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<li id="toc-Early_punishments_for_treason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_punishments_for_treason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early punishments for treason</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_punishments_for_treason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_recorded_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_recorded_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First recorded examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_recorded_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treason_Act_1351" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treason_Act_1351"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Treason Act 1351</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang,_trek_en_vierendeel" title="Hang, trek en vierendeel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hang, trek en vierendeel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="السحب والشنق والإرباع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السحب والشنق والإرباع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Обесване, изкормване и разчекване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обесване, изкормване и разчекване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hanged, drawn and quartered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjat,_arrossegat_i_esquarterat" title="Penjat, arrossegat i esquarterat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penjat, arrossegat i esquarterat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crogi,_diberfeddu_a_chwarteru" title="Crogi, diberfeddu a chwarteru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crogi, diberfeddu a chwarteru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6ngning,_opspr%C3%A6tning_og_partering" title="Hængning, opsprætning og partering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hængning, opsprætning og partering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ngen,_Ausweiden_und_Vierteilen" title="Hängen, Ausweiden und Vierteilen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hängen, Ausweiden und Vierteilen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahorcado,_arrastrado_y_descuartizado" title="Ahorcado, arrastrado y descuartizado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahorcado, arrastrado y descuartizado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvaronigo" title="Kvaronigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvaronigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkatua,_herrestatua_eta_zatikatua" title="Urkatua, herrestatua eta zatikatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urkatua, herrestatua eta zatikatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanged, drawn and quartered" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aforcado,_azorrado_e_desmembrado" title="Aforcado, azorrado e desmembrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aforcado, azorrado e desmembrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98%EC%B2%99%EC%9E%A5%EB%B6%84%EC%A7%80%ED%98%95" title="교수척장분지형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교수척장분지형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiccagione,_sventramento_e_squartamento" title="Impiccagione, sventramento e squartamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impiccagione, sventramento e squartamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תלייה, גרירה וביתור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלייה, גרירה וביתור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്വാർട്ടറിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വാർട്ടറിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangen,_trekken_en_vierendelen" title="Hangen, trekken en vierendelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hangen, trekken en vierendelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%90%8A%E3%82%8A%E3%83%BB%E5%86%85%E8%87%93%E6%8A%89%E3%82%8A%E3%83%BB%E5%9B%9B%E3%81%A4%E8%A3%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%88%91" title="首吊り・内臓抉り・四つ裂きの刑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="首吊り・内臓抉り・四つ裂きの刑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengning,_trekking_og_kvartering" title="Hengning, trekking og kvartering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hengning, trekking og kvartering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henging,_trekking_og_kvartering" title="Henging, trekking og kvartering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henging, trekking og kvartering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powieszenie,_wypatroszenie_i_po%C4%87wiartowanie" title="Powieszenie, wypatroszenie i poćwiartowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powieszenie, wypatroszenie i poćwiartowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcado,_arrastado_e_esquartejado" title="Enforcado, arrastado e esquartejado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enforcado, arrastado e esquartejado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A2nzurat,_t%C3%A2r%C3%A2t_%C8%99i_sf%C3%A2rtecat" title="Spânzurat, târât și sfârtecat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spânzurat, târât și sfârtecat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5,_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Повешение, потрошение и четвертование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повешение, потрошение и четвертование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanged, drawn and quartered" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirtt%C3%A4minen,_repiminen_ja_paloittelu" title="Hirttäminen, repiminen ja paloittelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirttäminen, repiminen ja paloittelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ngning,_dragning_och_fyrdelning" title="Hängning, dragning och fyrdelning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hängning, dragning och fyrdelning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="แขวนคอ ควักไส้ และผ่าสี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แขวนคอ ควักไส้ และผ่าสี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval punishment for high treason</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg/290px-BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg/435px-BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg/580px-BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger" title="Hugh Despenser the Younger">Hugh Despenser the Younger</a>, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Froissart_of_Louis_of_Gruuthuse_(BnF_Fr_2643-6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse (BnF Fr 2643-6)">Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To be <b>hanged, drawn and quartered</b> was a method of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torturous</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> used principally to execute men convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">high treason</a> in medieval and early modern Britain and Ireland. The convicted traitor was fastened to a hurdle, or wooden panel, and drawn behind a horse to the place of execution, where he was then <a href="/wiki/Hanged" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged">hanged</a> (almost to the point of death), <a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">emasculated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">quartered</a>. His remains would then often be displayed in prominent places across the country, such as <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>, to serve as a warning of the fate of traitors. The punishment was only ever applied to men; for reasons of public decency, women convicted of high treason were instead <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_women_in_England" title="Burning of women in England">burned at the stake</a>. </p><p>It became a <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> punishment in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> for high treason in 1352 under <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a> (1327–1377), although similar rituals are recorded during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a> (1216–1272). The same punishment applied to traitors against the king in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> from the 15th century onward; William Overy was hanged, drawn and quartered by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a> in 1459, and from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII</a> it was made part of statutory law.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wexford_Martyrs" title="Wexford Martyrs">Matthew Lambert</a> was among the most notable Irishmen to suffer this punishment, in 1581 in <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The severity of the sentence was <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">measured against the seriousness of the crime</a>. As an attack on the <a href="/wiki/English_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="English monarchy">monarch</a>'s authority, high treason was considered a deplorable act demanding the most extreme form of punishment. Although some convicts had their sentences modified and suffered a less ignominious end, over a period of several hundred years many men found guilty of high treason were subjected to the law's ultimate sanction. They included many <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priests executed during the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>, and several of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">regicides</a> involved in the 1649 <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a>. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> defining high treason remains on the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Statute_book" title="Statute book">statute books</a>, during a long period of 19th-century legal reform the sentence of hanging, drawing, and quartering was changed to drawing, hanging until dead, and posthumous beheading and quartering, before being abolished in England <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_Act_1870" title="Forfeiture Act 1870">in 1870</a>. The death penalty for treason was abolished <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Disorder_Act_1998" title="Crime and Disorder Act 1998">in 1998</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_punishments_for_treason">Early punishments for treason</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early punishments for treason"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg/290px-Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg/435px-Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg/580px-Drawing_of_William_de_Marisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>As illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_de_Marisco" class="mw-redirect" title="William de Marisco">William de Marisco</a> is drawn to his execution behind a horse.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, those in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> were punished in a variety of ways, often including drawing and hanging. Throughout the 13th century, more severe penalties were recorded, such as disembowelling, burning, beheading, and quartering. </p><p>The 13th-century English chronicler <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> described how in 1238 "a certain man at arms, a man of some education (<i>armiger literatus</i>)"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempted to kill <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a>. His account records in detail how the would-be assassin was executed: "dragged asunder, then beheaded, and his body divided into three parts; each part was then dragged through one of the principal cities of England, and was afterwards <a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">hung on a gibbet</a> used for robbers."<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1852_139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles_1852_139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was apparently sent by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Marisco" class="mw-redirect" title="William de Marisco">William de Marisco</a>, an outlaw who some years earlier had killed a man under royal protection before fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Lundy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundy Island">Lundy Island</a>. De Marisco was captured in 1242 and on Henry's order dragged from <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> to be executed. There he was hanged from a <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a> until dead. His corpse was disembowelled, his <a href="/wiki/Entrails" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrails">entrails</a> burned, his body quartered, and the parts distributed to cities across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_recorded_examples">First recorded examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First recorded examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/170px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/255px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/340px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Edward I <i>Longshanks</i>, King of England (1272–1307)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded example of the punishment in its entirety was during <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>'s reign, for the Welsh prince <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a> in 1283 after he turned against the king and proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and Lord of Snowdon.<sup id="cite_ref-Beadle_2008_11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beadle_2008_11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1852_139_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles_1852_139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the capture of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Edward proclaimed that the "treacherous lineage" (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Aberffraw" title="House of Aberffraw">House of Aberffraw</a>), and princes of that "turbulent nation" (<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) were now his prisoners. Edward summoned a parliament at <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> to discuss Dafydd's fate. On 30 September, it was decided Dafydd would be executed for what from that time onward would be termed <i><a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beadle_2008_11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beadle_2008_11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 October, Dafydd was attached to a horse's tail and drawn through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> to his place of execution. There he was hanged for "killing English noblemen" until losing consciousness, then revived, disembowelled, and made to watch as his entrails burned before him for "sacrilege in committing his crimes in the week of Christ's passion" (Easter).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Dafydd's body was cut into quarters "for plotting the king's death," and the parts were sent to different regions of Edward's realm: the right arm to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, the left arm to <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, the right leg to <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, and the left leg to <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>. The head was bound with iron and set on a spear at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1305, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> knight <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">Sir William Wallace</a>, a primary leader of the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a>, was punished in a similar manner. He was forced to wear a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">crown of laurel leaves</a> and was drawn to <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield</a>, where he was hanged, cut down before dying, emasculated and eviscerated, and then beheaded. His entrails were burned before him and his corpse quartered, while his head was set on <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> and the quarters sent to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treason_Act_1351">Treason Act 1351</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treason Act 1351"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/170px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/255px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/340px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, under whose rule the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a> was enacted. It defined in law what constituted <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">high treason</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These and other executions, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harclay,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger" title="Hugh Despenser the Younger">Hugh Despenser the Younger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which each occurred during <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>'s reign, happened when acts of treason in England, and their punishments, were not clearly defined in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treason was based on allegiance owed to the sovereign from all subjects aged 14 or over, and it remained for the king and his judges to determine whether that allegiance had been broken.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>'s justices had offered somewhat overzealous interpretations of what activities constituted treason, "calling felonies treasons and afforcing indictments by talk of accroachment of the royal power",<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting parliamentary demands to clarify the law. Edward therefore introduced the Treason Act 1351. It was enacted at a time in English history when a monarch's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to rule">right to rule</a> was indisputable and was therefore written principally to protect the throne and sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law offered a narrower definition of treason than had existed before and split the old feudal offence into two classes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petty_treason" title="Petty treason">Petty treason</a> referred to the killing of a master (or lord) by his servant, a husband by his wife, or a prelate by his clergyman. Men guilty of petty treason were drawn and hanged, whereas women were <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_women_in_England" title="Burning of women in England">burned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">High treason</a> was the most egregious offence an individual could commit. Attempts to undermine the king's authority were viewed with as much seriousness as if the accused had attacked him personally, which itself would be an assault on his status as sovereign and a direct threat to his right to govern. As this might undermine the state, retribution was considered an absolute necessity and the crime deserving of the ultimate punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practical difference between the two offences was therefore in the consequence of being convicted; rather than being drawn and hanged, men were to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, while for reasons of public decency (their anatomy being considered inappropriate for the sentence), women were instead drawn and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggsp84_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggsp84-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naishp9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naishp9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act declared that a person had committed high treason if they were:<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp9_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>compassing or imagining the death of the king, his wife or his eldest son and heir;</li> <li>violating the king's wife, his eldest daughter if she was unmarried, or the wife of his eldest son and heir;</li> <li>levying war against the king in his <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">realm</a>;</li> <li>adhering to the king's enemies in his realm, giving them aid and comfort in his realm or elsewhere;</li> <li>counterfeiting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_England" title="Privy Seal of England">Privy Seal</a>, or the king's coinage;</li> <li>knowingly importing counterfeit money;</li> <li>killing the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Treasurer</a> or one of the king's Justices while performing their offices.</li></ul> <p>The Act did not limit the king's authority in defining the scope of treason. It contained a proviso giving English judges discretion to extend that scope whenever required, a process more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Constructive_treason" title="Constructive treason">constructive treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also applied to subjects overseas in <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonies in the Americas</a>, but the only documented incident of an individual there being hanged, drawn, and quartered was that of Joshua Tefft, an English colonist accused of having fought on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Swamp_Fight" title="Great Swamp Fight">Great Swamp Fight</a>. He was executed in January 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later sentences resulted either in a pardon or a hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treason_Act_1695">Treason Act 1695</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treason Act 1695"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1695" title="Treason Act 1695">Treason Act 1695</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham">Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham</a>, was executed on 17 May 1521 for the crime of treason. The wording of his sentence has survived and indicates the precision with which the method of execution was described; he was to be "laid on a hurdle and so drawn to the place of execution, and there to be hanged, cut down alive, your members to be cut off and cast in the fire, your bowels burnt before you, your head smitten off, and your body quartered and divided at the King's will, and God have mercy on your soul."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original 1351 Act required only one witness to convict a person of treason, although in 1547 this was increased to two. Suspects were first questioned in private by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> before they were publicly tried. They were allowed no witnesses or defence <a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">counsel</a>, and were generally presumed guilty from the outset. This meant that for centuries anyone accused of treason was at a severe legal disadvantage, a situation that lasted until the late 17th century, when several years of politically motivated treason charges made against <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> politicians prompted the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1695" title="Treason Act 1695">Treason Act 1695</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed a defendant counsel, witnesses, a copy of the indictment, and a jury, and when not charged with an attempt on the monarch's life, to be prosecuted within three years of the alleged offence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_of_the_sentence">Execution of the sentence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Execution of the sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Munday" redirects here. For the English composer and organist, see <a href="/wiki/John_Mundy_(composer)" title="John Mundy (composer)"> John Mundy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="List of people hanged, drawn and quartered">List of people hanged, drawn and quartered</a></div> <p>Once sentenced, malefactors were usually held in prison for a few days before being taken to the place of execution. During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> this journey may have been made tied directly to the back of a horse, but it subsequently became customary for the victim to be fastened instead to a wicker <a href="/wiki/Hurdle" title="Hurdle">hurdle</a>, or wooden panel, itself tied to the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp187_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp187-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a> thought that this was probably to "[secure] for the hangman a yet living body".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the word "drawn", as in "to draw", has caused a degree of confusion. One of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s definitions of draw is "to draw out the viscera or intestines of; to disembowel (a fowl, etc. before cooking, a traitor or other criminal after hanging)", but this is followed by "in many cases of executions it is uncertain whether this, or [to drag (a criminal) at a horse's tail, or on a hurdle or the like, to the place of execution; formerly a legal punishment of high treason], is meant. The presumption is that where <i>drawn</i> is mentioned after <i>hanged</i>, the sense is as here."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">Ram Sharan Sharma</a> arrived at the same conclusion: "Where, as in the popular <i>hung, drawn and quartered</i> [use] (meaning facetiously, of a person, completely disposed of), <i>drawn</i> follows <i>hanged</i> or <i>hung</i>, it is to be referred to as the disembowelling of the traitor."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharma is not the only historian to support this viewpoint as the phrase, "hanged until dead before being drawn and quartered", occurs in a number of relevant secondary publications.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian and author <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mortimer_(historian)" title="Ian Mortimer (historian)">Ian Mortimer</a> disagrees. In an essay published on his website, he writes that the separate mention of evisceration is a relatively modern device, and that while it certainly took place on many occasions, the presumption that <i>drawing</i> means to disembowel is spurious. Instead, drawing (as a method of transportation) may be mentioned after hanging because it was a supplementary part of the execution.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg/220px-Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg/330px-Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg/440px-Traitors_heads_on_old_london_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_I_execution,_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg/220px-Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg/330px-Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg/440px-Charles_I_execution%2C_and_execution_of_regicides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><i>A liuely Representation of the manner how his late Majesty was beheaded uppon the Scaffold Ian 30: 1648; A representation of the execution of the King's Judges.</i> In the top pane, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England"><span class="nowrap">Charles I</span></a> is shown awaiting his execution. In the bottom pane, one regicide is hanged and another quartered, while the latter's head is shown to the crowd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some reports indicate that during <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary I</a>'s reign bystanders were vocal in their support: while in transit, convicts sometimes suffered directly at the hands of the crowd. <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> was whipped, attacked and had rotten food and waste thrown at him,<sup id="cite_ref-BeadleHarrisonp12_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeadleHarrisonp12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the priest <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pilchard" title="Thomas Pilchard">Thomas Pilchard</a> was reportedly barely alive by the time he reached the gallows in 1587. Others found themselves admonished by "zealous and godly men";<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp187_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp187-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became customary for a preacher to follow the condemned, asking them to repent. According to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> clergyman <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Perkins (Puritan)">William Perkins</a> (1558–1602) once managed to convince a young man at the gallows that he had been forgiven, enabling the youth to go to his death "with tears of joy in his eyes ... as if he actually saw himself delivered from the hell which he feared before, and heaven opened for receiving his soul."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the king's commission had been read aloud, the crowd was normally asked to move back from the scaffold before being addressed by the convict.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp191_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp191-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these speeches were mostly an admission of guilt (although few admitted treason),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still they were carefully monitored by the sheriff and chaplain, who were occasionally forced to act; in 1588, Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_(priest)" title="William Dean (priest)">William Dean</a>'s address to the crowd was considered so inappropriate that he was gagged almost to the point of suffocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp191_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp191-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions on matters of allegiance and politics were sometimes put to the prisoner,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as happened to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gennings" title="Edmund Gennings">Edmund Gennings</a> in 1591. He was asked by <a href="/wiki/Priest_hunter" title="Priest hunter">priest hunter</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Topcliffe" title="Richard Topcliffe">Richard Topcliffe</a> to "confess his treason", but when Gennings responded "if to say Mass be treason, I confess to have done it and glory in it", Topcliffe ordered him to be quiet and instructed the hangman to push him off the ladder.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the witness responsible for the condemned man's execution was also present. A government spy, John Munday, was in 1582 present for the execution of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(martyr)" title="Thomas Ford (martyr)">Thomas Ford</a>. Munday supported the sheriff, who had reminded the priest of his confession when he protested his innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sentiments expressed in such speeches may be related to the conditions encountered during imprisonment. Many <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests suffered badly at the hands of their captors but were frequently the most defiant; conversely, those of a higher station were often the most apologetic. Such contrition may have arisen from the sheer terror felt by those who thought they might be disembowelled rather than simply beheaded as they would normally expect, and any apparent acceptance of their fate may have stemmed from the belief that a serious, but not treasonable act, had been committed. Good behaviour at the gallows may also have been due to a convict's desire for his heirs not to be <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">disinherited</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The condemned were occasionally forced to watch as other traitors, sometimes their confederates, were executed before them. The priest <a href="/wiki/James_Bell_(priest)" title="James Bell (priest)">James Bell</a> was in 1584 made to watch as his companion, <a href="/wiki/John_Finch_(martyr)" title="John Finch (martyr)">John Finch</a>, was "a-quarter-inge". <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(martyr)" title="Edward James (martyr)">Edward James</a> and Francis Edwardes were made to witness <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Crockett" title="Ralph Crockett">Ralph Crockett</a>'s execution in 1588, in an effort to elicit their co-operation and acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>'s religious supremacy before they were themselves executed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally stripped to the shirt with their arms bound in front of them, prisoners were then hanged for a short period, either from a ladder or cart. On the sheriff's orders the cart would be taken away (or if a ladder, turned), leaving the man suspended in mid-air. The aim was usually to cause <a href="/wiki/Strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangulation">strangulation</a> and near-death, although some victims were killed prematurely, the priest <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_(martyr)" title="John Payne (martyr)">John Payne</a>'s death in 1582 being hastened by a group of men pulling on his legs. Conversely, some, such as the deeply unpopular <a href="/wiki/William_Hacket" title="William Hacket">William Hacket</a> (d. 1591), were cut down instantly and taken to be disembowelled and normally <a href="/wiki/Emasculated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emasculated">emasculated</a>—the latter, according to Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, to "show his issue was disinherited with corruption of blood."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A victim still conscious at that point might have seen his entrails burned, before the body was decapitated and quartered (chopped into four pieces). The <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">regicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Major General Thomas Harrison</a>, after being hanged for several minutes and then cut open in October 1660, was reported to have leaned across and hit his executioner—resulting in the swift removal of his head. His entrails were thrown onto a nearby fire.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_Regicide_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Regicide-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbottpp158159_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbottpp158159-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Houghton_(martyr)" title="John Houghton (martyr)">John Houghton</a> was reported to have prayed while being disembowelled in 1535, and in his final moments to have cried "Good Jesu, what will you do with my heart?"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Executioners were often inexperienced and proceedings did not always run smoothly. In 1584, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn" title="Richard Gwyn">Richard White</a>'s executioner removed his bowels piece by piece, through a small hole in his belly, "the which device taking no good success, he mangled his breast with a butcher's axe to the very chine most pitifully."<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp204_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp204-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his execution in January 1606 for his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> managed to break his neck by jumping from the gallows.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg/220px-Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg/330px-Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg/440px-Execution_of_thomas_armstrong_1683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armstrong_(English_politician)" title="Thomas Armstrong (English politician)">Sir Thomas Armstrong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No records exist to demonstrate exactly how the corpse was quartered, although an engraving of the quartering of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Armstrong">Sir Thomas Armstrong</a> in 1684 shows the executioner making vertical cuts through the spine and removing the legs at the hip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2008113–124_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008113–124-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a>'s remains was described by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Maxwell,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet">Herbert Maxwell</a>: "the right arm with a ring on the finger in York; the left arm in Bristol; the right leg and hip at Northampton; the left [leg] at Hereford. But the villain's head was bound with iron, lest it should fall to pieces from putrefaction, and set conspicuously upon a long spear-shaft for the mockery of London."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the execution in 1660 of several of the regicides involved in the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> eleven years earlier, the diarist <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> remarked: "I saw not their execution, but met their quarters, mangled, and cut, and reeking, as they were brought from the gallows in baskets on the hurdle."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such remains were typically <a href="/wiki/Parboiled" class="mw-redirect" title="Parboiled">parboiled</a> and displayed as a gruesome reminder of the penalty for high treason, usually wherever the traitor had conspired or found support.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbottpp158159_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbottpp158159-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt and <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a> seed would be added during the boiling process: the salt to prevent <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a>, and the cumin seed to prevent birds pecking at the flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head was often displayed on <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>, for centuries the route by which many travellers from the south entered the city. Several eminent commentators remarked on the displays. In 1566 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a> wrote that "in London there were many heads on the bridge ... I have seen there, as if they were masts of ships, and at the top of them, quarters of men's corpses." In 1602 the <a href="/wiki/Barnim_X,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnim X, Duke of Pomerania">Duke of Pommerania-Stettin</a> emphasised the ominous nature of their presence when he wrote "near the end of the bridge, on the suburb side, were stuck up the heads of thirty gentlemen of high standing who had been beheaded on account of treason and secret practices against the Queen."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of using London Bridge in this manner ended following the hanging, drawing, and quartering in 1678 of William Staley, a victim of the fictitious <a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a>. His quarters were given to his relatives, who promptly arranged a "grand" funeral; this incensed the coroner so much that he ordered the body to be dug up and set upon the city gates. Staley's was the last head to be placed on London Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another victim of the Popish Plot, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett" title="Oliver Plunkett">Oliver Plunkett</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh" title="Archbishop of Armagh">Archbishop of Armagh</a>, was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn in July 1681. His executioner was bribed so that Plunkett's body parts were saved from the fire; the head is now displayed at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Drogheda" title="St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Drogheda">St Peter's Church in Drogheda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Towneley" title="Francis Towneley">Francis Towneley</a> and several other captured <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> officers involved in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Rising of 1745">Jacobite Rising of 1745</a> were executed,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by then the executioner possessed some discretion as to how much they should suffer and thus they were killed before their bodies were eviscerated. The French spy <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_de_la_Motte" title="François Henri de la Motte">François Henri de la Motte</a> was hanged in 1781 for almost an hour before his heart was cut out and burned,<sup id="cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatrellp317-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the following year David Tyrie was hanged, decapitated, and then quartered at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, being the last person to be executed with this method.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pieces of his corpse were fought over by members of the 20,000-strong crowd there, some making trophies of his limbs and fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Edward Despard</a> and six co-conspirators in the <a href="/wiki/Despard_Plot" title="Despard Plot">Despard Plot</a> were sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Before they were hanged and beheaded at <a href="/wiki/Horsemonger_Lane_Gaol" title="Horsemonger Lane Gaol">Horsemonger Lane Gaol</a>, they were first placed on sledges attached to horses, and ritually pulled in circuits around the gaol yards.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their execution was attended by an audience of about 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporary report describes the scene after Despard had made his speech: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> This energetic, but inflammatory appeal, was followed by such enthusiastic plaudits, that the Sheriff hinted to the Clergyman to withdraw, and forbade Colonel Despard to proceed. The cap was then drawn over their eyes, during which the Colonel was observed again to fix the knot under his left ear, and, at seven minutes before nine o'clock the signal being given, the platform dropped, and they were all launched into eternity. From the precaution taken by the Colonel, he appeared to suffer very little, neither did the others struggle much, except Broughton, who had been the most indecently profane of the whole. Wood, the soldier, died very hard. The Executioners went under, and kept pulling them by the feet. Several drops of blood fell from the fingers of Macnamara and Wood, during the time they were suspended. After hanging thirty-seven minutes, the Colonel's body was cut down, at half an hour past nine o'clock, and being stripped of his coat and waistcoat, it was laid upon saw-dust, with the head reclined upon a block. A surgeon then in attempting to sever the head from the body by a common dissecting knife, missed the particular joint aimed at, when he kept haggling it, till the executioner was obliged to take the head between his hands, and to twist it several times round, when it was with difficulty severed from the body. It was then held up by the executioner, who exclaimed—"<i>Behold the head of EDWARD MARCUS DESPARD, a Traitor!</i>" The same ceremony followed with the others respectively; and the whole concluded by ten o'clock.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg/170px-Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg/255px-Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg/340px-Jeremiah_Brandreths_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The severed head of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Brandreth" title="Jeremiah Brandreth">Jeremiah Brandreth</a>, one of the last men in England sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered</figcaption></figure> <p>At the burnings of Isabella Condon in 1779 and Phoebe Harris in 1786, the sheriffs present inflated their expenses; in the opinion of Simon Devereaux they were probably dismayed at being forced to attend such spectacles.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris's fate prompted <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> to sponsor a bill which if passed would have abolished the practice, but as one of its proposals would have allowed the <a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">anatomical dissection</a> of criminals other than murderers, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burning in 1789 of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Murphy_(counterfeiter)" title="Catherine Murphy (counterfeiter)">Catherine Murphy</a>, a counterfeiter,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was impugned in Parliament by Sir Benjamin Hammett. He called it one of "the savage remains of Norman policy".<sup id="cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatrellp317-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amidst a growing tide of public disgust at the burning of women, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1790" title="Treason Act 1790">Treason Act 1790</a>, which for women guilty of treason substituted hanging for burning.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1814" title="Treason Act 1814">Treason Act 1814</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Romilly" title="Samuel Romilly">Samuel Romilly</a>, a legal reformer. Influenced by his friend, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, Romilly had long argued that punitive laws should serve to reform criminal behaviour and that far from acting as a deterrent, the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Code" title="Bloody Code">severity of England's laws</a> was responsible for an increase in crime. When appointed the MP for Queensborough in 1806 he resolved to improve what he described as "Our sanguinary and barbarous penal code, written in blood".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to repeal the death penalty for certain thefts and vagrancy, and <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1814" title="Treason Act 1814">in 1814</a> proposed to change the sentence for men guilty of treason to being hanged until dead and the body left at the king's disposal. However, when it was pointed out that this would be a less severe punishment than that given for murder, he agreed that the corpse should also be decapitated, "as a fit punishment and appropriate stigma."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joycep105_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joycep105-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is what happened to <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Brandreth" title="Jeremiah Brandreth">Jeremiah Brandreth</a>, leader of a 100-strong contingent of men in the <a href="/wiki/Pentrich_rising" title="Pentrich rising">Pentrich rising</a> and one of three men executed in 1817 at <a href="/wiki/Derby_Gaol" title="Derby Gaol">Derby Gaol</a>. As with Edward Despard and his confederates the three were drawn to the scaffold on sledges before being hanged for about an hour, and then on the insistence of the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince Regent</a> were beheaded with an axe. The local miner appointed to the task of beheading them was inexperienced though, and having failed with the first two blows, completed his job with a knife. As he held the first head up and made the customary announcement, the crowd reacted with horror and fled. A different reaction was seen in 1820, when amidst more social unrest five men involved in the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Street_Conspiracy" title="Cato Street Conspiracy">Cato Street Conspiracy</a> were hanged and beheaded at Newgate Prison. Although the beheading was performed by a surgeon, following the usual proclamation the crowd was angry enough to force the executioners to find safety behind the prison walls.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plot was the last crime for which the sentence was applied.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reformation of England's capital punishment laws continued throughout the 19th century, as politicians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a>, sought to remove from the statute books many of the capital offences that remained.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>'s drive to ameliorate law enforcement saw petty treason abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1828">Offences against the Person Act 1828</a>, which removed the distinction between crimes formerly considered as petty treason, and murder.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Capital_Punishment_1864-1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864-1866">Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864–1866</a> recommended that there be no change to treason law, quoting the "more merciful" <a href="/wiki/Treason_Felony_Act_1848" title="Treason Felony Act 1848">Treason Felony Act 1848</a>, which limited the punishment for most treasonous acts to <a href="/wiki/Penal_servitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal servitude">penal servitude</a>. Its report recommended that for "rebellion, assassination or other violence ...we are of opinion that the extreme penalty must remain",<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the most recent occasion (and ultimately, the last) on which anyone had been sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered was in November 1839, following the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a>—and those men sentenced to death were instead <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report highlighted the changing public mood toward public executions (brought about in part by the growing prosperity created by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>). <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Spencer Horatio Walpole</a> told the commission that executions had "become so demoralizing that, instead of its having a good effect, it has a tendency rather to brutalize the public mind than to deter the criminal class from committing crime". The commission recommended that executions should be performed privately, behind prison walls and away from the public's view, "under such regulations as may be considered necessary to prevent abuse, and to satisfy the public that the law has been complied with."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of executing murderers in public was ended two years later by the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Punishment_Amendment_Act_1868" title="Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868">Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868</a>, introduced by Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathorne Hardy">Gathorne Hardy</a>, but this did not apply to traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amendment to abolish capital punishment completely, suggested before the bill's third reading, failed by 127 votes to 23.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanging, drawing, and quartering was abolished in England by the <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_Act_1870" title="Forfeiture Act 1870">Forfeiture Act 1870</a>, Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Forster,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Forster, 1st Baronet">Charles Forster</a>'s second attempt since 1864<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to end the <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_(law)" title="Forfeiture (law)">forfeiture</a> of a felon's lands and goods (thereby not making paupers of his family).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act limited the penalty for treason to hanging alone,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it did not remove the monarch's right under the 1814 Act to replace hanging with beheading.<sup id="cite_ref-Joycep105_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joycep105-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beheading was abolished in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it had long been obsolete; the last person on British soil to be beheaded was <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat</a> in 1747. The death penalty for treason was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Disorder_Act_1998" title="Crime and Disorder Act 1998">Crime and Disorder Act 1998</a>, enabling the UK to ratify protocol six of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some of the places where the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> developed into a fierce civil war among American factions, there are recorded cases of both sides resorting to hanging, drawing, and quartering – both <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> finding reasons to construe their opponents as being "traitors" deserving of such a fate.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="List of people hanged, drawn and quartered">List of people hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Rex eum, quasi regiae majestatis (occisorem), membratim laniatum equis apud Coventre, exemplum terribile et spectaculum comentabile praebere (iussit) omnibus audentibus talia machinari. Primo enim distractus, postea decollatus et corpus in tres partes divisum est.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On de Marisco, Paris states "postea decollatus et corpus in tres partes divisum est" (Once beheaded his body is divided into three parts).<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1852_139_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles_1852_139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treason before 1351 was defined by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doom_book" title="Doom book">Doom book</a>. As Patrick Wormald wrote, "if anyone plots against the king's life ... [<i>or</i> his lord's life], he is liable for his life and all that he owns ... or to clear himself by the king's [lord's] wergeld."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Women were considered the legal property of their husbands,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so a woman convicted of killing her husband was guilty not of murder, but petty treason. For disrupting the social order a degree of retribution was therefore required; hanging was considered insufficient for such a heinous crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggsp84_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggsp84-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And because that many other like cases of treason may happen in time to come, which a man cannot think nor declare at this present time; it is accorded, that if any other case supposed treason, which is not above specified, doth happen before any justice, the justice shall tarry without going to judgement of treason, till the cause be shewed and declared before the king and his parliament, whether it ought to be judged treason or other felony." <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an explanation of "corruption of blood", see <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">Attainder</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison's sentence was "That you be led to the place from whence you came, and from thence be drawn upon a hurdle to the place of execution, and then you shall be hanged by the neck and, being alive, shall be cut down, and your privy members to be cut off, and your entrails be taken out of your body and, you living, the same to be burnt before your eyes, and your head to be cut off, your body to be divided into four-quarters, and head and quarters to be disposed of at the pleasure of the King's majesty. And the Lord have mercy on your soul."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His head adorned the sledge that drew fellow regicide <a href="/wiki/John_Cooke_(prosecutor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooke (prosecutor)">John Cooke</a> to his execution, before being displayed in Westminster Hall; his quarters were fastened to the city gates.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the case of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger" title="Hugh Despenser the Younger">Hugh Despenser the Younger</a>, Seymour Phillips writes: "All the good people of the realm, great and small, rich and poor, regarded Despenser as a traitor and a robber; for which he was sentenced to be hanged. As a traitor he was to be drawn and quartered and the quarters distributed around the kingdom; as an outlaw he was to be beheaded; and for procuring discord between the king and the queen and other people of the kingdom he was sentenced to be disembowelled and his entrails burned; finally he was declared to be a traitor, tyrant and renegade."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Professor Robert Kastenbaum's opinion the disfigurement of Despenser's corpse (presuming that his disembowelment was post-mortem) may have served as a reminder to the crowd that the authorities did not tolerate dissent. He speculates that the reasoning behind such bloody displays may have been to assuage the crowd's anger, to remove any human characteristics from the corpse, to rob the criminal's family of any opportunity to hold a meaningful funeral, or even to release any evil spirits contained within.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of disembowelling the body may have originated in the medieval belief that treasonable thoughts were housed there, requiring that the convict's entrails be "purged by fire".<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamyp204_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamyp204-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harclay,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">Andrew Harclay</a>'s "treasonous thoughts had originated in his 'heart, bowels, and entrails'", and so were to be "extracted and burnt to ashes, which would then be dispersed", as had happened with William Wallace and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert de Middleton">Gilbert de Middleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1534, a woman's head adorned the bridge; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barton" title="Elizabeth Barton">Elizabeth Barton</a>, a domestic servant and later <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> who forecast the early death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, was drawn to <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>, and hanged and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although women were usually burned only after they had first been strangled to death, in 1726 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hayes_(murderer)" title="Catherine Hayes (murderer)">Catherine Hayes</a>'s executioner botched the job and she perished in the flames, the last woman in England to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatrellp317-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster's first attempt passed through both Houses of Parliament without obstruction, but was dropped following a change of government.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellamyp204-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellamyp204_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellamyp204_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellamy1979">Bellamy 1979</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips2010">Phillips 2010</a>, p. 517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKastenbaum2004">Kastenbaum 2004</a>, pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof 2008</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthcote_Parkinson1976">Northcote Parkinson 1976</a>, pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008113–124-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2008113–124_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2008">Lewis 2008</a>, pp. 113–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1913">Maxwell 1913</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvelyn1850">Evelyn 1850</a>, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellamy1979">Bellamy 1979</a>, pp. 207–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1936" class="citation cs2">Kenny, C. 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font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2002">Roberts 2002</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatrellp317-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatrellp317_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatrell1996">Gatrell 1996</a>, pp. 316–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161846/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7548">archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Despard%2C+Edward+Marcus+%281751%E2%80%931803%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7548&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F7548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrangerCaulfield1804">Granger & Caulfield 1804</a>, pp. 889–897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevereaux2006">Devereaux 2006</a>, pp. 73–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelton2009">Shelton 2009</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeilden2009">Feilden 2009</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockHostettler1997">Block & Hostettler 1997</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomilly1820">Romilly 1820</a>, p. xlvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joycep105-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joycep105_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joycep105_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoyce1955">Joyce 1955</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelchem2008" class="citation cs2">Belchem, John (2008) [2004], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3270">"Brandreth, Jeremiah (1786/1790–1817)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3270">10.1093/ref:odnb/3270</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Brandreth%2C+Jeremiah+%281786%2F1790%E2%80%931817%29&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3270&rft.aulast=Belchem&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F3270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott2005">Abbott 2005</a>, pp. 161–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockHostettler1997">Block & Hostettler 1997</a>, pp. 51–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiener2004">Wiener 2004</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubber2005">Dubber 2005</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevi1866">Levi 1866</a>, pp. 134–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2007">Chase 2007</a>, pp. 137–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcConville1995">McConville 1995</a>, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny, p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatrell1996">Gatrell 1996</a>, p. 593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockHostettler1997">Block & Hostettler 1997</a>, pp. 59, 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1870/mar/30/second-reading#S3V0200P0_18700330_HOC_9">"Second Reading, HC Deb vol 200 cc931–8"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>, 30 March 1870, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020165131/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1870/mar/30/second-reading#S3V0200P0_18700330_HOC_9">archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Second+Reading%2C+HC+Deb+vol+200+cc931%E2%80%938&rft.date=1870-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1870%2Fmar%2F30%2Fsecond-reading%23S3V0200P0_18700330_HOC_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon_31870">Anon 3 1870</a>, p. N/A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon_21870">Anon 2 1870</a>, p. 547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/33-34/23/crossheading/judgment-in-cases-of-high-treason/enacted">"Forfeiture Act 1870"</a>, <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>, 1870, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113192243/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/33-34/23/crossheading/judgment-in-cases-of-high-treason/enacted">archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Forfeiture+Act+1870&rft.date=1870&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F33-34%2F23%2Fcrossheading%2Fjudgment-in-cases-of-high-treason%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1870">Anon 1870</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 (c. 39), Sch. 1 Pt. V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWindlesham2001">Windlesham 2001</a>, p. 81n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toriesfightingfo0000alle"><i>Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124181-9"><bdi>978-0-06-124181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tories%3A+Fighting+for+the+King+in+America%27s+First+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-124181-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoriesfightingfo0000alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1985" class="citation book cs1">Albert, Peter J., ed. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uncivilwarsouthe0000unse"><i>An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution</i></a></span>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1051-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1051-X"><bdi>0-8139-1051-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Uncivil+War%3A+The+Southern+Backcountry+During+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8139-1051-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funcivilwarsouthe0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1976" class="citation book cs1">Young, Alfred, ed. (1976). <i>The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-057-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-057-2"><bdi>0-87580-057-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+Explorations+in+the+History+of+American+Radicalism&rft.place=DeKalb&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87580-057-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1870" class="citation cs2">Anon (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp4DAAAAQAAJ">"The Law Times"</a>, <i>Office of the Law Times</i>, vol. 49, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Law+Times&rft.atitle=The+Law+Times&rft.volume=49&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMp4DAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon_21870" class="citation cs2">Anon 2 (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46sDAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Solicitors' journal & reporter</i></a>, London: Law Newspaper</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solicitors%27+journal+%26+reporter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Law+Newspaper&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Anon+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46sDAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon_31870" class="citation cs2">Anon 3 (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jStcAAAAQAAJ"><i>Public Bills</i></a>, vol. 2, Great Britain Parliament</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Bills&rft.pub=Great+Britain+Parliament&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Anon+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjStcAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2005" class="citation cs2">Abbott, Geoffrey (2005) [1994], <i>Execution, a Guide to the Ultimate Penalty</i>, Chichester, West Sussex: Summersdale Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84024-433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84024-433-5"><bdi>978-1-84024-433-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Execution%2C+a+Guide+to+the+Ultimate+Penalty&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Summersdale+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84024-433-5&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeadleHarrison2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Beadle" title="Jeremy Beadle">Beadle, Jeremy</a>; Harrison, Ian (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQdOF2zxlGgC"><i>Firsts, Lasts & Onlys: Crime</i></a>, London: Anova Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905798-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905798-04-9"><bdi>978-1-905798-04-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firsts%2C+Lasts+%26+Onlys%3A+Crime&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anova+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905798-04-9&rft.aulast=Beadle&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQdOF2zxlGgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy1979" class="citation cs2">Bellamy, John (1979), <i>The Tudor Law of Treason</i>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8729-4"><bdi>978-0-7100-8729-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Law+of+Treason&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8729-4&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2004" class="citation cs2">Bellamy, John (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhsY0Yq8sWEC"><i>The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages</i></a> (Reprinted ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52638-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52638-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Treason+in+England+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52638-8&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhsY0Yq8sWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone_et_al.1832" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Christian" title="Edward Christian">Christian, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chitty" title="Joseph Chitty">Chitty, Joseph</a>; Hovenden, John Eykyn; Ryland, Archer (1832), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPpBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i></a>, vol. 2 (18th London ed.), New York: Collins and Hannay</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=18th+London&rft.pub=Collins+and+Hannay&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Christian%2C+Edward&rft.au=Chitty%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Hovenden%2C+John+Eykyn&rft.au=Ryland%2C+Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPpBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockHostettler1997" class="citation cs2">Block, Brian P.; Hostettler, John (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlonYyuDZS4C"><i>Hanging in the balance: a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain</i></a>, Winchester: Waterside Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872870-47-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872870-47-2"><bdi>978-1-872870-47-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanging+in+the+balance%3A+a+history+of+the+abolition+of+capital+punishment+in+Britain&rft.place=Winchester&rft.pub=Waterside+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-872870-47-2&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft.au=Hostettler%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlonYyuDZS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1996" class="citation cs2">Briggs, John (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XYe9l2aScgC"><i>Crime and Punishment in England: an introductory history</i></a>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16331-0"><bdi>978-0-312-16331-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+England%3A+an+introductory+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16331-0&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XYe9l2aScgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaineSluga2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Caine" title="Barbara Caine">Caine, Barbara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Sluga" title="Glenda Sluga">Sluga, Glenda</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-r1XjsK1fwC"><i>Gendering European History: 1780–1920</i></a>, London: Continuum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6775-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-6775-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+European+History%3A+1780%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6775-1&rft.aulast=Caine&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Sluga%2C+Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-r1XjsK1fwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2007" class="citation cs2">Chase, Malcolm (2007), <i>Chartism: A New History</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6087-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6087-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chartism%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6087-8&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1654" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Clarke, Samuel</a> (1654), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_A8bAAAAYAAJ"><i>The marrow of ecclesiastical history</i></a>, Unicorn in Pauls-Church-yard: William Roybould</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marrow+of+ecclesiastical+history&rft.place=Unicorn+in+Pauls-Church-yard&rft.pub=William+Roybould&rft.date=1654&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_A8bAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokeLittletonHargrave1817" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Coke, Edward</a>; Littleton, Thomas; Hargrave, Francis (1817), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1DAAAAcAAJ"><i>The ... part of the institutes of the laws of England; or, a commentary upon Littleton</i></a>, London: Clarke</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+...+part+of+the+institutes+of+the+laws+of+England%3B+or%2C+a+commentary+upon+Littleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clarke&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Littleton%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Hargrave%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoH1DAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2006" class="citation cs2">Devereaux, Simon (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aXIm4ELnWwC">"The Abolition of the Burning of Women"</a>, <i>Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2005/2</i>, vol. 9, International Association for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-01054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-01054-2"><bdi>978-2-600-01054-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abolition+of+the+Burning+of+Women&rft.btitle=Crime%2C+Histoire+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s%2C+2005%2F2&rft.pub=International+Association+for+the+History+of+Crime+and+Criminal+Justice&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-600-01054-2&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aXIm4ELnWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2009" class="citation cs2">Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYvg1WipNX0C"><i>The Big Book of Pain: Torture & Punishment Through History</i></a>, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4583-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-4583-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Pain%3A+Torture+%26+Punishment+Through+History&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4583-7&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Mark+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYvg1WipNX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubber2005" class="citation cs2">Dubber, Markus Dirk (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjdbRF8PXhUC"><i>The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government</i></a>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13207-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13207-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13207-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+police+power%3A+patriarchy+and+the+foundations+of+American+government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13207-7&rft.aulast=Dubber&rft.aufirst=Markus+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjdbRF8PXhUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvelyn1850" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">Evelyn, John</a> (1850), <a href="/wiki/William_Bray_(antiquarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bray (antiquarian)">William Bray</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48sxAQAAIAAJ"><i>Diary and correspondence of John Evelyn</i></a>, London: Henry Colburn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+and+correspondence+of+John+Evelyn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Evelyn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48sxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeilden2009" class="citation cs2">Feilden, Henry St. Clair (2009) [1910], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pg2Jx5LkGg0C"><i>A Short Constitutional History of England</i></a>, Read Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4446-9107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4446-9107-8"><bdi>978-1-4446-9107-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Constitutional+History+of+England&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4446-9107-8&rft.aulast=Feilden&rft.aufirst=Henry+St.+Clair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpg2Jx5LkGg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (2005) [1996], <i>The Gunpowder Plot</i>, Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1401-7"><bdi>978-0-7538-1401-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Plot&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1401-7&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault, Michel</a> (1995), <i>Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison</i> (Second ed.), New York: Vintage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75255-4"><bdi>978-0-679-75255-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+%26+Punish%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-75255-4&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatrell1996" class="citation cs2">Gatrell, V. A. C. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqG8a74SkRMC"><i>The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285332-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285332-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanging+Tree%3A+Execution+and+the+English+People+1770%E2%80%931868&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285332-5&rft.aulast=Gatrell&rft.aufirst=V.+A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqG8a74SkRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1852" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Giles" title="John Allen Giles">Giles, J. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=A+Traitor%27s+Death%3F+The+identity+of+a+drawn%2C+hanged+and+quartered+man+from+Hulton+Abbey%2C+Staffordshire&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=315&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00096484&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mary+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freading.academia.edu%2FMaryLewis%2FPapers%2F144764%2FA_Traitors_Death_The_identity_of_a_drawn_hanged_and_quartered_man_from_Hulton_Abbey_Staffordshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisParis1987" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Suzanne; <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Paris, Matthew</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXBdNsDxJ_cC"><i>The art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica majora</i></a>, California: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04981-9"><bdi>978-0-520-04981-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+Matthew+Paris+in+the+Chronica+majora&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04981-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Paris%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXBdNsDxJ_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1866" class="citation cs2">Levi, Leone (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLUKAAAAYAAJ"><i>Annals of British Legislation</i></a>, London: Smith, Elder & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+British+Legislation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Leone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLUKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1913" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Maxwell,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet">Maxwell, Sir Herbert</a> (1913), <i>The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346</i>, Glasgow: J Maclehose, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03295-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03295-7"><bdi>978-0-415-03295-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+local+prisons%2C+1860%E2%80%931900%3A+next+only+to+death&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03295-7&rft.aulast=McConville&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVxcMtCxfdsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurison2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Falconer_Murison" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Falconer Murison">Murison, Alexander Falconer</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8nYiyH-S_YC"><i>William Wallace: Guardian of 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comes to the maiden: sex and execution, 1431–1933</i></a>, London: Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05585-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05585-7"><bdi>978-0-415-05585-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+comes+to+the+maiden%3A+sex+and+execution%2C+1431%E2%80%931933&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05585-7&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHYOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthcote_Parkinson1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/C._Northcote_Parkinson" title="C. 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W.</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdisvDaHiIMC"><i>The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I</i></a> (Second ed.), New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2"><bdi>978-1-58477-718-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+English+Law+Before+the+Time+of+Edward+I&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-718-2&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Maitland%2C+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdisvDaHiIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowicke1949" class="citation cs2">Powicke, F. M. (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dvep-L_iTUC"><i>Ways of Medieval Life and Thought</i></a>, New York: Biblo & Tannen Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0137-7"><bdi>978-0-8196-0137-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+Medieval+Life+and+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0137-7&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dvep-L_iTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation cs2">Roberts, John Leonard (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlnNUCS4R_MC"><i>The Jacobite wars: Scotland and the military campaigns of 1715 and 1745</i></a>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902930-29-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902930-29-9"><bdi>978-1-902930-29-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+wars%3A+Scotland+and+the+military+campaigns+of+1715+and+1745&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902930-29-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlnNUCS4R_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomilly1820" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Romilly" title="Samuel Romilly">Romilly, Samuel</a> (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5AM-AAAAcAAJ"><i>The Speeches of Sir Samuel Romilly in the House of Commons: in two volumes</i></a>, London: Ridgway</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+Sir+Samuel+Romilly+in+the+House+of+Commons%3A+in+two+volumes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ridgway&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Romilly&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5AM-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">Sharma, Ram Sharan</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uY08aQoDx3gC"><i>Encyclopaedia of Jurisprudence</i></a>, New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1474-0"><bdi>978-81-261-1474-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Jurisprudence&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-261-1474-0&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ram+Sharan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuY08aQoDx3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton2009" class="citation cs2">Shelton, Don (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_ijDrLo9RMC"><i>The Real Mr Frankenstein</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(e-book)</span>, Portmin Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Mr+Frankenstein&rft.pub=Portmin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_ijDrLo9RMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation cs2">Smith, Greg T. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THzwtbxEszoC">"The Decline of Public Physical Punishment in London"</a>, in Carolyn Strange (ed.), <i>Qualities of mercy: Justice, Punishment, and Discretion</i>, Vancouver: UBC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0585-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0585-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Public+Physical+Punishment+in+London&rft.btitle=Qualities+of+mercy%3A+Justice%2C+Punishment%2C+and+Discretion&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0585-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Greg+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHzwtbxEszoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1940" class="citation cs2">Tanner, Joseph Robson (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9o8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Tudor constitutional documents, A.D. 1485–1603: with an historical commentary</i></a> (second ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+constitutional+documents%2C+A.D.+1485%E2%80%931603%3A+with+an+historical+commentary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Robson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9o8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkovicz2002" class="citation cs2">Tomkovicz, James J. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbNl_T-bFzcC"><i>The right to the assistance of counsel: a reference guide to the United States Constitution</i></a>, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31448-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31448-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+the+assistance+of+counsel%3A+a+reference+guide+to+the+United+States+Constitution&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31448-3&rft.aulast=Tomkovicz&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbNl_T-bFzcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2009" class="citation cs2">Ward, Harry M. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldT9Qu29phwC"><i>Going down hill: legacies of the American Revolutionary War</i></a>, Palo Alto, CA: <a href="/wiki/Academica_Press" title="Academica Press">Academica Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933146-57-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933146-57-7"><bdi>978-1-933146-57-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+down+hill%3A+legacies+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933146-57-7&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Harry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DldT9Qu29phwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterhof2008" class="citation cs2">Westerhof, Danielle (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfjHCrifKyMC"><i>Death and the noble body in medieval England</i></a>, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-416-8"><bdi>978-1-84383-416-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+noble+body+in+medieval+England&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-416-8&rft.aulast=Westerhof&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfjHCrifKyMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener2004" class="citation cs2">Wiener, Martin J. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3fK0ewDbOcC"><i>Men of blood: violence, manliness and criminal justice in Victorian England</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83198-7"><bdi>978-0-521-83198-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+blood%3A+violence%2C+manliness+and+criminal+justice+in+Victorian+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83198-7&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3fK0ewDbOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindlesham2001" class="citation cs2">Windlesham, Baron David James George Hennessy (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rw3p-PS2upAC">"Dispensing justice"</a>, <i>Responses to Crime</i>, vol. 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829844-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829844-1"><bdi>978-0-19-829844-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Responses+to+Crime&rft.atitle=Dispensing+justice&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829844-1&rft.aulast=Windlesham&rft.aufirst=Baron+David+James+George+Hennessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drw3p-PS2upAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (2001) [1999], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HC1D3K6EDv0C"><i>The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century, Legislation and Its Limits</i></a>, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22740-3"><bdi>978-0-631-22740-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+English+Law%3A+King+Alfred+to+the+Twelfth+Century%2C+Legislation+and+Its+Limits&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22740-3&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHC1D3K6EDv0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Andrews, William (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtimepunishmen00andruoft"><i>Old-Time Punishments</i></a>, Hull: William Andrews & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old-Time+Punishments&rft.place=Hull&rft.pub=William+Andrews+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtimepunishmen00andruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hamburger, Philip (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMjcCNND9AkC"><i>Law and judicial duty</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03131-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03131-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+judicial+duty&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03131-9&rft.aulast=Hamburger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMjcCNND9AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanged%2C+drawn+and+quartered" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1654\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCokeLittletonHargrave1817\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereaux2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubber2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvelyn1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeilden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoucault1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatrell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrangerCaulfield1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Beverley_Smith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKastenbaum2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKronenwetter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisParis1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConville1995\"] = 1,\n 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punishment\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hanged, Drawn And Quartered\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 79,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"ODNBsub\"] = 9,\n [\"OEDsub\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 11,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5sn88","timestamp":"20250214040551","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hanged, drawn and 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