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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1900-1950<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">United States Army Coast Artillery Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coast artillery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">Harbor Defense Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a> 1933–1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Defense_Command" title="Eastern Defense Command">Eastern Defense Command</a> 1941–1945</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Constitution">Fort Constitution</a>, New Castle, NH</li> <li>Camp Langdon, New Castle, NH (World War II)<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton455_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton455-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">We are one<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow578_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COA1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Mascot(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oozlefinch" title="Oozlefinch">Oozlefinch</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth</b> was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">United States Army Coast Artillery Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">harbor defense command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It coordinated the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coast defenses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard" title="Portsmouth Naval Shipyard">Portsmouth Naval Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kittery,_Maine" title="Kittery, Maine">Kittery, Maine</a> from 1900 to 1950, both on the <a href="/wiki/Piscataqua_River" title="Piscataqua River">Piscataqua River</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Endicott program</a>. These included both <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coast artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense" title="Submarine mines in United States harbor defense">underwater minefields</a>. The command originated circa 1900 as the Portsmouth Artillery District, was renamed <b>Coast Defenses of Portsmouth</b> in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton455_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton455-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CACOrg1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACOrg1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rinaldi165_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berhow430_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow430-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Portsmouth_forts">Early Portsmouth forts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Portsmouth forts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_William_and_Mary,_1705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg/250px-Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg/375px-Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg/500px-Fort_William_and_Mary%2C_1705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><i>Fort William and Mary</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_William_Romer" title="Wolfgang William Romer">Wolfgang William Romer</a> (1705).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Constitution,_New_Castle,_NH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fort_Constitution%2C_New_Castle%2C_NH.jpg/250px-Fort_Constitution%2C_New_Castle%2C_NH.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fort_Constitution%2C_New_Castle%2C_NH.jpg/375px-Fort_Constitution%2C_New_Castle%2C_NH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Fort_Constitution%2C_New_Castle%2C_NH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Fort Constitution in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun8FortConst01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gun8FortConst01.jpg/250px-Gun8FortConst01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gun8FortConst01.jpg/375px-Gun8FortConst01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gun8FortConst01.jpg/500px-Gun8FortConst01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Battery Farnsworth, 8-inch disappearing gun emplacement, Fort Constitution.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fort in the Portsmouth area was <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_and_Mary" title="Fort William and Mary">Fort William and Mary</a> (called The Castle until circa 1692) in <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_New_Hampshire" title="New Castle, New Hampshire">New Castle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts498_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts498-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially garrisoned before 1632 and perhaps the oldest continuously fortified site in the British colonies that later became the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FortConst1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortConst1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1680 another small fort was established on the site of the later <a href="/wiki/Fort_McClary" title="Fort McClary">Fort McClary</a> in Kittery, Maine, then a part of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. This was called Fort Pepperrell after its builder, <a href="/wiki/William_Pepperrell" title="William Pepperrell">William Pepperrell</a>. In 1720 this became a permanent battery of six guns named Fort William.<sup id="cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortMcClary1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1746 Battery Cumberland was built at Jaffrey's (Jerry's) Point in New Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-FortStark1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortStark1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Fort William and Mary and Fort William figured in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolution</a>. On 14–15 December 1774 Fort William and Mary was raided twice. On the first night a large group of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a> led by <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a> overpowered a six-man <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Caretaker detachment">caretaker detachment</a> and confiscated much of the fort's supply of gunpowder. On the second night another raid under <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> seized 16 of the fort's cannon and a number of muskets. These raids were the first acts of the Revolution in New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1775 Fort William was seized by New Hampshire militia and expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortMcClary1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British recaptured Fort William and Mary, but eventually abandoned it and New Hampshire; the Patriot forces probably renamed it Fort Hancock.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts498_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts498-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forts built during the Revolution in the Portsmouth area included <b>Fort Washington</b> on <a href="/wiki/Peirce_Island" title="Peirce Island">Peirce Island</a> in Portsmouth and Fort Sullivan on <a href="/wiki/Seavey%27s_Island" title="Seavey's Island">Seavey's Island</a> in Kittery, near the later site of the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Prison" title="Portsmouth Naval Prison">Portsmouth Naval Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiWash-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsWash_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsWash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsSull_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsSull-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were built in 1775 and were named for George Washington and local hero John Sullivan. Fort Washington was a star-shaped earthwork. Both forts were commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Titus_Salter" title="Titus Salter">Titus Salter</a> (or Salten) during the Revolution. They were re-garrisoned in the War of 1812 and abandoned after that war.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiWash-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RobWash_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobWash-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Revolution Fort William and Mary was called Castle Fort or Fort Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts498_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts498-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> took over the fort as part of the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">first system of US fortifications</a>, adding a two-story blockhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FortConst1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortConst1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808 the fort was rebuilt and renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Constitution">Fort Constitution</a> while <a href="/wiki/Fort_McClary" title="Fort McClary">Fort McClary</a> was constructed across the river, both of these under the second system of fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortMcClary1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time Battery Cumberland was rebuilt with stone as the Fort at Jaffrey's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FortStark1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortStark1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a> was added to Fort Constitution during the War of 1812, while a blockhouse was added to Fort McClary in 1844. Major expansions of both forts were begun during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> under the third system of forts, but were abandoned incomplete in 1867; war experience showed that masonry forts were too vulnerable to rifled cannon. Fort Constitution's north front was demolished to prepare for the third system expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Sullivan at the Navy Yard was rebuilt in 1861 with eleven 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsSull_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsSull-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s Jaffrey's (Jerry's) Point became the center in the Portsmouth area of a soon-abandoned rebuilding of the US fort system, with a 12-gun earth-protected battery called the Battery at Jerry's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FortStark1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortStark1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endicott_period">Endicott period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endicott period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortStark12Emp01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FortStark12Emp01.jpg/250px-FortStark12Emp01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FortStark12Emp01.jpg/375px-FortStark12Emp01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FortStark12Emp01.jpg/500px-FortStark12Emp01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>12-inch (305 mm) disappearing gun emplacement, Fort Stark.</figcaption></figure> <p>As recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Endicott Board</a> of 1885, construction began in 1898 on three forts to defend the Portsmouth area. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stark" title="Fort Stark">Fort Stark</a> on Jaffrey's Point was the largest, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Foster_(Kittery,_Maine)" title="Fort Foster (Kittery, Maine)">Fort Foster</a> in Kittery was second, and two new batteries were built adjacent to Fort Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense" title="Submarine mines in United States harbor defense">underwater minefield</a> also guarded the harbor, initially controlled from a mine casemate at Fort Stark.<sup id="cite_ref-FortConst1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortConst1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before much work had been done the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> broke out in 1898. Emergency batteries were constructed to quickly arm key points, as most of the Endicott batteries were still years from completion and it was feared the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish fleet</a> would bombard the US East Coast. The batteries built for Portsmouth were at Fort Stark, with two <a href="/wiki/8-inch_gun_M1888" title="8-inch gun M1888">8-inch (203 mm) M1888 guns</a> mounted on converted carriages built for Rodman guns in the 1870s emplacements, and at Fort McClary, with three 15-inch (381 mm) <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortMcClary1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiStark-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMcClary_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMcClary-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Civil War-era battery of four 100-pounder (6.4-inch, 163 mm) <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifle" title="Parrott rifle">Parrott rifles</a> at Fort Constitution was also available.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiConst_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiConst-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8-inch guns were removed in 1900 to arm new Endicott batteries elsewhere and to make room for the new batteries at Fort Stark; the 15-inch guns and Parrott rifles remained at least through the end of 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-FortStark1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortStark1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMcClary_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMcClary-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forts were completed in 1905. Fort Stark had two <a href="/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895" title="12-inch gun M1895">12-inch (305 mm) guns</a> and two <a href="/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1903" class="mw-redirect" title="6-inch gun M1903">6-inch (152 mm) guns</a>, all on <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing carriage">disappearing carriages</a>, with four <a href="/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1903" title="3-inch gun M1903">3-inch (76 mm) guns</a> to defend the minefield against <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a>. Fort Foster had three <a href="/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1895" title="10-inch gun M1895">10-inch (254 mm) disappearing guns</a> and two 3-inch guns. Fort Constitution had two 8-inch disappearing guns and two 3-inch guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and CD Portsmouth. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and <a href="/wiki/Railway_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway artillery">railway artillery</a> in that war. Stateside garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Some weapons were removed from forts with the intent of getting US-made artillery into the fight. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 5-inch and 6-inch guns became <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> on wheeled carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Willi1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willi1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, few railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a>. The remounted 5-inch and 6-inch guns were sent to France, but their units did not complete training in time to see action.<sup id="cite_ref-CACWWIHUN_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACWWIHUN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three 10-inch guns from Fort Foster, both 8-inch guns from Fort Constitution, and both 6-inch guns from Fort Stark were removed; after the war the 10-inch guns were returned, but the 6-inch guns were stored and the 8-inch guns probably became railway artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiStark-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiFost_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiFost-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiConst_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiConst-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At all the forts, numerous temporary buildings were constructed to accommodate the large influx of new recruits. <b>Camp Langdon</b> (named for the Revolutionary War hero and originally the New Military Reservation) was established in New Castle due to insufficient space at the forts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References indicate the authorized strength of CD Portsmouth was 10 companies, including four from the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Army_National_Guard" title="New Hampshire Army National Guard">New Hampshire National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rinaldi165_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar">Interwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920 a new mine casemate was built at Fort Constitution to replace the one at Fort Stark.<sup id="cite_ref-FortConst1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortConst1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 July 1924 the harbor defense garrisons completed the transition from a company-based organization to a regimental one, and on 9 June 1925 the commands were renamed from "Coast Defenses..." to "Harbor Defenses...".<sup id="cite_ref-CACOrg1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACOrg1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berhow430_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow430-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth (HD Portsmouth) appears to have been in <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_(military)" title="Caretaker (military)">caretaker status</a> for most of the interwar period. Though most of the regiment was in the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Portland" title="Harbor Defenses of Portland">Harbor Defenses of Portland</a> (Maine), the <a href="/wiki/8th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="8th Coast Artillery (United States)">8th Coast Artillery</a> was also the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> component of HD Portsmouth from 1 July 1924 through early 1940, when the new <a href="/wiki/22nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="22nd Coast Artillery (United States)">22nd Coast Artillery</a> assumed that duty; there does not appear to have been a <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">National Guard</a> harbor defense regiment in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanton455_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton455-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camp Langdon received a battery of two fixed antiaircraft guns in 1920; these were probably the <a href="/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1917" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch gun M1917">3-inch gun M1917</a> and were removed in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortStarkHECP03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FortStarkHECP03.jpg/250px-FortStarkHECP03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FortStarkHECP03.jpg/375px-FortStarkHECP03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FortStarkHECP03.jpg/500px-FortStarkHECP03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Harbor Entrance Control Post disguised as a mansion, added to Fort Stark in World War II.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortDear16Emp01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FortDear16Emp01.jpg/250px-FortDear16Emp01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FortDear16Emp01.jpg/375px-FortDear16Emp01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FortDear16Emp01.jpg/500px-FortDear16Emp01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>16-inch gun emplacement, Battery Seaman, Fort Dearborn.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment. Camp Langdon became the headquarters of HD Portsmouth, probably for reasons of space. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> in 1940 the Army decided to replace all existing heavy coast defense guns with new batteries of <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun">16-inch (406 mm) guns</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn_(New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Dearborn (New Hampshire)">Fort Dearborn</a> was built in the town of <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_Hampshire" title="Rye, New Hampshire">Rye</a> from April 1942 to September 1944, its main armament being Battery Seaman (a.k.a. Battery 103) with two 16-inch guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in 1942 the fort was temporarily armed with four <a href="/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918" class="mw-redirect" title="155 mm gun M1918">155 mm guns</a> on towed mounts, placed on circular concrete "<a href="/wiki/Panama_mount" title="Panama mount">Panama mounts</a>". Battery 204 with two <a href="/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1" class="mw-redirect" title="6-inch gun M1">6-inch guns</a> on long-range carriages was constructed at the same time as Battery Seaman; the similar Battery 205 at Fort Foster was built but not armed.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battery Seaman replaced all previous heavy guns in the area; these were scrapped by 1945. Two Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were also emplaced, one near Fort Dearborn at Pulpit Rock (Battery 951) and Fort Foster (Battery 952); each of these had an authorized strength of four <a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">90 mm guns</a> (two on fixed mounts, two on towed mounts) and two <a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">40 mm Bofors guns</a>. The guns were dual-purpose, able to fire against air or surface targets. A new <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">fire control tower</a> and mine casemate were built at Fort Foster to supplement Fort Constitution's minefield facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiFost_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiFost-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusual combined Army-Navy harbor entrance control post/harbor defense command post was built atop the disarmed 6-inch battery at Fort Stark; it was designed to resemble a modern luxury beach cottage.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiStark-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With greatly reduced manpower requirements, the 22nd Coast Artillery was dissolved on 1 March 1944, with some personnel reassigned to HD Portsmouth. The remaining elements were moved to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Hood">Camp Hood</a>, Texas for inactivation by reassigning their personnel to five field artillery battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, less detailed source states the regiment was dissolved on 7 October 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton455_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton455-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An outlying 4-gun 155 mm battery was at the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Beach_Military_Reservation" title="Salisbury Beach Military Reservation">Salisbury Beach Military Reservation</a>, just over the state line in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Massachusetts" title="Salisbury, Massachusetts">Salisbury, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battery was initially part of the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Boston" title="Harbor Defenses of Boston">Harbor Defenses of Boston</a>, but was transferred to HD Portsmouth with the construction of a fire control station for Fort Dearborn.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDSGN1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDSGN1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Coast_Artillery_fire_control_system" title="Coast Artillery fire control system">fire control</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">towers</a> and other structures were built from Kennebunkport, Maine to Cape Ann, Massachusetts to support HD Portsmouth, particularly the 16-inch guns at Fort Dearborn.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> also participated in defending the Portsmouth area with <a href="/wiki/Net_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Net defense">net defenses</a> and submarine-detecting <a href="/wiki/Indicator_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator loop">indicator loops</a>, including a station on <a href="/wiki/Appledore_Island" title="Appledore Island">Appledore Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Shoals" title="Isles of Shoals">Isles of Shoals</a> (Station 1G).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following mobilization in 1940 HD Portsmouth was subordinate to <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_States)" title="First Army (United States)">First Army</a>. On 24 December 1941 the Eastern Theater of Operations (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Defense_Command" title="Eastern Defense Command">Eastern Defense Command</a> three months later) was established, with all <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">east coast</a> harbor defense commands subordinate to it, along with <a href="/wiki/Antiaircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaircraft">antiaircraft</a> and fighter assets. This command was disestablished in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow205_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950 the Coast Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. Today the <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States)">Air Defense Artillery</a> carries the lineage of some Coast Artillery units.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forts of the Portsmouth area are unusually well-preserved and publicly accessible, and include many features of US fort construction 1808-1945 in a geographically compact area. All except Fort Constitution are in public parks, and that fort is also open to the public. The only large battery that is partially buried is Battery Bolden, the 10-inch gun battery at Fort Foster. Most of the other batteries are fenced off, or with interior access otherwise impeded, but are visible and reasonably free of overgrowth. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Constitution">Fort Constitution</a> is on a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> station but is publicly accessible, along with the adjacent lighthouse. Most of the fort is intact as rebuilt in 1808 (except the demolished north front); the incomplete third system walls remain; the Endicott 8-inch batteries are fenced off but visible. <a href="/wiki/Fort_McClary" title="Fort McClary">Fort McClary</a>'s blockhouse is well-preserved and interpreted; remnants of the abortive third system additions can be seen, including large piles of granite blocks, a mostly-complete bastion, and a small <a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">caponier</a> in the seawall. The site of Fort Washington is now a water treatment plant, but some earthworks remain.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiWash-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsWash_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsWash-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stark" title="Fort Stark">Fort Stark</a> has a small museum in an outbuilding, the unusual harbor entrance post, and well-preserved batteries. Fort Dearborn is now <a href="/wiki/Odiorne_Point_State_Park" title="Odiorne Point State Park">Odiorne Point State Park</a>, which includes the Seacoast Science Center; the 16-inch gun battery is a 3/4-mile walk from the parking area. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Foster_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Foster Park">Fort Foster Park</a> has a public beach, a rare World War II mine casemate with air conditioning on top, and two <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">fire control towers</a>. Several additional fire control towers remain on the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_Region_(New_Hampshire)" title="Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)">New Hampshire seacoast</a>. After being used through 1964 as a National Guard camp and rehab center for released inmates of the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Prison" title="Portsmouth Naval Prison">Portsmouth Naval Prison</a>, Camp Langdon is now Great Island Common, a park for the town of New Castle; only the three 3-inch AA gun emplacements remain.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_Rock_Base-End_Station_(N._142)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulpit Rock Base-End Station (N. 142)">Pulpit Rock Base-End Station (N. 142)</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, no. 10000188.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Coat of arms</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blazon <ul><li>Shield: Gyronny of eight azure and gules, a three-bastioned fort voided argent.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow578_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COA1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crest: On a wreath of the colors a ship gules flagged proper in stocks argent, from the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of New Hampshire">seal of the state of New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow578_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COA1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Motto: We are one.<sup id="cite_ref-Berhow578_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berhow578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COA1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Symbolism: The field is taken from one of the two earliest New Hampshire flags known to exist, that of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Hampshire_Regiment" title="2nd New Hampshire Regiment">2nd New Hampshire Regiment</a> of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. (This flag bears in the upper comer next to the staff, eight triangles, alternately red and blue, so arranged as to form two crosses, one upright and the other diagonal.) The field commemorates the capture, on December 14–15, 1774, of <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_and_Mary" title="Fort William and Mary">Fort William and Mary</a> (now Fort Constitution) by the colonial Americans of New Hampshire, said to be the first American victory of the Revolutionary War. The three bastions of the fort are used as a charge, representing the three forts of the harbor defenses, Fort Constitution, New Hampshire, at chief, Fort Foster, Maine, dexter base, Fort Stark, New Hampshire, sinister base. The fact that the three forts are represented as bastions joined together by curtain wallsso as to form a single fort signifies their union in the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth and the close cooperation of the three in the common defense of Portsmouth. The motto, "We are One," taken from the old flag mentioned in connection with the field, also alludes to this union and cooperation. The ship on the stocks, used as a crest, is taken from the seal of the State of New Hampshire, of which seal it is the most prominent feature. Its significance lies in the fact that the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth defend the only port in the state. Its tincture, red, is that of the Coast Artillery Corps, the combatant arm manning the defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-COA1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaines1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, pp. 8, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton455-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton455_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton455_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton455_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton455_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, pp. 455-481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berhow578-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow578_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow578_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow578_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow578_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berhow, p. 578</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COA1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COA1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COA1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COA1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COA1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COA1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coat of Arms, p. 537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CACOrg1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CACOrg1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CACOrg1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACorg2011.pdf"><i>Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview</i> at the Coast Defense Study Group website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinaldi165-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rinaldi165_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinaldi165_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rinaldi, pp. 165-166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berhow430-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow430_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow430_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berhow, p. 430-434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts498-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts498_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts498_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts498_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, pp. 498-499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FortConst1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FortConst1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortConst1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortConst1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortConst1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/nh.html#ports">Fort William and Mary/Constitution at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FortMcClary1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortMcClary1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/me4.html#ports">Fort McClary at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FortStark1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FortStark1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortStark1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortStark1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortStark1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/nh.html#ports">Fort Stark at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhssar.org/essays/FortConstitution.html">Kehr, Thomas F., <i>The Seizure of His Majesty's Fort William and Mary</i> at the New Hampshire Society, Sons of the American Revolution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiWash-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiWash_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Washington_(5)">Fort Washington (New Hampshire) at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAFortsWash-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsWash_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsWash_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/nh.html#straw">Fort Washington (New Hampshire) at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAFortsSull-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsSull_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsSull_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/me4.html#sullivan">Fort Sullivan (Kittery, Maine) at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobWash-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobWash_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, p. 503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, pp. 99–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berhow205-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berhow205_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berhow, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780">Congressional serial set, 1900, <i>Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain</i>, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiStark-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiStark_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Stark">Fort Stark at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiMcClary-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMcClary_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMcClary_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_McClary">Fort McClary at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiConst-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiConst_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiConst_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Constitution_(2)">Fort Constitution at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/Railway%20Artillery.html">US Army Railway Guns in World War I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willi1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willi1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williford, pp. 92-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CACWWIHUN-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CACWWIHUN_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/defeating_the_hun.htm">Coast Artillery Corps Units in France in WWI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiFost-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiFost_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiFost_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Foster_(1)">Fort Foster at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/nh.html#ports">Camp Langdon at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/New_Hampshire/Fort_Dearborn/history.html">History of Fort Dearborn at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACreg1.pdf">Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, <i>Coast Defense Journal</i>, vol. 23, issue 2, p. 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Salisbury_Beach_Military_Reservation">Salisbury Beach at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ma.html#salisbury">Salisbury Beach at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDSGN1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDSGN1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScarpulla2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Scarpulla, Norm (Winter 2020). "Salisbury Beach Fire Control and Battery". <i>Coast Defense Study Group Newsletter</i>. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coast+Defense+Study+Group+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Salisbury+Beach+Fire+Control+and+Battery&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Scarpulla&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/New_Hampshire/Towers/towers.html">Fire control towers of the Portsmouth Harbor Defense Command in World War II at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indicatorloops.com/portsmouth.htm">Indicator loops at Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conn, pp. 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenney1985" class="citation book cs1">McKenney, Janice E. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-5/index.html"><i>Army Lineage Series: Air Defense Artillery, CMH 60-5</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Lineage+Series%3A+Air+Defense+Artillery%2C+CMH+60-5&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=Janice+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F060%2F60-5%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120915/http://www.newcastlenh.org/pages/NewCastleNH_Common/great">"Great Island Common at Town of New Castle, NH"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastlenh.org/pages/NewCastleNH_Common/great">the original</a> on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Island+Common+at+Town+of+New+Castle%2C+NH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastlenh.org%2Fpages%2FNewCastleNH_Common%2Fgreat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livefreeandhikenh.blogspot.com/2012/08/great-island-common-history-camp.html">Brief history of Great Island Common</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=6df8ac52-258d-4c52-ac7b-2d39cff49c9b">National Register of Historic Places asset detail web page</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhow2015" class="citation book cs1">Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). <i>American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide</i> (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9"><bdi>978-0-9748167-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Seacoast+Defenses%2C+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=CDSG+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9748167-3-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/_docs/1928/6/Jun%201928.pdf">Coat of Arms of the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth, <i>Coast Artillery Journal</i>, June 1928, vol. 68 no. 6, p. 537</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203212141/http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/_docs/1928/6/Jun%201928.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnEngelmanFairchild2000" class="citation cs2">Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) [1964], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents"><i>Guarding the United States and its Outposts</i></a>, United States Army in World War II, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents">the original</a> on 2007-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guarding+the+United+States+and+its+Outposts&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Stetson&rft.au=Engelman%2C+Rose+C.&rft.au=Fairchild%2C+Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuard-US%2Findex.htm%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACreg1.pdf">Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, <i>Coast Defense Journal</i>, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 8, 15</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinaldi2004" class="citation book cs1">Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). <i>The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle</i>. General Data LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9720296-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9720296-4-8"><bdi>0-9720296-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.+S.+Army+in+World+War+I%3A+Orders+of+Battle&rft.pub=General+Data+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9720296-4-8&rft.aulast=Rinaldi&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1988" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Robert B. (1988). <i>Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-926880-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-926880-X"><bdi>0-02-926880-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historic+Forts%3A+The+Military%2C+Pioneer%2C+and+Trading+Posts+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-02-926880-X&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1991" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). <i>World War II Order of Battle</i>. Galahad Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88365-775-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88365-775-9"><bdi>0-88365-775-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Order+of+Battle&rft.pub=Galahad+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88365-775-9&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Shelby+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_II2018" class="citation book cs1">Weaver II, John R. (2018). <i>A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed</i>. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1"><bdi>978-1-7323916-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legacy+in+Brick+and+Stone%3A+American+Coastal+Defense+Forts+of+the+Third+System%2C+1816-1867%2C+2nd+Ed.&rft.place=McLean%2C+VA&rft.pub=Redoubt+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7323916-1-1&rft.aulast=Weaver+II&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1979" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). <i>Seacoast Fortifications of the United States</i>. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-11-4"><bdi>978-0-929521-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seacoast+Fortifications+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Leeward+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-929521-11-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Emanuel+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2011" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Arthur P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Py7DBgAAQBAJ"><i>Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815</i></a>. CDSG Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9748167-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillerists+and+Engineers%3A+The+Beginnings+of+American+Seacoast+Fortifications%2C+1794%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=CDSG+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9748167-2-2&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPy7DBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbor+Defenses+of+Portsmouth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Category:Harbor_Defense_of_Portsmouth">Map of Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth at FortWiki.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACinsignia.pdf">Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps at the Coast Defense Study Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/fort-and-battery-list/">List of all US coastal forts and batteries</a> at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/">American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Wiki">FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&params=43_04_17_N_70_42_37_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°04′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°42′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.07139°N 70.71028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.07139; -70.71028</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&oldid=1233971686">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbor_Defenses_of_Portsmouth&oldid=1233971686</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_Maine" title="Category:Military in Maine">Military in Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_in_New_Hampshire" title="Category:Military units and formations in New Hampshire">Military units and formations in New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Maine" title="Category:Forts in Maine">Forts in Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_New_Hampshire" title="Category:Forts in New Hampshire">Forts in New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="Category:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">United States Army Coast Artillery Corps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Category:Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kittery,_Maine" title="Category:Kittery, Maine">Kittery, Maine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 July 2024, at 22:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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