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data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0"> <span class="legend">History</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0">(1070)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Medicine" data-productId="66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287" data-count="804" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Medicine" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287"> <span class="legend">Medicine</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287">(804)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" 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value="CAAFC2788C5625FEB794C5E2B4A78E16"> <span class="legend">Area Studies</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="CAAFC2788C5625FEB794C5E2B4A78E16">(773)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Engineering" data-productId="CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5" data-count="770" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Engineering" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5"> <span class="legend">Engineering</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5">(770)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5" 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data-productId="3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E" data-count="416" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Politics and International Relations" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E"> <span class="legend">Politics and International Relations</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E">(416)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="AAFD238E3C7E396A3C164A13D98703A1"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="AAFD238E3C7E396A3C164A13D98703A1" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Materials Research" data-productId="AAFD238E3C7E396A3C164A13D98703A1" data-count="411" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Materials Research" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="AAFD238E3C7E396A3C164A13D98703A1"> <span class="legend">Materials Research</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="AAFD238E3C7E396A3C164A13D98703A1">(411)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Earth and Environmental Sciences" data-productId="F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8" data-count="344" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Earth and Environmental Sciences" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8"> <span class="legend">Earth and Environmental Sciences</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8">(344)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="15EA497D52C1FA27DD65B6F765D6533B"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="15EA497D52C1FA27DD65B6F765D6533B" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" 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data-agg-total-for="0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683">(332)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Anthropology" data-productId="2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE" data-count="320" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Anthropology" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE"> <span class="legend">Anthropology</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE">(320)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Economics" data-productId="FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7" data-count="298" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Economics" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7"> <span class="legend">Economics</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7">(298)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Psychology" data-productId="21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F" data-count="271" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Psychology" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F"> <span class="legend">Psychology</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F">(271)</span> </label> 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data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B"> <span class="legend">Law</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B">(258)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5" data-agg-key-container="productSubject" data-legend="Literature" data-productId="F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5" data-count="190" data-ga-event-action="subject_facet" data-ga-event-label="Literature" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5"> <span class="legend">Literature</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5">(190)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" 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value="3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26"> <span class="legend">Statistics and Probability</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26">(166)</span> </label> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> <div class="actions" data-search-request-handler="tags"> <div class="filter-title"><label for="keyword-tagInput">Tags</label></div> <div class="columns"> <div class="row"> <div class="row collapse postfix-radius"> <div class="submit-in-field submit-in-field-add clearfix js-outglow-parent"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div role="status" aria-live="polite" id="announce-result-keyword-search" class="announce-result"></div> <input name="keyword-tagInput" id="keyword-tagInput" type="text" value="" placeholder="Add keyword" class="js-outglow" data-test-id="textboxTags" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="both" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="search-autocomplete"> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="dVDrzx0i-JnXFGtKZaQTUO92gZooXRpzyeyI"> </div> </div> </div> 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data-ga-check-state="true" value="69F9CAFA3FD607CA42111665AF6DBAD0"> <span class="legend">Jagiellonian University Press</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="69F9CAFA3FD607CA42111665AF6DBAD0">(1)</span> </label> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> <fieldset class="actions show" data-test-id="societiesSection"> <legend class="filter-title">Societies</legend> <a href="" class="show-all " data-show-status="more" aria-label="Show more societies">Show more</a> <div class="sort-content" data-agg="productSociety"> <div class="closed" data-agg="true" data-agg-type="generic" data-agg-key="productSociety" data-type-legend="Society"> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="E10D06CC85AF7510ED3A4AE26C92C3F2"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="E10D06CC85AF7510ED3A4AE26C92C3F2" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Materials Research Society" data-productId="E10D06CC85AF7510ED3A4AE26C92C3F2" data-count="404" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" 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data-agg-container="022889598953AC3DCE9C1E901AAD7ACC"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="022889598953AC3DCE9C1E901AAD7ACC" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="The Association for Asian Studies" data-productId="022889598953AC3DCE9C1E901AAD7ACC" data-count="102" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="The Association for Asian Studies" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="022889598953AC3DCE9C1E901AAD7ACC"> <span class="legend">The Association for Asian Studies</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="022889598953AC3DCE9C1E901AAD7ACC">(102)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="2FA43B4AF488E24A658EDDE451D20CF2"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="2FA43B4AF488E24A658EDDE451D20CF2" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Weed Science Society of America" data-productId="2FA43B4AF488E24A658EDDE451D20CF2" data-count="94" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Weed Science Society of America" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="2FA43B4AF488E24A658EDDE451D20CF2"> <span class="legend">Weed Science Society of America</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="2FA43B4AF488E24A658EDDE451D20CF2">(94)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="CB9EBF149E5FD512BAE18083EE227C9F"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="CB9EBF149E5FD512BAE18083EE227C9F" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="International Astronomical Union" data-productId="CB9EBF149E5FD512BAE18083EE227C9F" data-count="83" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="International Astronomical Union" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="CB9EBF149E5FD512BAE18083EE227C9F"> <span class="legend">International Astronomical Union</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="CB9EBF149E5FD512BAE18083EE227C9F">(83)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="1D68A2187EABE3B04ED17CC3D67795BE"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="1D68A2187EABE3B04ED17CC3D67795BE" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists" data-productId="1D68A2187EABE3B04ED17CC3D67795BE" data-count="80" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="1D68A2187EABE3B04ED17CC3D67795BE"> <span class="legend">Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="1D68A2187EABE3B04ED17CC3D67795BE">(80)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="8F0982A63B7F2E16E80EB1B9CD11155A"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="8F0982A63B7F2E16E80EB1B9CD11155A" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Royal College of Psychiatrists / RCPsych" data-productId="8F0982A63B7F2E16E80EB1B9CD11155A" data-count="70" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Royal College of Psychiatrists / RCPsych" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="8F0982A63B7F2E16E80EB1B9CD11155A"> <span class="legend">Royal College of Psychiatrists / RCPsych</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="8F0982A63B7F2E16E80EB1B9CD11155A">(70)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="C8A2F9DBF680FB2465EE956E4768D0F0"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="C8A2F9DBF680FB2465EE956E4768D0F0" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation" data-productId="C8A2F9DBF680FB2465EE956E4768D0F0" data-count="60" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="C8A2F9DBF680FB2465EE956E4768D0F0"> <span class="legend">Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="C8A2F9DBF680FB2465EE956E4768D0F0">(60)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="B992295162ADA4D39190127804C1BDF4"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="B992295162ADA4D39190127804C1BDF4" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="The Royal College of Psychiatrists" data-productId="B992295162ADA4D39190127804C1BDF4" data-count="58" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="The Royal College of Psychiatrists" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="B992295162ADA4D39190127804C1BDF4"> <span class="legend">The Royal College of Psychiatrists</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="B992295162ADA4D39190127804C1BDF4">(58)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="EF5E60F8EF4D8B816B949A58FF6BA20A"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="EF5E60F8EF4D8B816B949A58FF6BA20A" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="International Neuropsychological Society INS" data-productId="EF5E60F8EF4D8B816B949A58FF6BA20A" data-count="43" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="International Neuropsychological Society INS" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="EF5E60F8EF4D8B816B949A58FF6BA20A"> <span class="legend">International Neuropsychological Society INS</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="EF5E60F8EF4D8B816B949A58FF6BA20A">(43)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="8A8277CE0E75B362EFB765B05B4EFE43"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="8A8277CE0E75B362EFB765B05B4EFE43" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine" data-productId="8A8277CE0E75B362EFB765B05B4EFE43" data-count="41" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="8A8277CE0E75B362EFB765B05B4EFE43"> <span class="legend">World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="8A8277CE0E75B362EFB765B05B4EFE43">(41)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="FD42ABB9E8E08C7C57EB0939ABB5435C"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="FD42ABB9E8E08C7C57EB0939ABB5435C" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Mathematical Association" data-productId="FD42ABB9E8E08C7C57EB0939ABB5435C" data-count="40" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Mathematical Association" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="FD42ABB9E8E08C7C57EB0939ABB5435C"> <span class="legend">Mathematical Association</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="FD42ABB9E8E08C7C57EB0939ABB5435C">(40)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="4F210689847358066B28E64B0B3B71F5"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="4F210689847358066B28E64B0B3B71F5" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="The Paleontological Society" data-productId="4F210689847358066B28E64B0B3B71F5" data-count="40" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="The Paleontological Society" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="4F210689847358066B28E64B0B3B71F5"> <span class="legend">The Paleontological Society</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="4F210689847358066B28E64B0B3B71F5">(40)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="DC99E7CB6A7E8D3C8259F231E023CA92"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="DC99E7CB6A7E8D3C8259F231E023CA92" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="BSHS " data-productId="DC99E7CB6A7E8D3C8259F231E023CA92" data-count="39" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="BSHS " data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="DC99E7CB6A7E8D3C8259F231E023CA92"> <span class="legend">BSHS </span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="DC99E7CB6A7E8D3C8259F231E023CA92">(39)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="C8DE98BBB991540A020D3A15E5203A81"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="C8DE98BBB991540A020D3A15E5203A81" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="European Psychiatric Association" data-productId="C8DE98BBB991540A020D3A15E5203A81" data-count="35" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="European Psychiatric Association" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="C8DE98BBB991540A020D3A15E5203A81"> <span class="legend">European Psychiatric Association</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="C8DE98BBB991540A020D3A15E5203A81">(35)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="E249332EE39AF586E2D58A25EF1D12D9"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="E249332EE39AF586E2D58A25EF1D12D9" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Society for American Archaeology" data-productId="E249332EE39AF586E2D58A25EF1D12D9" data-count="34" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Society for American Archaeology" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="E249332EE39AF586E2D58A25EF1D12D9"> <span class="legend">Society for American Archaeology</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="E249332EE39AF586E2D58A25EF1D12D9">(34)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="BCED3B366015A8D7826A3730989EA179"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="BCED3B366015A8D7826A3730989EA179" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)" data-productId="BCED3B366015A8D7826A3730989EA179" data-count="31" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="BCED3B366015A8D7826A3730989EA179"> <span class="legend">Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="BCED3B366015A8D7826A3730989EA179">(31)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="3D4CFF637C2B571A45F30B5497ABEDD5"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="3D4CFF637C2B571A45F30B5497ABEDD5" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="Entomological Society of Canada TCE ESC" data-productId="3D4CFF637C2B571A45F30B5497ABEDD5" data-count="29" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="Entomological Society of Canada TCE ESC" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="3D4CFF637C2B571A45F30B5497ABEDD5"> <span class="legend">Entomological Society of Canada TCE ESC</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="3D4CFF637C2B571A45F30B5497ABEDD5">(29)</span> </label> </div> <div class="checkbox" data-agg-container="47DB03CC78D5331545B2BC23436ACD1A"> <label> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" data-agg-option="47DB03CC78D5331545B2BC23436ACD1A" data-agg-key-container="productSociety" data-legend="North American Conference on British Studies" data-productId="47DB03CC78D5331545B2BC23436ACD1A" data-count="29" data-ga-event-action="society_facet" data-ga-event-label="North American Conference on British Studies" data-ga-event-cat="refine_search" data-ga-check-state="true" value="47DB03CC78D5331545B2BC23436ACD1A"> <span class="legend">North American Conference on British Studies</span> <span class="total" data-agg-total-for="47DB03CC78D5331545B2BC23436ACD1A">(29)</span> 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data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <a class="part-link" href="/core/books/early-pregnancy/9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB"> <img class="small-2 columns" src="https://assets.cambridge.org/97810095/32501/cover/9781009532501.jpg" alt=""> <span class="small-8 columns title"><h3><span class="part-link">Early Pregnancy</span></h3></span> </a> <div class="small-9 columns margin-listing"> <ul class="details"> <li class="biblio-meta"> 3rd edition </li> <li class="author"> Edited by <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy G. Farquharson&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Roy G. Farquharson</span></a><span class="separator">, </span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Mary D. Stephenson&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Mary D. Stephenson</span></a><span class="separator">, </span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Mariëtte Goddijn&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Mariëtte Goddijn</span></a> </li> <li class="product-status"><span class="productStatus ">Coming soon</span></li> <li> <dl> <dt class="published dl-inline">Expected online publication date: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">April 2025</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">30 April 2025</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links "> <li class="type book">Book</li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Early Pregnancy">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View description for Early Pregnancy" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type">description</span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9A42E6FBCFD8779FF0BCF02943F1EFEB" class="content"> The prompt recognition and management of medical problems occurring in the first trimester can significantly improve the health and outcomes of mother and baby. Early Pregnancy was the first book to embrace a multidisciplinary approach to this rapidly growing field. It combines the expertise of a wide range of internationally renowned authors to produce an authoritative reference on the subject. This new and updated edition reflects the latest changes in the field in response to changing clinician needs, such as COVID 19 infections and novel 3D imaging techniques. Features key recommendations, providing clinicians with the tools to improve the patient's experience of the management of first-trimester complications. By combining essential elements of scientific research and clinical care, Early Pregnancy continues to set a benchmark for evidence-based management and will be essential reading for obstetricians, gynaecologists, neonatologists, ultrasonographers, and nurses seeking an understanding of the reproductive science of early pregnancy. </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="small-6 medium-1 large-1 right hide-for-small altmetric-embed altmetric-core-desktop" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009532549" data-link-target="_blank"></div> <div class="small-6 columns right text-center hide-for-medium-up altmetric-embed altmetric-core-mobile" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009532549" data-link-target="_blank"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="Verification Validation and Uncertainty Quantification in Scientific Computing"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK" data-file-size="0" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <a class="part-link" href="/core/books/verification-validation-and-uncertainty-quantification-in-scientific-computing/475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7"> <img class="small-2 columns" src="https://assets.cambridge.org/97813165/16133/cover/9781316516133.jpg" alt=""> <span class="small-8 columns title"><h3><span class="part-link">Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification in Scientific Computing</span></h3></span> </a> <div class="small-9 columns margin-listing"> <ul class="details"> <li class="biblio-meta"> 2nd edition </li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=William L. Oberkampf&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">William L. Oberkampf</span></a><span class="separator">, </span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Christopher J. Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Christopher J. Roy</span></a> </li> <li class="product-status"><span class="productStatus ">Coming soon</span></li> <li> <dl> <dt class="published dl-inline">Expected online publication date: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">March 2025</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">30 April 2025</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links "> <li class="type book">Book</li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification in Scientific Computing">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View description for Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification in Scientific Computing" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type">description</span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-475235AB4076DC5F1F4FBE96D9671AF7" class="content"> Can you trust results from modeling and simulation? This text provides a framework for assessing the reliability of and uncertainty included in the results used by decision makers and policy makers in industry and government. The emphasis is on models described by PDEs and their numerical solution. Procedures and results from all aspects of verification and validation are integrated with modern methods in uncertainty quantification and stochastic simulation. Methods for combining numerical approximation errors, uncertainty in model input parameters, and model form uncertainty are presented in order to estimate the uncertain response of a system in the presence of stochastic inputs and lack of knowledge uncertainty. This new edition has been extensively updated, including a fresh look at model accuracy assessment and the responsibilities of management for modeling and simulation activities. Extra homework problems and worked examples have been added to each chapter, suitable for course use or self-study. </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="small-6 medium-1 large-1 right hide-for-small altmetric-embed altmetric-core-desktop" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009031004" data-link-target="_blank"></div> <div class="small-6 columns right text-center hide-for-medium-up altmetric-embed altmetric-core-mobile" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009031004" data-link-target="_blank"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="An Introduction to Solid Mechanics"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK" data-file-size="0" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <a class="part-link" href="/core/books/an-introduction-to-solid-mechanics/0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB"> <span class="small-8 columns title"><h3><span class="part-link">An Introduction to Solid Mechanics</span></h3></span> </a> <div class="small-9 columns margin-listing"> <ul class="details"> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=S. K. Roy Chowdhury&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">S. K. Roy Chowdhury</span></a><span class="separator">, </span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Prasanta Sahoo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Prasanta Sahoo</span></a> </li> <li class="product-status"><span class="productStatus ">Coming soon</span></li> <li> <dl> <dt class="published dl-inline">Expected online publication date: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">January 2025</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 March 2025</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links "> <li class="type book">Textbook</li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for An Introduction to Solid Mechanics">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View description for An Introduction to Solid Mechanics" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BO","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type">description</span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-0B3E174E3EDBE087421A74E5592124DB" class="content"> Solid Mechanics, as compared to Mechanics of Materials or Strength of Materials, is generally considered to be a higher-level course. It is usually taught in higher semesters to senior undergraduate students. However, there is no suitable textbook on this subject. The book is primarily aimed at this group of students and the text is an attempt to bridge the gap between complex formulations in the theory of elasticity and elementary strength of materials in a simplified manner. The book is intended to present the basics of Solid Mechanics in a simple and concise manner to the initial learners. A large number of solved problems on each topic have been included to illustrate the text materials. Because of the simpler approach adopted in solving difficult problems, the book will be useful for all student groups who wish to learn the basic solid mechanics without much difficulty. </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="small-6 medium-1 large-1 right hide-for-small altmetric-embed altmetric-core-desktop" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009479219" data-link-target="_blank"></div> <div class="small-6 columns right text-center hide-for-medium-up altmetric-embed altmetric-core-mobile" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="" data-isbn="9781009479219" data-link-target="_blank"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="4 Capital Retreat and Resurgence"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="179558" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/capital-retreat-and-resurgence/F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573">4 - Capital: Retreat and Resurgence</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">56-81</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 4 - Capital: Retreat and Resurgence" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 4 - Capital: Retreat and Resurgence">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C4')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 4 - Capital: Retreat and Resurgence" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"F36C80FD9354B7A1CEBF48A7CC258573"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C4" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>When India became independent, the main livelihoods in this region, as in the rest of the country, were based on land. But unlike most other regions of India, a significant and relatively more prominent part of the economy (half or more of the domestic product) was urban and non-agricultural. Non-agricultural did not mean industrial. True, the processing of some commercial products involved non-mechanised factories. Alappuzha (Alleppey) had emerged as a hub of coir production and Quilon (Kollam) of cashew. Some isolated large, mechanised factories employed hundreds of people in one place in chemicals, rayon, paper and a few other lines. Thus, Aluva (Alwaye) had textiles, fertilisers, aluminium, glass and rayon industries, and Ernakulam oil and soap industries. There were also tea estates in the hills. A concentration of plantation businesses in rubber and spices occurred to the east of Kottayam. But collectively, these formed a smaller group than trade and the financing of marketing, which dominated the landscape of non-agricultural employment. All major towns lived mainly on trade and informal banking. Trichur and Kottayam were mostly service-based towns, with a concentration of banks, colleges and rich churches.</p><p>Over one-third of the workforce was in industry, trade, commerce and finance. In most large states of India, the percentage was 20–35. The exceptions were the industrialised states of West Bengal and Maharashtra, where factory-based large-scale industrial firms concentrated. Again, a contrast emerged with the rest of India. Most local businesses were small-scale, semi-rural and household enterprises, whereas non-agricultural enterprises in the rest of India were mainly urban.</p><p>Further, industrialisation almost everywhere else signified a sharp inequality between the countryside and the city. The former was trapped in low-yield farmland producing grains for subsistence or local markets, and the latter experienced growth of high-wage jobs. In the state, that distance was narrower. The presence of tree crops and their industrial processing made for a narrower gap between the rural and the urban. Many of the landholders were also owners of estates growing tree crops. Agriculture was not necessarily low yield nor subsistence oriented. In this way, agriculture and non-agriculture, rural and urban came much closer here compared with India.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="2 Before Independence"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="169252" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/before-independence/EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178">2 - Before Independence</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">16-40</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 2 - Before Independence" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 2 - Before Independence">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C2')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 2 - Before Independence" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"EE38A3443D329F4631CB21A67DE37178"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C2" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>In the early nineteenth century, the region was ruled by three main political entities: the British Indian district of Malabar belonging to the Madras Presidency, Cochin state, and Travancore state. This was what the southwestern coast's political map looked like for 150 years before the three units were merged to form Kerala (1956). Despite this difference in political form, the three units experienced rather similar forces of change since the nineteenth century, such as the commercialisation of farming and plantations that expanded into new land frontiers, the influx and mobility of capital, labour migration, social movements targeting harsh inequalities and the decline of landholder power.</p><p>This chapter will describe the change and its legacies in the mid-twentieth century. It is helpful to start with the eighteenth century, when the political balance faced new challenges before settling down.</p><p><span class='bold'>Trade and Politics in the Eighteenth Century</span></p><p>A serious European engagement with the southwestern coast of India began with Portuguese explorations in the late fifteenth century. From much before, Malabar traded with West Asia and Africa. ‘Nowhere in India,’ wrote D. M. Dhanagare, ‘have foreign trading and commercial and religious interests interacted within the indigenous socio-economic and political institutions more intimately than they have in Malabar.’</p><p>The chief exports of Malabar in early modern trade were spices and timber. Teak was abundantly available. A large shipbuilding industry developed, dependent on the custom of local ship-owning merchants. Beypur was the principal port in Malabar, where much of the commercial and shipbuilding activity was concentrated. In 1498, the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama landed in Malabar. A subsequent Portuguese attempt to impose a licensing system on coastal trade produced intermittent conflicts with the ruler of Calicut (Kozhihode), his allies inland, and a resistance force created by the Muslim merchants operating in the seaboard. The Portuguese attempt failed in the end, and the centre of Portuguese settlement shifted further north.</p><p>The cosmopolitanism of Malabar strengthened further in the second half of the eighteenth century under two forces, one maritime and another inland. In the seventeenth century, Dutch and English traders arrived to take a share of the lucrative spice trade.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="5 Work Labour and Migration"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="143108" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/work-labour-and-migration/E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726">5 - Work, Labour and Migration</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">82-98</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 5 - Work, Labour and Migration" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 5 - Work, Labour and Migration">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C5')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 5 - Work, Labour and Migration" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"E9B2B556AB452714F28AE1F4F607D726"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C5" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>While advances in mass health and schooling made Kerala quite distinct from other states in India in the 1950s, this was not a pathway to economic and social mobility, let alone economic growth. The quality of education, especially higher education, was poor. The persistence of gender norms kept many women out of the labour force, and high unemployment forced most skilled people out of the state. Outside the state, Malayalis found work, but in jobs that did not provide a dramatic change in conditions compared with similar jobs back home.</p><p>The Persian Gulf migration broke the stagnation, not just by offering more gainful opportunities but in indirect, if powerful, ways. In the long run, the job market in the Gulf demanded progressively greater skills from the migrants. Two periodic reports – <span class='italic'>India Migration Reports</span> and <span class='italic'>Kerala Migration Surveys</span> – reveal a trend towards rising skill levels on average, consistent with the diversification of the Gulf economies from oil-based occupations towards financial and business services. Consequently, more jobs opened up in offices in clerical, accounting, sales and supervisory roles. The migration offered those who stayed back in Kerala the scope to invest in human capital. It stimulated growth by increasing construction activity and the consumption of services. It also possibly encouraged business investment, but this link remains under-researched (Chapter 4). A third factor that deserves mention is women's changing roles and economic conditions, both those who stayed back and those who moved out. In both cases, the nature of the migration and mobility link was different from men’s.</p><p>The recent globalisation, or re-integration with the world economy, is, in these ways, a story of labour – and not primarily trade, foreign capital inflow, or investments abroad. It would still be a mistake to overstress <span class='italic'>international</span> migration or even, more narrowly, emigration to the Persian Gulf. The recent history of labour is also a history of occupational diversification, professionalisation, skill accumulation, shifting gender roles, consumption and saving, and demographic transition.</p><p>The present chapter tells that story.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="1 Introduction"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="128662" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/introduction/E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90">1 - Introduction</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">1-15</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 1 - Introduction" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 1 - Introduction">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C1')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 1 - Introduction" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"E69B7D067D592FF1A866D8A5A215DD90"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C1" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p><span class='bold'>The Miracle</span></p><p>In 1981, the south Indian state of Kerala was among the poorest regions in India. The state's average income was about a third smaller than the national average. In the late 1970s, by average income, Kerala was in the bottom third of India's thirty-odd states. In 2022, per capita income in the state was 50–60 per cent higher than the national average. Among those states large in land size, populous and with a diversified economic base, the state was the fifth richest in terms of average income in 2022. Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana were the other four. None of the others saw such a sharp change in relative ranking.</p><p>Kerala's economy did not grow steadily throughout these forty years. The acceleration, catching up and overtaking were not more than fifteen years old, twenty at the most. Income growth rates were low for much of the 1980s and the 1990s. The numbers changed sharply only in recent decades. The roots of this extraordinary growth performance, however, were much older. This book is a search for these roots.</p><p>It is not a common practice among economists to treat a state in India as the subject of long-term economic history. But ‘Kerala is different’ from all other Indian states. A huge scholarship building from the 1970s and drawing in many social scientists insisted it was different. Although poor, the population of the state lived much longer than the average Indian and had a significantly higher literacy rate than in the rest of India. The scholarship trying to explain this anomaly was mindful of history. But the history had a narrow purpose. It was made to work for a specific question: how did an income-poor region make great strides in human development? The discourse that emerged to answer the question had two critical weaknesses. First, it was too state-focused and neglected to analyse enough market-led changes. Second, it took income poverty for granted. Neither the question nor the answers offered are useful to explain the recent acceleration in income. The explanations could not show how the basic premise of a low income might change someday because the research agenda did not consider that prospect very likely.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="6 Growth and Development"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="168963" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/growth-and-development/C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1">6 - Growth and Development</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">99-118</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 6 - Growth and Development" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 6 - Growth and Development">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C6')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 6 - Growth and Development" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"C874B69078E527185990706608A3C9A1"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C6" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>About a decade after India began liberalising its economy, arguments over the best pathway to plan for emerged. Kerala acquired a new significance in this discourse. Did the state have lessons for India at large? The most influential commentators on India's record of human development, Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, cited the strides in human development, implying that India's policymakers needed to learn lessons from what could be done with limited state resources. A competing view, of which Jagdish Bhagwati was a forceful proponent, said that the accent on human development risked devaluing economic growth. Growth needed competitive markets, which would strengthen the state's finances and sustain the ability to fund welfare and public goods. In this second argument, Kerala was cited as a fiscally unsustainable model. ‘The much-advertised model of alternative development, in the Indian state of Kerala,’ Bhagwati said in a 2004 lecture, ‘with its major emphasis on education and health and only minor attention to growth, had … run into difficulties….’</p><p>How sound were these authors in reading the state's history? Not very, one would think. Bhagwati expressed his pessimistic views even as economic growth had begun to surge. His intuition that the model was unsustainable was probably correct but not testable. Drèze and Sen, writing in 2013, did casually acknowledge that economic growth revived and then attributed it to ‘Kerala's focus on elementary education and other basic capabilities’, not going into the details of how these two things were related. Their discussion of the state's recent history almost totally overlooked the most significant force of transformation, a market-driven one: the export of labour. In short, the market-versus-state choices in the 2000s debate were obsolete tools for a historical analysis of the state.</p><p>When discussing that history, what should we be looking at? Chronologically, the first major transformation that marked the state out in India was the positive achievements in education and healthcare, which began in the nineteenth century. The second major transition was the declining average fertility and population growth rates in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Since these topics are much discussed, we will be brief and build on a few major works on the subjects.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="6 Being Sociable"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="131595" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/dementia-and-language/being-sociable/AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33">6 - Being Sociable</a></h3></li> <li class="paragraph_05 margin-top-small"> from Part 3 - Dementia and Conversational Strategies </li> <li> <ul> <li class="author chapter"> By <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy M. G. L. W. Foster&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"> <span class="author-name">Roy M. G. L. W. Foster</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="author"> Edited by <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Peter Muntigl&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Peter Muntigl</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">Universiteit Gent, Belgium</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Charlotta Plejert&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Charlotta Plejert</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">Linköpings Universitet, Sweden</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Danielle Jones&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Danielle Jones</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">University of Bradford</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/dementia-and-language/9172B6405627AC8B9CFDEDACE1372FB6" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="9172B6405627AC8B9CFDEDACE1372FB6">Dementia and Language</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">21 November 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">128-150</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 6 - Being Sociable" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 6 - Being Sociable">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781108339377_CN-BP-6')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 6 - Being Sociable" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"AA4040739078F15BFEEA88D4EE2F9E33"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781108339377_CN-BP-6" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>Singing may be a relative strength for people with dementia, yet little is known of how individuals leverage it as a communicative resource in everyday interaction. This study analyzes how Dan, a man living with vascular dementia, modifies lyrics based on prior talk and the physical environment during interactions with his wife, Morgan. Using Conversation Analysis, I describe the emergent structure of his singing and what it accomplishes. Dan uses singing to do a range of interactional jobs (such as complimenting, complaining, and requesting), and his lyrics are susceptible to evaluation based on their construction and relevance to previous talk. Both participants treat his singing as humorous and creative wordplay, but the laughability of his singing is contingent on how he modifies the formulaic lyrics based on the current discursive context. Thus, singing is a way in which Dan situationally constructs himself as a funny, clever, and sociable person. Dan’s singing also indirectly indexes his close relationship with Morgan by assuming her shared musical knowledge. This analysis contributes to the study of identity construction by people with dementia, the understanding of how people adapt to changes in cognition, and the study of the structure and function of singing in everyday interaction.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="7 The Left Legacy"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="124282" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/left-legacy/A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00">7 - The Left Legacy</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">119-133</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 7 - The Left Legacy" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 7 - The Left Legacy">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C7')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 7 - The Left Legacy" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"A5526CD0051A9068F6057359AB4B5E00"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C7" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>For years now, Kerala has had the distinction of being ruled by a communist-partyled coalition. The communist alliance won the first state assembly elections in 1957, lost in 1960, returned to power, and ruled the state in 1967–70 (first under E.M.S. Namboothiripad till 1969 and then under C. Achuthamenon), 1970–77, 1978–79 1980–81, 1987–91, 1996–2001, 2006– 11 and since 2016. In between, there were years when the state was under President's Rule, that is, the federal government governed it. The composition of the left coalition changed. It was never a body consisting of only the ideologically left parties: the Muslim League and some Christian factions allied with the communists. However, the main constituents of the coalition were the Communist Party of India (CPI) until 1964 and the CPI (Marxist), or CPI(M), after the CPI split into two parties.</p><p>In no other state of India, except West Bengal (and later Tripura), did the CPI or CPI(M) command a popular support base large enough to win elections. In common with West Bengal, tenants and agricultural labourers in these acutely land-scarce regions formed the main support base for the party. The communists won elections on the promise of land reforms. There was another historic factor behind their popularity. Caste equality movements coalesced around the leftist movement. Because of their commitment to the rural and land-dependent poor, the left delivered land reforms in Kerala and West Bengal in the 1970s. And in both states, ruling left parties indirectly drove private capital out of trade and industry. Ideological differences within the Communist Party of India led to a split in 1964. A faction led by S.A. Dange tended to have cooperation with the Indian National Congress, which then had a good relationship with the Soviet Union. That and the debates on National Bourgeoisie led to the split.</p><p>This is not a paradox. The paradox was that from the 1990s, if not earlier, the left quietly turned friendly towards private capital. By then, agriculture was in retreat, the old base of the left was not significant anymore, and the state was rapidly falling behind India in economic growth (and investment rates).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="Contents"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="41859" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/contents/7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66">Contents</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">v-vi</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for Contents" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="7C4BE7C881751DA538E21971B81D0C66" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Contents">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="8 Geography An Asset or a Challenge"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="102293" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/geography-an-asset-or-a-challenge/7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7">8 - Geography: An Asset or a Challenge?</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">134-143</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 8 - Geography: An Asset or a Challenge?" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 8 - Geography: An Asset or a Challenge?">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C8')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 8 - Geography: An Asset or a Challenge?" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"7C36B632BC8BFCADCBA8C8ED761FB9D7"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C8" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>The state's climate is unique among Indian states. Following the Koppen– Geiger classification of climatic regions of the world, over two-thirds of the land in India is tropical savanna, desert or semi-arid. Most of Kerala is monsoonal or highland tropics. The difference is this. The average summer temperature in the former regions can reach levels high enough to dry up surface water. The monsoon rains relieve that aridity, but only for a few months in a year. That dual condition makes water storage and recycling a fundamental precondition for economic growth. It elevates the risk of droughts and diseases from seasonal or periodic acute water shortages. Kerala, by contrast, does not get as fierce a summer as the other areas of India and receives a lot more rainfall. That dual condition implies a natural immunity from seasonal food and water scarcity and a low disease risk.</p><p>With its extraordinary biodiversity, this is a vast storehouse for natural resources. The state has a surface area of 38,855 square kilometres and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east. The eastern highlands, the central midlands and the western lowlands, with 580 kilometres of coastline, can access a wealth of ocean resources and means of subsistence for their fisherfolk and the general populace. Compared with semi-arid India, the benign environment largely explains the head start in life expectancy (Chapters 1 and 6). Further, nature provides industrial resources that cannot be found elsewhere. The highlands have the ideal climate for growing coffee, tea and spices. Low hills are often planted with rubber. The seaboard traded with West Asia for centuries. The state's Gulf connection, thus, had a prehistory. A large tourism business has developed by selling nature.</p><p>On the other hand, recent experience shows that climate change and overdevelopment can jointly raise the risk of disasters. In the first three weeks of August 2018, Kerala received 164 per cent of the average rainfall for that time of the year. The following floods were devastating, comparable only to a similar event in 1924. In 2019, extreme weather repeated, now causing landslides. Mining and quarrying, frequent blasting and unscientific changes in land use patterns affected the highland ecology.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="Index"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="85982" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/index/58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841">Index</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">163-170</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for Index" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="58A19B2501DD11309BC96346E1F7C841" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Index">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="3 The Retreat of Agriculture"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="119186" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/retreat-of-agriculture/56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71">3 - The Retreat of Agriculture</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">41-55</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 3 - The Retreat of Agriculture" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 3 - The Retreat of Agriculture">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C3')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 3 - The Retreat of Agriculture" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"56B18EC12FFF71D2064503186A785B71"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C3" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>In 1956 (and even now), two distinct types of agriculture existed in the state: cultivation of seasonal field crops and cultivation of tree crops. The latter held steady in the long run. But traditional agriculture, especially paddy cultivation, for which the lowlands and the river basins were especially suitable, has seen a relentless decline since 1970. Twenty years into the new millennium, traditional agriculture was an insignificant employer and earner, and for most people still engaged in it, the land provided no more than a subsidiary income. A relative retreat from traditional agriculture is not news. It happened everywhere. In the state the fall was spectacular.</p><p>What was this a change from? Although agriculture employed a smaller proportion of the workforce than in India at the start of this journey, it was not a marginal livelihood. Land control secured the political power of the elites in the princely states. A variety of crops were cultivated throughout the state, from monsoon rice to tapioca, ginger, groundnut, sugarcane and pulses. Most were rarely traded outside the region but were vital to sustaining local consumption. Good croplands occurred in clusters. Because of the topography, land available for the cultivation of traditional field crops was less than half the total land area of the state. Alluvial soil occurs in a narrow strip along the coast or in river valleys. Land elsewhere is not as fertile, though frequently suitable for tree crops. Unlike in most regions of India, access to water was not a serious problem. Soil quality and drainage of excess water were bigger problems.</p><p>Good land, however, was extremely scarce relative to the population. The exceptionally high population density in the areas of cultivation ensured a level of available land per head that was a fraction of the Indian figure (0.6 acres against an Indian average of 3.1 acres around 1970) and low by any benchmark. Partly, the density reflected high labour demand in lowlands to deal with drainage and seasonal flooding. Paddy yield was very high in these areas, but paddy cultivation needed a lot of people. From the 1940s, this zone in the middle was emerging as a political battleground.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="References"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="115769" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/references/506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD">References</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">150-162</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for References" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="506F92C2E8716CFB7AA18387AA25BCBD" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for References">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="Frontmatter"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="287970" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/frontmatter/181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B">Frontmatter</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">i-iv</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for Frontmatter" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="181CAB681E35D005636AAB44D9A0D99B" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Frontmatter">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="Preface"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="33780" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/preface/142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4">Preface</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">ix-x</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for Preface" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Preface">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_PRF')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for Preface" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"142427357EC8BCC5977C2F48E8E24ED4"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_PRF" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>The series to which this book belongs began with the intuition that the pathway of economic change since independence from colonial rule (1947) differed fundamentally between the states of India because their prehistory, geography, political make-up and initial conditions were very different. So large is the difference that each case deserves a book. Contributions to the series will inevitably structure their work to adapt to the specific experience of the states and cannot follow a single template. In that decision, one thing matters: whether to write a chronological narrative or a thematic one.</p><p>There is no ideal choice. We decided to follow the thematic format because we wished to concentrate on the main drivers of economic change, like migration, trends in private investment or environmental change, which did not unfold in a coordinated way. We felt a chronological story suggesting that the 1970s saw one kind of change and the 1980s another would miss the point. Still, to keep chronology in the foreground, we discuss the changing character of the state's economy in the introduction and the conclusion (Chapters 1 and 9).</p><p>We wish to acknowledge the anonymous readers of the book proposal, and the reader of the manuscript, for their comments and suggestions that significantly improved the quality of this text. We thank Upasana Guha, who provided valuable research assistance, for her careful and diligent work. The help rendered by Rachel Mathew, Dulhaqe S. and Benna Fathima is also gratefully acknowledged.</p><p>A note on placenames: Many placenames have changed since 1956. In every chapter, in the first usage we write both old and new names and use the changed name in the rest of the chapter. Chapter 2 on history uses the old names in subsequent usages.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="9 Conclusion"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="74090" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/conclusion/0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813">9 - Conclusion</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. Ravi Raman&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">K. Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">144-149</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for 9 - Conclusion" data-qtip-event="click" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"TA-EX","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"GET","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813"}' >Get access</a> <div class="custom-tooltip custom-tooltip--buttons"> <div class="grey-bg"> <div class="row"> <div class="column small-12 text-center tooltip-row">Check if you have access via personal or institutional login</div> </div> <div class="tooltip-row row text-center padding-bottom"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Log in</a> <a href="/core/register?ref=/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roy" class="button small radius blue ">Register</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#" class="export-citation-component" data-prod-id="0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813" data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for 9 - Conclusion">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstract-9781009521628_C9')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View extract for 9 - Conclusion" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"0B919716CA2F58C950ED85E5CDF4D813"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="is-opened"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="7"/> <path fill="#696969" d="M12.6 7.3H4.4c-.8 0-1.4.5-1.4 1.2s.6 1.2 1.4 1.2h8.3c.8 0 1.4-.5 1.4-1.2-.1-.7-.7-1.2-1.5-1.2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="is-closed"> <g transform="translate(1 1)" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <circle fill="#696969" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6.5"/> <circle fill="#FFF" cx="6.5" cy="6.5" r="6"/> <path d="M9.855 5.518H7.482V3.145C7.482 2.491 7.072 2 6.5 2c-.573 0-.982.49-.982 1.145V5.518H3.145C2.491 5.518 2 5.928 2 6.5c0 .573.49.982 1.145.982H5.518v2.372c0 .655.41 1.146.982 1.146.573 0 .982-.49.982-1.145V7.482h2.372c.655 0 1.146-.41 1.146-.982 0-.573-.49-.982-1.145-.982z" fill="#696969"/> </g> </svg> <span class="toggle-text">View </span> <span class="excerpt-type"> extract </span> </div> </button> <div id="abstract-9781009521628_C9" class="content"> <div class="overview"> <div class="description"> <h4 class="heading_10 margin-top">Summary</h4> <div class="summary"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p><span class='bold'>Kerala Is Different … Not the Way You Think</span></p><p>The book began with a one-liner – ‘Kerala is different’. The series to which this book belongs emerged from the intuition that every state in India ‘is different’. Kerala was not more different than Tamil Nadu, Gujarat or West Bengal. Geography and resource endowments, social conditions such as patterns of inequality, politics and markets were significantly dissimilar between the larger Indian states, and sometimes between regions within these states. Scholars doing development or history have not explored the differences enough.</p><p>And yet that shallow slogan has had an unparalleled impact on development discourse in the late twentieth century. Why has this one state drawn so much attention in the development scholarship? Because of a misreading of its economic history, the book argues.</p><p>As we mentioned in the introduction, the state's economic trajectory can be summed up, if crudely, with a chart with three lines, one measuring economic growth and the other two education and life expectancy. The state's position relative to India fell with the social indices but dramatically improved with economic growth. A preoccupation with social development lacks a strong justification, at least for economic historians of the state. The more challenging task for us was explaining the economic growth divergence with reference to prehistory and the state's geography.</p><p>The misreading emerged in the 1980s through an overstatement of human development performance. Many scholars inferred that the state's political ideology was more enlightened and developmental than that of other Indian provinces and that the state government's heart was in the right place. Whether due to the communist movement or Travancore and Cochin's princely heritage, the governments prioritised poor people's access to primary education and healthcare. Others further claimed that the state showed the world that economic growth was not needed for development.</p><p>This reading is not wrong. But, historically speaking, it is a naive reading. It is naive for three reasons. First, suppose Kerala was ahead of India in the 1950s and 1960s. In that case, a story of enlightened government does not make much sense because governments were relatively small then, and many factors besides the government were at work behind the initial advances in education and health.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="representation overview search" data-prod-id="05FD571F82FA438FD820D11C4EF31DF4"> <div class="row product-section" data-test-id="searchItem" data-test-title="List of Tables and Figures"> <div class="small-1 columns checklist-col"> <label class="product-listing-with-inputs-input"> <input type="checkbox" name="productParts" style="display: inline-block" data-prod-id="05FD571F82FA438FD820D11C4EF31DF4" data-prod-source="search" data-prod-type="BOOK_PART" data-file-size="29036" data-has-pdf="true" data-cup-event-payload='{"eventCode":"DL-BP","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","productId":"05FD571F82FA438FD820D11C4EF31DF4","referringURL":"","authenticationMethods":[],"usedIdentities":[],"searchScope":"PRODUCT"}' />   </label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/list-of-tables-and-figures/05FD571F82FA438FD820D11C4EF31DF4">List of Tables and Figures</a></h3></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tirthankar Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author"><span class="author-name">Tirthankar Roy</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">London School of Economics and Political Science</span><span class="separator">,</span> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=K. 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Ravi Raman</span></a>, <span class="affiliation">State Planning Board, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Book: </dt> <dd> <a href="/core/books/kerala-1956-to-the-present/BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9" class="url productParent" data-prod-id="BFD929C97CF7B53E3BD49854279522A9">Kerala, 1956 to the Present</a> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">31 May 2024</span> </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Print publication: </dt> <dd> <span class="date">28 November 2024</span>, <span> pp <span class="pages">vii-viii</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="access links"> <li class="type chapter">Chapter</li> <li> <ul class="access-modal"> <li class="status get"> <a href="#" class="get hasTooltipCustom-top" aria-label="Get access for List of Tables and Figures" data-qtip-event="click" 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</label> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <div class="row">  <div class="product-listing-with-inputs-content"> <div class="small-10 columns margin-bottom"> <ul class="details"> <li class="title"><h3><a class="part-link" href="/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/public-health-policy-that-leads-with-equity-in-rural-appalachia-recommendations-to-confirm-vaccination-status-in-an-equitable-manner/28A92E84946FE97139F0F5133809E243"> Public Health Policy that Leads with Equity in Rural Appalachia: Recommendations to Confirm Vaccination Status in an Equitable Manner </a></h3></li> <li></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jennifer Schroeder Tyson&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Jennifer Schroeder Tyson</a><span class="separator">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Danny Scalise&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Danny Scalise</a><span class="separator">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Adam Hege&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Adam Hege</a><span class="separator">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Maggie Sugg&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Maggie Sugg</a><span class="separator">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Manan Roy&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Manan Roy</a> </li> <li> <dl> <dt class="source dl-inline">Journal: </dt> <dd> <a class="productParent" data-prod-id="03D33CB340FE0698DCD12DE4F229787A" href="/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness">Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness</a> / <a href="/core/product/B4BDDE64E8E1C7D85A7C176762D9E977" class="productParent" data-prod-id="B4BDDE64E8E1C7D85A7C176762D9E977">Volume 18</a> / 2024 </dd> <dt class="published dl-inline">Published online by Cambridge University Press: </dt> <dd> <span class="date"> 22 November 2024</span><span class="pages">, 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data-container="representation" aria-label="Export citation for Public Health Policy that Leads with Equity in Rural Appalachia: Recommendations to Confirm Vaccination Status in an Equitable Manner">Export citation </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="accordion no-margin-top abstract" data-accordion> <div class="accordion-navigation"> <button onclick="toggleViewHide(this, 'abstractS1935789324002775')" class="button-no-transition transparent-no-border" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View Abstract for Public Health Policy that Leads with Equity in Rural Appalachia: Recommendations to Confirm Vaccination Status in an Equitable Manner" data-cup-event='{"eventCode":"IN-AR","eventContext":"/core/search?filters[authorTerms]=Roy","usedIdentities":[],"authenticationMethods":[],"referringURL":"","eventType":"VADE","searchScope":"PRODUCT","productId":"28A92E84946FE97139F0F5133809E243"}' data-cup-event-disable-on-hide="true" > <div class="icon open-drawer small"> <svg 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id="abstractS1935789324002775" class="content"> <div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>Vaccination is the most important method to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and vaccination is key to this goal. This paper highlights considerations for policy development around vaccination attestation and proof requirements, specifically in rural Appalachia. Migrant and immigrant farmworkers are integral to the food and goods supply chain globally; they have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, therefore these policies need to take extensive precautions for farmworkers to systematically and easily comply with vaccination status submission procedures. In this paper, we present steps to equitably manage and implement vaccine mandates: (1) Develop and establish policies to support safe workplace standards for everyone, including vaccination policies; (2) Utilize equitable methods to collect vaccine verification; (3) Use effective and inclusive methods to implement the policies by using these techniques; (4) Integrate key populations to develop and strengthen policies to improve health equity.</p></div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-6 medium-1 large-1 right hide-for-small altmetric-embed altmetric-core-desktop" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="10.1017/dmp.2024.277" data-link-target="_blank"></div> <div class="small-6 columns right text-center hide-for-medium-up altmetric-embed altmetric-core-mobile" data-badge-type='donut' data-hide-less-than="1" data-doi="10.1017/dmp.2024.277" data-link-target="_blank"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="pagination-centered" 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