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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Idazte</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Hizkuntza" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Hizkuntza</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Idazte&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Jarraitu</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Aldatu</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(«<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazketa&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Idazketa">Idazketa</a>» orritik birbideratua)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p><b>Idaztea</b>, halaber <b>idazketa</b>, <b>idazkuntza</b> edo <b>idazpena</b>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza">hizkuntza</a> bati esleitu zaizkion <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazkera_sistema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazkera sistema">idazkera sistema</a> erabiliz egiten den <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunikazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komunikazio">komunikazioa</a> da.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg/300px-Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg/450px-Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg/600px-Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2050"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahozko_hizkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahozko hizkuntza">Ahozko hizkuntzaren</a> osagarri moduan erabiltzen den arren, idazteak garrantzi berezia du <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literatura">literatura</a> eta, orokorrago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liburu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liburu">liburuak</a> sortzean. Horrela, komunikatzeaz gainera, idaztea hizkuntza-gordailuak eratzeko ere erabiltzen da.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Eduki-taula</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arlo_akademikoan"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Arlo akademikoan</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eskuz_ala_makinaz?"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Eskuz ala makinaz?</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Munduko_hizkuntzetan"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Munduko hizkuntzetan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erreferentziak"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Erreferentziak</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ikus,_gainera"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ikus, gainera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kanpo_estekak"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Kanpo estekak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Arlo_akademikoan">Arlo akademikoan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arlo akademikoan»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>aldatu</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Gehiago jakiteko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arlo_akademikoan" title="Idazlan">Idazlan#Arlo akademikoan</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png/220px-Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="665"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png/220px-Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png/330px-Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png/440px-Testuak_zuzentzeko_txantiloia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Arlo akademikoan, bigarren hezkuntzan, irakasle batzuek erabilitako zuzenketa txantiloia. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png/220px-Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="590"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png/220px-Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png/330px-Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png/440px-Errubrika_baten_zati_bat.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Idazlanak ebaluatzeko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Errubrika_(hezkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Errubrika (hezkuntza)">errubrika</a> baten lehen zatia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunikazio_gaitasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunikazio gaitasun">Komunikazio konpetentziaren</a> oinarrizko dimentsioa da idaztea, ahozkotasunari lotutakoekin batera. Hizkuntzen didaktikan, tradizionalki, gure <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hezkuntza_sistema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hezkuntza sistema">hezkuntza sistemetan</a>, garrantzi handia eman zaio idazteari, eta batez ere zuzentasunari. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irakurketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irakurketa">Irakurketari</a> eta askotan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahozko_hizkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahozko hizkuntza">ahozkotasunari</a> berari baino garrantzi handiagoa eman izan zaio, gure hezkuntza sistemetan, idazteari.</p> <p>Idaztearen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didaktika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didaktika">didaktika</a> sistematizatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazlan">idazlanak</a> zuzentzeko<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta ebaluatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahalegin handiak egin ohi dira <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hezkuntza_sistema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hezkuntza sistema">hezkuntza sistema</a> guztietan.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emozio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emozio">Emozioen</a> lanketa egiteko, testuinguru akademikoan eta akademiatik kanpo, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irakurketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irakurketa">irakurketa</a> eta idazketa ezinbeste tresnatzat jo dira inoiz.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eskuz_ala_makinaz?"><span id="Eskuz_ala_makinaz.3F"></span>Eskuz ala makinaz?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eskuz ala makinaz?»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>aldatu</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Pupil_writing.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pupil_writing.jpg/220px-Pupil_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pupil_writing.jpg/220px-Pupil_writing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pupil_writing.jpg/330px-Pupil_writing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pupil_writing.jpg/440px-Pupil_writing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazlan">Idazlan</a> bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkatz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkatz">arkatz</a>ez idazten. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedagogia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedagogia">Pedagogia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didaktika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didaktika">didaktika</a> arloetan, idazmakinak asmatu zirenetik, eztabaidatu egin da ea idazteko zein erak laguntzen dio gehien memoriari, ikaste prozesuari. Eztabaida handitu egin da ordenagailuak ikasgeletan sartu zirenetik.</p> <p>Badirudi, ikerketa berrien arabera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaligrafia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaligrafia">eskuz egiten den idazkera</a> hobea dela ikasteko eta oroimenerako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mekanografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mekanografia">mekanografia</a> baino.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Unibertsitateko ikasleekin egindako ikerketa berri batek adierazten du eskuzko idazkerak aldaketa sakonagoak eragiten dituela memoriarekin zerikusia duten arloetan mekanografiak baino. Aurreko ikerketek esana zuten eskuzko idazkera abantailatsua dela hainbat funtzio kognitibotarako, besteak beste, ikaskuntza kontzeptualerako edo memoriarako. Badirudi eskuzko idazketak hobeto funtzionatzen duela garuna aktibatzeko eta hobeto koordinatzen duela garuna mekanografiak baino.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Munduko_hizkuntzetan">Munduko hizkuntzetan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Munduko hizkuntzetan»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>aldatu</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> Gehiago jakiteko, irakurri: «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazkera_sistema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazkera sistema">Idazkera sistema</a>» </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg/220px-The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg/220px-The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg/330px-The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg/440px-The_writing_system_of_the_Crootch_or_Krotol_language.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krutxiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krutxiera">Krutxieraren</a> idazkera sistema berezia </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg/220px-Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="92"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg/220px-Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Kartveliar idazkera sistema berezia (baina irudian <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osetiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osetiera">osetierarako</a> erabiltzen dena) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Aztec_Text_(9756019261).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg/220px-Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg/220px-Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg/330px-Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg/440px-Aztec_Text_%289756019261%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inperio_Azteka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inperio Azteka">Azteken</a> oso testu idatzi gutxi gorde dira. Irudian aztekek <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glifo_(tipografia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glifo (tipografia)">glifo</a> batzuk. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Munduko hizkuntza gehienek, euskarak ere bai, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latindar_alfabetoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latindar alfabetoa">latindar alfabetoaren</a> aldaerak erabiltzen dituzte gaur egun; haien artean: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaniar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaniar hizkuntzak">germaniar hizkuntzak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza_erromantzeak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza erromantzeak">hizkuntza erromantzeak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelta_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelta hizkuntzak">zelta hizkuntzak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austronesiar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austronesiar hizkuntzak">austronesiar hizkuntzak</a>, hainbat uraldar hizkuntza (hala nola, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bepsaera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bepsaera">bepsaera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estoniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estoniera">estoniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungariera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungariera">hungariera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finlandiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finlandiera">finlandiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samiera">samiar hizkuntzak</a> eta besteak), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltiar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltiar hizkuntzak">baltiar hizkuntzak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albaniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albaniera">albaniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerindiar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerindiar">Amerikako jatorrizko hizkuntza ia guztiak</a>, hainbat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkiar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkiar hizkuntzak">turkiar hizkuntza</a> (hala nola, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkiera">turkiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijanera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijanera">azerbaijanera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gagauzera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gagauzera">gagauzera</a> eta besteak), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groenlandiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groenlandiera">groenlandiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australiako</a> jatorrizko hizkuntzak. Horrez gain, alfabeto hori <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transkripzio_(hizkuntzalaritza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transkripzio (hizkuntzalaritza)">tranksripzioren</a> oinarrian datza.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_ziriliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto ziriliko">Alfabeto ziriliko</a> hedatuta dago ere; idazkera hori, adibidez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongoliera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongoliera">mongolierak</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a>, baina ez <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a>) eta bere ahaide batzuek, uraldar hizkuntza askok (hala nola, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mansiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mansiera">mansierak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komiera">komierak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mokxera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mokxera">mokxerak</a> eta besteek), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eslaviar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eslaviar hizkuntzak">eslaviar hizkuntzek</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txekiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txekiera">txekiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroaziera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroaziera">kroaziera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poloniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poloniera">poloniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esloveniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esloveniera">esloveniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eslovakiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eslovakiera">eslovakiera</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorabiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorabiera">sorabiera</a> izan ezik), hainbat turkiar hizkuntzek (hala nola, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirgizera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirgizera">kirgizerak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhera">kazakhierak</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tatarera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tatarera">tatarerak</a> eta besteek), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nivkhiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nivkhiak">nivkhierak</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza_bakartu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza bakartu">hizkuntza bakartua</a>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txuktxiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txuktxiera">txuktxierak</a> (eta bere ahaideek), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaukasoko_ipar-ekialdeko_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaukasoko ipar-ekialdeko hizkuntzak">Kaukasoko ipar-ekialdeko hizkuntzek</a> erabiltzen dute.</p> <p>Badaude alfabeto horiek biak erabiltzen dituzten hizkuntzak: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbiera">serbiera</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbekera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbekera">uzbekera</a>, adibidez.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_arabiarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabeto arabiarra">Alfabeto arabiarra</a> eta bere aldaerak hurrengo hizkuntzen artean hedatuta dago: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabiera">arabiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urdu">urdu</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persiera">persiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hausa_(hizkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hausa (hizkuntza)">hausa</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uigurrera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uigurrera">uigurrera</a>; horrez gain, iraganean turkiar hizkuntzen artean hedatuta zegoen.</p> <p>Hizkuntza askok idazkera bereziak erabiltzen dituzte; haien artean: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greziera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greziera">greziera</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_greko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto greko">alfabeto grekoa</a>, Lurrean zaharrenetako bat), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armeniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armeniera">armeniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgiera">georgiera</a> (eta beste <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kartveliar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kartveliar hizkuntzak">kartveliar hizkuntzak</a>), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindi">hindi</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibetera">tibetera</a> (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzongkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzongkha">dzongkha</a>rekin batera), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamilera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamilera">tamilera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telugu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telugu">telugu</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malayalam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam">malayalam</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kannada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kannada">kannada</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinhala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinhala">sinhala</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebreera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebreera">hebreera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txerokiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txerokiera">txerokiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koreera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koreera">koreera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japoniera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japoniera">japoniera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inuktitut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut">inuktitut</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amharera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amharera">amharera</a> (eta bere ahaide hurbilenak), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thailandiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thailandiera">thailandiera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myanmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myanmar">myanmarera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanbodiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanbodiera">kanbodiera</a> eta besteak.</p> <p>Hainbat hizkuntzek idazkera berezi bat erabiltzen zuten iraganean, baina gaur egun ez dute gehiago erabiltzen. Adibidez, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iparraldeko_germaniar_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iparraldeko germaniar hizkuntzak">eskandinaviar hizkuntzek</a>, turkierak eta hungarierak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto erruniko">errunak</a> zituzten iraganean. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komiera">Komierak</a> idazkera berezia zuen iraganean, baita <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipinetako_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipinetako hizkuntzak">Filipinetako hizkuntza</a> batzuek eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapa_Nui_(hizkuntza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapa Nui (hizkuntza)">rapa nuik</a> ere. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlandera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlandera">Irlanderak</a> «<i><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ogam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogam">ogam</a></i>» izeneko idazkera erabiltzen zuen. Idazkera berezi bat erabiltzen zuten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza_hil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza hil">hizkuntza hilen</a> artean hurrengo hizkuntzak dira: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumeriera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeriera">sumeriera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feniziera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feniziera">feniziera</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptoera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egiptoera">egiptoera</a> eta besteak.</p> <p>Txinerak oso <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Txinatar_karaktere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Txinatar karaktere">idazkera berezia</a> du, irudietan oinarrituta dagoena; iraganean <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamera">vietnamerak</a> eta koreerak idazkera hori erabiltzen zuten ere. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antzinako Egipto">Antzinako egiptoerak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptoar_idazkera_hieroglifiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egiptoar idazkera hieroglifiko">antzeko idazkera erabiltzen zen</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza_eraiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza eraiki">Hizkuntza eraiki</a> batzuek idazkera bereziak dituzte ere; haien artean: <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elfoen_hizkuntzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elfoen hizkuntzak">quenya</a>, «<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eraztunen_Jauna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eraztunen Jauna">Eraztunen jauna</a>» izena duen liburuko hizkuntza bat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klingon_hizkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klingon hizkuntza">klingonera</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krutxiera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krutxiera">krutxiera</a>.</p> <p>Hainbat hizkuntza ez dute idazkerarik gaur egun ere; haien artean oso hizkuntza txikiak eta ezezagunak daude bakarrik, adibidez, Australiako jatorrizko hizkuntza batzuk. Iraganean Lurreko hizkuntza guztiek ez zituzten idazkerak, baina beren historian zehar hiztunek idazkerak sortu edo beste hizkuntzetatik hartu zituzten.</p> <p><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voynich_eskuizkribua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voynich eskuizkribua">Voynich eskuizkribuak</a> idazkera ezezaguna erabiltzen du, beraz, ezin dugu liburu hori irakurri gaur egun ere.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>aldatu</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorkaazk2023-05-20">Gorkaazk. (2023-05-20). <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Idazlanak_zuzentzeko_eta_kalifikatzeko_txantiloia_jabari_publikoan.pdf"><i>Euskara: Idazlanak zuzentzeko eta kalifikatzeko txantiloia jabari publikoan. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREF1961-[2018]">1961-, Cassany, Daniel,. ([2018]). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1050272596"><i>Describir el escribir : cómo se aprende a escribir. </i></a> Ediciones Austral <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788408184249?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788408184249">9788408184249</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1050272596">1050272596</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel2011">Daniel, Cassany,. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796230989"><i>Describir el escribir : cómo se aprende a escribir. </i></a> (1ª ed. en esta presentación. argitaraldia) Paidós <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788449326493?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788449326493">9788449326493</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D796230989">796230989</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-#1-4">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_4-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_4-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSan1994">San, Daniel Cassany, Marta Luna, Gloria. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36172693"><i>Enseñar lengua. </i></a> (1a ed. argitaraldia) GRAO <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8478271007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8478271007">8478271007</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D36172693">36172693</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Katalanez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Katalanez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel.">Daniel., Cassany i Comas,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035946729"><i>La cuina de l'escriptura. </i></a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788417031640?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788417031640">9788417031640</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1035946729">1035946729</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel.1996">Daniel., Cassany,. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37568178"><i>La cocina de la escritura. </i></a> (3. ed. argitaraldia) Editorial Anagrama <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8433913921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/8433913921">8433913921</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D37568178">37568178</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Katalanez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Katalanez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel.2007">Daniel., Cassany,. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804213286"><i>Esmolar l'eina : guia de redacció per a professionals. </i></a> Empúries <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788497872508?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788497872508">9788497872508</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D804213286">804213286</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCassany2013">Cassany, Daniel. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864245934"><i>Afilar el lapicero : guía de redacción para profesionales. </i></a> (1ª ed. en "Compactos". argitaraldia) Anagrama <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788433977236?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788433977236">9788433977236</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D864245934">864245934</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel.2010">Daniel., Cassany,. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796304033"><i>Afilar el lapicero guía de redacción para profesionales. </i></a> (1ª ed. argitaraldia) Anagrama <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788497111218?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788497111218">9788497111218</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D796304033">796304033</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel,">Daniel,, Cassany,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/991971941"><i>En_línea : leer y escribir en la red. </i></a> (Edición en formato digital. argitaraldia) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788433933966?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788433933966">9788433933966</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D991971941">991971941</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-26)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel.2013">Daniel., Cassany,. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907505363"><i>Sustraietatik zerura : Daniel Cassanyren lan hautatuak. </i></a> HABE <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788496769045?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788496769045">9788496769045</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D907505363">907505363</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-27)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel2019-11-19">Daniel, Cassany,. (2019-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://irmadel.wordpress.com/2019/11/19/reparar-la-escritura-para-aprender-a-escribir/"><i>“Reparar la escritura” para aprender a escribir. </i></a> (<i>Blogge@ndo</i> blogean egindako laburpena) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sites.google.com/site/barnekoebaluaziodiagnostika/idazmena">«Idazmena / Expresión Escrita - Ebaluazio Diagnostikoa»</a> <i>sites.google.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFIgartua_Aristondo">Igartua Aristondo, Amaia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1913/030/001/2022-02-09/barnekoa-baliabide-izan-dadila.htm">«Barnekoa baliabide izan dadila»</a> <i>Berria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-09)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcía-Verdugo2024-04-29">García-Verdugo, Rosa. (2024-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mappingignorance.org/2024/04/29/is-handwriting-better-than-typing-for-learning/">«Is handwriting better than typing for learning?»</a> <i>Mapping Ignorance</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazketa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> F. R. (Ruud) Van der Weel & Audrey L. H. Van der Meer (2024) <i>Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom Front</i>. Psychol. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Idazte&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>aldatu</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epigrafia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epigrafia">Epigrafia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grafia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grafia">Grafia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazlan">Idazlan</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idazkera_sistema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idazkera sistema">Idazkera sistema</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mekanografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mekanografia">Mekanografia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Takigrafia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Takigrafia">Takigrafia</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escritura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="लेखन – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लेखन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9" title="كتابة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%259F%25DC%25AC%25DC%2592%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590" title="ܟܬܒܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escritura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="लेखन – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लेखन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Escritura" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%25C4%25B1" title="Yazı – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="یازی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D3%2599" title="Имлә – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Имлә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%25C5%25A1ts" title="Rašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsurat" title="Pagsurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagsurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE" title="Пісьмо – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE" title="Пісьмо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5" title="Писане – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manulis" title="Manulis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Manulis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="লিখন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriva%25C3%25B1" title="Skrivañ – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanje" title="Pisanje – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pisanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptura" title="Escriptura – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsulat" title="Pagsulat – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="نووسین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psan%25C3%25AD" title="Psaní – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psaní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%2583_(%25C3%25A7%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585)" title="Çыру (çырулăх) – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çыру (çырулăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgrifen" title="Ysgrifen – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgrifen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivning" title="Skrivning – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrivning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreiben" title="Schreiben – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schreiben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%25C5%259Fte" title="Nuşte – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuşte" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25AE" title="Γραφή – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing" title="Writing – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribo" title="Skribo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutamine" title="Kirjutamine – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjutamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escreviura" title="Escreviura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Escreviura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586" title="نوشتن – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوشتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoitus" title="Kirjoitus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirotamin%25C3%25B5" title="Kirotaminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirotaminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volavola" title="Volavola – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Volavola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589criture" title="Écriture – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriuwen" title="Skriuwen – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skriuwen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25B8%25E5%25AF%25AB" title="書寫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="書寫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589kritir" title="Ékritir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékritir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipy" title="Taipy – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Taipy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubutu" title="Rubutu – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rubutu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2594" title="כתיבה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="लेखन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेखन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing" title="Writing – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Writing" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanje" title="Pisanje – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekri" title="Ekri – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Dr%25C3%25A1s" title="Írás – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Գրություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptura" title="Scriptura – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scriptura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menulis" title="Menulis – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagsurat" title="Panagsurat – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panagsurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriburo" title="Skriburo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skriburo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittura" title="Scrittura – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AD%2586%25E8%25A8%2598" title="筆記 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="筆記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raitn" title="Raitn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Raitn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ciska" title="ciska – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ciska" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nulis" title="Nulis – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nulis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="წერა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira" title="Tira – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tira" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuut" title="Lyuut – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyuut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%259A" title="ការសរសេរ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការសរសេរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25A3%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಬರವಣಿಗೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರವಣಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2593%25B0%25EA%25B8%25B0" title="쓰기 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쓰기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifa" title="Skrifa – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Skrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D1%2583" title="Жазуу – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жазуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptura" title="Scriptura – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scriptura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjrieve" title="Sjrieve – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjrieve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrit" title="Scrit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scrit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokomi" title="Bokomi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bokomi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%25C5%25A1ymas" title="Rašymas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%25C4%25AB%25C5%25A1ana" title="Rakstīšana – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstīšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%25C3%25A8s" title="Nolès – madurera" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nolès" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soratra" title="Soratra – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5" title="Пишување – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пишување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%258E%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D" title="എഴുത്ത് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഴുത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585" title="Бичих – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бичих" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulisan" title="Penulisan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrita" title="Scrita – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scrita" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="အရေးအသား – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရေးအသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="लेखन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेखन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581" title="च्वेगु – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="च्वेगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrijven" title="Schrijven – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrijven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriving" title="Skriving – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escritura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutus" title="Kirjutus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjutus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2596%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2588" title="ਲਿਖਾਈ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਖਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo" title="Pismo – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DA%25A9%25DA%25BE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C" title="لکھائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکھائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqay" title="Qillqay – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriere" title="Scriere – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scriere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE_(%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C)" title="Письмо (письменность) – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письмо (письменность)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F" title="Писаня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Писаня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA" title="Сурук – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сурук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%259E" title="ᱚᱞ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittura" title="Scrittura – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scrittura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrievin" title="Scrievin – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scrievin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2581" title="تصنيف – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تصنيف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanje" title="Pisanje – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%259A%25E0%25B6%259B%25E0%25B6%25B1_%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="ලේඛන කලාව – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලේඛන කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing" title="Writing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanje" title="Pisanje – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyora" title="Kunyora – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kunyora" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraal" title="Qoraal – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoraal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimi" title="Shkrimi – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5" title="Писање – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nulis" title="Nulis – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nulis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivkonst" title="Skrivkonst – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skrivkonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uandishi" title="Uandishi – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uandishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szrajb%25C5%25AFnek" title="Szrajbůnek – silesiera" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szrajbůnek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%258E%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="எழுத்து – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25A4" title="వ్రాత – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్రాత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2599" title="การเขียน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsusulat" title="Pagsusulat – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsusulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%25C4%25B1" title="Yazı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583" title="Язу – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%258A%25DB%2590%25D8%25B2%25D9%2589%25D9%2582" title="يېزىق – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يېزىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE" title="Письмо – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1" title="تحریر – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25E1%25BB%25AF_vi%25E1%25BA%25BFt" title="Chữ viết – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicrijhaedje" title="Sicrijhaedje – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sicrijhaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panurat" title="Panurat – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B9%25A6%25E5%2586%2599" title="书写 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="书写" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AD%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2590" title="ჭარუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%259F" title="שרייבן – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שרייבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25B8%25E5%25AF%25AB" title="書寫 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="書寫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%25C3%25A1-j%25C4%25AB" title="Siá-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siá-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25AF%25AB%25E5%25AD%2597" title="寫字 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寫字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Orriaren azken aldaketa: 29 urtarrila 2025, 03:04.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Eduki guztia <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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