CINXE.COM
Mathematics FAQs | Physics Forums Insights
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US" class="html_stretched responsive av-preloader-disabled html_header_top html_logo_left html_main_nav_header html_menu_right html_custom html_header_sticky html_header_shrinking_disabled html_mobile_menu_phone html_header_searchicon html_content_align_center html_header_unstick_top_disabled html_header_stretch_disabled html_av-submenu-hidden html_av-submenu-display-click html_av-overlay-side html_av-overlay-side-classic html_av-submenu-noclone html_entry_id_44769 av-cookies-no-cookie-consent av-no-preview av-default-lightbox html_text_menu_active av-mobile-menu-switch-default"><head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta charset="UTF-8" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2209856-4"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-2209856-4');</script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/js/2592eef92248026c6738059400d0d827.js?ver=0d827" defer type="text/javascript"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Mathematics FAQs | Physics Forums Insights</title><meta name="description" content="Here contains the collection of Insight math FAQs. These are commonly asked questions and misconceptions that inside are corrected and answered. Disciplines from algebra to advanced calculus with the student in mind. " /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:title" content="Mathematics FAQs | Physics Forums Insights" /><meta property="og:description" content="Here contains the collection of Insight math FAQs. These are commonly asked questions and misconceptions that inside are corrected and answered. Disciplines from algebra to advanced calculus with the student in mind. " /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics Forums Insights" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/physics-forums-logo-og.webp" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/webp" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@physicsforums" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/","url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/","name":"Mathematics FAQs | Physics Forums Insights","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png","description":"Here contains the collection of Insight math FAQs. These are commonly asked questions and misconceptions that inside are corrected and answered. Disciplines from algebra to advanced calculus with the student in mind. ","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png","contentUrl":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png","width":240,"height":135,"caption":"infinity"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"FAQs","item":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Mathematics FAQs"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#website","url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/","name":"Physics Forums Insights","description":"Science and Math Articles, Tutorials and Guides","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#organization"},"alternateName":"PF Insights","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#organization","name":"Physics Forums","url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/facebook_image-1.png","contentUrl":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/facebook_image-1.png","width":205,"height":200,"caption":"Physics Forums"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/physicsforums","https://x.com/physicsforums","https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-forums","https://www.pinterest.com/physicsforums"]}]}</script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Physics Forums Insights » Feed" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpp-js" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/js/wpp.js?ver=7.2.0" data-sampling="0" data-sampling-rate="100" data-api-url="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-json/wordpress-popular-posts" data-post-id="0" data-token="ed1191d79b" data-lang="0" data-debug="1"></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Physics Forums Insights » Mathematics FAQs Category Feed" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/feed/" /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='xpress_wp_admin_style-css' href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/css/59568f3369115d72ade0de8186a4674e.css?ver=4674e' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/css/ad10b27e06583ae315af8368433fa1f7.css?ver=b9180' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--metallic-red: #b02b2c;--wp--preset--color--maximum-yellow-red: #edae44;--wp--preset--color--yellow-sun: #eeee22;--wp--preset--color--palm-leaf: #83a846;--wp--preset--color--aero: #7bb0e7;--wp--preset--color--old-lavender: #745f7e;--wp--preset--color--steel-teal: #5f8789;--wp--preset--color--raspberry-pink: #d65799;--wp--preset--color--medium-turquoise: #4ecac2;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 1rem;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 1.125rem;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 1.75rem;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.25rem);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 800px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1130px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-metallic-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--metallic-red) !important;}.has-maximum-yellow-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--maximum-yellow-red) !important;}.has-yellow-sun-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow-sun) !important;}.has-palm-leaf-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palm-leaf) !important;}.has-aero-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--aero) !important;}.has-old-lavender-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--old-lavender) !important;}.has-steel-teal-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--steel-teal) !important;}.has-raspberry-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--raspberry-pink) !important;}.has-medium-turquoise-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-turquoise) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-metallic-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--metallic-red) !important;}.has-maximum-yellow-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--maximum-yellow-red) !important;}.has-yellow-sun-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow-sun) !important;}.has-palm-leaf-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palm-leaf) !important;}.has-aero-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--aero) !important;}.has-old-lavender-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--old-lavender) !important;}.has-steel-teal-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--steel-teal) !important;}.has-raspberry-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--raspberry-pink) !important;}.has-medium-turquoise-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-turquoise) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-metallic-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--metallic-red) !important;}.has-maximum-yellow-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--maximum-yellow-red) !important;}.has-yellow-sun-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow-sun) !important;}.has-palm-leaf-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palm-leaf) !important;}.has-aero-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--aero) !important;}.has-old-lavender-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--old-lavender) !important;}.has-steel-teal-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--steel-teal) !important;}.has-raspberry-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--raspberry-pink) !important;}.has-medium-turquoise-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-turquoise) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ez-toc-css' href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/css/008d509d4fec340652d0312244582360.css?ver=d7f24' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='ez-toc-inline-css' type='text/css'>div#ez-toc-container .ez-toc-title {font-size: 120%;}div#ez-toc-container .ez-toc-title {font-weight: 500;}div#ez-toc-container ul li {font-size: 95%;}div#ez-toc-container ul li {font-weight: 500;}div#ez-toc-container nav ul ul li {font-size: 90%;}div#ez-toc-container {background: #fff;border: 1px solid #ddd;}div#ez-toc-container p.ez-toc-title , #ez-toc-container .ez_toc_custom_title_icon , #ez-toc-container .ez_toc_custom_toc_icon {color: #4c4c4c;}div#ez-toc-container ul.ez-toc-list a {color: #066fac;}div#ez-toc-container ul.ez-toc-list a:hover {color: #235887;}div#ez-toc-container ul.ez-toc-list a:visited {color: #4594d1;} .ez-toc-container-direction {direction: ltr;}.ez-toc-counter ul{counter-reset: item ;}.ez-toc-counter nav ul li a::before {content: counters(item, '.', decimal) '. ';display: inline-block;counter-increment: item;flex-grow: 0;flex-shrink: 0;margin-right: .2em; float: left; }.ez-toc-widget-direction {direction: ltr;}.ez-toc-widget-container ul{counter-reset: item ;}.ez-toc-widget-container nav ul li a::before {content: counters(item, '.', decimal) '. ';display: inline-block;counter-increment: item;flex-grow: 0;flex-shrink: 0;margin-right: .2em; float: left; }</style><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wordpress-popular-posts-css-css' href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/css/f37de7c74c7905b881abee3714c59450.css?ver=b2ec6' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='avia-merged-styles-css' href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/css/820f1a9cc2793db8f9fe7fdd0a2a765a.css?ver=a765a' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/js/b1c84e2e0f329a7697c4102475f95b4a.js?ver=95b4a" id="avia-head-scripts-js"></script> <style id="wpp-loading-animation-styles">@-webkit-keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}@keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}.wpp-widget-block-placeholder,.wpp-shortcode-placeholder{margin:0 auto;width:60px;height:3px;background:#dd3737;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#dd3737 0%,#571313 10%,#dd3737 100%);background-size:200% auto;border-radius:3px;-webkit-animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear;animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear}</style><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Physics Forums Insights RSS2 Feed" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/feed/" /><link rel="pingback" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/xmlrpc.php" /><style type='text/css' media='screen'>#top #header_main > .container, #top #header_main > .container .main_menu .av-main-nav > li > a, #top #header_main #menu-item-shop .cart_dropdown_link{ height:70px; line-height: 70px; } .html_top_nav_header .av-logo-container{ height:70px; } .html_header_top.html_header_sticky #top #wrap_all #main{ padding-top:70px; }</style><!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/js/html5shiv.js"></script><![endif]--><link rel="icon" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"><style type="text/css">.saboxplugin-wrap{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-ms-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #eee;width:100%;clear:both;display:block;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:break-word;position:relative}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar{float:left;padding:0 20px 20px 20px}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img{max-width:100px;height:auto;border-radius:0;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname{font-size:18px;line-height:1;margin:20px 0 0 20px;display:block}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname a{text-decoration:none}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname a:focus{outline:0}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc{display:block;margin:5px 20px}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc a{text-decoration:underline}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc p{margin:5px 0 12px}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-web{margin:0 20px 15px;text-align:left}.saboxplugin-wrap .sab-web-position{text-align:right}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-web a{color:#ccc;text-decoration:none}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials{position:relative;display:block;background:#fcfcfc;padding:5px;border-top:1px solid #eee}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials a svg{width:20px;height:20px}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials a svg .st2{fill:#fff; transform-origin:center center;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials a svg .st1{fill:rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials a:hover{opacity:.8;-webkit-transition:opacity .4s;-moz-transition:opacity .4s;-o-transition:opacity .4s;transition:opacity .4s;box-shadow:none!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials .saboxplugin-icon-color{box-shadow:none;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .4s;-moz-transition:opacity .4s;-o-transition:opacity .4s;transition:opacity .4s;display:inline-block;color:#fff;font-size:0;text-decoration:inherit;margin:5px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;-ms-border-radius:0;-o-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;overflow:hidden}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials .saboxplugin-icon-grey{text-decoration:inherit;box-shadow:none;position:relative;display:-moz-inline-stack;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;zoom:1;margin:10px 5px;color:#444;fill:#444}.clearfix:after,.clearfix:before{content:' ';display:table;line-height:0;clear:both}.ie7 .clearfix{zoom:1}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-twitch{border-color:#38245c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-addthis{border-color:#e91c00}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-behance{border-color:#003eb0}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-delicious{border-color:#06c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-deviantart{border-color:#036824}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-digg{border-color:#00327c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-dribbble{border-color:#ba1655}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-facebook{border-color:#1e2e4f}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-flickr{border-color:#003576}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-github{border-color:#264874}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-google{border-color:#0b51c5}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-googleplus{border-color:#96271a}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-html5{border-color:#902e13}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-instagram{border-color:#1630aa}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-linkedin{border-color:#00344f}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-pinterest{border-color:#5b040e}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-reddit{border-color:#992900}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-rss{border-color:#a43b0a}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-sharethis{border-color:#5d8420}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-skype{border-color:#00658a}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-soundcloud{border-color:#995200}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-spotify{border-color:#0f612c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-stackoverflow{border-color:#a95009}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-steam{border-color:#006388}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-user_email{border-color:#b84e05}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-stumbleUpon{border-color:#9b280e}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-tumblr{border-color:#10151b}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-twitter{border-color:#0967a0}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-vimeo{border-color:#0d7091}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-windows{border-color:#003f71}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-whatsapp{border-color:#003f71}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-wordpress{border-color:#0f3647}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-yahoo{border-color:#14002d}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-youtube{border-color:#900}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-xing{border-color:#000202}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-mixcloud{border-color:#2475a0}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-vk{border-color:#243549}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-medium{border-color:#00452c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-quora{border-color:#420e00}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-meetup{border-color:#9b181c}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-goodreads{border-color:#000}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-snapchat{border-color:#999700}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-500px{border-color:#00557f}.saboxplugin-socials.sabox-colored .saboxplugin-icon-color .sab-mastodont{border-color:#185886}.sabox-plus-item{margin-bottom:20px}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.saboxplugin-wrap{text-align:center}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar{float:none;padding:20px 0;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;display:block}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img{float:none;display:inline-block;display:-moz-inline-stack;vertical-align:middle;zoom:1}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc{margin:0 10px 20px;text-align:center}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname{text-align:center;margin:10px 0 20px}}body .saboxplugin-authorname a,body .saboxplugin-authorname a:hover{box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none}a.sab-profile-edit{font-size:16px!important;line-height:1!important}.sab-edit-settings a,a.sab-profile-edit{color:#0073aa!important;box-shadow:none!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important}.sab-edit-settings{margin-right:15px;position:absolute;right:0;z-index:2;bottom:10px;line-height:20px}.sab-edit-settings i{margin-left:5px}.saboxplugin-socials{line-height:1!important}.rtl .saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar{float:right}.rtl .saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname{display:flex;align-items:center}.rtl .saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname .sab-profile-edit{margin-right:10px}.rtl .sab-edit-settings{right:auto;left:0}img.sab-custom-avatar{max-width:75px;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img {-webkit-border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;-ms-border-radius:50%;-o-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img {-webkit-border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;-ms-border-radius:50%;-o-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img {-webkit-transition:all .5s ease;-moz-transition:all .5s ease;-o-transition:all .5s ease;transition:all .5s ease;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-gravatar img:hover {-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-o-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.saboxplugin-wrap {margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding: 0px 0px }.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-authorname {font-size:18px; line-height:25px;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc p, .saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-desc {font-size:14px !important; line-height:21px !important;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-web {font-size:14px;}.saboxplugin-wrap .saboxplugin-socials a svg {width:18px;height:18px;}</style> <script type="text/javascript">'use strict';var avia_is_mobile=!1;if(/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&'ontouchstart' in document.documentElement){avia_is_mobile=!0;document.documentElement.className+=' avia_mobile '} else{document.documentElement.className+=' avia_desktop '};document.documentElement.className+=' js_active ';(function(){var e=['-webkit-','-moz-','-ms-',''],n='',o=!1,a=!1;for(var t in e){if(e[t]+'transform' in document.documentElement.style){o=!0;n=e[t]+'transform'};if(e[t]+'perspective' in document.documentElement.style){a=!0}};if(o){document.documentElement.className+=' avia_transform '};if(a){document.documentElement.className+=' avia_transform3d '};if(typeof document.getElementsByClassName=='function'&&typeof document.documentElement.getBoundingClientRect=='function'&&avia_is_mobile==!1){if(n&&window.innerHeight>0){setTimeout(function(){var e=0,o={},a=0,t=document.getElementsByClassName('av-parallax'),i=window.pageYOffset||document.documentElement.scrollTop;for(e=0;e<t.length;e++){t[e].style.top='0px';o=t[e].getBoundingClientRect();a=Math.ceil((window.innerHeight+i-o.top)*0.3);t[e].style[n]='translate(0px, '+a+'px)';t[e].style.top='auto';t[e].className+=' enabled-parallax '}},50)}}})();</script><style type="text/css">@font-face {font-family: 'entypo-fontello'; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; src: url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.woff') format('woff'), url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.ttf') format('truetype'), url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.svg#entypo-fontello') format('svg'), url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.eot'), url('https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/config-templatebuilder/avia-template-builder/assets/fonts/entypo-fontello.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'); } #top .avia-font-entypo-fontello, body .avia-font-entypo-fontello, html body [data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello']:before{ font-family: 'entypo-fontello'; }</style></head><body id="top" class="archive category category-math-faqs category-641 stretched avia-mobile-no-animations rtl_columns av-curtain-numeric arial-websave arial avia-responsive-images-support" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" ><div id='wrap_all'><header id='header' class='all_colors header_color light_bg_color av_header_top av_logo_left av_main_nav_header av_menu_right av_custom av_header_sticky av_header_shrinking_disabled av_header_stretch_disabled av_mobile_menu_phone av_header_searchicon av_header_unstick_top_disabled av_bottom_nav_disabled av_header_border_disabled' aria-label="Header" data-av_shrink_factor='50' role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" ><div id='header_main' class='container_wrap container_wrap_logo'><div class='container av-logo-container'><div class='inner-container'><span class='logo avia-standard-logo'><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/' class='' aria-label='Physics_Forums_Insights_logo' title='Physics_Forums_Insights_logo'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzAwIDEwMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png" height="100" width="300" alt='Physics Forums Insights' title='Physics_Forums_Insights_logo' /><noscript><img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png" height="100" width="300" alt='Physics Forums Insights' title='Physics_Forums_Insights_logo' /></noscript></a></span><nav class='main_menu' data-selectname='Select a page' role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" ><div class="avia-menu av-main-nav-wrap"><ul role="menu" class="menu av-main-nav" id="avia-menu"><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-27276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-1"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/trending-physics-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Physics</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26559" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/physics-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Physics Articles</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/physics-tutorials/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Physics Tutorials</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26564" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/physics-guides/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Physics Guides</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26561" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/physics-faqs/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Physics FAQs</span></a></li></ul></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-27288" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-2"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/trending-math-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Math</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26558" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/math-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Math Articles</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26567" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/math-tutorials/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Math Tutorials</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26563" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/math-guides/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Math Guides</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26560" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Math FAQs</span></a></li></ul></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-27287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-3"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/trending-bio-chem-tech-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Bio/Chem/Tech</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26556" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/biology-chemistry-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Bio/Chem Articles</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/computer-science-tutorials/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Computer Science Tutorials</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/technology-guides/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Technology Guides</span></a></li></ul></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-27286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-4"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/trending-education-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Education</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26557" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/education-articles/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Education Articles</span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26562" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/education-guides/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Education Guides</span></a></li></ul></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26569" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-5"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/scientist-interviews/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Interviews</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-6"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-quizzes/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Quizzes</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a></li><li role="menuitem" id="menu-item-26571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-top-level menu-item-top-level-7"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" itemprop="url" tabindex="0"><span class="avia-bullet"></span><span class="avia-menu-text">Forums</span><span class="avia-menu-fx"><span class="avia-arrow-wrap"><span class="avia-arrow"></span></span></span></a></li><li id="menu-item-search" class="noMobile menu-item menu-item-search-dropdown menu-item-avia-special" role="menuitem"><a aria-label="Search" href="?s=" rel="nofollow" data-avia-search-tooltip=" <search> <form role="search" action="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/" id="searchform" method="get" class=""> <div> <input type="submit" value="" id="searchsubmit" class="button avia-font-entypo-fontello" title="Enter at least 3 characters to show search results in a dropdown or click to route to search result page to show all results" /> <input type="search" id="s" name="s" value="" aria-label='Search' placeholder='Search' required /> </div> </form> </search> " aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><span class="avia_hidden_link_text">Search</span></a></li><li class="av-burger-menu-main menu-item-avia-special " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" aria-label="Menu" aria-hidden="false"> <span class="av-hamburger av-hamburger--spin av-js-hamburger"> <span class="av-hamburger-box"> <span class="av-hamburger-inner"></span> <strong>Menu</strong> </span> </span> <span class="avia_hidden_link_text">Menu</span> </a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="header_bg"></div></header><div id='main' class='all_colors' data-scroll-offset='70'><div class='container_wrap container_wrap_first main_color sidebar_right'><div class='container template-blog '><main class='content av-content-small alpha units av-main-archive' role="main" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" ><div class='category-term-description'><h1>Math FAQs</h1><p>Here contains the collection of Insight math FAQs. These are commonly asked questions and misconceptions that inside are corrected and answered. Disciplines from algebra to advanced calculus with the student in mind. Learn something new today!</p></div><div class="entry-content-wrapper"><div data-slideshow-options="{"animation":"fade","autoplay":false,"loop_autoplay":"once","interval":5,"loop_manual":"manual-endless","autoplay_stopper":false,"noNavigation":false,"show_slide_delay":90}" class='avia-content-slider avia-content-grid-active avia-content-slider1 avia-content-slider-odd avia-builder-el-no-sibling av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-no-slider-navigation av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless ' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" ><div class="avia-content-slider-inner"><div class="slide-entry-wrap"><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-44769 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-1 slide-parity-odd av_one_third first real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-division-by-zero-is-a-bad-idea/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='Why Division by Zero is a Bad Idea'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png" class="wp-image-4849 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4849 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="infinity" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png" class="wp-image-4849 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4849 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="infinity" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: Why Division by Zero is a Bad Idea"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-division-by-zero-is-a-bad-idea/' title='Why Division by Zero is a Bad Idea'>Why Division by Zero is a Bad Idea</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2024-01-11T10:41:33-06:00" >January 11, 2024</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-division-by-zero-is-a-bad-idea/#comments'>33 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >A division by zero is primarily an algebraic question. The reasoning therefore follows the indirect pattern of most algebraic proofs: What if it was allowed? Then…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/infinity.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>fresh_42</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>fresh_42</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2024-01-11 10:41:33</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2025-01-26 09:13:07</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>Why Division by Zero is a Bad Idea</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27851 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-2 slide-parity-even av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/how-to-find-potential-functions-a-10-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='How to Find Potential Functions? A 10 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/how_to_find_potential_functions.png" class="wp-image-27852 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27852 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="How to Find Potential Functions" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/how_to_find_potential_functions.png" class="wp-image-27852 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27852 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="How to Find Potential Functions" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: How to Find Potential Functions? A 10 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/how-to-find-potential-functions-a-10-minute-introduction/' title='How to Find Potential Functions? A 10 Minute Introduction'>How to Find Potential Functions? A 10 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-06-18T13:57:14-05:00" >June 18, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/how-to-find-potential-functions-a-10-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary Given a vector field ##\vec F(x,y,z)## that has a potential function, how do you find it? Equations $$\nabla \phi(x,y,z) = \vec F(x,y,z)$$…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/how_to_find_potential_functions.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>LCKurtz</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>LCKurtz</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-06-18 13:57:14</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2020-11-23 16:17:39</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>How to Find Potential Functions? A 10 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27907 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-3 slide-parity-odd av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-linear-equation-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is a Linear Equation? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_linear_equation.png" class="wp-image-27910 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27910 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a linear equation" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_linear_equation.png" class="wp-image-27910 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27910 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a linear equation" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is a Linear Equation? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-linear-equation-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is a Linear Equation? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is a Linear Equation? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-06-06T19:43:12-05:00" >June 6, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-linear-equation-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary A first-order polynomial equation in one variable, its general form is [itex]Mx+B=0[/itex] where x is the variable. The quantities…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_linear_equation.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-06-06 19:43:12</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2021-04-02 14:11:55</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is a Linear Equation? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article></div><div class="slide-entry-wrap"><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27897 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-4 slide-parity-odd av_one_third first real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-are-significant-figures-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What are Significant Figures? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/what_are_significant_figures.png" class="wp-image-27901 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27901 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What are significant figures" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/what_are_significant_figures.png" class="wp-image-27901 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27901 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What are significant figures" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What are Significant Figures? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-are-significant-figures-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What are Significant Figures? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What are Significant Figures? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-06-04T18:55:33-05:00" >June 4, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-are-significant-figures-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary Significant figures (commonly called "sig figs") are the number of figures (digits) included when rounding-off a number.For example,…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/what_are_significant_figures.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-06-04 18:55:33</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2019-12-18 18:58:04</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What are Significant Figures? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27820 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-5 slide-parity-even av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-fibre-bundle-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is a Fibre Bundle? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_fibre_bundle.png" class="wp-image-27821 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27821 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a fibre bundle" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_fibre_bundle.png" class="wp-image-27821 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27821 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a fibre bundle" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is a Fibre Bundle? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-fibre-bundle-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is a Fibre Bundle? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is a Fibre Bundle? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-05-22T20:27:25-05:00" >May 22, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-fibre-bundle-a-5-minute-introduction/#comments'>3 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary Intuitively speaking, a fibre bundle is space E which 'locally looks like' a product space B×F, but globally may have a different…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_fibre_bundle.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-05-22 20:27:25</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2024-12-06 21:31:13</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is a Fibre Bundle? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27892 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-6 slide-parity-odd av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-real-number-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is a Real Number? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/what_are_real_numbers.png" class="wp-image-27896 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27896 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What are real numbers" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/what_are_real_numbers.png" class="wp-image-27896 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27896 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What are real numbers" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is a Real Number? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-real-number-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is a Real Number? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is a Real Number? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-05-22T18:46:31-05:00" >May 22, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-real-number-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition of real numbers Real numbers are a comprehensive set of numbers that encompasses all possible values on the number line. They include both…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/what_are_real_numbers.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-05-22 18:46:31</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2023-10-11 08:04:53</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is a Real Number? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article></div><div class="slide-entry-wrap"><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27812 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-7 slide-parity-odd av_one_third first real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-integration-by-parts-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is Integration By Parts? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/integration_by_parts.png" class="wp-image-27817 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27817 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="integration by parts" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/integration_by_parts.png" class="wp-image-27817 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27817 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="integration by parts" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is Integration By Parts? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-integration-by-parts-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is Integration By Parts? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is Integration By Parts? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-05-11T20:18:19-05:00" >May 11, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-integration-by-parts-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary In this article, we shall learn a method for integrating the product of two functions. This method is derived from the 'product rule'…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/integration_by_parts.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>wrobel</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>wrobel</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-05-11 20:18:19</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2020-11-23 16:17:39</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is Integration By Parts? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27806 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-8 slide-parity-even av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-parabola-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is a Parabola? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_parabola.png" class="wp-image-27807 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27807 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a parabola" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_parabola.png" class="wp-image-27807 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27807 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a parabola" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is a Parabola? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-parabola-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is a Parabola? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is a Parabola? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-05-05T19:51:50-05:00" >May 5, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-parabola-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >What is a Parabola? A parabola is a U-shaped curve in mathematics that is defined by a specific set of points. It is a fundamental geometric shape that…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_parabola.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-05-05 19:51:50</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2023-10-11 08:05:30</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is a Parabola? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27800 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-9 slide-parity-odd av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-limit-of-a-function-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What Is a Limit of a Function? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/limit_of_a_function.png" class="wp-image-27801 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27801 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="Limit of a Function" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/limit_of_a_function.png" class="wp-image-27801 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27801 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="Limit of a Function" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What Is a Limit of a Function? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-limit-of-a-function-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What Is a Limit of a Function? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What Is a Limit of a Function? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-04-17T15:43:38-05:00" >April 17, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-limit-of-a-function-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >What is a limit? In mathematics, a limit is a fundamental concept used to describe the behavior of a function or sequence as it approaches a particular…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/limit_of_a_function.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Greg Bernhardt</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Greg Bernhardt</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-04-17 15:43:38</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2023-10-11 08:06:15</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What Is a Limit of a Function? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article></div><div class="slide-entry-wrap"><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27794 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-10 slide-parity-odd av_one_third first real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-lie-algebra-a-5min-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is Lie algebra? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/lie_algebra_intro.png" class="wp-image-27795 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27795 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="Lie Algebra Intro" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/lie_algebra_intro.png" class="wp-image-27795 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27795 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="Lie Algebra Intro" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is Lie algebra? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-lie-algebra-a-5min-introduction/' title='What is Lie algebra? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is Lie algebra? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-04-12T15:27:25-05:00" >April 12, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-lie-algebra-a-5min-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary A Lie algebra ("Lee") is a set of generators of a Lie group. It is a basis of the tangent space around a Lie group's identity element,…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/lie_algebra_intro.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-04-12 15:27:25</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2021-04-02 14:14:18</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is Lie algebra? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-27902 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-11 slide-parity-even av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tangent-line-a-5-minute-introduction/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What is a Tangent Line? A 5 Minute Introduction'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_tangent_line.png" class="wp-image-27903 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27903 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a Tangent Line" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_tangent_line.png" class="wp-image-27903 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-27903 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="What is a Tangent Line" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What is a Tangent Line? A 5 Minute Introduction"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tangent-line-a-5-minute-introduction/' title='What is a Tangent Line? A 5 Minute Introduction'>What is a Tangent Line? A 5 Minute Introduction</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019-03-10T19:34:22-05:00" >March 10, 2019</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tangent-line-a-5-minute-introduction/#respond'>0 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Definition/Summary The tangent to a curve in a plane at a particular point has the same Gradient as the curve has at that point.More generally, the…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/what_is_a_tangent_line.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2019-03-10 19:34:22</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2021-04-02 14:14:39</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What is a Tangent Line? A 5 Minute Introduction</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-14577 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-12 slide-parity-odd av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tensor/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view.'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/whatisatensor.png" class="wp-image-14688 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-14688 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="whatisatensor" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/whatisatensor.png" class="wp-image-14688 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-14688 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="whatisatensor" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view."><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tensor/' title='What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view.'>What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view.</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017-06-18T23:49:07-05:00" >June 18, 2017</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tensor/#comments'>58 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Introduction Let me start with a counter-question. What is a number? Before you laugh, there is more to this question than one might think. A number can…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/whatisatensor.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>fresh_42</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>fresh_42</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2017-06-18 23:49:07</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2025-01-26 11:24:16</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view.</span></span></span></article></div><div class="slide-entry-wrap"><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-5884 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-13 slide-parity-odd av_one_third first real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-do-people-say-that-1-and-999-are-equal/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='Why Do People Say That 1 And .999 Are Equal?'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/999equals1.png" class="wp-image-5885 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-5885 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="999equals1" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/999equals1.png" class="wp-image-5885 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-5885 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="999equals1" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: Why Do People Say That 1 And .999 Are Equal?"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-do-people-say-that-1-and-999-are-equal/' title='Why Do People Say That 1 And .999 Are Equal?'>Why Do People Say That 1 And .999 Are Equal?</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-10-17T12:24:27-05:00" >October 17, 2015</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-do-people-say-that-1-and-999-are-equal/#comments'>111 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >Why do people say 1 and 0.999... are equal? Aren't they two different numbers?No, they really are the same number, though this is often very counterintuitive…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/999equals1.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2015-10-17 12:24:27</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2024-08-16 08:59:22</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>Why Do People Say That 1 And .999 Are Equal?</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-5329 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-14 slide-parity-even av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/proofs-in-mathematics/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='What Proofs are in Mathematics and Why Bother?'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/proofs.png" class="wp-image-5330 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-5330 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="proofs" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/proofs.png" class="wp-image-5330 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-5330 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="proofs" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: What Proofs are in Mathematics and Why Bother?"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/proofs-in-mathematics/' title='What Proofs are in Mathematics and Why Bother?'>What Proofs are in Mathematics and Why Bother?</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-09-22T23:27:26-05:00" >September 22, 2015</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/proofs-in-mathematics/#comments'>28 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >This FAQ is about proofs. Proofs are central to mathematics, and writing proofs is for many people a skill that is hard to master. There are two separate…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/proofs.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Multiple_Authors</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2015-09-22 23:27:26</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2024-08-16 08:56:08</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>What Proofs are in Mathematics and Why Bother?</span></span></span></article><article class='slide-entry flex_column post-entry post-entry-4733 slide-entry-overview slide-loop-15 slide-parity-odd post-entry-last av_one_third real-thumbnail posttype-post post-format-standard' itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/the-history-and-concept-of-the-number-0/' data-rel='slide-1' class='slide-image' title='The History and Concept of the Number 0'><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTM1IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQwIDEzNSI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZmlsbD0iI2NmZDRkYiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==" fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" data-src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/zero.png" class="wp-image-4735 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4735 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" width="240" height="135" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/zero.png" class="wp-image-4735 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4735 attachment-portfolio size-portfolio wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a><div class="slide-content"><header class="entry-content-header" aria-label="Slide: The History and Concept of the Number 0"><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title ' itemprop="headline" ><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/the-history-and-concept-of-the-number-0/' title='The History and Concept of the Number 0'>The History and Concept of the Number 0</a></h3><span class="av-vertical-delimiter"></span></header><div class="slide-meta"><time class='slide-meta-time updated' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >August 27, 2015</time><div class="slide-meta-del">/</div><div class="slide-meta-comments"><a href='https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/the-history-and-concept-of-the-number-0/#comments'>7 Comments</a></div></div><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content' itemprop="text" >The goal of this FAQ is to clear up the concept of 0 and specifically the operations that are allowed with 0.The best way to start this FAQ is to look…</div></div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer><span class='hidden'> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" > <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/zero.png</span> <span itemprop='height'>135</span> <span itemprop='width'>240</span> </span> <span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="publisher" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span itemprop='name'>Micromass</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='https://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Physics_Forums_Insights_logo.png</span> </span> </span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><span itemprop='name'>Micromass</span></span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T14:08:47-05:00" >2015-08-27 14:08:47</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="dateModified" itemtype="https://schema.org/dateModified" >2024-08-16 08:37:32</span><span class='av-structured-data' itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemtype="https://schema.org/mainEntityOfPage" ><span itemprop='name'>The History and Concept of the Number 0</span></span></span></article></div></div></div></div></main><aside class='sidebar sidebar_right smartphones_sidebar_active alpha units' aria-label="Sidebar" role="complementary" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPSideBar" ><div class="inner_sidebar extralight-border"><section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget clearfix widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><h2 class="widgettitle">Trending Articles</h2><ul class="wpp-list wpp-sunset"><li class="" style="--item-position: 1;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/valentines-reflections-mathematical-matters-of-the-heart/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Valentine’s Reflections: Mathematical Matters of the Heart</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 2;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-is-a-tensor/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">What Is a Tensor? The mathematical point of view.</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 3;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/hand-wavy-discussion-planck-length/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">What Planck Length Is and It’s Common Misconceptions</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 4;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/vacuum-fluctuation-myth/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Explore The Vacuum Fluctuation Myth in Quantum Theory</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 5;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/can-see-atom/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Can We See an Atom?</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 6;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/all-about-earths-gravity/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Learn All About Earth’s Gravity</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 7;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/sins-physics-didactics/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Explore Some Sins in Physics Didactics</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 8;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/misconceptions-virtual-particles/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Top Misconceptions about Virtual Particles</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 9;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/why-chatgpt-is-not-reliable/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">Why ChatGPT AI Is Not Reliable</a></div></li><li class="" style="--item-position: 10;--total-items: 10"><div class="item-position"></div><div class="item-data"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/the-7-basic-rules-of-quantum-mechanics/" class="wpp-post-title" target="_self">The 7 Basic Rules of Quantum Mechanics</a></div></li></ul></div><span class="seperator extralight-border"></span></section><section id="nav_menu-3" class="widget clearfix widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widgettitle">Physics Forums</h3><div class="menu-sidebar-forums-container"><ul id="menu-sidebar-forums" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-26724" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26724"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/classical-physics.61/">Classical Physics</a></li><li id="menu-item-26725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26725"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/atomic-and-condensed-matter.64/">Atomic and Condensed Matter</a></li><li id="menu-item-26726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26726"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/quantum-physics.62/">Quantum Physics</a></li><li id="menu-item-26727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26727"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/special-and-general-relativity.70/">Special and General Relativity</a></li><li id="menu-item-26728" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26728"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/beyond-the-standard-model.66/">Beyond the Standard Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-26729" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26729"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/high-energy-nuclear-particle-physics.65/">High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics</a></li><li id="menu-item-26731" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26731"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/astronomy-and-astrophysics.71/">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></li><li id="menu-item-26732" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26732"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/cosmology.69/">Cosmology</a></li><li id="menu-item-26730" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26730"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/other-physics-topics.111/">Other Physics Topics</a></li></ul></div><span class="seperator extralight-border"></span></section><section id="text-4" class="widget clearfix widget_text"><h3 class="widgettitle">Receive Insights Articles to Your Inbox</h3><div class="textwidget"><form style="border:0px solid #ccc;text-align:left;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=PhysicsForumsInsights', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:200px;border:2px solid #ccc;" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="PhysicsForumsInsights" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /></p></form></div> <span class="seperator extralight-border"></span></section><section id="nav_menu-2" class="widget clearfix widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widgettitle">Blog Information</h3><div class="menu-sidebar-container"><ul id="menu-sidebar" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-14015" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14015"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/register">Become a Member!</a></li><li id="menu-item-14012" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14012"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/application/">Write for Us!</a></li><li id="menu-item-18348" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18348"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/postindex/">Table of Contents</a></li><li id="menu-item-18353" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18353"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/authors/">Blog Author List</a></li></ul></div><span class="seperator extralight-border"></span></section><section id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget clearfix widget_tag_cloud"><h3 class="widgettitle">Popular Topics</h3><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/astronomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-307 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 9.1666666666667pt;" aria-label="astronomy (17 items)">astronomy<span class="tag-link-count"> (17)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/black-holes/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 9.1666666666667pt;" aria-label="black holes (17 items)">black holes<span class="tag-link-count"> (17)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/classical-physics/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-852 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 20.833333333333pt;" aria-label="classical physics (35 items)">classical physics<span class="tag-link-count"> (35)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/cosmology/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-224 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="cosmology (16 items)">cosmology<span class="tag-link-count"> (16)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-104 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 13.833333333333pt;" aria-label="education (23 items)">education<span class="tag-link-count"> (23)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/electromagnetism/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-21 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 10.722222222222pt;" aria-label="electromagnetism (19 items)">electromagnetism<span class="tag-link-count"> (19)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/general-relativity/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-333 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 10.722222222222pt;" aria-label="general relativity (19 items)">general relativity<span class="tag-link-count"> (19)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/gravity/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-40 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 14.611111111111pt;" aria-label="gravity (24 items)">gravity<span class="tag-link-count"> (24)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-858 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 13.055555555556pt;" aria-label="interview (22 items)">interview<span class="tag-link-count"> (22)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/mathematics/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-69 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="mathematics (38 items)">mathematics<span class="tag-link-count"> (38)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/mathematics-self-study/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-484 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 11.5pt;" aria-label="mathematics self-study (20 items)">mathematics self-study<span class="tag-link-count"> (20)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/physicist/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 15.777777777778pt;" aria-label="Physicist (26 items)">Physicist<span class="tag-link-count"> (26)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/programming/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-42 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 9.9444444444444pt;" aria-label="programming (18 items)">programming<span class="tag-link-count"> (18)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/quantum-field-theory/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-87 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.888888888889pt;" aria-label="Quantum Field Theory (31 items)">Quantum Field Theory<span class="tag-link-count"> (31)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/quantum-mechanics/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 21.222222222222pt;" aria-label="quantum mechanics (36 items)">quantum mechanics<span class="tag-link-count"> (36)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/quantum-physics/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-314 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 13.055555555556pt;" aria-label="quantum physics (22 items)">quantum physics<span class="tag-link-count"> (22)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/relativity/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-114 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="relativity (38 items)">relativity<span class="tag-link-count"> (38)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/special-relativity/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-89 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Special Relativity (16 items)">Special Relativity<span class="tag-link-count"> (16)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/technology/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-861 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 10.722222222222pt;" aria-label="technology (19 items)">technology<span class="tag-link-count"> (19)</span></a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/tag/universe/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-265 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 12.277777777778pt;" aria-label="universe (21 items)">universe<span class="tag-link-count"> (21)</span></a></div> <span class="seperator extralight-border"></span></section></div></aside></div></div><footer class='container_wrap socket_color' id='socket' role="contentinfo" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" aria-label="Copyright and company info" ><div class='container'><span class='copyright'> 2024 © Physics Forums, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/misc/contact">Contact Us</a> - <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/physics-forums-privacy-policy.797829/">Privacy Policy</a> - <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/about-pf-insights/">About PF Insights</a></span><ul class='noLightbox social_bookmarks icon_count_4'><li class='social_bookmarks_twitter av-social-link-twitter social_icon_1'><a target="_blank" aria-label="Link to X" href="https://twitter.com/physicsforums" aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='X' rel="noopener"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>X</span></a></li><li class='social_bookmarks_facebook av-social-link-facebook social_icon_2'><a target="_blank" aria-label="Link to Facebook" href='https://www.facebook.com/physicsforums' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='Facebook' rel="noopener"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Facebook</span></a></li><li class='social_bookmarks_linkedin av-social-link-linkedin social_icon_3'><a target="_blank" aria-label="Link to LinkedIn" href='https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-forums/' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='LinkedIn' rel="noopener"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class='social_bookmarks_youtube av-social-link-youtube social_icon_4'><a target="_blank" aria-label="Link to Youtube" href='https://www.youtube.com/@physicsforum' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='Youtube' rel="noopener"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Youtube</span></a></li></ul></div></footer></div></div><a href='#top' title='Scroll to top' id='scroll-top-link' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' tabindex='-1'><span class="avia_hidden_link_text">Scroll to top</span></a><div id="fb-root"></div> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/js/ffe2445567cebbe851874e864ab606aa.js?ver=606aa" defer></script> <script type='text/javascript'>/* */ var avia_framework_globals = avia_framework_globals || {}; avia_framework_globals.frameworkUrl = 'https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/framework/'; avia_framework_globals.installedAt = 'https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/themes/enfold/'; avia_framework_globals.ajaxurl = 'https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'; /* */</script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra">/* */ var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"\/insights\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","postId":"641","postType":"term","openInternalInNewTab":"0","openExternalInNewTab":"1","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}}; /* */</script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/js/32fbbb44e22394d8c0f1ada21cfadab5.js?ver=58fb9" id="wpil-frontend-script-js"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/wp-content/litespeed/js/5269dc1c70ad20093a6da3e7d95ccca0.js?ver=ccca0" id="avia-footer-scripts-js"></script> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" ":"")+e}function v(t,e){nt?t.classList.remove(e):t.className=t.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+e+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")}function g(t){return t.llTempImage}function b(t,e){!e||(e=e._observer)&&e.unobserve(t)}function p(t,e){t&&(t.loadingCount+=e)}function h(t,e){t&&(t.toLoadCount=e)}function n(t){for(var e,n=[],a=0;e=t.children[a];a+=1)"SOURCE"===e.tagName&&n.push(e);return n}function m(t,e){(t=t.parentNode)&&"PICTURE"===t.tagName&&n(t).forEach(e)}function a(t,e){n(t).forEach(e)}function E(t){return!!t[st]}function I(t){return t[st]}function y(t){return delete t[st]}function A(e,t){var n;E(e)||(n={},t.forEach(function(t){n[t]=e.getAttribute(t)}),e[st]=n)}function k(a,t){var i;E(a)&&(i=I(a),t.forEach(function(t){var e,n;e=a,(t=i[n=t])?e.setAttribute(n,t):e.removeAttribute(n)}))}function L(t,e,n){_(t,e.class_loading),s(t,ut),n&&(p(n,1),f(e.callback_loading,t,n))}function w(t,e,n){n&&t.setAttribute(e,n)}function x(t,e){w(t,ct,l(t,e.data_sizes)),w(t,rt,l(t,e.data_srcset)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}function O(t,e,n){var a=l(t,e.data_bg_multi),i=l(t,e.data_bg_multi_hidpi);(a=at&&i?i:a)&&(t.style.backgroundImage=a,n=n,_(t=t,(e=e).class_applied),s(t,ft),n&&(e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,e),f(e.callback_applied,t,n)))}function N(t,e){!e||0<e.loadingCount||0<e.toLoadCount||f(t.callback_finish,e)}function C(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,n),t.llEvLisnrs[e]=n}function M(t){return!!t.llEvLisnrs}function z(t){if(M(t)){var e,n,a=t.llEvLisnrs;for(e in a){var i=a[e];n=e,i=i,t.removeEventListener(n,i)}delete t.llEvLisnrs}}function R(t,e,n){var a;delete t.llTempImage,p(n,-1),(a=n)&&--a.toLoadCount,v(t,e.class_loading),e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,n)}function T(o,r,c){var l=g(o)||o;M(l)||function(t,e,n){M(t)||(t.llEvLisnrs={});var a="VIDEO"===t.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";C(t,a,e),C(t,"error",n)}(l,function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_loaded),s(e,dt),f(n.callback_loaded,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)},function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_error),s(e,_t),f(n.callback_error,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)})}function G(t,e,n){var a,i,o,r,c;t.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG"),T(t,e,n),E(c=t)||(c[st]={backgroundImage:c.style.backgroundImage}),o=n,r=l(a=t,(i=e).data_bg),c=l(a,i.data_bg_hidpi),(r=at&&c?c:r)&&(a.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),g(a).setAttribute(ot,r),L(a,i,o)),O(t,e,n)}function D(t,e,n){var a;T(t,e,n),a=e,e=n,(t=It[(n=t).tagName])&&(t(n,a),L(n,a,e))}function V(t,e,n){var a;a=t,(-1<yt.indexOf(a.tagName)?D:G)(t,e,n)}function F(t,e,n){var a;t.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),T(t,e,n),a=e,(e=It[(n=t).tagName])&&e(n,a),s(t,vt)}function j(t){t.removeAttribute(ot),t.removeAttribute(rt),t.removeAttribute(ct)}function P(t){m(t,function(t){k(t,Et)}),k(t,Et)}function S(t){var e;(e=At[t.tagName])?e(t):E(e=t)&&(t=I(e),e.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage)}function U(t,e){var n;S(t),n=e,u(e=t)||d(e)||(v(e,n.class_entered),v(e,n.class_exited),v(e,n.class_applied),v(e,n.class_loading),v(e,n.class_loaded),v(e,n.class_error)),r(t),y(t)}function $(t,e,n,a){var i;n.cancel_on_exit&&(c(t)!==ut||"IMG"===t.tagName&&(z(t),m(i=t,function(t){j(t)}),j(i),P(t),v(t,n.class_loading),p(a,-1),r(t),f(n.callback_cancel,t,e,a)))}function q(t,e,n,a){var i,o,r=(o=t,0<=pt.indexOf(c(o)));s(t,"entered"),_(t,n.class_entered),v(t,n.class_exited),i=t,o=a,n.unobserve_entered&&b(i,o),f(n.callback_enter,t,e,a),r||V(t,n,a)}function H(t){return t.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype}function B(t,i,o){t.forEach(function(t){return(a=t).isIntersecting||0<a.intersectionRatio?q(t.target,t,i,o):(e=t.target,n=t,a=i,t=o,void(u(e)||(_(e,a.class_exited),$(e,n,a,t),f(a.callback_exit,e,n,t))));var e,n,a})}function J(e,n){var t;et&&!H(e)&&(n._observer=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){B(t,e,n)},{root:(t=e).container===document?null:t.container,rootMargin:t.thresholds||t.threshold+"px"}))}function K(t){return Array.prototype.slice.call(t)}function Q(t){return t.container.querySelectorAll(t.elements_selector)}function W(t){return c(t)===_t}function X(t,e){return e=t||Q(e),K(e).filter(u)}function Y(e,t){var n;(n=Q(e),K(n).filter(W)).forEach(function(t){v(t,e.class_error),r(t)}),t.update()}function t(t,e){var n,a,t=i(t);this._settings=t,this.loadingCount=0,J(t,this),n=t,a=this,Z&&window.addEventListener("online",function(){Y(n,a)}),this.update(e)}var Z="undefined"!=typeof window,tt=Z&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),et=Z&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,nt=Z&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),at=Z&&1<window.devicePixelRatio,it={elements_selector:".lazy",container:tt||Z?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"litespeed-loading",class_loaded:"litespeed-loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},ot="src",rt="srcset",ct="sizes",lt="poster",st="llOriginalAttrs",ut="loading",dt="loaded",ft="applied",_t="error",vt="native",gt="data-",bt="ll-status",pt=[ut,dt,ft,_t],ht=[ot],mt=[ot,lt],Et=[ot,rt,ct],It={IMG:function(t,e){m(t,function(t){A(t,Et),x(t,e)}),A(t,Et),x(t,e)},IFRAME:function(t,e){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))},VIDEO:function(t,e){a(t,function(t){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}),A(t,mt),w(t,lt,l(t,e.data_poster)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src)),t.load()}},yt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],At={IMG:P,IFRAME:function(t){k(t,ht)},VIDEO:function(t){a(t,function(t){k(t,ht)}),k(t,mt),t.load()}},kt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"];return t.prototype={update:function(t){var e,n,a,i=this._settings,o=X(t,i);{if(h(this,o.length),!tt&&et)return H(i)?(e=i,n=this,o.forEach(function(t){-1!==kt.indexOf(t.tagName)&&F(t,e,n)}),void h(n,0)):(t=this._observer,i=o,t.disconnect(),a=t,void i.forEach(function(t){a.observe(t)}));this.loadAll(o)}},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),Q(this._settings).forEach(function(t){y(t)}),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(t){var e=this,n=this._settings;X(t,n).forEach(function(t){b(t,e),V(t,n,e)})},restoreAll:function(){var e=this._settings;Q(e).forEach(function(t){U(t,e)})}},t.load=function(t,e){e=i(e);V(t,e)},t.resetStatus=function(t){r(t)},Z&&function(t,e){if(e)if(e.length)for(var n,a=0;n=e[a];a+=1)o(t,n);else o(t,e)}(t,window.lazyLoadOptions),t});!function(e,t){"use strict";function a(){t.body.classList.add("litespeed_lazyloaded")}function n(){console.log("[LiteSpeed] Start Lazy Load Images"),d=new LazyLoad({elements_selector:"[data-lazyloaded]",callback_finish:a}),o=function(){d.update()},e.MutationObserver&&new MutationObserver(o).observe(t.documentElement,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0})}var d,o;e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener("load",n,!1):e.attachEvent("onload",n)}(window,document);</script></body></html> <!-- Page optimized by LiteSpeed Cache @2025-02-17 14:18:22 --> <!-- Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 6.5.4 on 2025-02-17 14:18:22 -->