAvatar-bIGTqf hUHmcH"><a href="/author/steven-levy/"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI responsive-asset"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa responsive-image"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/65e83761c9d1003a19b2989e/1:1/w_120,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65e83761c9d1003a19b2989e/1:1/w_240,c_limit/undefined 240w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/65e83761c9d1003a19b2989e/1:1/w_120,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65e83761c9d1003a19b2989e/1:1/w_240,c_limit/undefined 240w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/65e83761c9d1003a19b2989e/1:1/w_270%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></picture></span></a></div><div class="ContributorBioContent-ubQdr jZTSSi"><div class="ContributorBioHeader-ledood XOIEx"></div><div class="ContributorBioBio-fBolsO kzXQIh"><a href="/author/steven-levy/">Steven Levy</a> covers the gamut of tech subjects for WIRED, in print and online, and has been contributing to the magazine since its inception. His weekly column, <a href="https://www.wired.com/newsletter/plaintext?sourceCode=AuthorBio">Plaintext</a>, is exclusive to subscribers online but the newsletter version is open to all&#8212;<a href="https://www.wired.com/newsletter/plaintext?sourceCode=AuthorBio"><strong>sign up here</strong></a>. 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class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK jXvsWG grid grid-margins grid-items-0 SummaryCollectionGridComponent-ktyEog bdTTVU summary-collection-grid RecircListDefaultOverlaySummaryCollectionGrid-AHJhY imlAjr recirc-list__items summary-collection-grid--four-columns summary-collection-grid--TextBelowLeft"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--item"><div class="SummaryCollectionGridContent-eVUpRm flthaR"><div class="SectionTitleRoot-dBGvdq fiHEJl SummaryCollectionGridSectionTitle-fCmYwG eAcJMh" data-testid="SectionTitle"><header class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SectionTitleHed-dKqZet dxqEAa cMsmZO gbguXG">Read More</header></div><div class="SummaryCollectionGridItems-DZShR cwiDtx hide-read-more-ad" data-testid="SummaryCollectionGridItems"><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Robot Vacuums to Keep Your Home Clean&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:0,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-robot-vacuums/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-robot-vacuums/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" 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srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6743b88fadae440bffc5f19b/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6743b88fadae440bffc5f19b/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6743b88fadae440bffc5f19b/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6743b88fadae440bffc5f19b/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Robot Vacuums to Keep Your Home Clean" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6743b88fadae440bffc5f19b/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-robot-vacuums/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Robot Vacuums to Keep Your Home Clean</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Whether you’re up against pet hair or you want to splurge on a high-end laser-guided robot vacuum, we have the perfect pick for you.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div 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Reviewed&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:1,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-android-phones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-android-phones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Android Phones, Tested and Reviewed" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fc6f6100dd4ae80a8ab56/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-2" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-android-phones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div 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That’s why we’ve tested almost every Android phone, from the smartest to the cheapest&#8212;even phones that fold&#8212;to find those worth your money.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Julian Chokkattu</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best MagSafe Wallets&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:2,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-magsafe-wallets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-magsafe-wallets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best MagSafe Wallets" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/673d04af6a6dcbad027c6553/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-3" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-magsafe-wallets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best MagSafe Wallets</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">These convenient and slim magnetic wallets stick to the back of your smartphone.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Brenda Stolyar</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT ad ad--read-more"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--read-more" data-node-id="9xdpea"></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Travel Mugs That Keep Your Coffee Hot and You Happy&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:3,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-travel-mugs/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-travel-mugs/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Travel Mugs That Keep Your Coffee Hot and You Happy" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/673bcd436a7034ec62374ca9/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-travel-mugs/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Travel Mugs That Keep Your Coffee Hot and You Happy</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Goodbye lukewarm beverages. These are the top insulated travel mugs we tested and love to keep our hot drinks toasty and our cold ones refreshing.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Boutayna Chokrane </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The 5 Best Sunrise Alarms to Help You Rise and Shine&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:4,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-sunrise-alarm-clocks/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-sunrise-alarm-clocks/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-5" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The 5 Best Sunrise Alarms to Help You Rise and Shine" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/66e8a93f60b097c88e51a0f5/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-5" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-5" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-sunrise-alarm-clocks/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The 5 Best Sunrise Alarms to Help You Rise and Shine</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">If you want to wake up with the sun but aren’t a morning person, these bedside devices can simulate a sunrise whenever you want to rouse for the day (and a sunset, too).</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"> Nena Farrell </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Smart Rings to Rule Them All&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:5,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-smart-rings/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-smart-rings/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-6" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Smart Rings to Rule Them All" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/66d46dd4298ec07a72fc5a7e/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-6" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-6" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-smart-rings/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Smart Rings to Rule Them All</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">A svelte smart ring can track important health metrics and doesn&#39;t need to be charged every day.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Simon Hill</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;27 Gifts for the Best Mom You Know&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:6,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/gifts-for-moms/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/gifts-for-moms/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-7" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="27 Gifts for the Best Mom You Know" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/672fb606e8674abd935a7b5a/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-7" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-7" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/gifts-for-moms/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">27 Gifts for the Best Mom You Know</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">There are many kinds of mothers, but these are our favorite picks for the WIRED mom in your life.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name"> Nena Farrell </span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Barefoot Shoes for Walking or Running&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:7,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-barefoot-shoes/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-barefoot-shoes/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-8" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Barefoot Shoes for Walking or Running" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6629939ea620d99a9e8ea912/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-8" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-8" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-barefoot-shoes/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Barefoot Shoes for Walking or Running</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Our favorite zero-drop, minimalist footwear will let you feel the ground beneath your feet.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Scott Gilbertson</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Kindles to Take Your Library Anywhere&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:8,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-kindle/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-kindle/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-9" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Kindles to Take Your Library Anywhere" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6710fd998ef4d02eeca1ae33/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-9" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-9" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-kindle/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Kindles to Take Your Library Anywhere</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Here’s how Amazon’s ebook readers stack up&#8212;and which one might be right for you.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Brenda Stolyar</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Cozy Games for Long, Cold Nights&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:9,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-cozy-games/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-cozy-games/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-10" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Cozy Games for Long, Cold Nights" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/65af054e76bf0a8de8663f6b/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-10" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-10" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-cozy-games/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Cozy Games for Long, Cold Nights</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Forget stressful leaderboards and time-sensitive missions. These games let you play at your own pace.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Louryn Strampe</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Tablets for Work and Play&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:10,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-tablets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-tablets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-11" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Tablets for Work and Play" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/673fc17b37facb64c2030834/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-11" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-11" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-tablets/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Tablets for Work and Play</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">We’ve tested all the top slates, from Apple’s iPads to Android and Windows devices, and rounded up our favorites.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Julian Chokkattu</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--GALLERY summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm fMpfiT" data-item="{&quot;dangerousHed&quot;:&quot;The Best Kids’ Headphones for Sensitive Little Ears&quot;,&quot;index&quot;:11,&quot;contentType&quot;:&quot;venue&quot;,&quot;hotelLink&quot;:&quot;https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-kids-headphones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1&quot;,&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;GridFourColumns&quot;}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-kids-headphones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-12" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Best Kids’ Headphones for Sensitive Little Ears" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6738fa14d0158dd853b17ea3/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ePPNpk summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-12" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-12" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/the-best-kids-headphones/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_2da96b44-36c8-46ea-8c3f-a30d31e21499_text2vec1_fallback_popular4-1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ hoOgAQ summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Best Kids’ Headphones for Sensitive Little Ears</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">If you use screens for work and play, your child probably does too. These are the best headphones we’ve bought and tested for our own kids.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Simon Hill</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryCollectionGridToActionWrapper-gnReGN eGayfk"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan"><div class="TaboolaWrapper-hMVdpE iYfBhy"><div class="TaboolaWidgetWrapper-egPIjc hkSrgt TaboolaWidget-eUSdED hQCCRa" data-testid="TaboolaWidgetWrapper"><div class="TaboolaWidgetContent-iBEQTO eXroXG TABOOLA" id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails" data-testid="TaboolaWidgetContent"></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--footer should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--footer" data-node-id="83unh"></div></div></div></div></div></main><div class="BasePageMainFooterFiller-hTlZph jSriYf page__main-footer-filler"></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg jfKMyp HEhan"><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--cm-footer" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--cm-footer"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan BasePageSiteFooterRow-kpEBGH jqlJed"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK jXvsWG grid grid-margins grid-items-0 BasePageSiteFooterRowGrid-iBGjXL zQNeb"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--item"><footer class="SiteFooterWrapper-bXjkRY kRZClI site-footer--with-store" data-testid="site-footer-wrapper"><div class="SiteFooterGridNoMargins-jSrXSj cQgGDp" data-testid="SiteFooterGridNoMargins"><div class="SiteFooterBrandInfo-cdoqKy gbtTQg"><div class="SiteFooterLogo-eYlNHY eigdAF site-footer__logo"><a href="/"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI responsive-asset SiteFooterLogoResponsiveAsset-ckjzWk kubVDn site-footer__responsive-image"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SiteFooterLogoResponsiveAsset-ckjzWk kubVDn site-footer__responsive-image responsive-image"><img alt="WIRED" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="/verso/static/wired-us/assets/logo-reverse.svg" srcSet="" sizes="100vw"/></picture></span></a></div><div data-testid="SiteFooterAbout" class="SiteFooterAbout-lflfWa hmWCBj"><div class="SiteFooterAboutText-XXKBX blTbmF">WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. 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everything.","head.promo.dek":"The Wolfram Physics Project intends to crowdsource the pursuit of the discipline's holy grail: A fundamental theory of everything.","head.social.opinion":"false","head.jsonld":[{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","articleBody":"“My original thought was that we should wait,” Wolfram says via Zoom from his home in Massachusetts, “that it’s kind of disrespectful to release an irrelevant, intellectual thing when people are having all this trouble with this pandemic.”\nBut then Wolfram, who splits his time between science (he began as a particle physicist and in 2002 wrote a controversial 1,280-page manifesto about the computational nature of the universe) and commerce (he’s the CEO of the 800-person company Wolfram Research), started getting emails from friends, acquaintances, and total strangers stuck at home, who suddenly had time to pursue intellectual projects. He realized that a world sheltered at home might provide the perfect army to search for a single rule that governs our universe. “We could wait for six months or something for the pandemic to clear out. But a lot of people are sitting at home wanting to think about intellectual things, and we've got an intellectual thing that I think is interesting,” he asks. “Why don't we just release it?”\nSo today marks the debut of the Wolfram Physics Project. (Wolfram is an artist of the eponymous, having named previous products Wolfram Alpha, Wolfram Language, Wolfram Data Framework, and so on.) The physics project lays out the theories of its 60-year-old creator, provides documentation for his claims that he has already made progress in understanding space, time, and the nature of elementary particles, and invites everyone to join in the search to decode fundamental physics. Basically, the project involves creating graph-like models of many possible universes, as defined by rules that determine how the model evolves. As the graphs become more complex—really more complex—they generate phenomena that’s worthy of study in themselves. If the rules are right, one can “discover” in them the real physics that govern our universe—everything from E=mc2 to the law of gravity.\nTo help his explorers, Wolfram has written over 800 pages of documents, and his collaborators have produced three papers of their own. Wolfram, a digital pack rat, has also recorded many of the brainstorming meetings between himself and his collaborators and is releasing 430 hours or so of videos. (Even sheltering in place won’t give you enough time for that!)\nIt’s an understatement to say this project is unusual, and many traditional physicists will regard it as folly. But the project is totally in character for Wolfram, whose career includes a MacArthur Foundation fellowship—also known as a “Genius Grant”—at age 21; a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study (Einstein’s former home); the founding of his company; the invention of the Wolfram Alpha knowledge engine; creating a calculation tool (Mathematica); and writing Wolfram Language, a full-scale computational computer language.\nHe is also known for his immodesty. “Physics hasn't had something dramatic happen in a long time,” he says, though he does concede that the detection of gravitational waves was kind of a moment. “Sciences go through cycles that can last often more than a human life span when it's kind of just incremental, and then suddenly something exciting happens. I'm pretty hopeful that, at a purely technical level, what we've done will reenergize theoretical physics, which is in something of a rut right now.”\nNow he’s asking the world to become part of the effort. “I think we finally have a path to a fundamental theory of physics,” he writes in one of the documents on the site. “But we’re not there yet … So let’s all go and find the fundamental theory of physics together! It’s going to be great!”\nWolfram’s project is a continuation of a thread that he began over 20 years ago but had dropped for a while. In 2002, he wrote what he regarded as his masterwork: that 1,280-page tome called A New Kind of Science, which he shorthands as NKS, in which he argued that huge advances could be made by viewing the universe from a computational perspective. In the 100-page chapter 9, he wrote about fundamental physics: “The history of physics has seen the development of a sequence of progressively more accurate models for the universe—from classical mechanics, through quantum field theory and beyond. And one may wonder whether this process will go on forever, or whether at some point will come to an end, and one will reach a final ultimate model for the universe.”\nHis own belief is that not only will that model be found, but it will follow “a single, simple underlying rule.” Finding that rule would be, he wrote, “a major triumph for science, and a clear demonstration that at least in some direction human thought has reached the edge of what’s possible.”\nWhen I wrote about Wolfram and NKS in a WIRED profile in 2002, I felt that he would thereafter be engaged in finding that rule. The piece ended with a conversation we had in a Champaign, Illinois, steakhouse, where Wolfram spoke of a time when we will be able to write that simple rule—maybe a few lines of code in a Mathematica program—and say: “That is the universe.”\n“Do you believe we’ll find this code in your lifetime?” I asked.\n“I hope so, yeah.”\n“Do you want to find it?”\n“Sure, that’d be nice,” he said.\nI asked if that was his next thing to do.\nWolfram smiled. “I’d like to think about that, yeah.”\nBut that’s not what happened. As he writes in a paper accompanying the physics project, over the years, when he would bring up the idea to physicists, “they would just give me quizzical looks, and I could tell they were uncomfortably wondering if I had lost my marbles.” Even his physicist friends would change the subject. “My project of trying to find the fundamental theory of physics languished,” he wrote.\nHe became more involved in the various products he had created and in running Wolfram Research. He did keep working on the ideas he raised in NKS, though, and every year he held a “Summer School” where young scientists inspired by his ideas would listen to his lectures and share their own ideas. A few years ago, two physics students, Max Piskunov and Jonathan Gorard, separately expressed their interest in pursuing the ideas in chapter 9. Their bubbling enthusiasm seemed to energize Wolfram, and in mid-2019 he decided to work with them, immersing himself again in the world of science.\nSo how does the process work? It’s easier to grasp visually than written out (“Human language is not built to explain this stuff,” Wolfram says in apology), but here goes: It’s all about building model universes in the form of graphs. The raw material of these model universes is points of space. (In Wolfram’s view, space is not continuous but formed by discrete points.) Each model starts with a simple representation with a few of these points, then a rule is applied that generates more points. The rule could be anything, as long as it consistently determines how the graph will evolve in the next iteration.\nOne of the big lessons of Wolfram’s previous work was how the execution of simple rules could produce spectacularly complex behavior, and that applies in this case as well. The question is, as Wolfram puts it: “If we were to run rules like these long enough, would they end up making something that reproduces our physical universe? Or, put another way: Out in this computational universe of simple rules, can we find our physical universe?”\nHoly matrix! In other words, he’s suggesting that what happens in these models, which exist only as computations, is as valid as phenomena in what we call the real world—even though these model universes are spectacularly less complex than the actual universe. (Even building his simulations with a 100-core network he has access to as the CEO of a company can’t begin to approach the computation invested in the real universe, which Wolfram guesses might have run its basic rule something like 10400 iterations to get, well, everything.)\nNonetheless, Wolfram says he has been able to discover the same equations operating in these models as the ones we use to prove theories like quantum mechanics or gravity in the real world.\n“We started to prove various general properties of these models,” says his 22-year-old collaborator Gorard, who is a PhD candidate at Cambridge. “By making just simple constraints on the rules, we were able to get out phenomena that we could show was analogous to—or in some cases equivalent to—things we know about in real physics.” By this, he means things like the cornerstones of physics: general relativity and quantum field theory.\nBut so far none of the universes have viable candidates for the one Wolfram wants most to produce: the single rule that’s the one that our universe runs.\nDo I even need to bother mentioning that Wolfram’s approach isn’t exactly the way physics is practiced these days? Though his early adoption of the computational paradigm of physics has proved prescient, there have always been sharp critics of his unconventional approach, most notably the celebrated Freeman Dyson, who died in February. \"I'm not sure that what he does can be called science,\" Dyson told me when he was a colleague of Wolfram’s at the Institute for Advanced Study. When NKS came out, Dyson said it was “worthless.” (Wolfram now tells me that a few months ago, he asked Dyson if the quotes about him were accurate. Dyson verified that they were. “I still have the email exchange where he said, ‘Well, yes, I said that—and I still think all the stuff you've done is nonsense!” Wolfram tells me.)\nWolfram understands that his project is likely to draw more interest from computer scientists than traditional physicists at first. “What I've told Stephen is that the people who work on computing will probably find this incredibly compelling,” says Nathan Myhrvold, the CEO of Intellectual Ventures who, in a former life, was a particle physicist working with Stephen Hawking. “And more traditional fundamental physicists will probably say, ‘OK, great. You've used an unusual formalism to prove something we already knew.’” (Myhrvold does think that Wolfram’s work on the physics project is “intriguing.”)\nAnd when I asked Jonathan Gorard what his physics professors thought of his work with Wolfram, he admitted that many were “apathetic.” On the other hand, he said, “Gratifyingly, no one has completely shut it down and said, ‘This is totally crazy. You're nuts.’ Or whatever.”\nBut not all of the establishment writes off Wolfram. Andrew Strominger, the Gwill E. York professor of physics at Harvard University and a leading string theorist, wrote in an email that there is a need for new concepts and tools to solve long-standing problems in physics. “Stephen is addressing these issues with a radically new approach,” he wrote. “It has been stimulating to discuss these issues with him, and I am excited to see where it will lead.”\nAfter an admittedly brief look at Wolfram’s materials, the prominent physicist Sean Carroll also showed interest, while expressing reservations. “On the one hand, I'm in favor of taking swings at fundamental physics with wildly nonstandard ideas and seeing what happens,” says Carroll, a research professor of physics at Caltech. “Most such efforts will inevitably fail, but the payoff is huge if you hit the target. On the other hand, the standard procedure in the development of such ideas would be to verify that you can recover some simple cases of known physics—the simple harmonic oscillator, the inverse-square law for gravity, the double-slit experiment—before raising hopes for a fundamental theory of everything.” (“Of course we’ve done that,” says Wolfram.)\nFor his part, after almost four decades of creating projects other people found to be idiosyncratic, Wolfram is used to hearing reservations. “I don't go into these things saying, ‘I'm going to build something bizarrely different that nobody's going to understand,’” he says. “It just ends up that way.”\nThe real test, as in any scientific enterprise, will be whether the theories unearthed by studying the model universes can be replicated in the real world. At this point, such experiments are aspirational. But whether the physics establishment approves or not, the Wolfram Physics Project is opening for business today. We will soon find out whether scientists will accept his challenge and begin building candidate universes within it, hoping to find the rule that rules us all.\nWhat the hell else do they have to do, all cooped up in the house?\nUpdated 4\u002F14\u002F2020 12:30 EST: A previous version of this article incorrectly spelled Champaign, Illinois, and Andrew Strominger's name.\n\nMore Great WIRED Stories\n\nThe unbearable lightness of Animal Crossing\nWhy old-growth trees are crucial to fighting climate change\nHow to upgrade your home audio while you're quarantined\nThe JavaScript framework that puts web pages on a diet\nTo beat the coronavirus, raise an army of the recovered\n👁 Why can't AI grasp cause and effect? Plus: Get the latest AI news\n💻 Upgrade your work game with our Gear team’s favorite laptops, keyboards, typing alternatives, and noise-canceling headphones","isBasedOn":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fstephen-wolfram-invites-you-to-solve-physics\u002F","articleSection":"science","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Steven Levy","sameAs":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fauthor\u002Fsteven-levy\u002F"}],"dateModified":"2020-04-14T10:00:00.000-04:00","datePublished":"2020-04-14T09:00:00.000-04:00","headline":"Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics","image":["https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F16:9\u002Fw_2287,h_1286,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F4:3\u002Fw_2043,h_1532,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F1:1\u002Fw_1285,h_1285,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg"],"keywords":["science","physics and math","math","physics","computing","crowdsourcing","universe","web"],"thumbnailUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F1:1\u002Fw_1285,h_1285,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fstephen-wolfram-invites-you-to-solve-physics\u002F","isPartOf":{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"WIRED"},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"alternativeHeadline":"The Wolfram Physics Project intends to crowdsource the pursuit of the discipline's holy grail: A fundamental theory of everything.","description":"The Wolfram Physics Project intends to crowdsource the pursuit of the discipline's holy grail: A fundamental theory of everything.","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fstephen-wolfram-invites-you-to-solve-physics\u002F"},"publisher":{"@context":"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"WIRED","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fverso\u002Fstatic\u002Fwired-us\u002Fassets\u002Fnewsletter-signup-hub.jpg","width":"500px","height":"100px"},"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com"}},{"@context":"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\u002F","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Science","item":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fscience\u002F"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"math","item":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fmath\u002F"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Stephen Wolfram Invites You to Solve Physics"}]}],"head.contentID":"5e94af87ca6a5100098746ea","head.pageType":"article","head.photos":{"image-16-9":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F16:9\u002Fw_1000,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg","image-1-1":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d09f8283f9000a4151f9\u002F1:1\u002Fw_1000,c_limit\u002FScience_stephenwolfram_953898558.jpg"},"head.firstPublishDate":"2020-04-14T13:00:00.000Z","head.primaryTagsRoot":"tags","head.hasSponsoredContent":false,"head.modifiedDate":"2020-04-14T14:00:00.000Z","head.noIndex":false,"linkBannerData":{"bannerType":"marquee","dek":"","hed":"","image":{},"links":[],"tracking":{"trackingIdentifier":"","attributes":{}}},"linkBannerId":[],"navigation":{"aboutText":"WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. 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But a few weeks ago, Stephen Wolfram’s dilemma was unique. What should you do, he wondered, if, right in the middle of a pandemic, you were ready to announce that you had made historical progress—at least as you saw it—toward solving a fundamental physics question? If you felt you had figured out the path to the Holy Grail of Physics: a unified theory, making it possible for the first time to discover the underlying rule of our entire universe, one that intertwines relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics with an elegant coherence? And what if you were ready to release the tools and background materials that would enable a crowdsourced effort to take physicists over the finish line?"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“My original thought was that we should wait,” Wolfram says via Zoom from his home in Massachusetts, “that it’s kind of disrespectful to release an irrelevant, intellectual thing when people are having all this trouble with this pandemic.”"],["inline-newsletter",{"newsletterType":"slim-newsletter","newsletters":[]}],["journey-inline-newsletter",{"newsletterType":"slim-newsletter","newsletters":[]}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"But then Wolfram, who splits his time between science (he began as a particle physicist and in 2002 wrote a controversial 1,280-page manifesto about the computational nature of the universe) and commerce (he’s the CEO of the 800-person company Wolfram Research), started getting emails from friends, acquaintances, and total strangers stuck at home, who suddenly had time to pursue intellectual projects. He realized that a world sheltered at home might provide the perfect army to search for a single rule that governs our universe. “We could wait for six months or something for the pandemic to clear out. But a lot of people are sitting at home wanting to think about intellectual things, and we've got an intellectual thing that I think is interesting,” he asks. “Why don't we just release it?”"],["inline-embed",{"type":"cneinterlude","props":{"brand":"wired","embeddedVideos":[],"hasExcludedEmbed":false,"playerBase":"https:\u002F\u002Fplayer.cnevids.com","isTitleBelowVideo":true,"isTitleLeftAligned":true,"isRailEligible":false,"isRightRail":false,"relatedVideo":{"showRelatedVideo":true,"brand":"wired","related":{"id":"5dfcf6b405f4e00008435986","animationClip":{"highResUrl":null,"lowResUrl":null},"categories":["Science"],"cneId":"5dfa51fb38d0695a3ed89fc5","hed":"Astrophysicist Explains One Concept in 5 Levels of Difficulty","metadata":{"contentType":"cnevideo"},"scriptEmbedUrl":"\u002F\u002Fplayer.cnevids.com\u002Fscript\u002Fvideo\u002F5dfa51fb38d0695a3ed89fc5.js","title":"Astrophysicist Explains One Concept in 5 Levels of Difficulty","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fvideo\u002Fwatch\u002F5-levels-astrophysicist-explains-one-concept-in-5-levels-of-difficulty","photos":{"cnevideo":[{"url":"http:\u002F\u002Fdwgyu36up6iuz.cloudfront.net\u002Fheru80fdn\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fc_fill,d_placeholder_thescene.jpg,fl_progressive,g_center,h_360,q_80,w_640\u002Fv1576789690\u002Fwired_5-levels-astrophysicist-explains-one-concept-in-5-levels-of-difficulty.jpg"}]},"modelName":"cnevideo","meta":{"modelName":"cnevideo"}},"pageSize":12}}}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"So today marks the debut of the ",["a",{"href":"http:\u002F\u002Fwolframphysics.org","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"http:\u002F\u002Fwolframphysics.org"},"isExternal":true},"Wolfram Physics Project."]," (Wolfram is an artist of the eponymous, having named previous products ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolframalpha.com\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolframalpha.com\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Wolfram Alpha"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Flanguage\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Flanguage\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Wolfram Language"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Fdata-framework\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Fdata-framework\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Wolfram Data Framework"],", and so on.) The physics project lays out the theories of its 60-year-old creator, provides documentation for his claims that he has already made progress in understanding space, time, and the nature of elementary particles, and invites everyone to join in the search to decode fundamental physics. Basically, the project involves creating graph-like models of many possible universes, as defined by rules that determine how the model evolves. As the graphs become more complex—",["em","really"]," more complex—they generate phenomena that’s worthy of study in themselves. If the rules are right, one can “discover” in them the real physics that govern our universe—everything from E=mc",["sup","2"]," to the law of gravity."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"To help his explorers, Wolfram has written over 800 pages of documents, and his collaborators have produced three papers of their own. Wolfram, a digital pack rat, has also recorded many of the brainstorming meetings between himself and his collaborators and is releasing 430 hours or so of videos. (Even sheltering in place won’t give you enough time for ",["em","that"],"!)"],["cm-unit"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"It’s an understatement to say this project is unusual, and many traditional physicists will regard it as folly. But the project is totally in character for Wolfram, whose career includes a ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.macfound.org\u002Ffellows\u002F93\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.macfound.org\u002Ffellows\u002F93\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"MacArthur Foundation fellowship"],"—also known as a “Genius Grant”—at age 21; a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study (Einstein’s former home); the founding of his company; the invention of the Wolfram Alpha knowledge engine; creating a calculation tool (",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Fmathematica\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Fmathematica\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Mathematica"],"); and writing ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Flanguage\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolfram.com\u002Flanguage\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Wolfram Language"],", a full-scale computational computer language."],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"He is also known for his immodesty. “Physics hasn't had something dramatic happen in a long time,” he says, though he does concede that the detection of ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ligo.caltech.edu\u002Fpage\u002Fgravitational-waves","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ligo.caltech.edu\u002Fpage\u002Fgravitational-waves"},"isExternal":true},"gravitational waves"]," was kind of a moment. “Sciences go through cycles that can last often more than a human life span when it's kind of just incremental, and then suddenly something exciting happens. I'm pretty hopeful that, at a purely technical level, what we've done will reenergize theoretical physics, which is in something of a rut right now.”"],["native-ad",{"position":"in-content","shouldDisplayLabel":true}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Now he’s asking the world to become part of the effort. “I think we finally have a path to a fundamental theory of physics,” he writes in one of the documents on the site. “But we’re not there yet … So let’s all go and find the fundamental theory of physics together! It’s going to be great!”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Wolfram’s project is a continuation of a thread that he began over 20 years ago but had dropped for a while. In 2002, he wrote what he regarded as his masterwork: that 1,280-page tome called ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolframscience.com\u002Fnks\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wolframscience.com\u002Fnks\u002F"},"isExternal":true},["em","A New Kind of Science"]],", which he shorthands as ",["em","NKS"],", in which he argued that huge advances could be made by viewing the universe from a computational perspective. In the 100-page chapter 9, he wrote about fundamental physics: “The history of physics has seen the development of a sequence of progressively more accurate models for the universe—from classical mechanics, through quantum field theory and beyond. And one may wonder whether this process will go on forever, or whether at some point will come to an end, and one will reach a final ultimate model for the universe.”"],["inline-embed",{"props":{"dangerousCaption":"","dangerousCredit":"Courtesy of Wolfram","image":{"id":"5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d","altText":"diagram showing wolfram's physics project","contentType":"photo","sources":{"sm":{"width":640,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_640,c_limit\u002Fexplainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg","srcset":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_120,c_limit\u002Fexplainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 120w, https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e950242845a6c00080f0f0d\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_240,c_limit\u002Fexplainer-graphicb-darkmode-1.jpg 240w, 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thought has reached the edge of what’s possible.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"When I wrote about Wolfram and ",["em","NKS"]," in a ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2002\u002F06\u002Fwolfram\u002F","isExternal":false},"WIRED profile"]," in 2002, I felt that he would thereafter be engaged in finding that rule. The piece ended with a conversation we had in a Champaign, Illinois, steakhouse, where Wolfram spoke of a time when we will be able to write that simple rule—maybe a few lines of code in a Mathematica program—and say: “That is the universe.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","“Do you believe we’ll find this code in your lifetime?” I asked."]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","“I hope so, yeah.”"]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","“Do you want to find it?”"]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","“Sure, that’d be nice,” he said."]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","I asked if that was his next thing to do."]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","Wolfram smiled. “I’d like to think about that, yeah.”"]],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"But that’s not what happened. As he writes in a paper accompanying the physics project, over the years, when he would bring up the idea to physicists, “they would just give me quizzical looks, and I could tell they were uncomfortably wondering if I had lost my marbles.” Even his physicist friends would change the subject. “My project of trying to find the fundamental theory of physics languished,” he wrote."],["inline-embed",{"props":{"dangerousCaption":"","dangerousCredit":"Courtesy of Wolfram","image":{"id":"5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc","altText":"digram of figures","contentType":"photo","sources":{"sm":{"width":640,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_640,c_limit\u002FScience_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg","srcset":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_120,c_limit\u002FScience_inline_wolfram_Screen-Shot-2020-04-13-at-5.17.10-PM.jpg 120w, 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1600w","height":796}}}},"level":"block","ref":"5e94d84b8283f9000a4151fc","type":"image"}],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"He became more involved in the various products he had created and in running Wolfram Research. He did keep working on the ideas he raised in ",["em","NKS"],", though, and every year he held a “Summer School” where young scientists inspired by his ideas would listen to his lectures and share their own ideas. A few years ago, two physics students, Max Piskunov and Jonathan Gorard, separately expressed their interest in pursuing the ideas in chapter 9. Their bubbling enthusiasm seemed to energize Wolfram, and in mid-2019 he decided to work with them, immersing himself again in the world of science."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"So how does the process work? It’s easier to grasp visually than written out (“Human language is not built to explain this stuff,” Wolfram says in apology), but here goes: It’s all about building model universes in the form of graphs. The raw material of these model universes is points of space. (In Wolfram’s view, space is not continuous but formed by discrete points.) Each model starts with a simple representation with a few of these points, then a rule is applied that generates more points. The rule could be anything, as long as it consistently determines how the graph will evolve in the next iteration."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"One of the big lessons of Wolfram’s previous work was how the execution of simple rules could produce spectacularly complex behavior, and that applies in this case as well. The question is, as Wolfram puts it: “If we were to run rules like these long enough, would they end up making something that reproduces our physical universe? Or, put another way: Out in this computational universe of simple rules, can we find our physical universe?”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Holy matrix! In other words, he’s suggesting that what happens in these models, which exist only as computations, is as valid as phenomena in what we call the real world—even though these model universes are spectacularly less complex than the actual universe. (Even building his simulations with a 100-core network he has access to as the CEO of a company can’t begin to approach the computation invested in the real universe, which Wolfram guesses might have run its basic rule something like 10",["sup","400"]," iterations to get, well, everything.)"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Nonetheless, Wolfram says he has been able to discover the same equations operating in these models as the ones we use to prove theories like quantum mechanics or gravity in the real world."],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“We started to prove various general properties of these models,” says his 22-year-old collaborator Gorard, who is a PhD candidate at Cambridge. “By making just simple constraints on the rules, we were able to get out phenomena that we could show was analogous to—or in some cases equivalent to—things we know about in real physics.” By this, he means things like the cornerstones of physics: general relativity and quantum field theory."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"But so far none of the universes have viable candidates for the one Wolfram wants most to produce: the single rule that’s the one that ",["em","our"]," universe runs."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Do I even need to bother mentioning that Wolfram’s approach isn’t exactly the way physics is practiced these days? Though his early adoption of the computational paradigm of physics has proved prescient, there have always been sharp critics of his unconventional approach, most notably the celebrated Freeman Dyson, who died in February. \"I'm not sure that what he does can be called science,\" Dyson told me when he was a colleague of Wolfram’s at the Institute for Advanced Study. When ",["em","NKS"]," came out, Dyson said it was “worthless.” (Wolfram now tells me that a few months ago, he asked Dyson if the quotes about him were accurate. Dyson verified that they were. “I still have the email exchange where he said, ‘Well, yes, I said that—and I still think all the stuff you've done is nonsense!” Wolfram tells me.)"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Wolfram understands that his project is likely to draw more interest from computer scientists than traditional physicists at first. “What I've told Stephen is that the people who work on computing will probably find this incredibly compelling,” says Nathan Myhrvold, the CEO of Intellectual Ventures who, in a former life, was a particle physicist working with Stephen Hawking. “And more traditional fundamental physicists will probably say, ‘OK, great. You've used an unusual formalism to prove something we already knew.’” (Myhrvold does think that Wolfram’s work on the physics project is “intriguing.”)"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"And when I asked Jonathan Gorard what his physics professors thought of his work with Wolfram, he admitted that many were “apathetic.” On the other hand, he said, “Gratifyingly, no one has completely shut it down and said, ‘This is totally crazy. You're nuts.’ Or whatever.”"],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"But not all of the establishment writes off Wolfram. Andrew Strominger, the Gwill E. York professor of physics at Harvard University and a leading string theorist, wrote in an email that there is a need for new concepts and tools to solve long-standing problems in physics. “Stephen is addressing these issues with a radically new approach,” he wrote. “It has been stimulating to discuss these issues with him, and I am excited to see where it will lead.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"After an admittedly brief look at Wolfram’s materials, the prominent physicist Sean Carroll also showed interest, while expressing reservations. “On the one hand, I'm in favor of taking swings at fundamental physics with wildly nonstandard ideas and seeing what happens,” says Carroll, a research professor of physics at Caltech. “Most such efforts will inevitably fail, but the payoff is huge if you hit the target. On the other hand, the standard procedure in the development of such ideas would be to verify that you can recover some simple cases of known physics—the simple harmonic oscillator, the inverse-square law for gravity, the double-slit experiment—before raising hopes for a fundamental theory of everything.” (“Of course we’ve done that,” says Wolfram.)"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"For his part, after almost four decades of creating projects other people found to be idiosyncratic, Wolfram is used to hearing reservations. “I don't go into these things saying, ‘I'm going to build something bizarrely different that nobody's going to understand,’” he says. “It just ends up that way.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The real test, as in any scientific enterprise, will be whether the theories unearthed by studying the model universes can be replicated in the real world. At this point, such experiments are aspirational. But whether the physics establishment approves or not, the Wolfram Physics Project is opening for business today. We will soon find out whether scientists will accept his challenge and begin building candidate universes within it, hoping to find the rule that rules us all."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"What the hell else do they have to do, all cooped up in the house?"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},["em","Updated 4\u002F14\u002F2020 12:30 EST: A previous version of this article incorrectly spelled Champaign, Illinois, and Andrew Strominger's name."]],["hr",{"class":"paywall"}],["div",{"class":"paywall heading-h3","role":"heading","aria-level":"3"},"More Great WIRED Stories"],["ul",{"class":"paywall"},["li","The unbearable lightness ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Funbearable-lightness-animal-crossing\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"of ",["em","Animal Crossing"]]],["li","Why old-growth trees are crucial to ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Ftrees-plants-nature-best-carbon-capture-technology-ever\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"fighting climate change"]],["li","How to upgrade your home audio ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fhome-audio-gear-and-tips\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"while you're quarantined"]],["li","The JavaScript framework that ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fjavascript-framework-puts-web-pages-diet\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"puts web pages on a diet"]],["li","To beat the coronavirus, raise ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fto-beat-the-coronavirus-raise-an-army-of-the-recovered\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"an army of the recovered"]],["li","👁 Why can't AI ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fai-smart-cant-grasp-cause-effect\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_3&itm_content=footer-recirc","isExternal":false},"grasp cause and effect"],"? 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