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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capturing_multiple_images_(exposure_bracketing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capturing_multiple_images_(exposure_bracketing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Capturing multiple images (exposure bracketing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capturing_multiple_images_(exposure_bracketing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merging_the_images_into_an_HDR_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merging_the_images_into_an_HDR_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Merging the images into an HDR image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merging_the_images_into_an_HDR_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Storing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tone mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_HDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_HDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Types of HDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_HDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Devices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Devices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-capture_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-capture_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-capture software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-capture_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Videography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Surveillance cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mid-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mid-19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mid-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-exposure HDR capture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="التصوير بالمدى الديناميكي العالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التصوير بالمدى الديناميكي العالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDRI" title="HDRI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HDRI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR" title="HDR – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="HDR" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging" title="High Dynamic Range Imaging – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="High Dynamic Range Imaging" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging" title="High dynamic range imaging – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="High dynamic range imaging" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Image" title="High Dynamic Range Image – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="High Dynamic Range Image" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clisuure_ulatusega_pildistamine" title="Ülisuure ulatusega pildistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülisuure ulatusega pildistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A1genes_de_alto_rango_din%C3%A1mico" title="Imágenes de alto rango dinámico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imágenes de alto rango dinámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تصویربرداری دامنه دینامیک بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویربرداری دامنه دینامیک بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagerie_%C3%A0_grande_gamme_dynamique" title="Imagerie à grande gamme dynamique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imagerie à grande gamme dynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%B4%EB%AF%B9%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%95" title="하이다이내믹레인지 이미징 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이다이내믹레인지 이미징" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_HDR" title="Fotografi HDR – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotografi HDR" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging" title="High dynamic range imaging – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="High dynamic range imaging" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging" title="High Dynamic Range Imaging – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="High Dynamic Range Imaging" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_dinamikatartom%C3%A1ny%C3%BA_k%C3%A9p" title="Nagy dinamikatartományú kép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy dinamikatartományú kép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="High dynamic range" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="ハイダイナミックレンジイメージ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイダイナミックレンジイメージ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utvidet_dynamisk_omfang" title="Utvidet dynamisk omfang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utvidet dynamisk omfang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging" title="High dynamic range imaging – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="High dynamic range imaging" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="High dynamic range" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDRI" title="HDRI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="HDRI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging" title="High Dynamic Range Imaging – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="High Dynamic Range Imaging" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging" title="High dynamic range imaging – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="High dynamic range imaging" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range" title="High Dynamic Range – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="High Dynamic Range" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A0" title="ХДР – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ХДР" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR" title="HDR – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HDR" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range" title="High Dynamic Range – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="High Dynamic Range" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ภาพช่วงพลวัตสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพช่วงพลวัตสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR" title="HDR – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HDR" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging" title="High Dynamic Range Imaging – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="High Dynamic Range Imaging" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="高动态范围成像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高动态范围成像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Most of the material and sourcing in this dates to around the 2008–2012 period..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_(8226826999).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg/260px-St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg/390px-St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg/520px-St_Kentigerns_Church_HDR_%288226826999%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, Lancashire, England</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videography</a>, <b>multi-exposure HDR capture</b> is a technique that creates <a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range">high dynamic range</a> (HDR) images (or extended <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposures</a>. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on <a href="/wiki/Computational_imaging" title="Computational imaging">computational imaging</a> techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures. </p><p>A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity function">luminosity</a> inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>. In photography, dynamic range is measured in <a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">exposure value</a> (EV) differences, also known as <i>stops</i>. </p><p>The human eye's response to light is non-linear: halving the light level does not halve the perceived brightness of a space, it makes it look only slightly dimmer. For most illumination levels, the response is <a href="/wiki/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner_law#Vision" title="Weber–Fechner law">approximately logarithmic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human eyes <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">adapt fairly rapidly to changes in light</a> levels. HDR can thus produce images that look more like what a human sees when looking at the subject. </p><p>This technique can be applied to produce images that preserve local contrast for a natural rendering, or exaggerate local contrast for artistic effect. HDR is useful for recording many real-world scenes containing a wider range of brightness than can be captured directly, typically both bright, direct sunlight and deep shadows.<sup id="cite_ref-mann1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mann1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the limitations of printing and <a href="/wiki/Display_contrast" title="Display contrast">display contrast</a>, the extended dynamic range of HDR images must be compressed to the range that can be displayed. The method of rendering a high dynamic range image to a standard monitor or printing device is called <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapping</a>; it reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to permit display on devices or prints with lower dynamic range. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One aim of HDR is to present a similar range of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> to that experienced through the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. The human eye, through non-linear response, <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">adaptation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>, and other methods, adjusts constantly to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions. </p> <table class="wikitable unsortable floatright"> <caption>Dynamic ranges of common devices </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Device </th> <th>Stops </th> <th>Contrast ratio </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DDF;"> <td colspan="4">Single exposure </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human eye: close objects </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7.5 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>150...200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human eye: 4° angular separation </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8000...10000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human eye (static) </td> <td>10...14 <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1000...15000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative film (<a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_stocks#VISION3_color_negative_(ECN-2_process_2007–present)" title="List of motion picture film stocks">Kodak VISION3</a>) </td> <td>13 <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/1.7" camera (<a href="/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix" title="Nikon Coolpix">Nikon Coolpix</a> P340) </td> <td>11.9 <sup id="cite_ref-DXOMark_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DXOMark-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1" camera (<a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_G7_X" title="Canon PowerShot G7 X">Canon PowerShot G7 X</a>) </td> <td>12.7 <sup id="cite_ref-DXOMark_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DXOMark-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Four-thirds DSLR camera (<a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DC-GH5" title="Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5">Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5</a>) </td> <td>13.0 <sup id="cite_ref-DXOMark_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DXOMark-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>APS DSLR camera (<a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7200" title="Nikon D7200">Nikon D7200</a>) </td> <td>14.6 <sup id="cite_ref-DXOMark_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DXOMark-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>24800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full-frame DSLR camera (<a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810" title="Nikon D810">Nikon D810</a>) </td> <td>14.8 <sup id="cite_ref-DXOMark_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DXOMark-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28500 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Most cameras are limited to a much narrower range of exposure values within a single image, due to the dynamic range of the capturing medium. With a limited dynamic range, tonal differences can be captured only within a certain range of brightness. Outside of this range, no details can be distinguished: when the tone being captured exceeds the range in bright areas, these tones appear as pure white, and when the tone being captured does not meet the minimum threshold, these tones appear as pure black. Images captured with non-HDR cameras that have a limited exposure range (low dynamic range, LDR), may lose detail in highlights or <a href="/wiki/Shadow#Photography" title="Shadow">shadows</a>. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> have improved dynamic range and can often capture a wider range of tones in a single exposure<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing the need to perform multi-exposure HDR. Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. Original film (especially negatives versus transparencies or slides) feature a very high dynamic range (in the order of 8 for negatives and 4 to 4.5 for positive transparencies). </p><p>Multi-exposure HDR is used in photography and also in extreme dynamic range applications such as welding or automotive work. In security cameras the term "wide dynamic range" is used instead of HDR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations"><span class="anchor" id="Ghosting"></span>Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg/400px-Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg/600px-Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg/800px-Hdr_capture_golf_swing_ghost_effect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>This composited multi-exposure HDR capture shows the correct exposure for both the shaded grass and the bright sky, but the fast-moving golf swing led to a "ghost" club.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg/220px-HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg/330px-HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg/440px-HDR_ghosting_from_motion_-_playground_-_HDR_on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>HDR ghosting from spinning carousel</figcaption></figure> <p>A fast-moving subject, or camera movement between the multiple exposures, will generate a "ghost" effect or a staggered-blur strobe effect due to the merged images not being identical. Unless the subject is static and the camera mounted on a tripod there may be a tradeoff between extended dynamic range and sharpness. Sudden changes in the lighting conditions (strobed LED light) can also interfere with the desired results, by producing one or more HDR layers that do have the luminosity expected by an automated HDR system, though one might still be able to produce a reasonable HDR image manually in software by rearranging the image layers to merge in order of their actual luminosity. </p><p>Because of the nonlinearity of some sensors image artifacts can be common. </p><p>Camera characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma curves</a>, sensor resolution, noise, <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometric</a> calibration and <a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">color calibration</a> affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-dynamic-range photographs are generally composites of multiple standard dynamic range images, often captured using <a href="/wiki/Bracketing#Exposure_bracketing" title="Bracketing">exposure bracketing</a>. Afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a> software <a href="/wiki/Exposure_fusion" title="Exposure fusion">merges the input files</a> into a single HDR image, which is then also <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapped</a> in accordance with the limitations of the planned output or display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capturing_multiple_images_(exposure_bracketing)"><span id="Capturing_multiple_images_.28exposure_bracketing.29"></span>Capturing multiple images (exposure bracketing)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capturing multiple images (exposure bracketing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg/220px-Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg/330px-Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg/440px-Einfluss_der_Zeit_auf_die_Belichtung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Exposure bracketing by varying the <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> to 30 seconds</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bracketing#Exposure_bracketing" title="Bracketing">Bracketing § Exposure bracketing</a></div> <p>Any camera that allows manual exposure control can perform multi-exposure HDR image capture, although one equipped with <a href="/wiki/Autobracketing" title="Autobracketing">automatic exposure bracketing (AEB)</a> facilitates the process. Some cameras have an AEB feature that spans a far greater dynamic range than others, from ±0.6 in simpler cameras to ±18 EV in top professional cameras, as of 2020.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exposure value (EV) refers to the amount of light applied to the light-sensitive detector, whether film or digital sensor such as a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a>. An increase or decrease of one stop is defined as a doubling or halving of the amount of light captured. Revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires an increased EV, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low EVs. </p><p>EV is controlled using one of two photographic controls: varying either the size of the <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> or the exposure time. A set of images with multiple EVs intended for HDR processing should be captured only by altering the exposure time; altering the aperture size also would affect the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image. </p><p>Multi-exposure HDR photography generally is limited to still scenes because any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterward. Also, because the photographer must capture three or more images to obtain the desired <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> range, taking such a full set of images takes extra time. Photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is advised to minimize framing differences between exposures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merging_the_images_into_an_HDR_image">Merging the images into an HDR image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merging the images into an HDR image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg/220px-Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg/330px-Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg/440px-Dynamic_Range_Increase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Highlight areas from the window (upper right) are extracted from an underexposed image (upper left) and composited with a scene-averaged exposure (bottom left) to produce a HDR image (bottom right).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exposure_fusion" title="Exposure fusion">Exposure fusion</a></div> <p>Tonal information and details from shadow areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately overexposed (i.e., with positive EV compared to the correct scene exposure), while similar tonal information from highlight areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately underexposed (negative EV). The process of selecting and extracting shadow and highlight information from these over/underexposed images and then combining them with image(s) that are exposed correctly for the overall scene is known as <a href="/wiki/Exposure_fusion" title="Exposure fusion">exposure fusion</a>. Exposure fusion can be performed manually, relying on the HDR operator's judgment, experience, and training, but usually, fusion is performed automatically by software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storing">Storing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range#Storage" title="High dynamic range">High dynamic range § Storage</a></div> <p>Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">radiance</a> that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional <a href="/wiki/Digital_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital images">digital images</a>, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called <i>scene-referred</i>, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are <i>device-referred</i> or <i>output-referred</i>. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called <i>gamma encoding</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a></i>. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed using mathematical functions such as <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power laws</a> <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> linear values, since <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">fixed-point</a> linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-gregward_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HDR images often do not use fixed ranges per color <a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">channel</a>, other than traditional images, to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range (multiple channels). For that purpose, they do not use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0–255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common values are 16-bit (<a href="/wiki/Half_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Half precision">half precision</a>) or 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating-point</a> numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a> is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a> that has as few as 10 to 12 bits (1024 to 4096 values) for luminance and 8 bits (256 values) for <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> without introducing any visible quantization <a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gregward_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_mapping">Tone mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tone mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">Tone mapping</a></div> <p>Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDR files by the same software package. </p><p>Tone mapping is often needed because the dynamic range that can be displayed is often lower than the dynamic range of the captured or processed image.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR displays</a> can receive a higher dynamic range signal than <a href="/wiki/Standard-dynamic-range_video" title="Standard-dynamic-range video">SDR displays</a>, reducing the need for tone mapping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_HDR">Types of HDR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of HDR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDR can be done via several methods: </p> <ul><li>DOL: Digital overlap<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BME: Binned multiplexed exposure<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SME: Spatially multiplexed exposure<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>QBC: Quad Bayer Coding<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an example of four standard dynamic range images that are combined to produce three resulting <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapped</a> images: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Exposed images:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="–4 stops"><img alt="–4 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG/160px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG/240px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG/320px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-4.72.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–4 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="–2 stops"><img alt="–2 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG/160px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG/240px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG/320px-StLouisArchMultExpEV-1.82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–2 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="+2 stops"><img alt="+2 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG/160px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG/240px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG/320px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B1.51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+2 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="+4 stops"><img alt="+4 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG/160px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG/240px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG/320px-StLouisArchMultExpEV%2B4.09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+4 stops</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Results after processing:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple contrast reduction"><img alt="Simple contrast reduction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg/160px-StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg/240px-StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg/320px-StLouisArchMultExpCDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple contrast reduction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Local tone mapping"><img alt="Local tone mapping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg/160px-StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg/240px-StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg/320px-StLouisArchMultExpToneMapped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Local tone mapping</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural tone mapping"><img alt="Natural tone mapping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg/160px-StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg/239px-StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg/319px-StLouisArchMultExpEV_SNS-HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="2111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Natural tone mapping</div> </li> </ul> <p>This is an example of a scene with a very wide dynamic range: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Exposed images:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–6 stops"><img alt="–6 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–6 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–5 stops"><img alt="–5 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–5 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–4 stops"><img alt="–4 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–4 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–3 stops"><img alt="–3 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–3 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–2 stops"><img alt="–2 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–2 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="–1 stops"><img alt="–1 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">–1 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="00 stops"><img alt="00 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="+1 stops"><img alt="+1 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+1 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="+2 stops"><img alt="+2 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+2 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="+3 stops"><img alt="+3 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+3 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="+4 stops"><img alt="+4 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+4 stops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="+5 stops"><img alt="+5 stops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window_-_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">+5 stops</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Results after processing:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural tone mapping"><img alt="Natural tone mapping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg/160px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg/240px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg/320px-HDRI_Sample_Scene_Window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Natural tone mapping</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devices">Devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-capture_software">Post-capture software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-capture software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac, and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable titles include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Photo" title="Affinity Photo">Affinity Photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_HDR" title="Aurora HDR">Aurora HDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Photo_HDR" title="Dynamic Photo HDR">Dynamic Photo HDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyHDR" title="EasyHDR">EasyHDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDR_PhotoStudio" title="HDR PhotoStudio">HDR PhotoStudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance_HDR" title="Luminance HDR">Luminance HDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nik_Collection" title="Nik Collection">Nik Collection</a> HDR Efex Pro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oloneo_PhotoEngine" title="Oloneo PhotoEngine">Oloneo PhotoEngine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photomatix_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photomatix Pro (page does not exist)">Photomatix Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTGui" title="PTGui">PTGui</a></li> <li>SNS-HDR</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computational_photography" title="Computational photography">Computational photography</a></div> <p>Several camera manufacturers offer built-in multi-exposure HDR features. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-7" title="Pentax K-7">Pentax K-7</a> DSLR has an HDR mode that makes 3 or 5 exposures and outputs (only) a tone mapped HDR image in a JPEG file.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_G12" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon PowerShot G12">Canon PowerShot G12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S95" title="Canon PowerShot S95">Canon PowerShot S95</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S100" title="Canon PowerShot S100">Canon PowerShot S100</a> offer similar features in a smaller format.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the emphasis being on creating a realistic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> provide HDR modes for their cameras, and most <a href="/wiki/Mobile_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile platform">mobile platforms</a> have apps that provide multi-exposure HDR picture taking.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google released a HDR+ mode for the <a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">Nexus 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">Nexus 6</a> smartphones in 2014, which automatically captures a series of images and combines them into a single still image, as detailed by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Levoy" title="Marc Levoy">Marc Levoy</a>. Unlike traditional HDR, Levoy's implementation of HDR+ uses multiple images underexposed by using a short shutter speed, which are then aligned and averaged by pixel, improving dynamic range and reducing noise. By selecting the sharpest image as the baseline for alignment, the effect of camera shake is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the sensors on modern phones and cameras may combine two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videography">Videography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Videography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the capture of video inside an <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR format</a> in order to view them on an <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR display</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/220px--Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv/Hdr_time_lapse_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Example of HDR <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a> video</figcaption></figure> <p>Although not as established as for still photography capture, it is also possible to capture and combine multiple images for each frame of a video in order to increase the dynamic range captured by the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be done via multiple methods: </p> <ul><li>Creating a <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a> of individually images created via the multi-exposure HDR technique.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taking consecutively two differently exposed images by cutting the frame rate in half.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taking simultaneously two differently exposed images by cutting the resolution in half.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taking simultaneously two differently exposed images with full resolution and frame rate via a sensor with dual gain architecture. For example: <a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">Arri Alexa</a>'s sensor,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> sensors with Smart-ISO Pro.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> announced <a href="/wiki/Snapdragon_888" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapdragon 888">Snapdragon 888</a>, a mobile <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a> able to do computational multi-exposure HDR video capture in 4K and also to record it in a format compatible with <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR displays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_Mi_11_Ultra" title="Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra">Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra</a> smartphone is able to do computational multi-exposure HDR for video capture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_cameras">Surveillance cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surveillance cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDR capture can be implemented on surveillance cameras, even inexpensive models. This is usually termed a <b>wide dynamic range</b> (WDR) function<sup id="cite_ref-axis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include CarCam Tiny, Prestige DVR-390, and DVR-478.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-19th_century">Mid-19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mid-19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Gustave_Le_Gray_-_Brig_upon_the_Water_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption>An 1856 photo by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Gray" title="Gustave Le Gray">Gustave Le Gray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> was pioneered as early as the 1850s by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Gray" title="Gustave Le Gray">Gustave Le Gray</a> to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_century">Mid-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315033441/http://www.cybergrain.com/tech/hdr/images1/eugene_smith.jpg">Schweitzer at the Lamp</a>, by <a href="/wiki/W._Eugene_Smith" title="W. Eugene Smith">W. Eugene Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-durand_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durand-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Manual tone mapping was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Dodging_and_burning" title="Dodging and burning">dodging and burning</a> – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph <i>Schweitzer at the Lamp</i> by <a href="/wiki/W._Eugene_Smith" title="W. Eugene Smith">W. Eugene Smith</a>, from his 1954 <a href="/wiki/Photo_essay" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo essay">photo essay</a> <i>A Man of Mercy</i> on <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took five days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-durand_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durand-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called <i>The Print</i>, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his <a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif/lossy-page1-530px-Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="530" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif/lossy-page1-795px-Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif/lossy-page1-1060px-Wyckoff_HDR_Curve.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Exposure/density characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyckoff" title="Charles Wyckoff">Wyckoff's</a> extended exposure response film. One can note that each curve has a <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">sigmoidal shape</a> and follows a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_tangent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic tangent">hyperbolic tangent</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">logistic function</a> characterized by an induction period (initiation), a quasi-linear propagation, and a saturation plateau (<a href="/wiki/Asymptote" title="Asymptote">asymptote</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyckoff" title="Charles Wyckoff">Charles Wyckoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/EG%26G" title="EG&G">EG&G</a> "in the course of a contract with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This XR film had three <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">emulsion</a> layers, an upper layer having an <a href="/wiki/Film_speed#ASA" title="Film speed">ASA</a> speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Color_photography#"Modern"_color_film" title="Color photography">color films</a>, and each layer produced a different color.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:10<sup>8</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for astronomical photography,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for spectrographic research,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for medical imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine in the mid-1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. </p><p>The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras in 1988 by a group from the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> in Israel, led by Oliver Hilsenrath and Yehoshua Y. Zeevi. Technion researchers filed for a patent on this concept in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several related patents in 1992 and 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Technion_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technion-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured successively by a sensor<sup id="cite_ref-espacenet1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espacenet1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simultaneously<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Bracketing" title="Bracketing">bracketing</a> used for a video stream. </p><p>In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols. </p><p>Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera:<sup id="cite_ref-espacenet1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espacenet1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)">signal-to-noise ratio</a>. </p><p>In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.<sup id="cite_ref-Technion_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technion-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapping</a> the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-mann1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Picard" title="Rosalind Picard">Rosalind Picard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mann1995_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (high dynamic range + graphic) image of <a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a> on the launch pad at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>. It consisted of four film images of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">space shuttle</a> at night that were <a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digitally composited</a> with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at <a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a> Great Hall, Washington DC, in 1999 and then published in <i>Hasselblad Forum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MannPatent_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannPatent-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: First, generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods). Second, convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a <i>lightspace image</i>, <i>lightspace picture</i>, or <i>radiance map</i>. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-MannPatent_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannPatent-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few companies such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema" title="Red Digital Cinema">RED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a> have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The <a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">Arri Alexa</a> camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a> videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitter</a> and consumer grade HD video cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> introduced several new features in <a href="/wiki/Photoshop_CS2" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop CS2">Photoshop CS2</a> including <i>Merge to HDR</i>, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 30, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison of graphics file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)">HDRi (data format)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">High-dynamic-range rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High-dynamic-range television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">OpenEXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format">RGBE image format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_dynamic_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide dynamic range">Wide dynamic range</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bhatia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhatia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFV._B._Bhatia2001" class="citation book cs1">V. B. Bhatia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4XRQpKV9kgC&pg=PA20"><i>Astronomy and astrophysics with elements of cosmology</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1013-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-1013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+and+astrophysics+with+elements+of+cosmology&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1013-3&rft.au=V.+B.+Bhatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4XRQpKV9kgC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-exposure+HDR+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJianhong_(Jackie)_ShenYoon-Mo_Jung2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jianhong (Jackie) Shen; Yoon-Mo Jung (2006). "Weberized Mumford-Shah model with Bose-Einstein photon noise". <i>Appl. Math. Optim</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 331–358. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.129.1834">10.1.1.129.1834</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00245-005-0850-1">10.1007/s00245-005-0850-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18794171">18794171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Math.+Optim.&rft.atitle=Weberized+Mumford-Shah+model+with+Bose-Einstein+photon+noise&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-358&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.129.1834%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18794171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00245-005-0850-1&rft.au=Jianhong+%28Jackie%29+Shen&rft.au=Yoon-Mo+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-exposure+HDR+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1993" class="citation conference cs1">Mann, Steve (May 9–14, 1993). <i>Compositing Multiple Pictures of the Same Scene</i>. 46th Annual Conference. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Society for Imaging Science and Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892081716" title="Special:BookSources/0892081716"><bdi>0892081716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Compositing+Multiple+Pictures+of+the+Same+Scene&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Society+for+Imaging+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1993-05-09%2F1993-05-14&rft.isbn=0892081716&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-exposure+HDR+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann1995_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann1995_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannPicard" class="citation web cs1">Mann, S.; Picard, R. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/is_t95_myversion.pdf">"On Being 'Undigital' with Digital Cameras: Extending Dynamic Range by Combining Differently Exposed Pictures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Being+%27Undigital%27+with+Digital+Cameras%3A+Extending+Dynamic+Range+by+Combining+Differently+Exposed+Pictures&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Picard%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearcam.org%2Fis_t95_myversion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-exposure+HDR+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardWardPattanaikDebevec2005" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, Erik; Ward, Greg; Pattanaik, Sumanta; Debevec, Paul (2005). <i>High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-based Lighting</i>. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> / Morgan Kaufmann. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-585263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-585263-0"><bdi>978-0-12-585263-0</bdi></a>. <q>Images that store a depiction of the scene in a range of intensities commensurate with the scene are what we call HDR, or 'radiance maps'. On the other hand, we call images suitable for display with current display technology LDR.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Dynamic+Range+Imaging%3A+Acquisition%2C+Display%2C+and+Image-based+Lighting&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Elsevier+%2F+Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-585263-0&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Ward%2C+Greg&rft.au=Pattanaik%2C+Sumanta&rft.au=Debevec%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-exposure+HDR+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanterleArtusiDebattistaChalmers2011" class="citation book cs1">Banterle, Francesco; Artusi, Alessandro; Debattista, Kurt; Chalmers, Alan (2011). <i>Advanced High Dynamic Range Imaging: Theory and Practice</i>. 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ISSN 0282-5449</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-exposure_HDR_capture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of 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title="Template talk:Display technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Display_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Display technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Display_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Display_device#video_display" title="Display device">Video displays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Past<br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_display" title="Electroluminescent display">Electroluminescent display</a> (ELD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">Rear-projection display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display panel</a> (PDP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_lighting_of_surfaces" title="Alternate lighting of surfaces">ALiS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current <br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a> (QLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED_display" title="LED display">Light-emitting diode display</a> (LED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode</a> (AMOLED)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPS_panel" title="IPS panel">IPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_phase_mode_LCD" title="Blue phase mode LCD">Blue Phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">Digital Light Processing</a> (DLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">Liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next <br />generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display#Self-emissive_quantum_dot_diodes" title="Quantum dot display">Electroluminescent Quantum Dots</a> (ELQD/QD-LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic light-emitting transistor</a> (OLET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">Surface-conduction electron-emitter display</a> (SED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">Field-emission display</a> (FED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> display <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">IMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">Ferroelectric liquid crystal display</a> (FLCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology</a> (TDEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">Laser-powered phosphor display</a> (LPD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">Flip-dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-flap_display" title="Split-flap display">Split-flap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_display#Eggcrate_displays" title="Text display">Eggcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_display" title="Fiber-optic display">Fiber-optic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a> (VFD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">Light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">Lightguide display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">Dot-matrix display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">Seven-segment display</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-segment_display" title="Eight-segment display">Eight-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-segment_display" title="Nine-segment display">Nine-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">Fourteen-segment display</a> (FSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a> (SISD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Hologram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_display" title="Fog display">Fog display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">Laser beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display capabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">CEA-861</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayID" title="DisplayID">DisplayID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always-on_display" title="Always-on display">Always-on display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_display" title="See-through display">See-through display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">Scan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology" title="Large-screen television technology">Large-screen television technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High Dynamic Range</a> (HDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Light_Output" title="Color Light Output">Color Light Output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_plasma,_and_OLED_displays" title="Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays">Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a 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