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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State-actor security exploit by the government of Kazakhstan</div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">government of Kazakhstan</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Root_certificate" title="Root certificate">root certificate</a> which could have enabled a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> traffic from Internet users in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. The government described it as a "national security certificate". If installed on users' devices, the certificate would have allowed the Kazakh government to intercept, decrypt, and re-encrypt any traffic passing through systems it controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, Kazakh ISPs started messaging their users that the certificate, now called the <b>Qaznet Trust Certificate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued by the state <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authority</a> the <b>Qaznet Trust Network</b>, would now have to be installed by all users.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sites operated by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> appeared to be among the Kazakh government's initial targets.<sup id="cite_ref-venturebeat.com-2019-08-21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venturebeat.com-2019-08-21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 21, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> simultaneously announced that their <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> web browsers would not accept the government-issued certificate, even if installed manually by users.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> also announced that they would make similar changes to their <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> browser.<sup id="cite_ref-venturebeat.com-2019-08-21_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venturebeat.com-2019-08-21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_man-in-the-middle_attack&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has so far not made any changes to its browsers, but reiterated that the government-issued certificate was not in the <a href="/wiki/Trusted_root_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusted root store">trusted root store</a> of any of its browsers, and would not have any effect unless a user manually installed it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, the Kazakh government attempted to re-introduce the government-issued root certificate for a third time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, browser vendors again announced that they would block any such attempt by invalidating the certificate in their browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_man-in-the-middle_attack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNurmakov2015" class="citation web cs1">Nurmakov, Adil (2015-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.report/experts-concerned-kazakhstan-plans-to-monitor-users-encrypted-traffic/">"Experts Concerned Kazakhstan Plans to Monitor Users' Encrypted Traffic"</a>. <i>Digital Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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revocation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_revocation_list" title="Certificate revocation list">Certificate revocation list</a> (CRL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">Online Certificate Status Protocol</a> (OCSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCSP_stapling" title="OCSP stapling">OCSP stapling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-validated_certificate" title="Domain-validated certificate">Domain-validated certificate</a> (DV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Validation_Certificate" title="Extended Validation Certificate">Extended Validation Certificate</a> (EV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">Public key certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">Public-key cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">Public key infrastructure</a> (PKI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_certificate" title="Root certificate">Root certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-signed_certificate" title="Self-signed certificate">Self-signed certificate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions" title="Domain Name System Security Extensions">Domain Name System Security Extensions</a> (DNSSEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Security">Internet Protocol Security</a> (IPsec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a> (SSH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States" title="Export of cryptography from the United States">Export of cryptography from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-Gated_Cryptography" title="Server-Gated Cryptography">Server-Gated Cryptography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_TLS_implementations" title="Comparison of TLS implementations">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)" title="Bouncy Castle (cryptography)">Bouncy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoringSSL" class="mw-redirect" title="BoringSSL">BoringSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_(programming_library)" title="Botan (programming library)">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAFE" title="BSAFE">BSAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptlib" title="Cryptlib">cryptlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnuTLS" title="GnuTLS">GnuTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Secure_Socket_Extension" title="Java Secure Socket Extension">JSSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MatrixSSL" title="MatrixSSL">MatrixSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbed_TLS" title="Mbed TLS">mbed TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustls" title="Rustls">Rustls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S2n-tls" title="S2n-tls">s2n-tls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">SChannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSLeay" title="SSLeay">SSLeay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunnel" title="Stunnel">stunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSL" title="WolfSSL">wolfSSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_Transparency" title="Certificate Transparency">Certificate Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(SSL)" title="Convergence (SSL)">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS_Everywhere" title="HTTPS Everywhere">HTTPS Everywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vulnerabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padding_oracle_attack" title="Padding oracle attack">Padding oracle attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cipher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah_attack" title="Bar mitzvah attack">Bar mitzvah attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BEAST_(security_exploit)" class="mw-redirect" title="BEAST (security exploit)">BEAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BREACH" title="BREACH">BREACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRIME" title="CRIME">CRIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DROWN_attack" title="DROWN attack">DROWN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)" title="Logjam (computer security)">Logjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POODLE" title="POODLE">POODLE</a> (in regards to SSL 3.0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate authority compromise">Certificate authority compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator_attack" title="Random number generator attack">Random number generator attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FREAK" title="FREAK">FREAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto_fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Goto fail">goto fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartbleed" title="Heartbleed">Heartbleed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Thirteen_attack" title="Lucky Thirteen attack">Lucky Thirteen attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POODLE" title="POODLE">POODLE</a> (in regards to TLS 1.0)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan MITM attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_man-in-the-middle_attack&oldid=1217998223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_man-in-the-middle_attack&oldid=1217998223</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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