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class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基本理念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本理念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基本理念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本理念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大化改新" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大化改新"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>大化改新</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大化改新-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天智朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天智朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>天智朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天智朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天武、持統朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天武、持統朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>天武、持統朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天武、持統朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奈良時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奈良時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>奈良時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奈良時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-桓武天皇改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#桓武天皇改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>桓武天皇改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-桓武天皇改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-律令制的衰退" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#律令制的衰退"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>律令制的衰退</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-律令制的衰退-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">日本律令制</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。20种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ریتسوریو – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریتسوریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricurj%C3%B3-rendszer" title="Ricurjó-rendszer – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ricurjó-rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6" title="律令制 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="律令制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%A8%EB%A0%B9%EC%A0%9C" title="일본의 율령제 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 율령제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsuryo" title="Ritsuryo – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ritsuryo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%91" title="Система рицурё – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система рицурё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%98%D0%BE" title="Рицурјо – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рицурјо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="ริตสึเรียว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริตสึเรียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Система ріцурьо – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система ріцурьо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ritsuryō" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q742460#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE; border-bottom: 1px solid border-top:1px solid; table-layout:fixed;;">日語寫法</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">日語原文</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">律令制</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="注音假名">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">りつりょうせい</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja-Latn" title="日语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Ritsuryōsei</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></b>的<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6" title="律令制">律令制</a></b>為古代日本基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4" title="律令">律令</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政治制度">政治</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="制度">社会制度</a>，是仿效<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>的法律体系编撰施行的。在日本，律令制也叫“律令体制”或“律令国家”。虽然律令在古代东亚很普遍，但真正有实证仿效中国建立起完整律令制度的仅有日本<sup id="cite_ref-furuta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furuta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且沒有隨時代變遷而有所更動<sup id="cite_ref-hirose_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirose-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>日本正式實施律令制，可追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%B3%A5%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="飛鳥時代">飛鳥時代</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%B1%9F%E4%BB%A4" title="近江令">近江令</a>，8世纪是其黄金时期，至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="平安时代">平安时代</a>已名存實亡，但到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="明治維新">明治維新</a>才正式廢除。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本理念"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E7.90.86.E5.BF.B5"></span>基本理念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：基本理念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本律令制是中国古代思想衍生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="王土王民思想" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="王土王民思想"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王土王民思想（页面不存在）">王土王民思想</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:王土王民思想"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">王土王民思想</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（也叫王土王臣思想，即土地和人民都必须服从君主的支配）这一理念具体化的体制。另外，王土王民的理念和“只有君主才有统治权，在君主面前人人平等”的“一君万民”思想成为互为表里的关系。 </p><p>律令制下，本着王土王民和一君万民的理念，国君一律平等地给予人民土地，反过来人民对于国君也一律平等地履行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85" title="稅">租税</a>、劳役、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="兵役">兵役</a>的义务。为了保障这套秩序无差错的执行，国家颁布了高度体系化的法令，并依照这套法令建立起官僚体系。这套官僚体系是保障社会秩序的工具。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本律令制大约实施于公元7世纪后期（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E9%B8%9F%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="飞鸟时代">飞鸟时代</a>后期）到10世纪。这之中，8世纪是其黄金时期。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大化改新"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E5.8C.96.E6.94.B9.E6.96.B0"></span>大化改新</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：大化改新"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%94%B9%E6%96%B0" title="大化改新">大化改新</a></div> <p>据《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80" title="日本書紀">日本書紀</a>》记载，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="推古">推古</a>11年12月5日（604年1月11日），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%84%E6%88%B6%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="廄戶王">廄戶王</a>推動下开始实行包括制定<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E4%BD%8D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%98%B6" title="冠位十二阶">冠位十二阶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="十七条宪法">十七條憲法</a>在内的国制改革。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%B7%B3%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="乙巳之變">乙巳之變</a>後从646年开始，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="孝德天皇">孝德天皇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%84%E7%9A%87%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中大兄皇子">中大兄皇子</a>等人积极推进政治改革，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%94%B9%E6%96%B0" title="大化改新">大化改新</a>中提出了四项施政方针。这些方针都受到了中国政治制度的强烈影响，内容如下： </p> <ol><li>效法<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6" title="均田制">均田制</a>，行<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6" title="班田制">班田收授法</a>：廢除豪族对土地與部民的私有權，並將其收為國有。政府计口授田，凡六歲以上之國民，每六年按人口班给田地（稱「口分田」）。所班田地不得買賣，死後歸還政府。</li> <li>效法唐朝<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%BA%B8%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="租庸调制">租庸调制</a>：受田農民须向國家上繳穀物（此為「租」），服勞役或纳布代役（此為「庸」），並上貢地方土產（此為「调」）。</li> <li>中央設<b>二官</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87%E5%AE%98" title="神祇官">神祇官</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="太政官">太政官</a>和<b>八省</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81" title="中務省">中務</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%8F%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81" title="式部省">式部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81" title="治部省">治部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81" title="民部省">民部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81" title="兵部省">兵部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81" title="刑部省">刑部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%9C%81" title="大藏省">大藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%85%E7%9C%81" title="宫内省">宮內</a>）、<b>一台</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%B0" title="彈正台">彈正台</a>）；一般地方設<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a>、里。</li> <li>兵制：首都置五衛府，地方設<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍團 (古代日本)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="軍団 (古代日本)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍團 (古代日本)（页面不存在）">軍團</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9B%A3_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" class="extiw" title="ja:軍団 (古代日本)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">軍団 (古代日本)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，國民需服兵役。</li></ol> <p>到20世纪中后期以前，人们都认为大化改新将日本带入律令制社会，但是1967年12月，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%AC" title="藤原京">藤原京</a>北的外濠出土了上写有「己亥年十月上捄国阿波評松里□」的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%AE%80" class="mw-redirect" title="木简">木簡</a>，引起了郡評論争，改新诏书的存在出現爭議<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="天智朝"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.99.BA.E6.9C.9D"></span>天智朝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：天智朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本正式进入律令制社会是公元7世纪60年代之后的事。663年，日本在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%9D%91%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="白村江之戰">白村江之戰</a>中战败，随即與<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%97" title="新罗">新罗</a>的关系恶化，日本朝廷深感国际局势对日本不利。于是为了增强国防实力，使危机感笼罩下的统治阶级团结起来，当时的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%99%BA%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="天智天皇">天智天皇</a>改组<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="豪族">豪族</a>，迅速整顿了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="官僚">官僚</a>体制，进行了举国的政治体制改革。改革加强了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大王 (大和王權)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="大王 (ヤマト王権)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%AC%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大王 (大和王權)（页面不存在）">大王</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B_(%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ja:大王 (ヤマト王権)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">大王 (ヤマト王権)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的权力，对地方人民的统治进一步强化，在全国形成了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">令制国</a>的行政区划。670年左右，在这个背景下，日本历史上最早的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E7%B1%8D" title="户籍">户籍</a>—庚午年籍完成，户籍是律令制诸多制度施行的必要因素。这个时期编写并施行的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%B1%9F%E4%BB%A4" title="近江令">近江令</a>，被认为是天智天皇時期法令的统称。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="天武、持統朝"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.AD.A6.E3.80.81.E6.8C.81.E7.B5.B1.E6.9C.9D"></span>天武、持統朝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：天武、持統朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>671年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%99%BA%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="天智天皇">天智天皇</a>驾崩，其子即位为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="弘文天皇">弘文天皇</a>，但天智天皇弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%87%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="大海人皇子">大海人皇子</a>发动<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E7%94%B3%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="壬申之乱">壬申之亂</a>夺权，大海人皇子即位为天武天皇，天武天皇继续<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大化革新">大化革新</a>的改革，689年天武天皇颁布《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%B3%A5%E6%B7%A8%E5%BE%A1%E5%8E%9F%E4%BB%A4" title="飛鳥淨御原令">飛鳥淨御原令</a>》將國名從<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="倭国">倭國</a>改成日本，君主稱號從<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大王 (大和王權)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="大王 (ヤマト王権)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%AC%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大王 (大和王權)（页面不存在）">大王</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B_(%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ja:大王 (ヤマト王権)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">大王 (ヤマト王権)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>改成天皇。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>701年<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="文武天皇">文武天皇</a>颁布第一部正式律法《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%B6%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="大寶律令">大寶律令</a>》正式將國名改成日本，日本此后进入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83" title="中央集权">中央集权</a>的律令时代。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="奈良時代"><span id=".E5.A5.88.E8.89.AF.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>奈良時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：奈良時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奈良時代">奈良時代</a></div> <p>《大寶律令》頒布後雖然建構新的制度，但是並沒有大規模撤換統治階層，律令制雖然達成中央集權，提升中央和天皇權力，但由豪族演變成的貴族仍然擔任中央、地方統治者，律令制沒有消滅原有統治階層，反而給予原有統治階層統治的法律依據，以律令規範統治階層的權力，以及與天皇的關係。另外律令制雖然發揮中央政府控制地發的目的，但是律令制沒有符合當時日本的經濟、社會狀況，隨著生産力、人口増加，可供分配的土地減少，加上逃避勞役、兵役，出現偽造、逃脫戶籍的現象。 </p><p>為了應對律令制的不足，奈良政府開始設置<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E8%BA%AB%E6%B3%95" title="三世一身法">三世一身法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%BE%E7%94%B0%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%81%E8%B2%A1%E6%B3%95" title="墾田永年私財法">墾田永年私財法</a>，使得私有財產成為合法，這些政策雖然是為了維持律令制，但由于土地私有制被允许，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E6%97%8F_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="豪族 (日本)">豪族</a>和神社、寺庙开始进行大量开垦，导致了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="莊園 (日本)">庄园制度</a>的建立和班田制的崩溃。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>政治方面也設置令外官補充劑有官職不足。758年日本頒布《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E8%80%81%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4" title="養老律令">養老律令</a>》，《養老律令》直到明治維新才正式廢除。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="桓武天皇改革"><span id=".E6.A1.93.E6.AD.A6.E5.A4.A9.E7.9A.87.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>桓武天皇改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：桓武天皇改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>8世纪末期，律令制的实效性减弱，制度难以维持，这套机制的运行，成为律令政府的沉重负担，地方偽造、逃脫戶籍的現象导致户籍维持困难。因此当时在位的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%93%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="桓武天皇">桓武天皇</a>废止部分制度，实施大规模的行政改革，用简单有实效的制度取而代之。桓武天皇的改革包括：勵行班田、废除軍團制度、都城由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E4%BA%AC" title="平城京">平城京</a>迁至<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A1%E4%BA%AC" title="長岡京">长冈京</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%AC" title="平安京">平安京</a>、設置<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%98%E8%A7%A3%E7%94%B1%E4%BD%BF" title="勘解由使">勘解由使</a>、停止铸造<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%9C%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%A2" title="皇朝十二錢">皇朝十二錢</a>。这次改革，虽然是为了重振律令制，但是让律令制发生了实质性的改变，构建起与以前性质不同的统治体制，因此有学者认为，桓武天皇时期律令制实际已经终结。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="律令制的衰退"><span id=".E5.BE.8B.E4.BB.A4.E5.88.B6.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.B0.E9.80.80"></span>律令制的衰退</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：律令制的衰退"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>9世紀初期到中葉，为了整頓律令制開始编撰<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="律令格式">格式</a></b>，颁布格式虽然是为了維持律令制度，但也表示律令已经无法应对日本社会的需要。9世纪后期宇多天皇重用<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%81%93%E7%9C%9F" title="菅原道真">菅原道真</a>制衡藤原氏<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%99%82%E5%B9%B3" title="藤原時平">藤原時平</a>，894年藤原時平試圖派道真出使唐，但道真拒絕，並於建议廢除了遣唐使。此后日本进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%A2%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="國風文化">国風文化</a>時代发展出獨有的文化，由於律令制是仿照唐朝的制度，與唐朝缺乏接觸也是律令制衰退的原因之一。 </p><p>10世纪时<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6" title="律令制">律令制</a>完全瓦解，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%96%9C" title="延喜">延喜</a>二年（902年）頒布<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莊園整理令" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="荘園整理令"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莊園整理令（页面不存在）">莊園整理令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:荘園整理令"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">荘園整理令</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，為延續律令制最為顯著之舉，但也是日本史上最後一次實施班田。此后由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E7%B1%8D" title="户籍">户籍</a>调查无法进行，日本转为實施土地<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="税">税</a>的路線，將土地經營與納税之權責賦予地方<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E6%97%8F_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="豪族 (日本)">豪族</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B8" title="國司">國司</a>，使之成為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="負名" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="負名"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E5%90%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負名（页面不存在）">負名</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:負名"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">負名</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（應繳納租稅者），稱為負名體制。另外私有財產出现后，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E7%A4%BE" title="寺社">寺社</a>等權門掌握大量土地，權門透過權勢獲取「不輸不入」之權利，負名則將土地寄於權門名下，躲避國司控制，如此一來權門控制的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="莊園 (日本)">莊園</a>，不再受國司控制，不向政府納稅，並且逐漸擴大，並形成層層堆疊的土地所有權結構，稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="寄進式莊園" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="寄進地系荘園"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E9%80%B2%E5%BC%8F%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寄進式莊園（页面不存在）">寄進式莊園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E9%80%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%B3%BB%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:寄進地系荘園"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">寄進地系荘園</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，中央失去对大量土地的控制权。10世纪也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E9%97%9C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="攝關政治">攝關政治</a>的確立期，攝關取代律令制下<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="太政官">太政官</a>的权力。 </p><p>自從桓武天皇將各令制國軍團廢除，改為志願制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%85%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="健兒 (日本)">健兒</a>取代之後，地方治安因此惡化，地方自衛性質的武装勢力——<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="武士 (日本)">武士</a>因此出現。10世纪中葉武士协助平定<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E6%85%B6%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="承平天慶之亂">承平天慶之亂</a>，社会内部的紛爭經常由武力進行解決，武士的地位因此急速上升，促成最初的武家政權<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="平氏政權">平氏政權</a>的登場，日本进入武家社会时代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-furuta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-furuta_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">山内昌之・古田博司<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkcf.or.jp/history/second/4-02j.pdf">《位于近代日本的东亚文化共通论的轨迹》</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirose-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hirose_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">廣瀬薫雄『秦漢律令研究』2010年、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B2%E5%8F%A4%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2" title="汲古书院">汲古書院</a>、第一部第一章「关于律令制的时代区分」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">井上光貞《冠位十二階和这段历史的意義》283頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">木下正史『藤原京』「藤原京出土的木簡解决郡評論争」（中央公論新社、2003年　p64）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">市大樹『飛鳥的木簡』「大化改新はあったのか」（中央公論新社、2012年　p49）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熊谷公男" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="熊谷公男"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E8%B0%B7%E5%85%AC%E7%94%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊谷公男（页面不存在）">熊谷公男</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%B0%B7%E5%85%AC%E7%94%B7" class="extiw" title="ja:熊谷公男"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">熊谷公男</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> 『大王から天皇へ日本の歴史03』（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="講談社">講談社</a>、2001年）、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉田孝" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="吉田孝"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%94%B0%E5%AD%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉田孝（页面不存在）">吉田孝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%94%B0%E5%AD%9D" class="extiw" title="ja:吉田孝"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">吉田孝</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> 『日本誕生』（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="岩波新書" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="岩波新書"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岩波新書（页面不存在）">岩波新書</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:岩波新書"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">岩波新書</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、1997年）等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神野志隆光" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="神野志隆光"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E9%87%8E%E5%BF%97%E9%9A%86%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神野志隆光（页面不存在）">神野志隆光</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%87%8E%E5%BF%97%E9%9A%86%E5%85%89" class="extiw" title="ja:神野志隆光"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">神野志隆光</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>『「日本」とは何か』（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="講談社">講談社</a>現代新書、2005年）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A2%BE%E7%94%B0%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%81%E8%B2%A1%E6%B3%95-683623">墾田永年私財法(こんでんえいねんしざいほう)とは？意味や使い方</a>. コトバンク. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-05-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232900/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A2%BE%E7%94%B0%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%81%E8%B2%A1%E6%B3%95-683623">存档</a>于2023-05-21） –通过日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),旺文社日本史事典三訂版,百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉,世界大百科事典 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到日语网页">（日语）</span>.</cite><span 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