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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"> <title>Using Resolution Rules</title> <style> /* * Copyright 2018 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ /* Custom Admonition Blocks */ body { --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-bg-dark: #010002; --gradle-bg-gray: #F8F8F8; --gradle-bg-white: #FFFFFF; --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-blue-lite: #4DC9C0; --gradle-blue-dark: #1b3262; --gradle-blue-darker: #19274f; --button-gradient-angle: 160deg; --caution-color: #e40046; --caution-on-color: #fff; --important-color: #802392; --important-on-color: #fff; --note-color: #2d7dd2; --note-on-color: #fff; --tip-color: #43b929; --tip-on-color: #fff; --warning-color: #f70; --warning-on-color: #fff; --admonition-background: #fafafa; --doc-icon-filter: invert(14.5%); --rem-base: 18; --black-color: #000; --white-color: #fff; --text-color: #02303A; --title-color: #02303A; --header-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); --footer-color: #fff; --footer-other-text-color: #02303; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --code-color: #f7f7f8; --code-text-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); --code-link-color: #021274; --num-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --nav-color: #f8f8f7; --table-color: #f7f8f7; --box-shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15); --top-header-color: #fff; --footer-white-color: #fff; --footer-text-color: #fff; --quoteblock-color: #7a2518; --menu-burger-color: #fff; --various-border-color: #e7e7e9; } body.dark-theme { --admonition-background: #2a2929; --black-color: #fff; --white-color: #121212; --text-color: #aaa; --title-color: #fff; --header-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); --footer-color: #121212; --footer-other-text-color: #ddd; --code-color: #1f1f1f; --code-text-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); --code-link-color: #1fafcc; --num-color: #fff; --nav-color: #121212; --table-color: #121212; --box-shadow-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15); --top-header-color: #242526; --footer-white-color: #242526; --footer-text-color: #aaa; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #1DA2BD; --menu-burger-color: #242526; --various-border-color: #242526; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { /* defaults to dark theme */ body { --admonition-background: #2a2929; --black-color: #fff; --white-color: #121212; --text-color: #aaa; --title-color: #fff; --header-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); --footer-color: #121212; --footer-other-text-color: #ddd; --code-color: #1f1f1f; --code-text-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); --code-link-color: #1fafcc; --num-color: #fff; --nav-color: #121212; --table-color: #121212; --box-shadow-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15); --top-header-color: #242526; --footer-white-color: #242526; --footer-text-color: #aaa; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #1DA2BD; --menu-burger-color: #242526; --various-border-color: #242526; } body.light-theme { --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-bg-dark: #010002; --gradle-bg-gray: #F8F8F8; --gradle-bg-white: #FFFFFF; --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-blue-lite: #4DC9C0; --gradle-blue-dark: #1b3262; --gradle-blue-darker: #19274f; --button-gradient-angle: 160deg; --caution-color: #e40046; --caution-on-color: #fff; --important-color: #802392; --important-on-color: #fff; --note-color: #2d7dd2; --note-on-color: #fff; --tip-color: #43b929; --tip-on-color: #fff; --warning-color: #f70; --warning-on-color: #fff; --admonition-background: #fafafa; --doc-icon-filter: invert(14.5%); --rem-base: 18; --black-color: #000; --white-color: #fff; --text-color: #02303A; --title-color: #02303A; --header-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); --footer-color: #fff; --footer-other-text-color: #02303; --code-color: #f7f7f8; --code-text-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); --code-link-color: #021274; --num-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --nav-color: #f8f8f7; --table-color: #f7f8f7; --box-shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15); --top-header-color: #fff; --footer-white-color: #fff; --footer-text-color: #fff; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #7a2518; --menu-burger-color: #fff; --various-border-color: #e7e7e9; } } .cls-1 { fill: #02303a; } body.dark-theme { .cls-1 { fill: #fff; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .cls-1 { fill: #fff; } body.light-theme { .cls-1 { fill: #02303a; } } } /* Lato (normal, regular) */ @font-face { font-family: Lato; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal/lato-normal.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal/lato-normal.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (normal, italic) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal-italic/lato-normal-italic.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal-italic/lato-normal-italic.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (bold, regular) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 500; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-semibold/lato-semibold.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-semibold/lato-semibold.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (bold, regular) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-heavy/lato-heavy.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-heavy/lato-heavy.woff") format("woff"); } /* BEGIN asciidoc.css */ /*! normalize.css v2.1.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */ /* ========================================================================== HTML5 display definitions ========================================================================== */ /** Correct `block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, nav, section, summary { display: block; } /** Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */ audio, canvas, video { display: inline-block; } /** Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls. Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices. */ audio:not([controls]) { display: none; height: 0; } /** Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9. Hide the `template` element in IE, Safari, and Firefox < 22. */ [hidden], template { display: none; } script { display: none !important; } /* ========================================================================== Base ========================================================================== */ /** 1. Set default font family to sans-serif. 2. Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling user zoom. */ html { font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */ -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /** Remove default margin. */ body { margin: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Links ========================================================================== */ /** Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10. */ a { background: transparent; } /** Address `outline` inconsistency between Chrome and other browsers. */ a:focus { outline: thin dotted; } /** Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers. */ a:active, a:hover { outline: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Typography ========================================================================== */ /** Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article` contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /** Address styling not present in IE 8/9, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: 1px dotted; } /** Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ b, strong { font-weight: bold; } /** Address styling not present in Safari 5 and Chrome. */ dfn { font-style: italic; } /** Address differences between Firefox and other browsers. */ hr { -moz-box-sizing: content-box; box-sizing: content-box; height: 0; } /** Address styling not present in IE 8/9. */ mark { background: #ff0; color: var(--black-color); } /** Correct font family set oddly in Safari 5 and Chrome. */ code, kbd, pre, samp { font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 1em; } /** Improve readability of pre-formatted text in all browsers. */ pre { white-space: pre-wrap; } /** Set consistent quote types. */ q { quotes: "\201C""\201D""\2018""\2019"; } /** Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sup { top: -0.5em; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } /* ========================================================================== Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9. */ img { border: 0; } /** Correct overflow displayed oddly in IE 9. */ svg:not(:root) { overflow: hidden; } /* ========================================================================== Figures ========================================================================== */ /** Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari 5. */ figure { margin: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Forms ========================================================================== */ /** Define consistent border, margin, and padding. */ fieldset { border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; margin: 0 2px; padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em; } /** 1. Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9. 2. Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets. */ legend { border: 0; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** 1. Correct font family not being inherited in all browsers. 2. Correct font size not being inherited in all browsers. 3. Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ button, input, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 2 */ margin: 0; /* 3 */ } /** Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!important` in the UA stylesheet. */ button, input { line-height: normal; } /** Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`. All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values. Correct `button` style inheritance in Chrome, Safari 5+, and IE 8+. Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox 4+ and Opera. */ button, select { text-transform: none; } /** 1. Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* where (2) destroys native `audio` and `video` controls. 2. Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS. 3. Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type `input` and others. */ button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */ cursor: pointer; /* 3 */ } /** Re-set default cursor for disabled elements. */ button[disabled], html input[disabled] { cursor: default; } /** 1. Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9. 2. Remove excess padding in IE 8/9. */ input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** 1. Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari 5 and Chrome. 2. Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari 5 and Chrome (include `-moz` to future-proof). */ input[type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ -moz-box-sizing: content-box; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */ box-sizing: content-box; } /** Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari 5 and Chrome on OS X. */ input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button, input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, input::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } /** 1. Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9. 2. Improve readability and alignment in all browsers. */ textarea { overflow: auto; /* 1 */ vertical-align: top; /* 2 */ } /* ========================================================================== Tables ========================================================================== */ /** Remove most spacing between table cells. */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } meta.foundation-mq-small { font-family: "only screen and (min-width: 768px)"; width: 768px; } meta.foundation-mq-medium { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1280px)"; width: 1280px; } meta.foundation-mq-large { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1440px)"; width: 1440px; } *, *:before, *:after { -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } html, body { font-size: 100%; } body { background: var(--white-color); color: var(--num-color); padding: 0; margin: 0; font-family: "Noto Serif", "DejaVu Serif", serif; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1; position: relative; cursor: auto; } a:hover { cursor: pointer; } img, object, embed { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } object, embed { height: 100%; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } #map_canvas img, #map_canvas embed, #map_canvas object, .map_canvas img, .map_canvas embed, .map_canvas object { max-width: none !important; } .left { float: left !important; } .right { float: right !important; } .text-left { text-align: left !important; } .text-right { text-align: right !important; } .text-center { text-align: center !important; } .text-justify { text-align: justify !important; } .hide { display: none; } .antialiased { -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; } img { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } textarea { height: auto; min-height: 50px; } select { width: 100%; } object, svg { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .spread { width: 100%; } p.lead, .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: 1.21875em; line-height: 1.6; } .subheader, .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { line-height: 1.45; color: #7a2518; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } /* Typography resets */ div, dl, dt, dd, ul, ol, li, h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6, pre, form, p, blockquote, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; direction: ltr; } /* Default Link Styles */ a { color: #2156a5; text-decoration: underline; line-height: inherit; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #1d4b8f; } a img { border: none; } /* Default paragraph styles */ p { font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } p aside { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.35; font-style: italic; } /* Default header styles */ h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; color: #ba3925; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.0125em; } h1 small, h2 small, h3 small, #toctitle small, .sidebarblock>.content>.title small, h4 small, h5 small, h6 small { font-size: 60%; color: #e99b8f; line-height: 0; } h1 { font-size: 2.125em; } h2 { font-size: 1.6875em; } h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-size: 1.375em; } h4 { font-size: 1.125em; } h5 { font-size: 1.125em; } h6 { font-size: 1em; } hr { border: solid #ddddd8; border-width: 1px 0 0; clear: both; margin: 1.25em 0 1.1875em; height: 0; } /* Helpful Typography Defaults */ em, i { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } strong, b { font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; } small { font-size: 60%; line-height: inherit; } code { font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace; font-weight: normal; color: var(--code-text-color); } a code { color: var(--code-link-color); } /* Lists */ ul, ol, dl { font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; list-style-position: outside; font-family: inherit; } ul, ol { margin-left: 1.5em; } ul.no-bullet, ol.no-bullet { margin-left: 1.5em; } /* Unordered Lists */ ul li ul, ul li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; font-size: 1em; /* Override nested font-size change */ } ul.square li ul, ul.circle li ul, ul.disc li ul { list-style: inherit; } ul.square { list-style-type: square; } ul.circle { list-style-type: circle; } ul.disc { list-style-type: disc; } ul.no-bullet { list-style: none; } /* Ordered Lists */ ol li ul, ol li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; } /* Definition Lists */ dl dt { margin-bottom: 0.3125em; font-weight: bold; } dl dd { margin-bottom: 1.25em; } /* Abbreviations */ abbr, acronym { text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 90%; color: var(--num-color); border-bottom: 1px dotted #dddddd; cursor: help; } abbr { text-transform: none; } /* Blockquotes */ blockquote { margin: 0 0 1.25em; padding: 0.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; } blockquote cite { display: block; font-size: 0.9375em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } blockquote cite:before { content: "\2014 \0020"; } blockquote cite a, blockquote cite a:visited { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } blockquote, blockquote p { line-height: 1.6; color: var(--header-color); } /* Microformats */ .vcard { display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 1.25em 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; } .vcard li { margin: 0; display: block; } .vcard .fn { font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.9375em; } .vevent .summary { font-weight: bold; } .vevent abbr { cursor: auto; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 0 0.0625em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.2; } h1 { font-size: 2.75em; } h2 { font-size: 2.3125em; } h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-size: 1.6875em; } h4 { font-size: 1.4375em; } } /* Tables */ table { background: var(--white-color); margin-bottom: 1.25em; border: solid 1px #dedede; } table thead, table tfoot { background: var(--table-color); font-weight: bold; } table thead tr th, table thead tr td, table tfoot tr th, table tfoot tr td { padding: 0.5em 0.625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: var(--num-color); text-align: left; } table tr th, table tr td { padding: 0.5625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: var(--num-color); } table tr.even, table tr.alt, table tr:nth-of-type(even) { background: var(--nav-color); } table thead tr th, table tfoot tr th, table tbody tr td, table tr td, table tfoot tr td { display: table-cell; line-height: 1.6; } body { tab-size: 4; } h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.2; word-spacing: -0.05em; } h1 strong, h2 strong, h3 strong, #toctitle strong, .sidebarblock>.content>.title strong, h4 strong, h5 strong, h6 strong { font-weight: 400; } .clearfix:before, .clearfix:after, .float-group:before, .float-group:after { content: " "; display: table; } .clearfix:after, .float-group:after { clear: both; } *:not(pre)>code { font-size: 0.9375em; font-style: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0; padding: 0.1em 0.5ex; word-spacing: -0.15em; background-color: var(--code-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; line-height: 1.45; text-rendering: optimizeSpeed; word-wrap: break-word; } *:not(pre)>code.nobreak { word-wrap: normal; } *:not(pre)>code.nowrap { white-space: nowrap; } pre, pre>code { line-height: 1.45; color: var(--code-text-color); font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Monospace", monospace; font-weight: normal; text-rendering: optimizeSpeed; } em em { font-style: normal; } strong strong { font-weight: normal; } .keyseq { color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); } kbd { font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace; display: inline-block; color: var(--num-color); font-size: 0.65em; line-height: 1.45; background-color: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #ccc; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; margin: 0 0.15em; padding: 0.2em 0.5em; vertical-align: middle; position: relative; top: -0.1em; white-space: nowrap; } .keyseq kbd:first-child { margin-left: 0; } .keyseq kbd:last-child { margin-right: 0; } .menuseq, .menu { color: var(--num-color); } b.button:before, b.button:after { position: relative; top: -1px; font-weight: normal; } b.button:before { content: "["; padding: 0 3px 0 2px; } b.button:after { content: "]"; padding: 0 2px 0 3px; } p a>code:hover { color: var(--code-text-color); } #header, #content, #footnotes, #footer { width: 100%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 62.5em; *zoom: 1; position: relative; padding-left: 0.9375em; padding-right: 0.9375em; } #header:before, #header:after, #content:before, #content:after, #footnotes:before, #footnotes:after, #footer:before, #footer:after { content: " "; display: table; } #header:after, #content:after, #footnotes:after, #footer:after { clear: both; } #content { margin-top: 1.25em; } #content:before { content: none; } #header>h1:first-child { color: var(--header-color); margin-top: 2.25rem; margin-bottom: 0; } #header>h1:first-child+#toc { margin-top: 8px; border-top: 1px solid #ddddd8; } #header>h1:only-child, body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2) { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; padding-bottom: 8px; } #header .details { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; line-height: 1.45; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.25em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; -webkit-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } #header .details span:first-child { margin-left: -0.125em; } #header .details span.email a { color: var(--header-color); } #header .details br { display: none; } #header .details br+span:before { content: "\00a0\2013\00a0"; } #header .details br+span.author:before { content: "\00a0\22c5\00a0"; color: var(--header-color); } #header .details br+span#revremark:before { content: "\00a0|\00a0"; } #header #revnumber { text-transform: capitalize; } #header #revnumber:after { content: "\00a0"; } #content>h1:first-child:not([class]) { color: var(--header-color); border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; } #toc { border-bottom: 1px solid #efefed; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } #toc>ul { margin-left: 0.125em; } #toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a { font-style: italic; } #toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { margin: 0.5em 0; } #toc ul { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; list-style-type: none; } #toc li { line-height: 1.3334; margin-top: 0.3334em; } #toc a { text-decoration: none; } #toc a:active { text-decoration: underline; } #toctitle { color: #7a2518; font-size: 1.2em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; } body.toc2 { padding-left: 15em; padding-right: 0; } #toc.toc2 { margin-top: 0 !important; background-color: var(--nav-color); position: fixed; width: 15em; left: 0; top: 0; border-right: 1px solid #efefed; border-top-width: 0 !important; border-bottom-width: 0 !important; z-index: 1000; padding: 1.25em 1em; height: 100%; overflow: auto; } #toc.toc2 #toctitle { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; font-size: 1.2em; } #toc.toc2>ul { font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 0; } #toc.toc2 ul ul { margin-left: 0; padding-left: 1em; } #toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 15em; } body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2 { border-right-width: 0; border-left: 1px solid #efefed; left: auto; right: 0; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { body.toc2 { padding-left: 20em; padding-right: 0; } #toc.toc2 { width: 20em; } #toc.toc2 #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; } #toc.toc2>ul { font-size: 0.95em; } #toc.toc2 ul ul { padding-left: 1.25em; } body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 20em; } } #content #toc { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e0e0dc; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--nav-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } #content #toc> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } #content #toc> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } #footer { max-width: 100%; background-color: var(--num-color); padding: 1.25em; } #footer-text { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); line-height: 1.44; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0.625em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .sect1 { padding-bottom: 1.25em; } } .sect1+.sect1 { border-top: 1px solid #efefed; } #content h1>a.anchor, h2>a.anchor, h3>a.anchor, #toctitle>a.anchor, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor, h4>a.anchor, h5>a.anchor, h6>a.anchor { position: absolute; z-index: 1001; width: 1.5ex; margin-left: -1.5ex; display: block; text-decoration: none !important; visibility: hidden; text-align: center; font-weight: normal; } #content h1>a.anchor:before, h2>a.anchor:before, h3>a.anchor:before, #toctitle>a.anchor:before, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before, h4>a.anchor:before, h5>a.anchor:before, h6>a.anchor:before { content: "\00A7"; font-size: 0.85em; display: block; padding-top: 0.1em; } #content h1:hover>a.anchor, #content h1>a.anchor:hover, h2:hover>a.anchor, h2>a.anchor:hover, h3:hover>a.anchor, #toctitle:hover>a.anchor, .sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor, h3>a.anchor:hover, #toctitle>a.anchor:hover, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover, h4:hover>a.anchor, h4>a.anchor:hover, h5:hover>a.anchor, h5>a.anchor:hover, h6:hover>a.anchor, h6>a.anchor:hover { visibility: visible; } #content h1>a.link, h2>a.link, h3>a.link, #toctitle>a.link, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link, h4>a.link, h5>a.link, h6>a.link { color: #ba3925; text-decoration: none; } #content h1>a.link:hover, h2>a.link:hover, h3>a.link:hover, #toctitle>a.link:hover, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover, h4>a.link:hover, h5>a.link:hover, h6>a.link:hover { color: #a53221; } .audioblock, .imageblock, .literalblock, .listingblock, .stemblock, .videoblock { margin-bottom: 1.25em; } .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-align: left; font-family: "Noto Serif", "DejaVu Serif", serif; font-size: 1rem; font-style: italic; } table.tableblock>caption.title { white-space: nowrap; overflow: visible; max-width: 0; } .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { color: var(--header-color); } table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: inherit; } /* Custom SVG logos coloring */ path { fill: #02303A; } body.dark-theme { path { fill: white; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { path { fill: white; } body.light-theme { path { fill: #02303A; } } } /* Custom scroll bar */ /* Works on Firefox */ .docs-navigation { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #e7e7e9; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #e7e7e9; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } body.dark-theme { /* Works on Firefox */ * { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #242526; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ *::-webkit-scrollbar { width: auto; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #242526; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { /* Works on Firefox */ * { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #242526; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ *::-webkit-scrollbar { width: auto; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #242526; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } body.light-theme { .docs-navigation { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #e7e7e9; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #e7e7e9; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } } } /* Custom Admonition Blocks - Icons from https://github.com/primer/octicons */ .admonitionblock td div:last-of-type p { margin-bottom: 0em !important; } .admonitionblock { margin: 1.4rem 0 0 } .admonitionblock i { font-family: inherit; } .admonitionblock i.fa { background: no-repeat 50%/1em 1em; display: inline-block; filter: var(--doc-icon-filter); font-style: normal; height: 1em; -webkit-hyphens: none; hyphens: none; vertical-align: -.125em; width: 1em } .admonitionblock p, .admonitionblock td.content { font-size: 1rem; } .admonitionblock td.content>.title+*, .admonitionblock td.content>:not(.title):first-child { margin-top: 0 } .admonitionblock pre { font-size: calc(15/var(--rem-base)*1rem) } .admonitionblock>table { position: relative; table-layout: fixed; border: none; width: 100% } .admonitionblock td.content { word-wrap: anywhere; background: var(--admonition-background); padding: 1rem 1rem 1rem 1rem; width: 100%; border-radius: 4px; } .admonitionblock td.icon { background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, .2) 0, rgba(0, 0, 0, .2)) no-repeat 0 /2.075em 100%; border-radius: .5em; font-size: calc(15/var(--rem-base)*1rem); left: 0; line-height: 1; padding: .25em .075em; position: absolute; top: 0; transform: translate(-.5rem, -50%) } .admonitionblock td.icon i { align-items: center; background-position-x: .5em; display: inline-flex; filter: invert(100%); padding-left: 2em; vertical-align: initial; width: auto } .admonitionblock td.icon i::after { content: attr(title); filter: invert(100%); font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: -.05em; padding: 0 .5em; text-transform: uppercase } .admonitionblock.caution td.icon { background-color: var(--caution-color); color: var(--caution-on-color) } .admonitionblock.caution td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-flame) } .admonitionblock.important td.icon { background-color: var(--important-color); color: var(--important-on-color) } .admonitionblock.important td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-stop) } .admonitionblock.note td.icon { background-color: var(--note-color); color: var(--note-on-color) } .admonitionblock.note td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-info) } .admonitionblock.tip td.icon { background-color: var(--tip-color); color: var(--tip-on-color) } .admonitionblock.tip td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-light-bulb) } .admonitionblock.warning td.icon { background-color: var(--warning-color); color: var(--warning-on-color) } .admonitionblock.warning td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-alert) } /* Custom collapsible block */ details summary { width: 100%; padding: 1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid gray; position: relative; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; } details summary:after { content: "+"; color: var(--black-color); position: absolute; font-size: 1.75rem; line-height: 0; margin-top: 0.3rem; right: 0; font-weight: 400; transform-origin: center; transition: 200ms linear; } details[open] summary:after { transform: rotate(45deg); font-size: 2rem; } details summary { outline: 0; } details p { font-size: 0.95rem; margin: 0 0 1rem; padding-top: 1rem; } .exampleblock>.content { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e6e6e6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--white-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .exampleblock>.content> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } .exampleblock>.content> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .sidebarblock { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e0e0dc; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--nav-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .sidebarblock> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } .sidebarblock> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .sidebarblock>.content>.title { color: #7a2518; margin-top: 0; text-align: center; } .exampleblock>.content> :last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content> :last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .literalblock pre, .listingblock pre:not(.highlight), .listingblock pre[class="highlight"], .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "], .listingblock pre.CodeRay, .listingblock pre.prettyprint { background: var(--code-color); } .sidebarblock .literalblock pre, .sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight), .sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"], .sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "], .sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay, .sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint { background: #f2f1f1; } .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; word-wrap: break-word; padding: 1em; font-size: 0.8125em; } .literalblock pre.nowrap, .literalblock pre[class].nowrap, .listingblock pre.nowrap, .listingblock pre[class].nowrap { overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; word-wrap: normal; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { font-size: 0.90625em; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { font-size: 1em; } } .literalblock.output pre { color: var(--code-color); background-color: var(--code-text-color); } .listingblock pre.highlightjs { padding: 0; } .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code { padding: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .listingblock pre.prettyprint { border-width: 0; } .listingblock>.content { position: relative; } .listingblock code[data-lang]:before { display: none; content: attr(data-lang); position: absolute; font-size: 0.75em; top: 0.425rem; right: 0.5rem; line-height: 1; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; } .listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before { display: block; } .listingblock.terminal pre .command:before { content: attr(data-prompt); padding-right: 0.5em; color: #999; } .listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before { content: "$"; } table.pyhltable { border-collapse: separate; border: 0; margin-bottom: 0; background: none; } table.pyhltable td { vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.45; } table.pyhltable td.code { padding-left: .75em; padding-right: 0; } pre.pygments .lineno, table.pyhltable td:not(.code) { color: #999; padding-left: 0; padding-right: .5em; border-right: 1px solid #ddddd8; } pre.pygments .lineno { display: inline-block; margin-right: .25em; } table.pyhltable .linenodiv { background: none !important; padding-right: 0 !important; } .quoteblock { margin: 0 1em 1.25em 1.5em; display: table; } .quoteblock>.title { margin-left: -1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; } .quoteblock blockquote, .quoteblock blockquote p { color: var(--header-color); font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 1.75; word-spacing: 0.1em; letter-spacing: 0; font-style: italic; text-align: justify; } .quoteblock blockquote { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; } .quoteblock blockquote:before { content: "\201c"; float: left; font-size: 2.75em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; margin-left: -0.6em; color: var(--quoteblock-color); text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p { margin-bottom: 0; } .quoteblock .attribution { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5ex; text-align: right; } .quoteblock .quoteblock { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0.5em 0; border-left: 3px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote { padding: 0 0 0 0.75em; } .quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before { display: none; } .verseblock { margin: 0 1em 1.25em 1em; } .verseblock pre { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans; font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--header-color); font-weight: 300; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } .verseblock pre strong { font-weight: 400; } .verseblock .attribution { margin-top: 1.25rem; margin-left: 0.5ex; } .quoteblock .attribution, .verseblock .attribution { font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 1.45; font-style: italic; } .quoteblock .attribution br, .verseblock .attribution br { display: none; } .quoteblock .attribution cite, .verseblock .attribution cite { display: block; letter-spacing: -0.025em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .quoteblock.abstract { margin: 0 0 1.25em 0; display: block; } .quoteblock.abstract blockquote, .quoteblock.abstract blockquote p { text-align: left; word-spacing: 0; } .quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before, .quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before { display: none; } table.tableblock { max-width: 100%; border-collapse: separate; } table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child, table.tableblock th>p:last-child, table.tableblock td>p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } table.tableblock, th.tableblock, td.tableblock { border: 0 solid #dedede; } table.grid-all th.tableblock, table.grid-all td.tableblock { border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; } table.grid-all tfoot>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-all tfoot>tr>td.tableblock { border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; } table.grid-cols th.tableblock, table.grid-cols td.tableblock { border-width: 0 1px 0 0; } table.grid-all *>tr>.tableblock:last-child, table.grid-cols *>tr>.tableblock:last-child { border-right-width: 0; } table.grid-rows th.tableblock, table.grid-rows td.tableblock { border-width: 0 0 1px 0; } table.grid-all tbody>tr:last-child>th.tableblock, table.grid-all tbody>tr:last-child>td.tableblock, table.grid-all thead:last-child>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tbody>tr:last-child>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tbody>tr:last-child>td.tableblock, table.grid-rows thead:last-child>tr>th.tableblock { border-bottom-width: 0; } table.grid-rows tfoot>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tfoot>tr>td.tableblock { border-width: 1px 0 0 0; } table.frame-all { border-width: 1px; } table.frame-sides { border-width: 0 1px; } table.frame-topbot { border-width: 1px 0; } th.halign-left, td.halign-left { text-align: left; } th.halign-right, td.halign-right { text-align: right; } th.halign-center, td.halign-center { text-align: center; } th.valign-top, td.valign-top { vertical-align: top; } th.valign-bottom, td.valign-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; } th.valign-middle, td.valign-middle { vertical-align: middle; } table thead th, table tfoot th { font-weight: bold; } tbody tr th { display: table-cell; line-height: 1.6; background: var(--table-color); } tbody tr th, tbody tr th p, tfoot tr th, tfoot tr th p { color: var(--num-color); font-weight: bold; } p.tableblock>code:only-child { background: none; padding: 0; } p.tableblock { font-size: 1em; } td>div.verse { white-space: pre; } ol { margin-left: 1.75em; } ul li ol { margin-left: 1.5em; } dl dd { margin-left: 1.125em; } dl dd:last-child, dl dd:last-child> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } ol>li p, ul>li p, ul dd, ol dd, .olist .olist, .ulist .ulist, .ulist .olist, .olist .ulist { margin-bottom: 0.625em; } ul.unstyled, ol.unnumbered, ul.checklist, ul.none { list-style-type: none; } ul.unstyled, ol.unnumbered, ul.checklist { margin-left: 0.625em; } ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child, ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child { width: 1em; font-size: 0.85em; } ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child { width: 1em; position: relative; top: 1px; } ul.inline { margin: 0 auto 0.625em auto; margin-left: -1.375em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; overflow: hidden; } ul.inline>li { list-style: none; float: left; margin-left: 1.375em; display: block; } ul.inline>li>* { display: block; } .unstyled dl dt { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } ol.arabic { list-style-type: decimal; } ol.decimal { list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; } ol.loweralpha { list-style-type: lower-alpha; } ol.upperalpha { list-style-type: upper-alpha; } ol.lowerroman { list-style-type: lower-roman; } ol.upperroman { list-style-type: upper-roman; } ol.lowergreek { list-style-type: lower-greek; } .hdlist>table, .colist>table { border: 0; background: none; } .hdlist>table>tbody>tr, .colist>table>tbody>tr { background: none; } td.hdlist1, td.hdlist2 { vertical-align: top; padding: 0 0.625em; } td.hdlist1 { font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.25em; } .literalblock+.colist { margin-top: -0.5em; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type { padding: 0 0.75em; line-height: 1; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img { max-width: initial; } .colist>table tr>td:last-of-type { padding: 0.25em 0; } .thumb, .th { line-height: 0; display: inline-block; border: solid 4px var(--white-color); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #dddddd; box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #dddddd; } .imageblock.left, .imageblock[style*="float: left"] { margin: 0.25em 0.625em 1.25em 0; } .imageblock.right, .imageblock[style*="float: right"] { margin: 0.25em 0 1.25em 0.625em; } .imageblock>.title { margin-bottom: 0; } .imageblock.thumb, .imageblock.th { border-width: 6px; } .imageblock.thumb>.title, .imageblock.th>.title { padding: 0 0.125em; } .image.left, .image.right { margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; } .image.left { margin-right: 0.625em; } .image.right { margin-left: 0.625em; } a.image { text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; } a.image object { pointer-events: none; } sup.footnote, sup.footnoteref { font-size: 0.875em; position: static; vertical-align: super; } sup.footnote a, sup.footnoteref a { text-decoration: none; } sup.footnote a:active, sup.footnoteref a:active { text-decoration: underline; } #footnotes { padding-top: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.625em; } #footnotes hr { width: 20%; min-width: 6.25em; margin: -0.25em 0 0.75em 0; border-width: 1px 0 0 0; } #footnotes .footnote { padding: 0 0.375em 0 0.225em; line-height: 1.3334; font-size: 0.875em; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -1.05em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; } #footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } #footnotes .footnote:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } #content #footnotes { margin-top: -0.625em; margin-bottom: 0; padding: 0.75em 0; } .gist .file-data>table { border: 0; background: var(--white-color); width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0; } .gist .file-data>table td.line-data { width: 99%; } div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; } .big { font-size: larger; } .small { font-size: smaller; } .underline { text-decoration: underline; } .overline { text-decoration: overline; } .line-through { text-decoration: line-through; } .green { color: #006000; } .red { color: #bf0000; } .yellow { color: #bfbf00; } span.icon>.fa { cursor: default; } .conum[data-value] { display: inline-block; color: var(--white-color) !important; background-color: var(--num-color); -webkit-border-radius: 100px; border-radius: 100px; text-align: center; font-size: 0.75em; width: 1.67em; height: 1.67em; line-height: 1.67em; font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; } .conum[data-value] * { color: var(--white-color) !important; } .conum[data-value]+b { display: none; } .conum[data-value]:after { content: attr(data-value); } pre .conum[data-value] { position: relative; top: -0.125em; } b.conum * { color: inherit !important; } .conum:not([data-value]):empty { display: none; } dt, th.tableblock, td.content, div.footnote { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } h1, h2, p, td.content, span.alt { letter-spacing: -0.01em; } p strong, td.content strong, div.footnote strong { letter-spacing: -0.005em; } p, blockquote, dt, td.content, span.alt { font-size: 1.0625rem; } p { margin-bottom: 1.25rem; } .sidebarblock p, .sidebarblock dt, .sidebarblock td.content, p.tableblock { font-size: 1em; } .exampleblock>.content { background-color: #fffef7; border-color: #e0e0dc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #e0e0dc; box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #e0e0dc; } .print-only { display: none !important; } @media print { @page { margin: 1.25cm 0.75cm; } * { -webkit-box-shadow: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; text-shadow: none !important; } a { color: inherit !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } a.bare, a[href^="#"], a[href^="mailto:"] { text-decoration: none !important; } a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after, a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after { content: "(" attr(href) ")"; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875em; padding-left: 0.25em; } abbr[title]:after { content: " (" attr(title) ")"; } pre, blockquote, tr, img, object, svg { page-break-inside: avoid; } thead { display: table-header-group; } svg { max-width: 100%; } p, blockquote, dt, td.content { font-size: 1em; orphans: 3; widows: 3; } h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { page-break-after: avoid; } #toc, .sidebarblock, .exampleblock>.content { background: none !important; } #toc { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8 !important; padding-bottom: 0 !important; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0 !important; } .sect1+.sect1 { border: 0 !important; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-top: 1.25rem; } body.book #header { text-align: center; } body.book #header>h1:first-child { border: 0 !important; margin: 2.5em 0 1em 0; } body.book #header .details { border: 0 !important; display: block; padding: 0 !important; } body.book #header .details span:first-child { margin-left: 0 !important; } body.book #header .details br { display: block; } body.book #header .details br+span:before { content: none !important; } body.book #toc { border: 0 !important; text-align: left !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } body.book #toc, body.book #preamble, body.book h1.sect0, body.book .sect1>h2 { page-break-before: always; } .listingblock code[data-lang]:before { display: block; } #footer { background: none !important; padding: 0 0.9375em; } #footer-text { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6) !important; font-size: 0.9em; } .hide-on-print { display: none !important; } .print-only { display: block !important; } .hide-for-print { display: none !important; } .show-for-print { display: inherit !important; } } /* END asciidoc.css */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } html { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5; } body { color: var(--text-color); background-color: var(--white-color); font-family: "Lato", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; } /* Links */ a { color: #1DA2BD; text-decoration: none; } a:hover, a:focus { text-decoration: underline; } #content a[href^='../dsl/'], #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/'], #content a[href^='../javadoc/'] { font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; font-style: normal; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgba(29, 162, 189, 0.5); padding: 0 1px; } #content a[href^='../dsl/']:hover, #content a[href^='../dsl/']:focus, #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/']:hover, #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/']:focus, #content a[href^='../javadoc/']:hover, #content a[href^='../javadoc/']:focus { text-decoration: none; } /* Copy */ p { font-size: 1rem; } pre, pre>code, code { font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-family: inherit; font-weight: 500; color: inherit; } h1 { font-size: 2rem; } h2 { font-size: 1.5rem; } h3 { font-size: 1.125rem; } h4 { font-size: 1.0625rem; } h5, h6 { font-size: 1rem; } b, strong { font-weight: 500; } dl { margin: 0 0 1.25rem 1.5rem; } .dlist dt code { color: var(--text-color); font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; } .dlist p { margin-bottom: 0.625rem; } .sr-only { border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; } /* Layout */ .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter, .main-content>.footer { background-color: var(--white-color); border-radius: 5px; max-width: 45rem; padding: 1.5rem; } @media screen and (max-width: 45em) { .footer { max-width: 100%; } .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } } /* Override asciidoc styles */ #header { position: static; } #header, #content { padding: 0; } #header .details { /* TODO: Pretty sure there's a way to avoid Asciidoc generating details */ display: none; } p { color: var(--text-color); } h1, h2, p, p strong, td.content, td.content strong, div.footnote strong, span.alt { letter-spacing: normal; } .subheader, .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { color: inherit; font-family: inherit; } .listingblock .title, .listingblock .title code { font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; } .imageblock, .videoblock { padding: 0.25em; } p.lead, .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: 1.0625rem; } .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { color: inherit; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0; } .sect1+.sect1 { border: 0 none; } .verseblock pre { font-family: "Lato", Arial, sans-serif; } td.hdlist1 { padding-bottom: 0.625rem; } td.hdlist2 p { margin-bottom: 0.625rem; } body.book #header>h1 { border: 0; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-top: 0; } #content a.link { color: var(--title-color); } .highlight .com { color: #777; } .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code { overflow-x: auto; } .listingblock pre.highlight { overflow-x: auto; } .listingblock pre.highlight>code { white-space: pre; } .conum[data-value] { font-family: "Lato", Arial, sans-serif; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type { padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; } /* * Samples */ .exampleblock>.content { background-color: inherit; border: 0 none; box-shadow: none; padding: 0; padding-bottom: 0.7rem; margin-bottom: 0; } .exampleblock>.content .title { background-color: var(--code-color); border-top: 1px solid #ccc; font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; margin: 0; padding: 1em 1em 0; } .exampleblock>.title>a { text-decoration: none; color: var(--num-color); } .exampleblock .listingblock { margin: 0; } /* * Ensure that blocks of code do not wrap by applying the behavior of `[listing%nowrap]` by default. * * These styles are copied from a CSS ruleset in asciidoctor.css that has the same group of * selectors except that they end with `.nowrap`. */ .openblock .content { background: var(--admonition-background); margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1em 1em 0em 1em; border-radius: 4px; overflow: auto !important; } .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; word-wrap: normal; } /* * This CSS ruleset solves: https://github.com/gradle/guides/issues/113#issuecomment-314826749. */ .literalblock pre::after, .literalblock pre[class]::after, .listingblock pre::after, .listingblock pre[class]::after { content: ""; } .quoteblock blockquote, .quoteblock blockquote p { text-align: left; text-align: start; } div.screenshot { box-shadow: 0 0 20px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 90%; } .inset { box-shadow: 0 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 1em; } .image.inline-icon img { vertical-align: sub; } /* TOC */ #header>h1:first-child+#toc { background: none; border: 0 none; margin-top: 0; } #toc, #content #toc { border: 0 none; } #toc>ul { margin-left: 0; font-family: inherit; } #toc>ul>li { line-height: 1.25; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; } #toc>ul>li:last-of-type { padding-bottom: 0; } #toc a { font-style: normal; } #toc a:hover, #toc a:focus, #toc a:hover code, #toc a:focus code { color: #1DA2BD; } #toc a:active { text-decoration: none; } /* Site header specific styles */ .hamburger { background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border: none; border-radius: 4px; cursor: pointer; margin-left: auto; padding: 11px 10px; } .hamburger:focus { outline: 0; } .hamburger__bar { display: block; width: 22px; height: 2px; background-color: var(--black-color); border-radius: 1px; } .hamburger__bar+.hamburger__bar { margin-top: 4px; } .site-header { background-color: var(--top-header-color); } /* Override javadoc styles */ .site-header div { font-family: 'Lato', Arial, sans-serif; } .site-header__navigation-header a { align-self: center; border-bottom: 0 none; height: 36px; } .site-header .site-header-version { align-self: center; color: #1da2bd; font-size: 20px; padding-left: 1px; margin-top: 22px; } .site-header__navigation { z-index: 2; display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .site-header__navigation-header { display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-left: 12px; } .site-header__navigation-collapsible { flex: 1 1 auto; height: 210px; overflow: visible; transition: height 0.3s ease; } .site-header__navigation-items { display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: flex-start; max-height: 210px; /* This matches the collapsible height above */ margin: 0 20px; padding-top: 12px; padding-left: 0; list-style-type: none; } .site-header__navigation-item { flex: 0 1 auto; font-size: 16px; width: 250px; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link { position: relative; display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; padding: 5px; line-height: 20px; border: 0 none; color: var(--text-color); text-decoration: none; transition: none; -o-transition: none; -moz-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link:hover { color: #1DA2BD; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link.active { font-weight: 500; } /* Navigation submenu styles */ .site-header__navigation-submenu-section { position: relative; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__down-arrow { width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 0; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-link:hover path { fill: none; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link:hover { color: #1DA2BD; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: none; width: 170px; background-color: var(--menu-burger-color); top: 40px; left: 7px; /* NOTE: This must match the padding of .site-header__navigation-link */ padding: 3px 10px 6px 10px; z-index: 100; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link { width: 100%; color: var(--text-color); white-space: nowrap; display: inline-block; padding-top: 3px; border: 0 none; transition: none; -o-transition: none; -moz-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link-text { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section.open .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: block; } /* Top navigation mobile styles */ @media (max-width: 1023px) { .site-header__navigation-collapsible--collapse { height: 0; overflow-y: hidden; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { padding: 0 1rem 0.5rem 1.5rem; display: block; top: 30px !important; left: 0 !important; } .site-header__navigation-item, .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link-text { font-size: 18px; } .site-header { padding: 5px 12px; } .site-header-version { display: none; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-direction: column; } .site-footer__links { flex-wrap: wrap; } .site-footer__link-group { margin-bottom: 1rem; } } /* Top navigation desktop styles */ @media (min-width: 1024px) { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); z-index: 2; } body.dark-theme { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; z-index: 2; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; z-index: 2; } body.light-theme { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); z-index: 2; } } } /* Pushes the section headings to just below the top nav bar when a user navigates directly to section anchors. */ #content h2[id], #content h3[id], #content h4[id], #content h5[id] { padding-top: 60px; } #content h2[id] { /* Little extra room above h2s */ margin-top: -1em; } #content h3[id], #content h4[id], #content h5[id] { margin-top: -60px; } .site-header__navigation { flex-direction: row; } .site-header__navigation-button { display: none; } .site-header__navigation-items { flex-direction: row; align-items: center; float: right; width: auto; padding-top: 0; } .site-header__navigation-item { width: auto; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link { padding: 15px 18px; } .site-header__navigation-item:last-of-type .site-header__navigation-link { padding-right: 0; } .site-header__navigation-link--button { padding: 6px 12px; } .site-header__navigation-collapsible { height: auto; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { position: absolute; border: 1px solid #9a9a9a; border-radius: 3px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section:hover .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: block; } /* Pushes the section headings to just below the top nav bar when a user navigates directly to section anchors. It doesn't work if you try to apply the padding and margin to the `h` elements directly. */ .chapter a[name], .chapter .anchor { padding-top: 60px; margin-top: -60px; text-decoration: none; border: none; display: inline-block; } } /* Side Navigation styles */ /* Docs Navigation */ .docs-navigation { border-right: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); } .docs-navigation .search-container { display: none; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .docs-navigation a { color: var(--text-color); display: block; font-size: .95rem; position: relative; } .docs-navigation a:focus { outline: none; } .docs-navigation a:hover { color: #35c1e4; text-decoration: none; } .docs-navigation a code { color: var(--text-color); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0; word-break: break-all; } .docs-navigation a.active { color: #06A0CE; outline: 0; border: none; -moz-outline-style: none; } .docs-navigation a.active:hover { color: #35c1e4; text-decoration: underline; } .docs-navigation ul { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .docs-navigation li>ul>li a { font-size: 14px; color: #7d7d7d; } .docs-navigation ul:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .docs-navigation li { margin-top: 0.3334em; line-height: 1.3334; } .docs-navigation li:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .docs-navigation .nav-dropdown:before { content: '\2023'; font-size: 28px; position: absolute; margin-left: -14px; margin-top: -8px; } .docs-navigation .nav-dropdown.expanded:before { transform: rotate(90deg); } .docs-navigation>ul ul, .docs-navigation>ul ul ul { display: none; height: 0; margin-left: 1rem; } .docs-navigation>ul ul:target, .docs-navigation>ul ul:target ul, .docs-navigation>ul .nav-dropdown.expanded~ul { display: block; height: auto; } .docs-navigation h3 { font-size: .95rem; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1.5em 0 0; } .docs-navigation .docs-home-link { position: relative; } @media screen and (min-width: 45rem) { .main-content { display: flex; } } /* User guide navigation appears for desktops */ @media screen and (min-width: 64rem) { .docs-navigation { flex: 0 0 auto; width: 13.75rem; } .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter { flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0 auto; } } /** * For mobile devices, we show navigation at bottom of page. * * This is the simplest solution to this issue. */ @media not screen and (min-width: 64rem) { /* Repeat the class twice to prioritize our mobile classes! */ .content.content { /* Make the height equal to the real height of content */ overflow: visible; } .main-content { /* Main content show first */ flex-direction: column-reverse; } .docs-navigation.docs-navigation { /* Fill the main container */ width: 100%; /* Don't clip the navigation container */ overflow: visible; } } /* Userguide Meta */ .chapter-meta { float: right; text-align: right; } .chapter-meta .edit-link { color: #999; font-size: 0.9em; padding-right: 3px; } .chapter-meta .edit-link svg { margin-right: 1px; } /* Clever use of RTL to fill in all stars to left of hover position */ .rating { direction: rtl; } .rating>.star { cursor: pointer; display: table-cell; padding: 3px; } .rating>.star:hover>svg>g, .rating>.star:hover~.star>svg>g, .rating>.star.selected>svg>g, .rating>.star.selected~.star>svg>g { fill: #999; } /* Footer styles */ .site-footer {} .site-footer__navigation { display: flex; padding: 30px 12px; max-width: 62.5rem; margin: 0 auto; padding-left: 5rem; } @media not screen and (min-width: 64rem) { .site-footer__navigation { /* same to nav.docs-navigation for mobiles */ padding: 20px 20px 20px 26px; } } .site-footer__links { display: flex; flex: 1 1 auto; } .site-footer__links .site-footer__links-list { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; } .site-footer__links .site-footer__links-list a { color: var(--footer-other-text-color); } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 1 1 auto; flex-basis: 175px; } .site-footer__link-group header { color: var(--text-color); } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .newsletter-form__header h5 { color: var(--text-color); margin-top: 0; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter p { font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 2px 0 0 2px; opacity: 0.7; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .disclaimer { color: var(--footer-other-text-color); font-size: 0.75rem; opacity: 0.55; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .newsletter-form { padding-top: 6px; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .email, .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .submit { height: 40px; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .email { line-height: 40px; width: 250px; color: #1DA2BD; font-size: 16px; padding-left: 20px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--footer-form-color); } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .submit { font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; width: 100px; background-color: #1BA8CB; color: #fff; font-weight: 500; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-style: none; cursor: pointer; transition: all .3s ease; } /* Secondary footer (below) */ .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); width: 100%; z-index: 1; } body.dark-theme { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: none; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: none; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } body.light-theme { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); width: 100%; z-index: 1; } } } .site-footer-secondary__contents { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; max-width: 75rem; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 0.875rem; padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; } /* * 1. Value is the largest computed width among 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__copy, .site-footer__secondary-links { flex-grow: 0; flex-basis: 280px; /* 1. */ } /* * 1. 'flex-shrink: 1' is applied to the element with the smallest computed width among * 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__copy { flex-shrink: 1; /* 1. */ } .site-footer__logo { flex: 0 0 auto; margin-right: 10px; margin-left: 10px; } .site-footer__logo svg { width: 35px; height: 35px; } /* * 1. 'flex-shrink: 0' is applied to the element with the largest computed width among * 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__secondary-links { flex-shrink: 0; /* 1 */ text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; } .site-footer-secondary a { color: #999; } .site-footer-secondary__links a:not(:last-child) { padding-right: 10px; } .site-footer-secondary__links a:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 10px; } @media all and (max-width: 29.99rem) { .site-footer__rights, .site-footer-secondary__links { display: none; } .site-footer__logo { order: 1; text-align: left; } .site-footer__copy { order: 2; text-align: right; } } /* Avoid the footer taking up much of the screen on short displays */ @media all and (max-height: 56.25rem) { .site-footer__navigation { margin: 1.5rem auto 0 auto; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 84.375rem) { .ui-logos .ui-logo { box-shadow: 0 6px 15px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.56); } } /* User Manual Home */ .technology-logos, .ui-logos { display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-around; } .technology-logo, .ui-logo { flex: 0 1 auto; } .ui-logo { width: 224px; height: 135px; margin: 12px; } /* Samples download button */ .download { display: flex; } .download a { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; text-decoration: none; padding: 5px; display: block; width: 10em; margin: 5px; } .download ul { list-style: none; list-style-type: none; } .download li { float: right; } .docs-navigation { width: 18rem; padding: 20px 20px 20px 26px; background: var(--nav-color); overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: auto; } .layout { display: flex; flex-direction: column; overflow: hidden; height: 100vh; } .main-content { overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: auto; display: flex; } .content { flex: 1 1 auto; overflow: auto; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .content .chapter { padding: 2rem 2.4rem; } #toc a:active { font-weight: 500; } .site-header { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-item { padding: 2px 0; } .site-footer { background-color: var(--footer-color); padding: 20px 0 40px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); } #header { margin-left: 0; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-bottom: 40px; } @media screen and (min-width: 64rem) { #header { margin-bottom: 20px; } .site-header { margin-bottom: 0; z-index: 2; } .site-header__navigation-header { margin-top: -7px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section:after { content: '\2023'; font-size: 28px; position: absolute; transform: rotate(90deg); margin-right: 10px; top: 5px; right: -7px; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-wrap: wrap; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 1 1 auto; } .site-footer__links { margin-bottom: 1rem; } } @media screen and (min-width: 75rem) { .content .chapter { box-sizing: content-box; } #content { padding-right: 260px; margin: 0; } /* #toc here must be referenced as #header #toc since we don't want to change single page #toc */ #header #toc { position: fixed; margin: 0 auto; padding-bottom: 0; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 260px; z-index: 1; overflow: auto; border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; max-height: calc(100% - 118px); margin-right: 15px; } #header #toctitle { margin-top: 1.3em; } #header #toc>ul { /* margin-left have to increase if you change border thickness of active toc item */ margin-left: 1px; border-left: 1px solid #666; margin-bottom: 0; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; background-color: var(--white-color); } #header #toc>ul>li, #toc>ul>li:last-of-type { padding: 0.5rem 0; margin: 0; } #header #toc a { padding-left: 10px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--text-color); font-size: .95rem; display: inline-block; } #header #toc a.active { font-weight: 500; border-left: 3px solid #01303a; margin-left: -2px; padding-left: 9px; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: auto; padding-left: 3rem; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 0.15 1 auto; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter { /* A fix so subscribe disclaimer does not go under long ToC */ max-width: calc(100% - 17rem); } } @media screen and (min-width: 80rem) { .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter { max-height: none; 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} .com { color: #909090 !important; } .str, .tag { color: #90a959 !important; } .kwd, .atv { color: #d28445 !important; } .typ { color: #f4bf75 !important; } .lit, .atn { color: #6a9fb5 !important; } .pun, .pln, .opn, .clo { color: #d0d0d0 !important; } .dec, .var { color: #aa759f !important; } li.L1, li.L3, li.L5, li.L7, li.L9 { background: #111 !important; } body.light-theme { code[data-lang="text"] .pln, code[data-lang="text"] .str, code[data-lang="text"] .kwd, code[data-lang="text"] .com, code[data-lang="text"] .typ, code[data-lang="text"] .lit, code[data-lang="text"] .pun, code[data-lang="text"] .opn, code[data-lang="text"] .clo, code[data-lang="text"] .tag, code[data-lang="text"] .atn, code[data-lang="text"] .atv, code[data-lang="text"] .dec, code[data-lang="text"] .var, code[data-lang="text"] .fun { color: #000; } .pln { color: #000 !important;; } .com { color: #800 !important;; } .str, .tag { color: #080 !important;; } .kwd, .atv { color: #008 !important;; } .typ { color: #606 !important;; 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<li><a href="../userguide/building_cpp_projects.html">Building C++ projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/cpp_testing.html">Testing C++ projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/building_swift_projects.html">Building Swift projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/swift_testing.html">Testing Swift projects</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="reference">Reference</h3> <ul> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#gradle-api" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gradle-api">Gradle DSLs and API</a> <ul id="gradle-api"> <li><a href="../javadoc/index.html?overview-summary.html">Javadoc</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/groovy_build_script_primer.html">Groovy DSL Primer</a></li> <li><a href="../dsl/index.html">Groovy DSL Reference</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/kotlin_dsl.html">Kotlin DSL Primer</a></li> <li><a href="../kotlin-dsl/index.html" target="_blank">Kotlin DSL API</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/migrating_from_groovy_to_kotlin_dsl.html">Groovy to Kotlin DSL Migration</a></li> <li><a href="../samples/index.html">Samples</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/glossary.html">Glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://community.gradle.org/cookbook/">Gradle Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/command_line_interface.html">Command-Line Interface</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/gradle_wrapper.html">Gradle Wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/plugin_reference.html">Core Plugins</a></li> <li id="third-party-integration"><a href="../userguide/third_party_integration.html">Gradle & Third-party Tools</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/userguide_single.html">User Manual Single Page</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/userguide.pdf">User Manual PDF</a></li> </ul> </nav>  <div class="content"> <div class="chapter"> <div id="header"> <h1>Using Resolution Rules</h1> <div class="details"> <span id="revnumber">version 8.11.1</span> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle">Contents</div> <ul class="sectlevel1"> <li><a href="#sec:forcing-dep-versions">1. Forcing Dependency Versions</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:module-replacement">2. Module Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:dependency-substitution-rules">3. Dependency Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:component-selection-rules">4. Component Selection Rules</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:configuration-defaults">5. Default Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:exclude-trans-deps">6. Excluding Transitive Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:conflict-resolution-strategy">7. Force Failed Resolution Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:disabling-resolution-transitive-dependencies">8. Disabling Transitive Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:dependency-resolve-rules">9. Dependency Resolve Rules and Other Conditionals</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div id="preamble"> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Gradle provides several mechanisms to directly influence the behavior of the dependency resolution engine.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Unlike <a href="dependency_constraints.html#dependency-constraints">dependency constraints</a> or <a href="component_metadata_rules.html#component-metadata-rules">component metadata rules</a>, which serve as inputs to the resolution process, these mechanisms allow you to inject rules directly into the resolution engine. Because of their direct impact, they can be considered brute-force solutions that may mask underlying issues, such as the introduction of new dependencies.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock tip"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> </td> <td class="content"> It’s generally advisable to resort to <strong>resolution rules</strong> only when other approaches are insufficient. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you’re developing a <a href="declaring_dependencies.html#sub:producers-vs-consumers-basics">library</a>, it’s best to use <a href="dependency_constraints.html#dependency-constraints">dependency constraints</a>, as they are shared with your consumers.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Here are the key resolution strategies in Gradle:</p> </div> <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 14.2857%;"> <col style="width: 28.5714%;"> <col style="width: 57.1429%;"> </colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">#</th> <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Strategy</th> <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Info</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:forcing-dep-versions">1</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Forcing Dependency Versions</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Force a specific version of a dependency.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:module-replacement">2</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Module Replacement</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Substitute one module for another with an explanation.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:dependency-substitution-rules">3</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Dependency Substitution</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Substitute dependencies dynamically.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:component-selection-rules">4</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Component Selection Rules</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Control which versions of a module are allowed. Reject specific versions that are known to be broken or undesirable.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:configuration-defaults">5</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Default Dependencies</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Automatically add dependencies to a configuration when no dependencies are explicitly declared.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:exclude-trans-deps">6</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Excluding Transitive Dependencies</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Exclude transitive dependencies that you don’t want to be included in the dependency graph.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:conflict-resolution-strategy">7</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Force Failed Resolution Strategies</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Force builds to fail when certain conditions occur during resolution.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:disabling-resolution-transitive-dependencies">8</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Disabling Transitive Dependencies</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Dependencies are transitive by default, but you can disable this behavior for individual dependencies.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#sec:dependency-resolve-rules">9</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Dependency Resolve Rules and Other Conditionals</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Transform or filter dependencies directly as they are resolved and other corner case scenarios.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:forcing-dep-versions"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:forcing-dep-versions"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:forcing-dep-versions">1. Forcing Dependency Versions</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can enforce a specific version of a dependency, regardless of what versions might be requested or resolved by other parts of the build script.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is useful for ensuring consistency and avoiding conflicts due to different versions of the same dependency being used.</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { "compileClasspath" { resolutionStrategy.force("commons-codec:commons-codec:1.9") } } dependencies { implementation("org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.4") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { compileClasspath { resolutionStrategy.force 'commons-codec:commons-codec:1.9' } } dependencies { implementation 'org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.4' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:module-replacement"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:module-replacement"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:module-replacement">2. Module Replacement</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>While it’s generally better to manage module conflicts using <a href="component_capabilities.html#capabilities">capabilities</a>, there are scenarios—especially when working with older versions of Gradle-that require a different approach. In these cases, <strong>module replacement rules</strong> offer a solution by allowing you to specify that a legacy library has been replaced by a newer one.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p><strong>Module replacement rules</strong> allow you to declare that a legacy library has been replaced by a newer one. For instance, the migration from <code>google-collections</code> to <code>guava</code> involved renaming the module from <code>com.google.collections:google-collections</code> to <code>com.google.guava:guava</code>. Such changes impact conflict resolution because Gradle doesn’t treat them as version conflicts due to different module coordinates.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Consider a scenario where both libraries appear in the dependency graph. Your project depends on <code>guava</code>, but a transitive dependency pulls in <code>google-collections</code>. This can cause runtime errors since Gradle won’t automatically resolve this as a conflict. Common solutions include:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Declaring an exclusion rule to avoid <code>google-collections</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Avoiding dependencies that pull in legacy libraries.</p> </li> <li> <p>Upgrading dependencies that no longer use <code>google-collections</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Downgrading to <code>google-collections</code> (not recommended).</p> </li> <li> <p>Assigning capabilities so <code>google-collections</code> and <code>guava</code> are mutually exclusive.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>These methods can be insufficient for large-scale projects. By declaring module replacements, you can address this issue globally across projects, allowing organizations to handle such conflicts holistically.</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { modules { module("com.google.collections:google-collections") { replacedBy("com.google.guava:guava", "google-collections is now part of Guava") } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { modules { module("com.google.collections:google-collections") { replacedBy("com.google.guava:guava", "google-collections is now part of Guava") } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Once declared, Gradle treats any version of <code>guava</code> as superior to <code>google-collections</code> during conflict resolution, ensuring only <code>guava</code> appears in the classpath. However, if <code>google-collections</code> is the only module present, it won’t be automatically replaced unless there’s a conflict.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For more examples, refer to the DSL reference for <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/ComponentMetadataHandler.html">ComponentMetadataHandler</a>.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> Gradle does not currently support replacing a module with multiple modules, but multiple modules can be replaced by a single module. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:dependency-substitution-rules"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:dependency-substitution-rules"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:dependency-substitution-rules">3. Dependency Substitution</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p><strong>Dependency substitution rules</strong> allow for replacing project and module dependencies with specified alternatives, making them interchangeable. While similar to dependency resolve rules, they offer more flexibility by enabling substitution between project and module dependencies.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>However, adding a <strong>dependency substitution rule</strong> affects the timing of configuration resolution. Instead of resolving on first use, the configuration is resolved during task graph construction, which can cause issues if the configuration is modified later or depends on modules published during task execution.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Explanation:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>A configuration can serve as input to a task and include project dependencies when resolved.</p> </li> <li> <p>If a project dependency is an input to a task (via a configuration), then tasks to build those artifacts are added as dependencies.</p> </li> <li> <p>To determine project dependencies that are inputs to a task, Gradle must resolve the configuration inputs.</p> </li> <li> <p>Because the Gradle task graph is fixed once task execution has commenced, Gradle needs to perform this resolution prior to executing any tasks.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Without substitution rules, Gradle assumes that external module dependencies don’t reference project dependencies, simplifying dependency traversal. With substitution rules, this assumption no longer holds, so Gradle must fully resolve the configuration to determine project dependencies.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:module-to-project-substitution"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:module-to-project-substitution"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:module-to-project-substitution">Substituting an external module dependency with a project dependency</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Dependency substitution can be used to replace an external module with a locally developed project, which is helpful when testing a patched or unreleased version of a module.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The external module can be replaced whether a version is specified:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(module("org.utils:api")) .using(project(":api")).because("we work with the unreleased development version") substitute(module("org.utils:util:2.5")).using(project(":util")) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute module("org.utils:api") using project(":api") because "we work with the unreleased development version" substitute module("org.utils:util:2.5") using project(":util") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Substituted projects must be part of the multi-project build (included via <code>settings.gradle</code>).</p> </li> <li> <p>The substitution replaces the module dependency with the project dependency and sets up task dependencies, but doesn’t automatically include the project in the build.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:project-to-module-substitution"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:project-to-module-substitution"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:project-to-module-substitution">Substituting a project dependency with a module replacement</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also use substitution rules to replace a project dependency with an external module in a multi-project build.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This technique can accelerate development by allowing certain dependencies to be downloaded from a repository instead of being built locally:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(project(":api")) .using(module("org.utils:api:1.3")).because("we use a stable version of org.utils:api") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute project(":api") using module("org.utils:api:1.3") because "we use a stable version of org.utils:api" } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>The substituted module must include a version.</p> </li> <li> <p>Even after substitution, the project remains part of the multi-project build, but tasks to build it won’t be executed when resolving the configuration.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:conditional-dependency-substitution"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:conditional-dependency-substitution"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:conditional-dependency-substitution">Conditionally substituting a dependency</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can conditionally substitute a module dependency with a local project in a multi-project build using dependency substitution rules.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is particularly useful when you want to use a locally developed version of a dependency if it exists, otherwise fall back to the external module:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution.all { requested.let { if (it is ModuleComponentSelector && it.group == "org.example") { val targetProject = findProject(":${it.module}") if (targetProject != null) { useTarget(targetProject) } } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution.all { DependencySubstitution dependency -> if (dependency.requested instanceof ModuleComponentSelector && dependency.requested.group == "org.example") { def targetProject = findProject(":${dependency.requested.module}") if (targetProject != null) { dependency.useTarget targetProject } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>The substitution only occurs if a local project matching the dependency name is found.</p> </li> <li> <p>The local project must already be included in the multi-project build (via <code>settings.gradle</code>).</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:variant-aware-substitutions"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:variant-aware-substitutions"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:variant-aware-substitutions">Substituting a dependency with another variant</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can substitute a dependency with another <a href="variant_model.html#sec:understanding-variant-selection">variant</a>, such as switching between a platform dependency and a regular library dependency.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is useful when your build process needs to change the type of dependency based on specific conditions:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { all { if (requested is ModuleComponentSelector && requested.group == "org.example" && requested.version == "1.0") { useTarget(module("org.example:library:1.0")).because("Switching from platform to library variant") } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>The substitution is based on the requested dependency’s attributes (like group and version).</p> </li> <li> <p>This approach allows you to switch from a platform component to a library or vice versa.</p> </li> <li> <p>It uses Gradle’s variant-aware engine to ensure the correct variant is selected based on the configuration and consumer attributes.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This flexibility is often required when working with complex dependency graphs where different component types (platforms, libraries) need to be swapped dynamically.</p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="sec:substitution-with-attributes"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:substitution-with-attributes"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:substitution-with-attributes">Substituting a dependency with attributes</a></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Substituting a dependency based on attributes allows you to override the default selection of a component by targeting specific attributes (like platform vs. regular library).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This technique is useful for managing platform and library dependencies in complex builds, particularly when you want to consume a regular library but the platform dependency was incorrectly declared:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { // This is a platform dependency but you want the library implementation(platform("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre")) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { // This is a platform dependency but you want the library implementation platform('com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre') }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, the substitution rule targets the platform version of <code>com.google.guava:guava</code> and replaces it with the regular library version:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(platform(module("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre"))) .using(module("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre")) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(platform(module('com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre'))). using module('com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre') } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Without the <code>platform</code> keyword, the substitution would not specifically target the platform dependency.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The following rule performs the same substitution but uses the more granular <strong>variant</strong> notation, allowing for customization of the dependency’s attributes:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(variant(module("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre")) { attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category.REGULAR_PLATFORM)) } }).using(module("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre")) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute variant(module('com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre')) { attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category, Category.REGULAR_PLATFORM)) } } using module('com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre') } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>By using attribute-based substitution, you can precisely control which dependencies are replaced, ensuring Gradle resolves the correct versions and variants in your build.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Refer to the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/DependencySubstitutions.html#variant-org.gradle.api.artifacts.component.ComponentSelector-org.gradle.api.Action-">DependencySubstitutions API</a> for a complete reference.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock warning"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i> </td> <td class="content"> In <a href="composite_builds.html#composite_build_intro">composite builds</a>, the rule that you have to match the exact requested dependency attributes is not applied. When using composites, Gradle will automatically match the requested attributes. In other words, it is implicit that if you include another build, you are substituting <em>all variants</em> of the substituted module with an equivalent variant in the included build. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="sec:substitution-with-capabilities"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:substitution-with-capabilities"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:substitution-with-capabilities">Substituting a dependency with a dependency with capabilities</a></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can substitute a dependency with a different variant that includes specific <strong>capabilities</strong>. Capabilities allow you to specify that a particular variant of a dependency offers a set of related features or functionality, such as <a href="java_testing.html#sec:java_test_fixtures">test fixtures</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This example substitutes a regular dependency with its <a href="java_testing.html#sec:java_test_fixtures">test fixtures</a> using a capability:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.testCompileClasspath { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(module("com.acme:lib:1.0")).using(variant(module("com.acme:lib:1.0")) { capabilities { requireCapability("com.acme:lib-test-fixtures") } }) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.testCompileClasspath { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(module('com.acme:lib:1.0')) .using variant(module('com.acme:lib:1.0')) { capabilities { requireCapability('com.acme:lib-test-fixtures') } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Here, we substitute the regular <code>com.acme:lib:1.0</code> dependency with its <code>lib-test-fixtures</code> variant. The <code>requireCapability</code> function specifies that the new variant must have the <code>com.acme:lib-test-fixtures</code> capability, ensuring the right version of the dependency is selected for testing purposes.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Capabilities within the substitution rule are used to precisely match dependencies, and Gradle only substitutes dependencies that match the required capabilities.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Refer to the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/DependencySubstitutions.html#variant-org.gradle.api.artifacts.component.ComponentSelector-org.gradle.api.Action-">DependencySubstitutions API</a> for a complete reference of the variant substitution API.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:substitution-with-classifier"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:substitution-with-classifier"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:substitution-with-classifier">Substituting a dependency with a classifier or artifact</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can substitute dependencies that have a classifier with ones that don’t or vice versa. Classifiers are often used to represent different versions of the same artifact, such as platform-specific builds or dependencies with different APIs. Although Gradle discourages the use of classifiers, it provides a way to handle substitutions for cases where classifiers are still in use.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Consider the following setup:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { implementation("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre") implementation("co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.8.0") implementation(project(":lib")) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { implementation 'com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre' implementation 'co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.8.0' implementation project(':lib') }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In the example above, the first level dependency on <code>quasar</code> makes us think that Gradle would resolve <code>quasar-core-0.8.0.jar</code> but it’s not the case.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The build fails with this message:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="text">Execution failed for task ':consumer:resolve'. > Could not resolve all files for configuration ':consumer:runtimeClasspath'. > Could not find quasar-core-0.8.0-jdk8.jar (co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.8.0). Searched in the following locations: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/co/paralleluniverse/quasar-core/0.8.0/quasar-core-0.8.0-jdk8.jar</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That’s because there’s a dependency on another project, <code>lib</code>, which itself depends on a different version of <code>quasar-core</code>:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { implementation("co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.7.10:jdk8") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { implementation "co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.7.10:jdk8" }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>The consumer depends on <code>quasar-core:0.8.0</code> without a classifier.</p> </li> <li> <p>The lib project depends on <code>quasar-core:0.7.10</code> with the <code>jdk8</code> classifier.</p> </li> <li> <p>Gradle’s conflict resolution selects the higher version (<code>0.8.0</code>), but <code>quasar-core:0.8.0</code> doesn’t have the <code>jdk8</code> classifier, leading to a resolution error.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To resolve this conflict, you can instruct Gradle to ignore classifiers when resolving <code>quasar-core</code> dependencies:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute(module("co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core")) .using(module("co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.8.0")) .withoutClassifier() } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">consumer/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution { substitute module('co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core') using module('co.paralleluniverse:quasar-core:0.8.0') withoutClassifier() } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This rule effectively replaces any dependency on <code>quasar-core</code> found in the graph with a dependency without classifier.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you need to substitute with a specific classifier or artifact, you can specify the classifier or artifact details in the substitution rule.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For more detailed information, refer to:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Artifact selection via the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/DependencySubstitutions.Substitution.html">Substitution DSL</a></p> </li> <li> <p>Artifact selection via the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/DependencySubstitution.html#artifactSelection-org.gradle.api.Action-">DependencySubstitution API</a></p> </li> <li> <p>Artifact selection via the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ResolutionStrategy.html#dependencySubstitution-org.gradle.api.Action-">ResolutionStrategy API</a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:component-selection-rules"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:component-selection-rules"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:component-selection-rules">4. Component Selection Rules</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Component selection rules may influence which component instance should be selected when multiple versions are available that match a version selector. Rules are applied against every available version and allow the version to be explicitly rejected.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This allows Gradle to ignore any component instance that does not satisfy conditions set by the rule. Examples include:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>For a dynamic version like <code>1.+</code> certain versions may be explicitly rejected from selection.</p> </li> <li> <p>For a static version like <code>1.4</code> an instance may be rejected based on extra component metadata such as the Ivy branch attribute, allowing an instance from a subsequent repository to be used.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Rules are configured via the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ComponentSelectionRules.html">ComponentSelectionRules</a> object. Each rule configured will be called with a <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ComponentSelection.html">ComponentSelection</a> object as an argument that contains information about the candidate version being considered. Calling <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ComponentSelection.html#org.gradle.api.artifacts.ComponentSelection:reject(java.lang.String)">ComponentSelection.reject(java.lang.String)</a> causes the given candidate version to be explicitly rejected, in which case the candidate will not be considered for the selector.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The following example shows a rule that disallows a particular version of a module but allows the dynamic version to choose the next best candidate:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { implementation { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { // Accept the highest version matching the requested version that isn't '1.5' all { if (candidate.group == "org.sample" && candidate.module == "api" && candidate.version == "1.5") { reject("version 1.5 is broken for 'org.sample:api'") } } } } } } dependencies { implementation("org.sample:api:1.+") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { implementation { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { // Accept the highest version matching the requested version that isn't '1.5' all { ComponentSelection selection -> if (selection.candidate.group == 'org.sample' && selection.candidate.module == 'api' && selection.candidate.version == '1.5') { selection.reject("version 1.5 is broken for 'org.sample:api'") } } } } } } dependencies { implementation 'org.sample:api:1.+' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that version selection is applied starting with the highest version first. The version selected will be the first version found that all component selection rules accept.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock important"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i> </td> <td class="content"> A version is considered accepted if no rule explicitly rejects it. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Similarly, rules can be targeted at specific modules. Modules must be specified in the form of <code>group:module</code>:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { create("targetConfig") { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { withModule("org.sample:api") { if (candidate.version == "1.5") { reject("version 1.5 is broken for 'org.sample:api'") } } } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { targetConfig { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { withModule("org.sample:api") { ComponentSelection selection -> if (selection.candidate.version == "1.5") { selection.reject("version 1.5 is broken for 'org.sample:api'") } } } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Component selection rules can also consider component metadata when selecting a version. Possible additional metadata that can be considered are <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ComponentMetadata.html">ComponentMetadata</a> and <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ivy/IvyModuleDescriptor.html">IvyModuleDescriptor</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that this extra information may not always be available and thus should be checked for <code>null</code> values:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { create("metadataRulesConfig") { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { // Reject any versions with a status of 'experimental' all { if (candidate.group == "org.sample" && metadata?.status == "experimental") { reject("don't use experimental candidates from 'org.sample'") } } // Accept the highest version with either a "release" branch or a status of 'milestone' withModule("org.sample:api") { if (getDescriptor(IvyModuleDescriptor::class)?.branch != "release" && metadata?.status != "milestone") { reject("'org.sample:api' must have testing branch or milestone status") } } } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { metadataRulesConfig { resolutionStrategy { componentSelection { // Reject any versions with a status of 'experimental' all { ComponentSelection selection -> if (selection.candidate.group == 'org.sample' && selection.metadata?.status == 'experimental') { selection.reject("don't use experimental candidates from 'org.sample'") } } // Accept the highest version with either a "release" branch or a status of 'milestone' withModule('org.sample:api') { ComponentSelection selection -> if (selection.getDescriptor(IvyModuleDescriptor)?.branch != "release" && selection.metadata?.status != 'milestone') { selection.reject("'org.sample:api' must be a release branch or have milestone status") } } } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ComponentSelection.html">ComponentSelection</a> argument is <em>always</em> required as a parameter when declaring a component selection rule.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:configuration-defaults"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:configuration-defaults"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:configuration-defaults">5. Default Dependencies</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can set default dependencies for a configuration to ensure that a default version is used when no explicit dependencies are specified.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is useful for plugins that rely on versioned tools and want to provide a default if the user doesn’t specify a version:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { create("pluginTool") { defaultDependencies { add(project.dependencies.create("org.gradle:my-util:1.0")) } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { pluginTool { defaultDependencies { dependencies -> dependencies.add(project.dependencies.create("org.gradle:my-util:1.0")) } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, the <code>pluginTool</code> configuration will use <code>org.gradle:my-util:1.0</code> as a default dependency unless another version is specified.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:exclude-trans-deps"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:exclude-trans-deps"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:exclude-trans-deps">6. Excluding Transitive Dependencies</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To completely exclude a transitive dependency for a particular configuration, use the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.Configuration.html#org.gradle.api.artifacts.Configuration:exclude(java.util.Map)"><code>Configuration.exclude(Map)</code></a> method.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This approach will automatically exclude the specified transitive dependency from all dependencies declared within the configuration:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { "implementation" { exclude(group = "commons-collections", module = "commons-collections") } } dependencies { implementation("commons-beanutils:commons-beanutils:1.9.4") implementation("com.opencsv:opencsv:4.6") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { implementation { exclude group: 'commons-collections', module: 'commons-collections' } } dependencies { implementation 'commons-beanutils:commons-beanutils:1.9.4' implementation 'com.opencsv:opencsv:4.6' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, the <code>commons-collections</code> dependency will be excluded from the <code>implementation</code> configuration, regardless of whether it is a direct or transitive dependency.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:conflict-resolution-strategy"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:conflict-resolution-strategy"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:conflict-resolution-strategy">7. Force Failed Resolution Strategies</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Version conflicts can be forced to fail using:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><code>failOnNonReproducibleResolution()</code></p> </li> <li> <p><code>failOnDynamicVersions()</code></p> </li> <li> <p><code>failOnChangingVersions()</code></p> </li> <li> <p><code>failOnVersionConflict()</code></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will fail the build when conflicting versions of the same dependency are found:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy { failOnVersionConflict() } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy { failOnVersionConflict() } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:disabling-resolution-transitive-dependencies"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:disabling-resolution-transitive-dependencies"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:disabling-resolution-transitive-dependencies">8. Disabling Transitive Dependencies</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>By default, Gradle resolves all transitive dependencies for a given module.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>However, there are situations where you may want to disable this behavior, such as when you need more control over dependencies or when the dependency metadata is incorrect.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can tell Gradle to disable transitive dependency management for a dependency by setting <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ModuleDependency.html#setTransitive-boolean-">ModuleDependency.setTransitive(boolean)</a> to <code>false</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In the following example, transitive dependency resolution is disabled for the <code>guava</code> dependency:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { implementation("com.google.guava:guava:23.0") { isTransitive = false } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { implementation('com.google.guava:guava:23.0') { transitive = false } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This ensures only the main artifact for <code>guava</code> is resolved, and none of its transitive dependencies will be included.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> Disabling transitive dependency resolution will likely require you to declare the necessary runtime dependencies in your build script which otherwise would have been resolved automatically. Not doing so might lead to runtime classpath issues. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to disable transitive resolution globally across all dependencies, you can set this behavior at the configuration level:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { isTransitive = false } dependencies { implementation("com.google.guava:guava:23.0") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { transitive = false } dependencies { implementation 'com.google.guava:guava:23.0' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This disables transitive resolution for all dependencies in the project. Be aware that this may require you to manually declare any transitive dependencies that are required at runtime.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For more information, see <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/artifacts/Configuration.html#setTransitive-boolean-">Configuration.setTransitive(boolean)</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:dependency-resolve-rules"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:dependency-resolve-rules"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:dependency-resolve-rules">9. Dependency Resolve Rules and Other Conditionals</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Dependency resolve rules are executed for each dependency as it’s being resolved, providing a powerful API to modify a dependency’s attributes—such as group, name, or version—before the resolution is finalized.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This allows for advanced control over dependency resolution, enabling you to substitute one module for another during the resolution process.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This feature is particularly useful for implementing advanced dependency management patterns. With <strong>dependency resolve rules</strong>, you can redirect dependencies to specific versions or even different modules entirely, allowing you to enforce consistent versions across a project or override problematic dependencies:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy { eachDependency { if (requested.group == "com.example" && requested.name == "old-library") { useTarget("com.example:new-library:1.0.0") because("Our license only allows use of version 1") } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy { eachDependency { if (requested.group == "com.example" && requested.name == "old-library") { useTarget("com.example:new-library:1.0.0") because("Our license only allows use of version 1") } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, if a dependency on <code>com.example:old-library</code> is requested, it will be substituted with <code>com.example:new-library:1.0.0</code> during resolution.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For more advanced usage and additional examples, refer to the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ResolutionStrategy.html">ResolutionStrategy</a> class in the API documentation.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:custom-versioning-scheme"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:custom-versioning-scheme"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:custom-versioning-scheme">Implementing a custom versioning scheme</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In some corporate environments, module versions in Gradle builds are maintained and audited externally. <strong>Dependency resolve rules</strong> offer an effective way to implement this:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Developers declare dependencies in the build script using the module’s group and name, but specify a placeholder version like <code>default</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>A dependency resolve rule then resolves the <code>default</code> version to an approved version, which is retrieved from a corporate catalog of sanctioned modules.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This approach ensures that only approved versions are used, while allowing developers to work with a simplified and consistent versioning scheme.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The rule implementation can be encapsulated in a corporate plugin, making it easy to apply across all projects within the organization:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { if (requested.version == "default") { val version = findDefaultVersionInCatalog(requested.group, requested.name) useVersion(version.version) because(version.because) } } } data class DefaultVersion(val version: String, val because: String) fun findDefaultVersionInCatalog(group: String, name: String): DefaultVersion { //some custom logic that resolves the default version into a specific version return DefaultVersion(version = "1.0", because = "tested by QA") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { DependencyResolveDetails details -> if (details.requested.version == 'default') { def version = findDefaultVersionInCatalog(details.requested.group, details.requested.name) details.useVersion version.version details.because version.because } } } def findDefaultVersionInCatalog(String group, String name) { //some custom logic that resolves the default version into a specific version [version: "1.0", because: 'tested by QA'] }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this setup, whenever a developer specifies <code>default</code> as the version, the resolve rule replaces it with the approved version from the corporate catalog.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This strategy ensures compliance with corporate policies while providing flexibility and ease of use for developers. Encapsulating this logic in a plugin also ensures consistency across multiple projects.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:denying-version"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:denying-version"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:denying-version">Replacing unwanted dependency versions</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p><strong>Dependency resolve rules</strong> offer a powerful mechanism for blocking specific versions of a dependency and substituting them with an alternative.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is particularly useful when a specific version is known to be problematic—such as a version that introduces bugs or relies on a library that isn’t available in public repositories. By defining a resolve rule, you can automatically replace a problematic version with a stable one.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Consider a scenario where version <code>1.2</code> of a library is broken, but version <code>1.2.1</code> contains important fixes and should always be used instead. With a resolve rule, you can enforce this substitution: "anytime version <code>1.2</code> is requested, it will be replaced with <code>1.2.1</code>. Unlike forcing a version, this rule only affects the specific version <code>1.2</code>, leaving other versions unaffected:</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { if (requested.group == "org.software" && requested.name == "some-library" && requested.version == "1.2") { useVersion("1.2.1") because("fixes critical bug in 1.2") } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations.all { resolutionStrategy.eachDependency { DependencyResolveDetails details -> if (details.requested.group == 'org.software' && details.requested.name == 'some-library' && details.requested.version == '1.2') { details.useVersion '1.2.1' details.because 'fixes critical bug in 1.2' } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If version <code>1.3</code> is also present in the dependency graph, then even with this rule, Gradle’s default conflict resolution strategy would select <code>1.3</code> as the latest version.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p><strong>Difference from Rich Version Constraints:</strong> Using <a href="dependency_versions.html#sec:rich-version-constraints">rich version</a> constraints, you can reject certain versions outright, causing the build to fail or select a non-rejected version if a dynamic dependency is used. In contrast, a dependency resolve rule like the one shown here manipulates the version being requested, replacing it with a known good version when a rejected one is found. This approach is a <strong>solution</strong> for handling rejected versions, while rich version constraints are about expressing the intent to avoid certain versions.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="lazily_influencing_resolved_dependencies"><a class="anchor" href="#lazily_influencing_resolved_dependencies"></a><a class="link" href="#lazily_influencing_resolved_dependencies">Lazily influencing resolved dependencies</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Plugins can lazily influence dependencies by adding them conditionally or setting preferred versions when no version is specified by the user.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Below are two examples illustrating these use cases.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This example demonstrates how to add a dependency to a configuration based on some condition, evaluated lazily:</p> </div> <div id="ex-example-1-conditionally-adding-a-dependency" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 1. <a href="#ex-example-1-conditionally-adding-a-dependency">Example 1: Conditionally Adding a Dependency</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">configurations { implementation { dependencies.addLater(project.provider { val dependencyNotation = conditionalLogic() if (dependencyNotation != null) { project.dependencies.create(dependencyNotation) } else { null } }) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">configurations { implementation { dependencies.addLater(project.provider { def dependencyNotation = conditionalLogic() if (dependencyNotation != null) { return project.dependencies.create(dependencyNotation) } else { return null } }) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this case, <code>addLater</code> is used to defer the evaluation of the dependency, allowing it to be added only when certain conditions are met.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, the build script sets a preferred version of a dependency, which will be used if no version is explicitly specified:</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Example 2: Preferring a Default Version of a Dependency</p> </div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { implementation("org:foo") // Can indiscriminately be added by build logic constraints { implementation("org:foo:1.0") { version { // Applied to org:foo if no other version is specified prefer("1.0") } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { implementation("org:foo") // Can indiscriminately be added by build logic constraints { implementation("org:foo:1.0") { version { // Applied to org:foo if no other version is specified prefer("1.0") } } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This ensures that <code>org:foo</code> uses version <code>1.0</code> unless the user specifies another version.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="feedback-container" class="feedback-container"> <div class="feedback-buttons"> <label id="feedback-container-label"> Was this 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