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id="toc-Agtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handel_in_tee_en_silwer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handel_in_tee_en_silwer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Handel in tee en silwer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handel_in_tee_en_silwer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opiumhandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opiumhandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Opiumhandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opiumhandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Kowloon-insident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Kowloon-insident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Die Kowloon-insident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Kowloon-insident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Opiumoorlog_(1839–42)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Opiumoorlog_(1839–42)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Die Opiumoorlog (1839–42)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Opiumoorlog_(1839–42)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nalatenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nalatenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nalatenskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nalatenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eerste Opiumoorlog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 72 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="حرب الأفيون الأولى – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الأفيون الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_Guerra_del_Opiu" title="Primer Guerra del Opiu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer Guerra del Opiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_tiry%C9%99k_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci tiryək müharibəsi – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci tiryək müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بیرینجی تیریک دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی تیریک دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D3%99%D1%84%D0%B8%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Беренсе әфиүн һуғышы – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беренсе әфиүн һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enot_na_Gerang_Opyo" title="Enot na Gerang Opyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Enot na Gerang Opyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая опіумная вайна – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая опіумная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първа опиумна война – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа опиумна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_opijumski_rat" title="Prvi opijumski rat – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi opijumski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_de_l%27Opi" title="Primera Guerra de l'Opi – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra de l'Opi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_opiov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První opiová válka – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První opiová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Пĕрремĕш опиум вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрремĕш опиум вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_opiumskrig" title="Første opiumskrig – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Første opiumskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Opiumkrieg" title="Erster Opiumkrieg – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Opiumkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος του Οπίου – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος του Οπίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First Opium War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_del_Opio" title="Primera Guerra del Opio – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera Guerra del Opio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_oopiumis%C3%B5da" title="Esimene oopiumisõda – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene oopiumisõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Opioaren_Gerra" title="Lehen Opioaren Gerra – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen Opioaren Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جنگ نخست تریاک – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ نخست تریاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_oopiumisota" title="Ensimmäinen oopiumisota – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen oopiumisota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_de_l%27opium" title="Première guerre de l'opium – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre de l'opium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_do_Opio" title="Primeira Guerra do Opio – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira Guerra do Opio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת האופיום הראשונה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האופיום הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_opijumski_rat" title="Prvi opijumski rat – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi opijumski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ափիոնային առաջին պատերազմ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ափիոնային առաջին պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Candu_Pertama" title="Perang Candu Pertama – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Candu Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesma_opiumo-milito" title="Unesma opiumo-milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unesma opiumo-milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrra_%C3%B3p%C3%ADumstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Fyrra ópíumstríðið – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrra ópíumstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="アヘン戦争 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヘン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოპიუმის პირველი ომი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპიუმის პირველი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%8E%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 아편 전쟁 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 아편 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Англия-Кытай согушу – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия-Кытай согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmasis_opijaus_karas" title="Pirmasis opijaus karas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmasis opijaus karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_Opija_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Opija karš – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Opija karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ഒന്നാം കറുപ്പ് യുദ്ധം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒന്നാം കറുപ്പ് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Candu_Pertama" title="Perang Candu Pertama – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Candu Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ပထမ ဘိန်းစစ်ပွဲ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထမ ဘိန်းစစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिलो अफिम युद्ध – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पहिलो अफिम युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Opiumoorlog" title="Eerste Opiumoorlog – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Opiumoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fyrste_opiumskrigen" title="Den fyrste opiumskrigen – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fyrste opiumskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_opiumkrig" title="Første opiumkrig – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Første opiumkrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiera_gu%C3%A8rra_de_l%27%C3%B2pi" title="Premiera guèrra de l'òpi – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premiera guèrra de l'òpi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਪਹਿਲਾ ਅਫ਼ੀਮ ਯੁੱਧ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਹਿਲਾ ਅਫ਼ੀਮ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_opiumowa" title="I wojna opiumowa – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna opiumowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پہلی افیونی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی افیونی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د تریاکو لومړۍ جګړه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تریاکو لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_do_%C3%93pio" title="Primeira Guerra do Ópio – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra do Ópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_al_Opiului" title="Primul Război al Opiului – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război al Opiului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая опиумная война – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая опиумная война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First Opium War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_opijumski_rat" title="Prvi opijumski rat – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi opijumski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="පළමුවන අබිං යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පළමුවන අබිං යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_%C3%B3piov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Prvá ópiová vojna – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá ópiová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_opijska_vojna" title="Prva opijska vojna – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva opijska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први опијумски рат – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први опијумски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_opiumkriget" title="Första opiumkriget – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första opiumkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் அபினிப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் அபினிப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามฝิ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามฝิ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinji_tir%C3%BDek_ur%C5%9Fy" title="Birinji tirýek urşy – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birinji tirýek urşy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Opyo" title="Unang Digmaang Opyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang Digmaang Opyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Afyon_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="I. Afyon Savaşı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Afyon Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша опіумна війна – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша опіумна війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی افیونی جنگ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلی افیونی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingliz-Xitoy_urushi" title="Ingliz-Xitoy urushi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ingliz-Xitoy urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_nha_phi%E1%BA%BFn_l%E1%BA%A7n_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiến tranh nha phiến lần thứ nhất – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh nha phiến lần thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Gera_Opyo" title="Syahan nga Gera Opyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syahan nga Gera Opyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%B6%9F%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一趟鸦片战争 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一趟鸦片战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahben_Cancwngh" title="Yahben Cancwngh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yahben Cancwngh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次鸦片战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="鴉片之役 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鴉片之役" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次鴉片戰爭 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第一次鴉片戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eerste_Opiumoorlog" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Eerste_Opiumoorlog" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking 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border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Eerste Opiumoorlog </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Deel van die Opiumoorloë </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg/300px-Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg/450px-Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg/600px-Destroying_Chinese_war_junks%2C_by_E._Duncan_%281843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="681" /></a></span><br />Die <i>Nemesis</i> vernietig Chinese jonke tydens die Tweede Slag van Chuenpee op 7 Januarie 1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="infobox" width="100%" style="margin: 0; cellpadding: 0; padding: 0; border: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Datum </th> <td><a href="/wiki/18_Maart" title="18 Maart">18 Maart</a> <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/29_Augustus" title="29 Augustus">29 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Ligging </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Keiserryk" title="Chinese Keiserryk">Chinese Keiserryk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Resultaat </th> <td>Britse oorwinning, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Nanking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdrag van Nanking (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verdrag van Nanking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Gebieds-<br />veranderinge </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a>-eiland aan Brittanje gesedeer </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strydende partye </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Britse_Oos-Indiese_Kompanjie" title="Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie">Oos-Indiese Kie.</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing-dinastie" title="Qing-dinastie">Qing-dinastie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Aanvoerders </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;">Lord Palmerston<br />Charles Elliot<br />George Elliot<br />James Bremer<br />Hugh Gough<br />Henry Pottinger<br />William Parker </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;">Daoguang Keiser<br />Lin Zexu<br />Qishan<br />Guan Tianpei (†)<br />Yishan<br />Yijing<br />Yang Fang </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Sterkte </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;">19 000 troepe<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;">200 000 Banniermanne en Groen Standaardweermagtroepe </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Ongevalle en verliese </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;">69 gesneuwel<br />451 gewond </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;">18–20 000 gesneuwel </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Bron vir sterftes:<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die <b>Eerste Opiumoorlog</b> (1839–42), ook bekend as die <b>Opiumoorlog</b> en as die <b>Anglo-Chinese-oorlog</b>, was ’n oorlog tussen <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk_van_Groot-Brittanje_en_Ierland" title="Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland">Groot-Brittanje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Keiserryk" title="Chinese Keiserryk">China</a> oor hul botsende standpunte oor diplomatieke betrekkinge, handel en die administrasie van geregtigheid vir buitelanders.<sup id="cite_ref-tsang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voor die konflik wou Chinese amptenare die verspreiding van <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> inperk en het hulle ongeveer 20 000 kiste met opium (ongeveer 1,21 miljoen kilogram) van Britse handelaars gekonfiskeer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel die Britse regering China se reg om invoere te beheer nie amptelik ontken het nie, het hulle beswaar gemaak teen hierdie beslaglegging en sy militêre mag misbruik om gewelddadige regstelling af te dwing.<sup id="cite_ref-tsang_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842 het die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Nanking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdrag van Nanking (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verdrag van Nanking</a> – die eerste van wat die Chinese later die ongelyke verdrae sou noem – ’n vrywaring aan Brittanje verleen, vyf verdraghawes geopen en die <a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a>-eiland oorgedra waardeur die handelsmonopolie van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantonstelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantonstelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kantonstelsel</a> beëindig is. Die verdrag het egter daarin misluk om die Britse doelwitte van verbeterde handel en diplomatieke betrekkinge te behaal, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Opiumoorlog" title="Tweede Opiumoorlog">Tweede Opiumoorlog</a> (1856–60).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die oorlog word vandag beskou as die aanvang van die moderne Chinese geskiedenis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agtergrond">Agtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Agtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Agtergrond"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedert die aanvang van die Kantonstelsel deur die <a href="/wiki/Qing-dinastie" title="Qing-dinastie">Qing-dinastie</a> in 1757 was die handel in Chinese ware uiters winsgewend vir Europese én Chinese handelaars. Buitelandse handelaars kon egter slegs handeldryf deur ’n Chinese handelsliggaam bekend as die Dertien Hongs, en was beperk tot Kanton (<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>). Buitelanders kon slegs in een van die Dertien Faktorye naby Shamian-eiland in Kanton woon en kon in geen ander deel van China woon of handeldryf nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handel_in_tee_en_silwer">Handel in tee en silwer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Handel in tee en silwer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Handel in tee en silwer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:View_of_Canton_factories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Canton_factories.jpg/220px-View_of_Canton_factories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Canton_factories.jpg/330px-View_of_Canton_factories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Canton_factories.jpg/440px-View_of_Canton_factories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Uitsig oor die Europese fabrieke in Kanton</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar was ’n onversadigbare vraag na <a href="/wiki/Tee" title="Tee">tee</a> in Brittanje. China het egter slegs <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a> as betaling vir tee aanvaar, wat gelei het tot chroniese handelstekorte.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ’n Handelswanbalans in die guns van Brittanje het ontstaan. Die Sino-Britse handel is sodanig oorheers deur luukse items met hoë waarde soos tee (van China na Brittanje) en silwer (van Brittanje na China), dat <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> en silwer algemeen in China gebruik is.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brittanje het sedert die 18de eeu gebruik gemaak van die <a href="/wiki/Goudstandaard" title="Goudstandaard">goudstandaard</a> en moes dus silwer van die Europese vasteland en Meksiko aankoop om die Chinese honger na silwer te stil. Pogings deur die Britte (Macartney in 1793), die <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederlanders</a> (Van Braam in 1794), <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> (Golofkin in 1805) en weer die Britte (Amherst in 1816) om vir toegang tot die Chinese mark te onderhandel, is egter deur die onderskeie keisers geveto.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opiumhandel">Opiumhandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Opiumhandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Opiumhandel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teen 1817 het die Britte besluit dat kontra-handel in ’n narkotiese dwelmmiddel, Indiese opium, ’n manier was om die handelstekort te verminder en om die Indiese kolonie winsgewend te maak. Die Qing-administrasie het aanvanklik die invoer van opium verdra omdat dit ’n indirekte belasting op Chinese onderdane geplaas het terwyl die Britte hul tee-invoere vanuit China kon verdubbel – met die gevolg dat die Qing se keiserlike tesourie en agente se <a href="/wiki/Monopolie" title="Monopolie">monopolie</a> op tee-uitvoer versterk is.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opium is deur ’n monopolie van die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Oos-Indiese_Kompanjie" title="Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie">Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie</a> (Bengale) vervaardig in die tradisionele katoenproduksiegebied van <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a> en in die prinslike state (Malwa) buite beheer van die kompanjie. Albei areas is swaar getref deur die bekendstelling van fabriekvervaardigde katoenkleed wat van <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egiptiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen">katoen</a> gebruik gemaak het. Die opium is verkoop op die voorwaarde dat dit deur Britse handelaars na China verskeep moet word. Opium bevat ’n medisinale bestanddeel wat reeds tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tang-dinastie" title="Tang-dinastie">Tang-dinastie</a> aangeteken is, maar die ontspanningsgebruik was beperk en daar was talle bestaande wette teen misbruik van die dwelm. </p><p>Opium het algemeen begin voorkom met die groot hoeveelhede wat deur die Britte ingebring is (gemotiveer deur die gelykstelling van handel). Britse verkope van opium in grootmaat het in 1781 begin en verkope het tussen 1821 en 1837 vyfvoudig toegeneem. Skepe van die Oos-Indiese Kompanjie het hul vragte na eilande, en veral Lintin-eiland, geneem waar Chinese handelaars met vinnige en goedbewapende klein bote die goedere vir binnelandse verspreiding vervoer het.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teen 1820 het die aanplant van tee in die Indiese en Afrika-kolonies, benewens die versnelde opiumverbruik die vloei van silwer omgekeer net toe die Keiserlike Tesourie die onderdrukking van rebelle teen die Qing moes finansier. Die Qing-regering het probeer om ’n einde aan die opiumhandel te bring, maar sy pogings is bemoeilik deur plaaslike amptenare (insluitend die goewerneur-generaal van Kanton) wat groot wins getrek het uit omkopery en belastings.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1975_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834 is ’n keerpunt bereik. In Engeland het hervormers vir vryhandel daarin geslaag om ’n einde te bring aan die monopolie van die Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie en die handel is in die hande van privaat intrepreneurs gelaat. Amerikaners het Opium vanuit <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> in omloop gebring wat goedkoper maar van swakker gehalte was. Kompetisie het die prys van opium afgedwing en verkope het toegeneem.<sup id="cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China:_The_First_Opium_War-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839 het keiser Daoguang die vakkundige amptenaar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Zexu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Zexu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lin Zexu</a> aangestel in die amp van spesiale keiserlike kommissaris met die taak om die opiumhandel uit te wis. Met sy aankoms het Lin die verkoop van opium verbied en vereis dat alle voorrade van die dwelm aan die Chinese owerhede oorhandig moet word. Hy het ook geëis dat alle buitelandse handelaars ’n "geen opiumhandel"-verdrag onderteken waarvan die verbreking met die dood strafbaar was. Lin het ook die kanaal na Kanton gesluit wat effektiewelik die Britse handelaars in die stad gyselaars gemaak het.<sup id="cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China:_The_First_Opium_War-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Elliot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Elliot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charles Elliot</a>, die hoofsuperintendent van Britse handel in China het daarin geslaag om Britse handelaars te oorreed om hul opiumvoorraad te oorhandig met die belofte van uiteindelike vergoeding van die Britse regering vir hul verlies.<sup id="cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China:_The_First_Opium_War-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hierdie belofte en die onvermoë van die Britse regering om dit te betaal sonder om ’n politieke storm te ontketen, was ’n belangrike oorsaak vir die gevolglike Britse aanval.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In totaal is 20 000 kratte<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (elk met ongeveer 55 kg<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) oorhandig en vanaf 3 Junie 1839 vernietig.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ná die insameling en vernietiging van die opium het Lin Zexu ’n amptelike versoek (折奏/摺奏)<sup id="cite_ref-1839Letter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1839Letter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aan <a href="/wiki/Victoria_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Victoria van die Verenigde Koninkryk">koningin Victoria</a> geskryf, in ’n onsuksesvolle poging om die handel van opium te beëindig omdat dit duisende Chinese burgerlikes vergiftig het. Die geskrif, wat met ’n handelskip gestuur moes word, het nooit die koningin bereik nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Kowloon-insident">Die Kowloon-insident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Kowloon-insident" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Die Kowloon-insident"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 7 Julie 1839 het seelui van die <i>Carnatic</i> en <i>Mangalore</i>, albei in besit van Jardine, Matheson & Co., in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> aangekom. ’n Groep matrose, vergesel van kollegas van ander skepe, het aan land gegaan en aggressief geraak nadat hulle te veel <i>samshu</i> (rysbrandewyn) gedrink het. In ’n gevolglike dronk bakleiery het ’n inwoner van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsim_Sha_Tsui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsim Sha Tsui (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsim Sha Tsui</a> genaamd Lin Weixi ernstige beserings opgedoen en die volgende dag gesterf.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 15 Julie het die hoofsuperintendent van Britse handel in China, Charles Elliot, 'n beloning van $200 uitgereik vir getuienis wat sou lei tot die arrestasie van diegene wat die moord gepleeg het en $100 vir getuienis wat die aanhitsers van die voorval sou help opspoor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin Zexu, die keiserlike kommissaris, het daarop aangedring dat die oortreder moes sterf om die saak volgens Chinese wette op te los maar die hoofsuperintendent het volgehou dat hy jurisdiksie het onder ’n wet van 1883 van die Britse Parlement wat onder hersiening was. Op 12 Augustus het Elliot voorgesit in ’n hof van kriminele- en admiraliteitsjurisdiksie aan boord van die <i>Fort William</i> in Hongkong-hawe. Hy het Lin genooi om waarnemers te stuur, maar niemand het opgedaag nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Met Elliot as regter en ’n groep handelaars as die jurie<sup id="cite_ref-Hoe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is twee mans skuldig bevind aan oproerigheid. Elk is met £15 beboet en gevonnis tot drie maande arbeid in Engeland. Drie mans is skuldig bevind aan aanranding en oproerigheid en is beboet met £25 elk en gevonnis tot ses maande gevangenisstraf in soortgelyke omstandighede.<sup id="cite_ref-bl._433_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl._433-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nadat hulle egter in Engeland aangekom het, is die mans vrygelaat omdat die saak geen jurisdiksie gehad het nie. </p><p>Lin was nie tevrede met die verrigtinge nie omdat niemand aan die Chinese oorhandig is nie.<sup id="cite_ref-bl._433_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl._433-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het die hof beskou as ’n oortreding van China se soewereiniteit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 15 Augustus het Lin ’n edik uitgevaardig wat die verkoop van kos aan die Britte verbied het<sup id="cite_ref-Hoe_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die volgende dag is hul knegte aan <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> onttrek. Oorlogsjonke het in inhamme van die <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AArelrivier" title="Pêrelrivier">Pêrelrivier</a> aangekom en kennisgewings bo die varswaterbronne het te kenne gegee dat dit vergiftig is.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoe_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 24 Augustus het Don Adriao Accacio da Silveira Pinto, die Portugese goewerneur van Macau, aangekondig dat die Chinese hom bevel gegee het om die Britte uit die kolonie te verdryf. Hy het Lancelot Dent, ’n Britse handelaar, gewaarsku dat die Chinese beplan het om beslag te lê op Britse wonings in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanes_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 25 Augustus het die voormalige superintendent John Astell aan Elliot voorgestel dat alle skepe Hongkong moet verlaat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teen die einde van die maand het meer as 2 000 mense in meer as 60 skepe in Hongkong-hawe vergader sonder vars kos of water. Op die skepe was Europese handelaars en talle Britse gesinne. Die <i>Volage</i> van kaptein Henry Smith en die <i>Hyacinth</i> het op 30 Augustus na Hongkong geseil. Elliot het amptenare van Kowloon gewaarsku dat die konflik kan toeneem indien die embargo sou voortduur.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoe_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Opiumoorlog_(1839–42)"><span id="Die_Opiumoorlog_.281839.E2.80.9342.29"></span>Die Opiumoorlog (1839–42)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Opiumoorlog (1839–42)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Die Opiumoorlog (1839–42)"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg/250px-Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg/375px-Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg/500px-Volage_%26_Hyacinth_in_Chuenpee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Geveg tussen Britse en Chinese skepe in die Eerste Slag van Chuenpee, 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>Laat in Oktober het die <i>Thomas Coutts</i> in China aangekom en na Kanton gevaar. Die skip is besit deur Kwakers wat geweier om in opium handel te dryf en Warner, die kaptein, het geglo Elliot het sy wetlike outoriteit oorskry deur die ondertekening van ’n verdrag te verbied waarin skepe wat nie die dwelm aan boord gehad het nie, toegelaat sou word om vas te meer. Die oortreding hiervan was met die dood strafbaar en alle opium aan boord sou gekonfiskeer word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanes_&_Sanello200468_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanes_&_Sanello200468-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die kaptein het met die goewerneur van Kanton onderhandel en gehoop dat alle Britse skepe hul goedere in Chuenpee, ’n eiland naby Humen, sou kon aflaai. </p><p>Om ander Britse skepe te verhoed om die <i>Thomas Cutts</i> na te doen, het Elliot ’n blokkade van die Pêrelrivier gereël. Gevegte het op 3 November 1839 begin toe ’n tweede Britse skip, die <i>Royal Saxon</i>, probeer het om na Kanton te vaar. Die HMS <i>Volage</i> en HMS <i>Hyacinth</i> van die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Vloot" title="Britse Vloot">Britse Koninklike Vloot</a> het waarskuwingskote in die rigting van die <i>Royal Saxon</i> gevuur. </p><p>Die Qing se amptelike verslag het beweer dat die vloot die Britse vaartuig probeer beskerm het en genoem dat ’n groot oorwinning daardie dag behaal is. In werklikheid is hulle oortref deur die vaartuie van die Britse Vloot en talle Chinese skepe is gesink. Elliot het berig dat hulle hul 29 skepe in Chuenpee tussen die Qing-batterye beskerm het. Elliot het geweet dat die Chinese enige kontak met die Britte sou verwerp en dat daar uiteindelik ’n aanval sou wees. Elliot het alle skepe beveel om Chuenpee te verlaat en na Tung Lo Wan, ongeveer 30 km van Macau, te gaan. Die handelaars het egter verkies om in Hongkong aan te bly. </p><p>In 1840 het Elliot die Portugese goewerneur in Macau gevra om Britse skepe toe te laat om daar op en af te laai in ruil vir die betaling van huur en heffings. Die goewerneur het, uit vrees dat die Qing-regering die verskaffing van voedsel en ander noodsaaklikhede aan Macau sou staak, die versoek geweier. Op 14 Januarie 1840 het die Qing-keiser alle buitelanders in China versoek om materiële bystand aan die Britte in China te staak. In weerwraak het die Britse regering en die Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie besluit dat hulle Kanton sou aanval. Die militêre onkoste sou deur die Britse regering gedra word. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg/250px-18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg/375px-18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg/500px-18th_Royal_Irish_at_Amoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4850" data-file-height="3499" /></a><figcaption>Britse troepe in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Amoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van Amoy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Slag van Amoy</a>, 1841</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Palmerston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Palmerston (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lord Palmerston</a>, die Britse minister van Buitelandse Sake, het die Opiumoorlog begin “om die beginsel van vryhandel te handhaaf.”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melancon argumenteer dat die rede vir oorlogbetreding nie die opium was nie maar die Britse behoefte om sy reputasie, eer en verbintenis tot wêreldwye vryhandel te handhaaf. China het aan Brittanje gekarring op die oomblik toe Brittanje ernstige druk van die Midde-Ooste, op die Indiese grens en in Latyns-Amerika ervaar het. Uiteindelik, sê Melancon, het die regering se noodsaak om sy eer in Brittanje en prestige oorsee te handhaaf, die besluit om oorlog te voer afgedwing.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_Melancon_1840,_bl._854–874_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Melancon_1840,_bl._854–874-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritici fokus egter op die immoraliteit van opium. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ewart Gladstone (bladsy bestaan nie)">William Ewart Gladstone</a> het die oorlog veroordeel as “onregverdig en onbillik” en het lord Palmerston se bereidheid “om die handel in berugte smokkelware te beskerm,” gekritiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die publiek en pers in die Verenigde State en Brittanje het hul verontwaardiging dat Brittanje die opiumhandel ondersteun, uitgedruk. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg/250px-British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg/375px-British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg/500px-British_troops_capture_Chin-Keang-Foo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Britse troepe verower Chinkiang in die laaste groot slag van die oorlog, 21 Julie 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>In Junie 1840 het ’n verkenningsmag van 15 kaserneskepe, 4 stoomaangedrewe kanonbote en 25 kleiner skepe met 4 000 mariniers Kanton vanaf <a href="/wiki/Singapoer" title="Singapoer">Singapoer</a> bereik. Die mariniers was onder leiding van kommandeur <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bremer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bremer (bladsy bestaan nie)">James Bremer</a>. Bremer het geëis dat die Qing-regering die Britte vergoed vir die verliese wat gely is weens die onderbroke handel.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op bevel van lord Palmerston het ’n Britse ekspedisie die mond van die Pêrelrivier geblokkeer en noordwaarts beweeg om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhoushan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhoushan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zhoushan</a> oor te neem. Onder leiding van kommandeur Bremer in <i>Wellesley</i> het hulle die leë stad oorgeneem na ’n uitruil van skote met oewerbatterye wat net beperkte lewensverlies ten gevolg gehad het.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die volgende jaar (1841) het die Britte die Bogue-forte aangeval wat die mond van die Pêrelrivier – die waterweg tussen Hongkong en Kanton – bewaak het. Intussen het die aanvang van die Sino-Sikhoorlog in die verre weste in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> nog ’n aanvalsfront gevoeg tot die Qing-weermag wat reeds onder druk was. Teen Januarie 1841 het die Britse magte die hoëgrond om Kanton beheer en Banniermanne in <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> en by die veldpos van Dinghai, verslaan. In dieselfde jaar het die Britte drie onsuksesvolle pogings tot oorname van die hawe in Keelung aan die noordoostelike kus van <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> gemaak.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teen die middel van 1842 het die Britte die Chinese aan die monding van hul ander groot rivierhandelsroete, die <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, verslaan en was hulle besig om Sjanghai oor te neem. Die oorlog het uiteindelik in Augustus 1842 geëindig met die ondertekening van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Nanking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdrag van Nanking (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verdrag van Nanking</a>, China se eerste Ongelyke Verdrag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nalatenskap">Nalatenskap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Nalatenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Nalatenskap"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg/250px-Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg/375px-Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg/500px-Opium_War_Museum_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Ingang tot die Opiumoorlogmuseum in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Humen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Die gemak waarmee die Britse magte die veel groter Chinese magte verslaan het, het die Qing-dinastie se prestige ernstig geknou. Die sukses van die Eerste Opiumoorlog het die Britte in staat gestel om met die opiumhandel voort te gaan. Dit het ook die weg gebaan vir die oopstel van die winsgewende Chinese mark vir ander handel en die blootstelling van die Chinese gemeenskap aan sendingwerk. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Zexu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Zexu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lin Zexu</a> was een van die opmerklikste figure in die gebeure wat gelei het tot die Opiumoorlog.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy is deur die Daoguang-keiser aangestel om die opiumhandel te onderdruk en was as “Lin die Helder Lug” bekend vir sy voortreflike diens aan die Qing-regering.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoewel hy aanvanklik sukses gehad het met die arrestasie van 1 700 opiumhandelaars en die vernietiging van 1,2 miljoen kilogram opium, is hy as die sondebok uitgewys vir die aksies wat gelei het tot die Britse weerwraak en hy moes die blaam dra vir die onvermoë om opiuminvoer en -verbruik in China te keer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin Zexu word nietemin beskou as ’n held van die 19de-eeuse China en sy beeld is op verskeie plekke in die wêreld verewig.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Eerste Opiumoorlog was die begin van ’n lang tydperk van die verswakking van die staat<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en anti-Qing-rebellies soos die <a href="/wiki/Taiping-rebellie" title="Taiping-rebellie">Taiping-rebellie</a>, ’n oorlog wat van 1850 tot 1864 geduur het en waarin minstens 20 miljoen Chinese dood is. Die Qing-dinastie, gelei deur etniese <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye">Mantsjoes</a>, is deur baie Chinese wat oorwegend <a href="/wiki/Han-Chinese" title="Han-Chinese">Han-Chinese</a> was, beskou as ’n ondoeltreffende en korrupte buitelandse bewind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPichon2006" class="citation book cs1">Pichon, Alain (2006). <i>China Trade and Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-726337-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-726337-2"><bdi>0-19-726337-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Trade+and+Empire&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-726337-2&rft.aulast=Pichon&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martin_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martin_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Robert Montgomery (1847). <i>China: Political, Commercial, and Social; In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government</i>. Volume 2. James Madden. bl. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tsang_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tsang_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsang, Steve (2007). <i>A Modern History of Hong Kong</i>. I.B.Tauris. bl. 3–13, 29. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1845114191" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84511-419-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui2005" class="citation book cs1">Farooqui, Amar (Maart 2005). <i>Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790–1843</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0739108867" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0739108867"><bdi>0739108867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smuggling+as+Subversion%3A+Colonialism%2C+Indian+Merchants%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Opium%2C+1790%E2%80%931843&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005-03&rft.isbn=0739108867&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Amar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsang 2004, bl. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stockwell, Foster (2003). <i>Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times Through the Present</i>. McFarland. bl. 74. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0786414049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7864-1404-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janin, Hunt (1999). <i>The India–China Opium Trade in the Nineteenth Century</i>. McFarland. bl. 207. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0786407158" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7864-0715-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyrefitte, Alain. The Immobile Empire – The first great collision of East and West – the astonishing history of Britain's grand, ill-fated expedition to open China to Western Trade, 1792–94 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), bl. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Peyrefitte_1993,_bl._487–503_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyrefitte 1993, bl. 487–503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyrefitte, 1993 p 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay_1975-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1975_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1975_11-1">11,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFay1975" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Peter Ward (1975). <i>The Opium War, 1840–1842</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8078-1243-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8078-1243-9"><bdi>0-8078-1243-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+War%2C+1840%E2%80%931842&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8078-1243-9&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China:_The_First_Opium_War-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-China:_The_First_Opium_War_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201214224/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob36.html">"China: Die Eerste Opiumoorlog"</a>. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob36.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Desember 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Desember</span> 2010</span>Quoting <i>British Parliamentary Papers</i>, 1840, XXXVI (223), bl. 374</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Die+Eerste+Opiumoorlog&rft.pub=John+Jay+College+of+Criminal+Justice%2C+City+University+of+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.jjay.cuny.edu%2F~jobrien%2Freference%2Fob36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:CS1_maint:_postscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: postscript (bladsy bestaan nie)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Foreign Mud: The opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s and the Anglo-Chinese War," deur Maurice Collis, W. W. Norton, New York, 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPoon" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poon, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html#opium">"Opkoms van Moderne China"</a> (in Engels). University of Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010813153016/http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html#opium">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Augustus 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Desember</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opkoms+van+Moderne+China&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland&rft.aulast=Poon&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-chaos.umd.edu%2Fhistory%2Fmodern.html%23opium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/180/narcotic.html">"Opiates"</a> (in Engels). University of Missouri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619022425/http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/180/narcotic.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Junie 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Desember</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opiates&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2F~rkeel%2F180%2Fnarcotic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.cultural-china.com/20090604103010.html">http://news.cultural-china.com/20090604103010.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114033733/http://news.cultural-china.com/20090604103010.html">Geargiveer</a> 14 November 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1839Letter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1839Letter_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1839lin2.html">Brief aan Koningin Victoria, 1839</a>. Van <i>Chinese Argief</i>, Vol. 8 (Februarie 1840), bl. 497–503; herdruk in William H. McNeil en Mitsuko Iriye, reds., <i>Modern Asia and Africa</i>, <i>Readings in World History</i> Vol. 9, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), bl. 111–118. Die teks is deur prof. Jerome S. Arkenberg gemoderniseer, Cal. State Fullerton. Hierdie teks is deel van die Internet Moderne Geskiedenisbronboek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoe & Roebuck 1999, bl. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanes & Sanello 2004, bl. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fay 1975, bl. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Correspondence</i> 1840, bl. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanes-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hanes_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hanes_22-1">22,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hanes_22-2">22,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanes & Sanello 2004, bl. 61-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hoe_23-0">23,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hoe_23-1">23,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hoe_23-2">23,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hoe_23-3">23,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoe & Roebuck 1999, bl. 92-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl._433-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bl._433_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bl._433_24-1">24,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Correspondence</i> 1840, bl. 433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chinese Repository</i> vol. 8, bl. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Correspondence</i> 1840, bl. 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanes_&_Sanello200468-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanes_&_Sanello200468_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanes_&_Sanello2004">Hanes & Sanello 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Ridley, <i>Lord Palmerston,</i> (1970) bl. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_Melancon_1840,_bl._854–874-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Melancon_1840,_bl._854–874_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn Melancon, "Honor in Opium? The British Declaration of War on China, 1839–1840," <i>International History Review</i> (1999) 21#4 bl. 854–874.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Melancon2003" class="citation book cs1">Glenn Melancon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=V527VTyT29gC&pg=PA126"><i>Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+China+Policy+and+the+Opium+Crisis%3A+Balancing+Drugs%2C+Violence+and+National+Honour%2C+1833%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Glenn+Melancon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV527VTyT29gC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0">31,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1">31,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The London Gazette</i>: no. 19930. bl. 2990–2991. 15 Desember 1840</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2002" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Jane E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC"><i>Some Did it for Civilisation, Some Did it for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War</i></a>. Chinese University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9789629960667" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9789629960667"><bdi>9789629960667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Did+it+for+Civilisation%2C+Some+Did+it+for+Their+Country%3A+A+Revised+View+of+the+Boxer+War&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789629960667&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWvl9O4Gn1UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span> bl. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=48330&fullArticle=true&tocId=4212">Lin Zexu Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opioids.com/opium/opiumwar.html">Opium War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025045/http://opioids.com/opium/opiumwar.html">Geargiveer</a> 8 Mei 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastasianstudies.com/eastasian/5921_01.htm">East Asian Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006202706/http://www.eastasianstudies.com/eastasian/5921_01.htm">Geargiveer</a> 6 Oktober 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/china/beijing/sights/1000228991">Monument to the People's Heroes, Beijing - Lonely Planet Travel Guide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_30174.htm">Lin Zexu Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613173704/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_30174.htm">Geargiveer</a> 13 Junie 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olamacauguide.com/lin-zexu-memorial-museum.html">Lin Zexu Memorial Museum Ola Macau Travel Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326125530/http://olamacauguide.com/lin-zexu-memorial-museum.html/">Geargiveer</a> 26 Maart 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchellJohn_Delury2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schell, Orville; John Delury (12 Julie 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235448/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324425204578599633633456090.html">"A Rising China Needs a New National Story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324425204578599633633456090.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Julie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rising+China+Needs+a+New+National+Story&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.aulast=Schell&rft.aufirst=Orville&rft.au=John+Delury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324425204578599633633456090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Opiumoorlog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Opium_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Opium War">First Opium War</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=StpbAAAAQAAJ">Correspondence Relating to China</a></i> (1840). London: Printed by T. R. Harrison.</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Kabushiki Kaisha, Maruzen <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0JZCAAAAYAAJ">The Chinese Repository</a></i> Volume 8. (1840). China.</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHanesSanello2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanes, W. Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j_NeegcOBWUC"><i>Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another</i></a>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781402229695" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781402229695"><bdi>9781402229695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium+Wars%3A+The+Addiction+of+One+Empire+and+the+Corruption+of+Another&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781402229695&rft.aulast=Hanes&rft.aufirst=W.+Travis&rft.au=Sanello%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_NeegcOBWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHoeRoebuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). <i>The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters</i>. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7007-1145-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7007-1145-7"><bdi>0-7007-1145-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taking+of+Hong+Kong%3A+Charles+and+Clara+Elliot+in+China+Waters&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1145-7&rft.aulast=Hoe&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft.au=Roebuck%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEerste+Opiumoorlog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 85%; clear:both; margin: 0em 0em -0.5em; padding: .5em 1em; vertical-align: middle;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit die <span class="plainlinks"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War" class="extiw" title="en:First Opium War">Engelse Wikipedia</a> vertaal. </td> <td width="20"><div style="position: relative; 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