CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91349fe55a42fd9a',cH: 'wUhXVsytnq6XwwfbtHF4xAr290vZ_yjDto4H5u23JxM-1739783220-1.2.1.1-JbYzAvLcmEfnklv3GyDsdVN_T4NBz0xj8u8MpLDAUCJJEJQetNHEMJqc99rtWaL0',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20frequency%20data&__cf_chl_tk=FRHg2zYVhCXclrwMDHgi6E7Sb2SFMKQ5Eae2d9YVCnw-1739783220-1.0.1.1-qvwtQPNrqz1cMmrN1boN6Z2ePK3aglkgM4BtBv.XrzI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783220',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20frequency%20data&__cf_chl_f_tk=FRHg2zYVhCXclrwMDHgi6E7Sb2SFMKQ5Eae2d9YVCnw-1739783220-1.0.1.1-qvwtQPNrqz1cMmrN1boN6Z2ePK3aglkgM4BtBv.XrzI",md: "Zc1F.dO6GJKrwDtnjSG5.RZHolWhUKL8FP60W.xLyFk-1739783220-1.2.1.1-imCvUQgv6GwvUjBCy1Yk.7iESTgcBHcmRsAL5Hz3kutzDC.FtRZJUjRuE9a1m77s3iY1ASBpUXmh9us0VKHtxeXnsdEb8BxXuQDeVtCDuwi1WtDmAGpj0b0TRHqF3aFBk4H0VNTCaUGmxvcShZNNPqTONV2s7YOVFlJRnPQtwh98OeDIh2cCnbptEWT0uQQDgetel4s3dwe8REEm.DqX3bYqa6i26bwPco_7dMkMYTzmqfpbdLfMWYOnxeKIWFBSRST71mTfT03EM6qnsjZxlDMofes4GJdGmTA.Bh7f76m2NirjvcVO6wuqkfuqRvkL86hMTenDSx7BXfvLfEjTK_VSeVzY3wF_ocBsjr2f71g4EaNpH6h.VYEzGIXPF40APA.wZ_MgQ_Yb7piZl6qupkvvSy6Hlqk5lqcr0Gnho.GZ0ZyikyrViviKuViIlYNbF_nl2Zz9hOwUpqKdMBnUwcopKK_izwW_QGh4e_UXDDqzGMjMLrb9_JM0D7HPkO0LzxGyFg7vkeGl7djgIyMBduLwV0.hoR9_Htr6HcBdKkRGEBhEuRszOAyDPI6SrlmG0v.oD8XvcX0pTdPW0mhxROv5fapgsechM98UsbGYJurIKEN2UY.ux1Pm2pExMf2iEGpr_XbIqfe7oFxeHk7INzErcoc.AbUA_cJVaun3TcokQefJSFPne95G6cIzicEJvypem1Q_c1vDv6eoWAIICvs8s3_Wo0fTJn7Bbtgfg.Hd_ZoHPJsLv2.1X2LeiWC8i63eDCpMUiGDwX4rgb3mCn9nwWAL2libA08Q2m8bMeDr8.VuMaPMP6zCrKY6y7ByiUpdCPkAZDAQoqbphhLexbepkTUD.Y6bR1wPt00yX6QtfF7_P_pffDGFIMZ5MUSX8wE2j_h8cPx1b_tV55AVAEtlCd5bVRiFhQhwrtIwXyRBPaTx_SeAnXntSh4ZDzXYPEQtMgj6Z7QgcYK5JvhwCkU0IMhV8_MHBmVSySLQqs20kzc6D7XZ8_4fh0HvGbBhcM6sjFVZ2kUYl9W.mJDM93ll66eA3.JXFMluDbQMbSmefzARSWbFjFx5fkQ5dmSE2pyA9px1UEWUjYjNsqHButn0qovwIhgxVMHhsjrfNI.EbvIBu1jCCEc3GMgyWscvoSbHMhI2VkwPje.tu1vITd.uZKo6VRdqhW4NaLRNE2x3DJBLTdiYo86u64vlbl4IoyxHDSADIuUGO6Gmbm00fIevTtGTIJr1ePHzu4iPXO.78SQ_7VnS6iTDRq30mrdz1e1P4eQ.F1hY4sMsX43.4bHFQFLqjM8WBMzyWMVuLcmNCe3GlS2sYwLV4BdcgYw5AyN2QPiVINmvXKYPyXpDpRYyD9A3bYxwk9gvyrOVxWiSaEc0t5McG_NVivSGxu_mBPzOQYkNn2chA.xYSnp5QOCjM.pn2ZZhjkZdNFR1DWBYmUnJk.Ixb_2apwk.9ae4.4.kkFyJXstsbPp.yJ42a2b9AlWqEryTqimXNFvXHdpmzr6SjRyrgXrQnRQ6tG9b.Onab4awQ3EqMJ8d5wOjMJgPxva7FO_h7rJQjh8OWNqnkURb1BS3Wfb.IEXe4VVTYx.qE17EXabSqWV5RfVm9nKp89HkF6dJl6CkiX0basei5udjhtcjiYcFioGknmb1.pgQlnBBdi2z.h1zYBRqweRny06EhPwnjAichrSDnpD6NL7yrG62BVlTqedOHxTuqB0ryCPSNxYmlF0OL7IeAIryKFm9S6rOviCijzDdNO6hGfDMKOTvgiI3Y14CnSEYW.at2HBHOQ_RNs.cY3itH.7811JUOOoxY6l5HQjc5KdfzdKuhiZ_aFaaP9OU7h3dFuSdM0zYqMg.9F99AXQLHpozqZNuSvP4Xpf4zYEtHX9z_heKk8FIHxHX40x_zKtP6kSPOBMwQ74fdwaEQ4od7dthionaFfIsZwpivd9o8ciNdrnm.EeRD8Zx6x6qLH9a",mdrd: "gLMn_wpLAJ0Rm7HhSKBtpTLxuu9kfsU4uoedDq1YVrA-1739783220-1.2.1.1-T1NHTTUhORqh_mcgU7gFc_3dcyE2f41hMB6_WtvkUVRxTeA61BtCgtnrpery.Vs0pOX2n9Hd_o7b3AwAaaVIMXdWqLTcVrQRrypn6Zx9oTpU_q5MD1iK0_nsWglxaZTvs3xXe16fN.p5dY28qAmz2TcIniTx2Ai4GysMPU.1ekxRPrVjfMJb3iJjpEca21KBYjfQkA9amLpq4e4ZO7Z54Kgdq2QZ1SDMPeixs0AyYZDIPCplyD92o6ec620aHd_zPC5UiuKbOyFLIIXUpwRT9K.ckgDs7poPnReySGQkJfTaiIeyqmwC6CvFP2bqzRjlfOMJeOx80kPPObfV9RvyoQbKqzdvhtG4sD7YgnmmWAt8yI1LTfmAyD0tpeVqb5xj20Hx29xEKsrchymMJRWyvsUhiNF.27PrDrD_6ojMHF3K9XRwN5MufH22NhMN3XTemilJvn8RVepX6CaYizQTwKk4EWg8pW6VBa5QcbESZEooPYlko80O9_dhEHhkBZEV.S8J11JRlz3U1iCJM1H51t.DLFTGD7ocY.NDNnB1A54UwZswtqP8IqN..O7Op3k0QUxP9EoQJOYzAZSsqfuCJ6BvzMgHbPb81R5P7x8410fqocU4RZ431PqRLcp_yBhNFj.29G_pRHRmxhkBm1ocHzrCV8C6xOvqC3zddqNK6zDgvnLrtfDNwIFALXUEx5p6w57OMfDZxPazVLd8Ayv41yTcHkLgu9Jh6Yye66Tg5ue8mi6jA89VamyeBlexqfLg7EVVdDTCn1u9FLML14ysb3XaG1kUH.ZYqI9to5bQqkqFeDM4R96SbRHZ9bSPmiswhGOfkvNxeXLklvGofkUmBRq.Pv75mHB1mW8cEGyacYUazEa604QDWMLjpmshmgqyq4hZSlOzpSt173yPwKvMA6gVw7pXlePbDMws8NhV05HucnRyajkyAxA7AcVuJz4NfJFQFnJZEoBPCjndm8tm3RXioqqsJilXEYFHxwB2.eZC25aWqk_vrrRh9DKfvC_1Dh2b2snBPJZ1V45WV8TBNGaCVE5qVm5R08lpqZj5ST0NR8DuoyYZRhxX0O_HQUB4wHFpx0xOcCsMvk0dgVX3YZZzGyqPm2lCymGgZHr9WX.qA2bJ1TDS67iivaEL8EIGBWsPNnqbIDVBG_EOQqC6hOa73H7VkfriX.idfJ743wAyWoP6jbzXh0r_gVht7IafQxGNuNBNGxskWwmZ4JiHs9ZwLkTJV5c9tGSwxPhSbYFmzMu3dOCnaUOx6weGyepahLG2kzqUVs7fBgWGX9lgPzbqHe9q5m2ytrI5U6_TtMrbSCGijK6Tx8EvhK7yqxxsEjt5YWA2pEtwkv23ZpkpiaX4W7PqZzDWBvMtV9HNlzSs26nC0i5MsFO7OpPkY3Owy7d6rUTZn5ihZt4qio3DYoHakBZbYcww3e3Wo2FUOE5w7IxjHEgSP2DPgxMImgwscv4bYZd_n7htUzuc74sCtxXWlYOnadV1fqaeY.N2puONVlUeQV40JeNKps5dgtVmVs5.7Lr5rbiEi2YAfug.nzIfFQiVf9a4uNlc6CYmXZtLhvvrtFNKy4B_May6A4VwGLS8fLrlELXVwQqIX1h2MbQJ7sN1ReSkNX6yJ4lO5IauqYXimSZ4L7D9YbSMSm_9ar6IePqfofIZTiRNYV2WD8Ccbh7cmoDTThzd2ti9RrhxwIX2HzkstyZElEBte5wg9CE5P1sVEi_iV6ifSp9dywIz4X6FwgZed8laEeH_IrvnyLDYjlYigcbNSA4VHVNXRF4INTOnhd0Xlr0zAbo_UhxfWEnsKqgCTiob_P3Cfbi4anM3lbmyAvjIMAq6Qtjfoh56NF8sZdq6IsG3OV4VI.i1rtCnAlpIEaWX0lO7jOgZ2NR2.7kHVEqklFmpW3R9_LyJ0Lf38MBEJReOQKR0CEWhvIlIIo.xitFBSntz5WzLsCdIhcnzjI1E3wi4raC.kIlzs6D4gAf0FFkVmooc5A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91349fe55a42fd9a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20frequency%20data&__cf_chl_rt_tk=FRHg2zYVhCXclrwMDHgi6E7Sb2SFMKQ5Eae2d9YVCnw-1739783220-1.0.1.1-qvwtQPNrqz1cMmrN1boN6Z2ePK3aglkgM4BtBv.XrzI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>