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Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_structure_and_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_structure_and_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Business structure and brands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_structure_and_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forevermark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forevermark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Forevermark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forevermark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Beers_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Beers_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 De Beers London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Beers_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_diamonds_and_the_Kimberley_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_diamonds_and_the_Kimberley_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Blood diamonds and the Kimberley Process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_diamonds_and_the_Kimberley_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Former operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sherman_Antitrust_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherman_Antitrust_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sherman Antitrust Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherman_Antitrust_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocation_of_indigenous_San_people_in_Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocation_of_indigenous_San_people_in_Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation_of_indigenous_San_people_in_Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Industrial diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 European Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa's_rough_diamond_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa's_rough_diamond_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 South Africa's rough diamond trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa's_rough_diamond_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="دي بيرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دي بيرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="د بیرز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="د بیرز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="د بیرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="د بیرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="드비어스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드비어스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="דה בירס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דה בירס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9" title="デビアス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デビアス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="தே பீர்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தே பீர்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="เดอเบียร์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดอเบียร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="De Beers" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="ڈی بیئرز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی بیئرز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="דע בירס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דע בירס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="戴比尔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴比尔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q471891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DeBeers" redirects here. For the American wrestler, see <a href="/wiki/Colonel_DeBeers" title="Colonel DeBeers">Colonel DeBeers</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International corporation specialising in diamonds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">De Beers UK Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg/200px-De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg/300px-De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg/400px-De_Beers_Group_-_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="55" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:DeBeersBevHills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DeBeersBevHills.jpg/220px-DeBeersBevHills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DeBeersBevHills.jpg/330px-DeBeersBevHills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DeBeersBevHills.jpg/440px-DeBeersBevHills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1424" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">DeBeers store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California, in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond industry">Mining and trading of diamonds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1888; 137 years ago (1888)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Duncan Wanblad (Chairman)</li><li>Al Cook (CEO)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamonds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Diamond mining, marketing, grading and jewellery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>6.08 billion (2018)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a> (85%), <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a> (15%) <a href="#cite_note-ownership-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debeersgroup.com/">debeersgroup.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The De Beers Group is a South African–British corporation that specializes in the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> industry, including mining, exploitation, retail, inscription, grading, trading and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial diamond">industrial diamond</a> manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The company is active in open-pit, underground, large-scale alluvial and coastal mining. It operates in 35 countries with mining taking place in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, South Africa, and Canada. It also has an artisanal mining business, Gemfair, which operates in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. From its inception in 1888 until the start of the 21st century, De Beers controlled 80% to 85% of rough diamond distribution and was considered a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> By 2000, the company's control of the world diamond supply decreased to 63%.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, who was financed by the South African <a href="/wiki/Diamond_magnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond magnate">diamond magnate</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Beit" title="Alfred Beit">Alfred Beit</a> and the London-based <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> bank.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer" title="Ernest Oppenheimer">Ernest Oppenheimer</a>, a German immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a> with American financier <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> was elected to the board of De Beers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_De_Beers-9">[9]</a> He built and consolidated the company's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957. During this time, he was involved in several controversies, including <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trust_(business)" title="Trust (business)">trust</a> behaviour, and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the US war effort during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Janine_P._Roberts_2003-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theodor_Emanuel_Gregory_1977-11">[11]</a> In 2011, Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_family" title="Oppenheimer family">Oppenheimers</a>' family stake of 40% for US$5.1 billion (£3.2 billion) and increasing its stake to 85%, ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The company is currently owned 85% by Anglo American and 15% by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a>. In May 2024, Anglo American announced its intention to spin off or sell De Beers.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CecilRhodes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/220px-CecilRhodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/330px-CecilRhodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CecilRhodes.jpg/440px-CecilRhodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> founded De Beers in 1888</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg/220px-1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg/330px-1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg/440px-1st_Baron_Rothschild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>, funded the development of De Beers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/220px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/330px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg/440px-De_Beers_Consolidated_Mines_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6430" data-file-height="4097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Preference_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference share">Preference share</a> of the De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., issued 1 March 1902</figcaption></figure> The name 'De Beers' was derived from the two <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>, brothers Diederik Arnoldus de Beer (1825–1878) and Johannes Nicolaas de Beer (1830–1883), who owned a South African farm named Vooruitzicht (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "prospect" or "outlook") near Zandfontein in the <a href="/wiki/Boshof" title="Boshof">Boshof District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. After they discovered diamonds on their land, the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on 31 July 1871 to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden (1820–1908) for £6,600. Vooruitzicht would become the site of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole" title="Big Hole">Big Hole</a> and the De Beers mine, two successful diamond mines. Their name, which was given to one of the mines, subsequently became associated with the company.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>, got his start by renting water pumps to miners during the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_rush" title="Diamond rush">diamond rush</a> that started in 1869,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diamonds_:_from_birth_to_eternity-16">[16]</a> when an 83.5 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (unit)">carat</a> diamond called the '<a href="/wiki/Star_of_South_Africa_(diamond)" title="Star of South Africa (diamond)">Star of South Africa</a>' was found at <a href="/wiki/Hopetown" title="Hopetown">Hopetown</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Diamonds_:_from_birth_to_eternity-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He invested the profits of this operation into buying up <a href="/wiki/Land_claim" title="Land claim">claims</a> of small mining operators, with his operations soon expanding into a separate mining company.<a href="#cite_note-Kretchmer-19">[19]</a> He soon secured funding from the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>, who would finance his business expansion.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-21">[21]</a> De Beers Consolidated Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of <a href="/wiki/Barney_Barnato" title="Barney Barnato">Barney Barnato</a> and Cecil Rhodes, by which time the company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Kretchmer-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1889, Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London-based Diamond Syndicate, which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price, thereby regulating output and maintaining prices.<a href="#cite_note-Knowles-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The agreement soon proved to be very successful – for example, during the trade slump of 1891–1892, supply was simply curtailed to maintain the price.<a href="#cite_note-Newbury-25">[25]</a> Rhodes was concerned about the break-up of the new monopoly, stating to shareholders in 1896 that the company's "only risk is the sudden discovery of new mines, which human nature will work recklessly to the detriment of us all".<a href="#cite_note-Knowles-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> proved to be a challenging time for the company. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">Kimberley was besieged</a> as soon as war broke out, thereby threatening the company's valuable mines. Rhodes personally moved into the city at the onset of the siege in order to put political pressure on the British government to divert military resources towards relieving the siege rather than more strategic war objectives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite being at odds with the military,<a href="#cite_note-handbook-26">[26]</a> Rhodes placed the full resources of the company at the disposal of the defenders, manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, defences, an <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured train</a> and a gun named <a href="/wiki/Long_Cecil" title="Long Cecil">Long Cecil</a> in the company workshops.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oppenheimer_control">Oppenheimer control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oppenheimer control">edit</a>]</div> In 1898, diamonds were discovered on farms near <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, Transvaal. One led to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Mine" title="Premier Mine">Premier Mine</a>. The Premier Mine was registered in 1902 and the <a href="/wiki/Cullinan_Diamond" title="Cullinan Diamond">Cullinan Diamond</a>, the largest rough diamond ever discovered, was found there in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> (The Premier Mine was renamed the Cullinan Mine in 2003.) However, its <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Oppenheimer" title="Nicky Oppenheimer">owner</a> refused to join the<a href="#cite_note-Factbox:_De_Beers_past_and_present-29">[29]</a> De Beers cartel.<a href="#cite_note-Zoellner-30">[30]</a> Instead, the mine started selling to a pair of independent dealers named <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Oppenheimer" title="Bernard Oppenheimer">Bernard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer" title="Ernest Oppenheimer">Ernest Oppenheimer</a>, thereby weakening the De Beers stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-EB-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Oats" title="Francis Oats">Francis Oats</a>, who became Chairman of De Beers in 1908, was dismissive of the threats from the Premier Mine and the finds in <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, production soon equalled all of the De Beers mines combined. Ernest Oppenheimer was appointed the local agent for the powerful London Syndicate, rising to the position of mayor of Kimberley within 10 years. He understood the core principle that underpinned De Beers's success, stating in 1910 that "common sense tells us that the only way to increase the value of diamonds is to make them scarce, that is to reduce production".<a href="#cite_note-Zoellner-30">[30]</a> During World War I, the Premier Mine was finally absorbed into De Beers. When Rhodes died in 1902, De Beers controlled 90% of the world's diamond production. Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-EB-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_De_Beers-9">[9]</a> Oppenheimer was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down.<a href="#cite_note-Janine_P._Roberts_2003-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theodor_Emanuel_Gregory_1977-11">[11]</a> Former CIA chief Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a> claimed that De Beers restricted US access to industrial diamonds needed for the country's war effort during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-35">[35]</a> During the early 1930s, the company conducted experimental work which in large part pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Exploration_diamond_drilling" title="Exploration diamond drilling">diamond drills</a>. This was highly preferable to more expensive and rarer carbons previously in use.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Gold_Rush" title="Free State Gold Rush">Free State Gold Rush</a> was made possible in part due to this innovation, as the fields required deep drilling to reach <a href="/wiki/Gold_reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold reef">gold-bearing reefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> In May 1955, Ernest Oppenheimer opened the new headquarters which combined the operations of Anglo American and the De Beers group.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After Ernest died in November 1957, operation of Anglo and De Beers were passed on to his son, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Oppenheimer" title="Harry Oppenheimer">Harry Oppenheimer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Under Harry, the company expanded to several different countries around the globe, including Canada, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In South Africa, Harry opposed <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, arguing that it hindered economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Despite this, De Beers has been criticized for profiting from the system during the apartheid period.<a href="#cite_note-Factbox:_De_Beers_past_and_present-29">[29]</a> By 1973, Anglo and De Beers accounted for 10 percent of South Africa's gross national product and 30 percent of the country's exports.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, De Beers attempted to secretly enter the United States' diamond market, being forced to divest its American assets in 1975 to avoid the risk of violating anti-trust laws.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Harry Oppenheimer stepped down as the chairman and director of Anglo-American and De Beers in December 1982.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_changes">21st-century changes </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st-century changes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> meeting former De Beers chairman <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Oppenheimer" title="Nicky Oppenheimer">Nicky Oppenheimer</a> in South Africa in 2006</figcaption></figure> During the 20th century, De Beers used several methods to leverage its dominant position to influence the international diamond market.<a href="#cite_note-Kretchmer-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopus-44">[44]</a> First, it attempted to convince independent producers to join its single <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">channel</a> monopoly. When that did not work, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in, depressing their price and undermining return for the resistant. It also purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order to control prices by limiting <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-45">[45]</a> Finally, it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably naturally, to constrict supply and drive their value back up, such as during the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2000, the De Beers business model changed<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-45">[45]</a> because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel,<a href="#cite_note-Kretchmer-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopus-44">[44]</a> as well as increasingly negative publicity surrounding <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">blood diamonds</a>, which forced De Beers to protect its image by limiting sales to its own mined products.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The combination of a more fragmented and thus more competitive diamond market, increased transparency, and greater <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">liquidity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> caused De Beers's market share of rough diamonds to fall from as high as 90% in the 1980s to 29.5% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Anglo_American-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent source needed</a>] Seeing these developing trends, the Oppenheimer family announced in November 2011 its intention to sell its entire 40% stake in De Beers to <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a>, thereby increasing Anglo American's ownership of the company to 85% (with the remaining 15% owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana).<a href="#cite_note-ownership-2">[2]</a> The transaction was worth £3.2 billion (US$5.1 billion) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2020, the De Beers Company released a statement of a values change, promising the world that it is committed to not using slave labor within the company.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_as_an_investment" title="Diamonds as an investment">Diamonds as an investment</a></div> De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand. One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-53">[53]</a> Copywriter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Frances_Gerety" title="Mary Frances Gerety">Frances Gerety</a> (1916–1999) working for <a href="/wiki/N._W._Ayer_%26_Son" title="N. W. Ayer & Son">N. W. Ayer & Son</a> coined the famous advertising slogan, 'A Diamond is Forever', in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a> magazine named 'A Diamond is Forever' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The slogan likely inspired the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> book, film and song title <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" title="Diamonds Are Forever (film)">Diamonds Are Forever</a>. Other successful campaigns include the '<a href="/wiki/Eternity_ring" title="Eternity ring">eternity ring</a>' (meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation),<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-53">[53]</a> the 'trilogy ring' (meant to represent the past, present, and future of a relationship) and the 'right hand ring' (meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> De Beers ran television advertisements featuring silhouettes of people wearing diamonds, set to the music of '<a href="/wiki/Palladio_(Jenkins)" title="Palladio (Jenkins)">Palladio</a>' by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jenkins" title="Karl Jenkins">Karl Jenkins</a>. The campaign, titled "Shadows and Lights" first ran in the first quarter of 1993. The song would later inspire a compilation album, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Music">Diamond Music</a>, released in 1996, which features the 'Palladio' suite. A 2010 commercial for <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon Wireless</a> parodied the De Beers spots.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In May 2018, De Beers introduced a new brand of jewellery called "Lightbox" made with <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic diamonds">synthetic diamonds</a>. The synthetic stones start at $200 for a quarter carat to $800 for a full carat diamond. The new lab-grown diamonds retail for about one-tenth the cost of naturally occurring diamonds. The new brand began selling in September 2018 and the stones are produced in <a href="/wiki/Gresham,_Oregon" title="Gresham, Oregon">Gresham, Oregon</a>, a $94 million facility using the region's cheap electricity, which opened in 2018 with the capacity for 500,000 rough carats of diamonds per year.<a href="#cite_note-bizj_Newd-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-pamp_Synt-59">[59]</a> <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png/220px-De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png/330px-De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/De_Beers_Mine_shaft.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>De Beers Mine shaft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_Mine_shaft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Premier_Mine_shaft.png/220px-Premier_Mine_shaft.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Premier_Mine_shaft.png/330px-Premier_Mine_shaft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Premier_Mine_shaft.png/440px-Premier_Mine_shaft.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Premier Mine shaft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg/220px-Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg/330px-Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg/440px-Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The De Beers <a href="/wiki/Snap_Lake_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap Lake Mine">Snap Lake Mine</a> in Canada</figcaption></figure> Mining in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> takes place through the mining company <a href="/wiki/Debswana" title="Debswana">Debswana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Botswana. It operates four mines – Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa, though Damtshaa was put on care and maintenance in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In Namibia, mining is carried out through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdeb_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namdeb Holdings (page does not exist)">Namdeb Holdings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia (covering offshore mining) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation (land-based coastal mining). For offshore mining, motor vessels are used, including the 12,000-tonne, 113-metre-long SS Nujoma, built at a cost of $157 million and named after Sam Nujoma, Namibia's founding president. This vessel, the world's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel, began full operations in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> It is 74% owned by De Beers and 26% by a board-based black economic empowerment partner, Ponahalo Investments. There are two mines – Venetia and Voorspoed. In 2008, De Beers began production at the <a href="/wiki/Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine" title="Snap Lake Diamond Mine">Snap Lake mine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada;<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> this was the first De Beers mine outside Africa and was Canada's first completely underground diamond mine.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> However, production was suspended when the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_2015-68">[68]</a> De Beers opened the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Diamond_Mine" title="Victor Diamond Mine">Victor mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, the same year, a day after Snap Lake.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This was followed by the opening of the company's third mine in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Gahcho_Kue_Diamond_Mine" title="Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine">Gahcho Kue</a>, in September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Trading of rough diamonds takes place through two channels – De Beers Global Sightholder Sales<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> (GSS) and De Beers Auction Sales.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> GSS sells about 90% of De Beers's rough diamonds, by value, and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa (De Beers Sightholder Sales South Africa), Botswana (DTCB), and Namibia (NDTC). They sort, value and sell 33% (2013) of the world's rough diamonds by value.<a href="#cite_note-Anglo_American-49">[49]</a> There are two main types of customers for rough diamonds – Sightholders and Accredited Buyers. Sightholders have a term contract. Accredited Buyer status, introduced in 2015, allows companies that are not traditional Sightholders to access diamonds that were not allocated to existing Sightholders.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> De Beers also sells about 10% of its rough diamonds through online auction sales. The company pioneered the approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years of direct sales to hold the diamond industry's first online international auction sale. It is now the world's leader in this kind of auction sale. De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents, with more than 17,000 employees in Africa. Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana, around 6,200 in South Africa, nearly 2,900 in Namibia, some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration. In February 2020, De Beers reported its worst set of earnings since the company was bought by miner Anglo American in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_structure_and_brands">Business structure and brands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Business structure and brands">edit</a>]</div> On 4 November 2011, Anglo American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers, increasing Anglo American's 45% shareholding in the world's leading diamond company to 85%. De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg. Following the closure of this office, the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017, with its head office now in Jersey. It is made up of two shareholdings: <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a> has an 85% shareholding and the Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15% directly. De Beers plc is the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-76">[76]</a> It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain, from mining to sales, and is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly owned operations. The joint ventures are: <ul><li>Debmarine Namibia</li> <li>Debswana<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>DTCB<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Namdeb<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>NDTC</li></ul> The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada. Also wholly owned are <a href="/wiki/Forevermark" title="Forevermark">Forevermark</a>, De Beers Jewellers,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the International Institute of Diamond Valuation, De Beers Ventures, the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six (Umicore has a 40% stake in Element Six's abrasives division). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forevermark">Forevermark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forevermark">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forevermark" title="Forevermark">Forevermark</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Forevermark" title="Forevermark">Forevermark</a> was launched in 2008 as one of the two diamond brands from The De Beers Group of Companies. According to the company website, "Each Forevermark diamond is inscribed with a promise: that it is beautiful, rare and responsibly sourced." Forevermark diamonds are inscribed with an icon and unique identification number, albeit invisibly to the naked eye: the Forevermark inscription is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄20th of a <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">micron</a> deep. This inscription helps distinguish Forevermark diamonds from other natural diamonds though, similarly to when distinguishing natural diamonds from <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">synthetic diamonds</a>, it requires specialist detection equipment to view. The inscription also helps maintain scarcity: the Forevermark website boasts that only a tiny percentage of diamonds qualify for the Forevermark brand.<a href="#cite_note-debeersbrands-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Beers_London">De Beers London</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: De Beers London">edit</a>]</div> De Beers Diamond Jewellers (DBDJ) was established in 2001 as a 50:50 joint venture between The De Beers Group of Companies and <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, the French luxury goods company.<a href="#cite_note-debeersbrands-81">[81]</a> The first De Beers boutique opened in 2002 on London's Old Bond Street as the brand's flagship store. Since then, stores have opened in various cities around the world. In March 2017, The De Beers Group of Companies acquired LVMH's 50% shareholding in DBDJ and new name De Beers Jewellers was unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2025, De Beers Jewellers was rebranded as De Beers London, emphasising it's links with one of the world's fashion and luxury capitals.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Institute of Diamonds The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research (IIDGR) was set up by De Beers in 2008, with the aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification. It is based in London, Antwerp and, from 2015, in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations' World Diamond Council <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_diamonds_and_the_Kimberley_Process">Blood diamonds and the Kimberley Process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blood diamonds and the Kimberley Process">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">Blood diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a></div> In 1999, a campaign by <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by the United Nations. The initial focus of the UN's investigation was on <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi" title="Jonas Savimbi">Jonas Savimbi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> movement in Angola, which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1173" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fleshman-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 1999, De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">conflict-free</a> status of their diamonds effective from 26 March 2000.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-conflictposition-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In December 2000, following the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Fowler_Report" title="Fowler Report">Fowler Report</a>, the UN adopted the landmark General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/56<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> supporting the creation of an international <a href="/wiki/Certification" title="Certification">certification</a> scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry, led by De Beers, and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a> (KPCS), which sets out the requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade and became effective in 2003.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] De Beers states that 100% of the diamonds it now sells are conflict-free and that all De Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-91">[91]</a> The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of the industry, as well as eliminating sources of excess supply.<a href="#cite_note-botswana-92">[92]</a> In 2018, De Beers used blockchain technology to successfully track 100 high-value diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-93">[93]</a> The diamonds were tracked through the manufacturing process from the mine to the retailer in order to ensure their quality and conflict-free status.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2019, they launched their own end-to-end traceability platform called Tracr to enable all diamonds to be identified and traced as they move from the mine to the store. <a href="/wiki/Signet_Jewelers" title="Signet Jewelers">Signet</a> and the Russian-based <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a> are using the technology.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg/220px-17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg/330px-17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg/440px-17_Charterhouse_Street_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters at 17 <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_Street" title="Charterhouse Street">Charterhouse Street</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In August 2017, De Beers partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business">Stanford Graduate School of Business</a> to accelerate business ventures to market in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> As part of two programs, the partnership is set to help teach early entrepreneurs how to commercialize their business ideas.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The partnership is a three-year, $3 million deal.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In September 2017, De Beers partnered with <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> to help the advancement of women within the company and the countries it operates in.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2018, the two entities launched a program to support 500 women micro-entrepreneurs in <a href="/wiki/Blouberg_Local_Municipality" title="Blouberg Local Municipality">Blouberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musina" title="Musina">Musina</a> communities, near De Beers's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetia_diamond_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venetia diamond mine (page does not exist)">Venetia diamond mine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In May 2018, De Beers's group company <a href="/wiki/Element_Six" title="Element Six">Element Six</a> launched a lab-grown diamond brand to sell jewellery directly to consumers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_operations">Former operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Former operations">edit</a>]</div> International Institute of Diamond Valuation The International Institute of Diamond Valuation (IIDV) was launched by De Beers Group in March 2016. Operating in partnership with diamond jewellery retailers, it provided a reselling service for all diamonds, regardless of value.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In April 2019, De Beers closed its IIDV division.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> De Beers Ventures De Beers Ventures was established by De Beers Group in June 2017 to consider minority stake investments in start-ups and growth companies that could be of benefit to De Beers Group or the broader diamond sector.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It has since been dispanded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sherman_Antitrust_Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sherman Antitrust Act">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, Ernest Oppenheimer attempted to negotiate a way around the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> by proposing that De Beers register a US branch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Syndicate_Incorporated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Syndicate Incorporated (page does not exist)">Diamond Syndicate Incorporated</a>. In this way, his company could provide the US with the industrial diamonds it desperately sought for the war effort in return for immunity from prosecution after the war; however his proposal was rejected by the US Justice Department when it was discovered that De Beers had no intention of stockpiling any industrial diamonds in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-35">[35]</a> In 1945, the Justice Department finally filed an antitrust case against De Beers, but the case was dismissed as the company had no presence on US soil.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_of_indigenous_San_people_in_Botswana">Relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana">edit</a>]</div> As of 2024, De Beers owns and operates, solely or jointly, 5 diamond mines in Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A long dispute has existed between the interests of De Beers and the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> (Bushman) tribe. The San have been facing threats of forcible <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">relocation</a> since 1980s, when the diamond resources were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-survivalint-110">[110]</a> A campaign was fought in an attempt to bring an end to what the indigenous rights organisation, <a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a>, considers to be a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of a tribe that has been living in those lands for tens of thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Several international fashion models, including <a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily_Cole" title="Lily Cole">Lily Cole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor" title="Erin O'Connor">Erin O'Connor</a>, who were previously involved with advertising for the companies' diamonds, supported the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> De Beers sold one mine in Botswana to <a href="/wiki/Gem_Diamonds" title="Gem Diamonds">Gem Diamonds</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-survivalint-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_diamonds">Industrial diamonds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Industrial diamonds">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, De Beers pled guilty and paid a US$10 million fine to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> to settle a 1994 charge that De Beers had colluded with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> to fix the price of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial diamonds">industrial diamonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2008, De Beers agreed to pay a US$295 million class-action settlement after accusations of price fixing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The company appealed against the decision but ended up paying the settlement in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Commission">European Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European Commission">edit</a>]</div> In February 2006, De Beers entered into legally binding commitments with the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> to cease purchasing rough diamonds from Russian mining company <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a> as of the end of 2008 in order to ensure competition between the two companies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa's_rough_diamond_trade">South Africa's rough diamond trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Africa's rough diamond trade">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leverhulme_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leverhulme Centre (page does not exist)">Leverhulme Centre</a> for the Study of Value, based at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, published a report authored by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Bracking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Bracking (page does not exist)">Sarah Bracking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khadija_Sharife" title="Khadija Sharife">Khadija Sharife</a>, identifying over US$3.3 billion in price fixing within the South African rough diamond trade from 2004 to 2012, leading to an estimated deficit in tax paid of ZAR 1 billion per year. The report found significant evidence of profit shifting through volume and value manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Sharife simultaneously published an article<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> disclosing the political system that cultivated revenue leakage, including the donation of De Beers staff to the State Diamond Trader (SDT). The report, like the article, utilised aggregated data produced by the Kimberley Process (KP) certificates of import-exports, relying on figures listed by the diamond companies themselves, in which De Beers was the dominant player. The South African Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) disclosed that De Beers did not authorise them to publish figures involving values, sales, pricing and other data, preventing transparency of the industry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">Blood diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_diamonds" title="Canadian diamonds">Canadian diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers_Diamond_Oval" title="De Beers Diamond Oval">De Beers Diamond Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ogilvie_Thompson" title="Julian Ogilvie Thompson">Julian Ogilvie Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synthetic_diamond_manufacturers" title="List of synthetic diamond manufacturers">List of synthetic diamond manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Africa_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace in Africa (ship)">Peace in Africa (ship)</a>, diamond mining dredge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Diamonds" title="The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds">The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds</a> (TV documentary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-PLC-V2/press-release/releases/2019pr/prelim-results-2018.pdf">Anglo American: Year end financial report for the year ending 31 December 2018</a>, February 2018, Retrieved: 15 April 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-ownership-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ownership_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ownership_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35048-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35048-4"><bdi>0-415-35048-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Development+of+the+British+Overseas+Empired&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-35048-4&rft.au=Lilian+Charlotte+Anne+Knowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoaY8HBBcKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Meredith2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin Meredith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ">Diamonds Gold and War</a>. 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Ayer Publishing. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-05913-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-05913-2"><bdi>0-405-05913-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+John+Hays+Hammond&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-405-05913-2&rft.au=John+Hays+Hammond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdrVz9e9CzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Jay_Epstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Edward Jay Epstein (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxRkAAAAIAAJ">The Rise and Fall of Diamonds</a>. 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Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0624019217" title="Special:BookSources/0624019217"><bdi>0624019217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds+in+the+desert+%3A+the+story+of+August+Stauch+and+his+times&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tafelberg&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0624019217&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbox:_De_Beers_past_and_present-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Factbox:_De_Beers_past_and_present_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbox:_De_Beers_past_and_present_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angloamerican-debeers-fb-idUSTRE7A33O320111104">"Factbox: De Beers past and present"</a>. 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Namdeb Diamond Corporation. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0620282886" title="Special:BookSources/0620282886"><bdi>0620282886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamond+Beaches%3A+A+History+of+Oranjemund&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Namdeb+Diamond+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0620282886&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanine_P._Roberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Janine P. Roberts (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC">Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire</a>. 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Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/265">265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/267">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/267">267–68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=267-68&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/291">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/291">291–92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=291-92&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/284">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/284">284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/316">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/318">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/318">318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15207-9"><bdi>978-0-374-15207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empire%3A+De+Beers%2C+Diamonds%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15207-9&rft.aulast=Kanfer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempiresoutha00kanf%2Fpage%2F318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanfer1993" class="citation book cs1">Kanfer, Stefan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempiresoutha00kanf/page/346">The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World</a>. 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Lopus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sI65nv9KAfgC">Capstone</a>. National Council on Economic Education. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56183-516-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56183-516-1"><bdi>1-56183-516-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capstone&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=National+Council+on+Economic+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56183-516-1&rft.au=Jane+S.+Lopus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsI65nv9KAfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_R._McConnell,_Stanley_L._Brue2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz-5QCLlLaEC">Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies</a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-281935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-281935-9"><bdi>978-0-07-281935-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Principles%2C+Problems%2C+and+Policies&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-281935-9&rft.au=Campbell+R.+McConnell%2C+Stanley+L.+Brue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz-5QCLlLaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> William Boyes; Michael Melvin (1 January 2012). Microeconomics. Cengage Learning. pp. 219–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-133-71216-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-133-71216-9">1-133-71216-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21538145">"Betting on De Beers"</a>. The Economist. 12 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Betting+on+De+Beers&rft.date=2011-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21538145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21582575-jewellery-thefts-are-much-more-spectacular-another-french-exception">"A diamond heist in Cannes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+diamond+heist+in+Cannes&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21582575-jewellery-thefts-are-much-more-spectacular-another-french-exception&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglo_American-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anglo_American_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anglo_American_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Slide_13" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-PLC-V2/presentations/2014pres/de-beers-analyst-seminar-presentation.pdf">"De Beers Analyst and Investor Seminar 2014"</a> (PDF). angloamerican.com. Anglo American.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=angloamerican.com&rft.atitle=De+Beers+Analyst+and+Investor+Seminar+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangloamerican.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FA%2FAnglo-American-PLC-V2%2Fpresentations%2F2014pres%2Fde-beers-analyst-seminar-presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/04/anglo-american-debeers-diamonds">"Anglo American gains controlling stake in De Beers"</a>. The Guardian. 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Anglo+American+gains+controlling+stake+in+De+Beers&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Fnov%2F04%2Fanglo-american-debeers-diamonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-04/anglo-american-agrees-to-buy-de-beers-oppenheimer-stake-for-5-1-billion?category=%2Fnews%2Fmostread">"Anglo American Ends Oppenheimers' De Beers Dynasty With $5.1 Billion Deal"</a>. Bloomberg. 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Anglo+American+Ends+Oppenheimers%27+De+Beers+Dynasty+With+%245.1+Billion+Deal&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-11-04%2Fanglo-american-agrees-to-buy-de-beers-oppenheimer-stake-for-5-1-billion%3Fcategory%3D%252Fnews%252Fmostread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debeersgroup.com/~/media/Files/D/De-Beers-Group-V2/documents/uk-modern-slavery-act/uk-modern-slavery-statement-december-2020.pdf">"DE BEERS PLC MODERN SLAVERY ACT STATEMENT"</a> (PDF). DeBeers. 21 June 2021. 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Retrieved 23 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&rft.atitle=Botswana+diamonds+lose+their+sparkle&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2005-07-08-botswana-diamonds-lose-their-sparkle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kalahari-bushmen-win-ancestral-land-case-428366.html">"Kalahari Bushmen win ancestral land case"</a>. The Independent. London. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Kalahari+Bushmen+win+ancestral+land+case&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fkalahari-bushmen-win-ancestral-land-case-428366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522123638/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kalahari-bushmen-win-ancestral-land-case-428366.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080522123638/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kalahari-bushmen-win-ancestral-land-case-428366.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5431319">"De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 13 July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=De+Beers+pleads+guilty+in+price+fixing+case&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna5431319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Webb_Pressler2004" class="citation news cs1">Margaret Webb Pressler (14 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48041-2004Jul13.html">"DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing: Firm Pays $10 million, Can Fully Reenter U.S."</a> The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=DeBeers+Pleads+to+Price-Fixing%3A+Firm+Pays+%2410+million%2C+Can+Fully+Reenter+U.S.&rft.date=2004-07-14&rft.au=Margaret+Webb+Pressler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA48041-2004Jul13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherilee_Bridge" class="citation news cs1">Sherilee Bridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2008-01-10-de-beers-to-pay-295m-in-pricefixing-settlement">"De Beers to pay $295m in price-fixing settlement"</a>. Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&rft.atitle=De+Beers+to+pay+%24295m+in+price-fixing+settlement&rft.au=Sherilee+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2008-01-10-de-beers-to-pay-295m-in-pricefixing-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatarese" class="citation web cs1">Matarese, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904191953/https://www.wcpo.com/money/consumer/dont-waste-your-money/debeers-diamond-settlement-check-is-in-the-mail">"DeBeers Diamond settlement check is in the mail"</a>. Cincinnati: <a href="/wiki/WCPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WCPO">WCPO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcpo.com/money/consumer/dont-waste-your-money/debeers-diamond-settlement-check-is-in-the-mail">the original</a> on 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DeBeers+Diamond+settlement+check+is+in+the+mail&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=WCPO&rft.aulast=Matarese&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcpo.com%2Fmoney%2Fconsumer%2Fdont-waste-your-money%2Fdebeers-diamond-settlement-check-is-in-the-mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debeersgroup.com/en/Sales-and-distribution/Alrosa-Purchasing-Commitments/">Alrosa Purchasing Commitments – The De Beers Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621004947/http://www.debeersgroup.com/en/Sales-and-distribution/Alrosa-Purchasing-Commitments/">Archived</a> 21 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Sarah Bracking and Khadija Sharife <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thestudyofvalue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/WP4-Bracking-Sharife-Rough-and-polished-15May.pdf">http://thestudyofvalue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/WP4-Bracking-Sharife-Rough-and-polished-15May.pdf</a> A further version of this was later published as Khadija Sharife & Sarah Bracking (2016) Diamond pricing and valuation in South Africa’s extractive political economy, Review of African Political Economy, 43:150, 556-575, DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2016.1177504. The original report is also available at lcsv-wp4-bracking-sharife-revised-16062014.pdf (manchester.ac.uk) (30th January 2022) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Khadija Sharife, 100 Reporters <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://100r.org/2014/05/rough-and-polished/">http://100r.org/2014/05/rough-and-polished/</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Beers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Edward Jay (February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/82feb/8202diamond2.htm">"Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?"</a>. The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Have+You+Ever+Tried+to+Sell+a+Diamond%3F&rft.date=1982-02&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F82feb%2F8202diamond2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Edward J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/diamond/chap18.htm">"Chapter 18: The American Conspiracy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/diamond/prologue.htm">The Diamond Invention: The Rise and Fall of Diamonds</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671412890" title="Special:BookSources/9780671412890"><bdi>9780671412890</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959300264">959300264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+The+American+Conspiracy&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Invention%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Diamonds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959300264&rft.isbn=9780671412890&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardjayepstein.com%2Fdiamond%2Fchap18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRotbergMiles_F._Shore1988" class="citation book cs1">Rotberg, Robert I.; Miles F. Shore (1988). The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195049688" title="Special:BookSources/9780195049688"><bdi>9780195049688</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17732194">17732194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founder%3A+Cecil+Rhodes+and+the+Pursuit+of+Power&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17732194&rft.isbn=9780195049688&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft.au=Miles+F.+Shore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+Beers" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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href="/wiki/Template:Anglo_American_plc" title="Template:Anglo American plc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo_American_plc" title="Template talk:Anglo American plc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo_American_plc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo American plc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo_American_plc182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries and joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_Platinum" title="Anglo American Platinum">Anglo American Platinum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">De Beers</a> (85%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debswana" title="Debswana">Debswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Trading_Company" title="Diamond Trading Company">Diamond Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_Six" title="Element Six">Element Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_Iron_Ore" title="Kumba Iron Ore">Kumba Iron Ore</a> (63.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palabora" title="Palabora">Palabora</a> (17%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minas-Rio" title="Minas-Rio">Minas-Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafuta_(ship)" title="Mafuta (ship)">Mafuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine" title="Snap Lake Diamond Mine">Snap Lake Diamond Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsmith_Mine" title="Woodsmith Mine">Woodsmith Mine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Carroll" title="Cynthia Carroll">Cynthia Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer" title="Ernest Oppenheimer">Ernest Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Frederick_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Frederick Oppenheimer">Harry Frederick Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(businessman)" title="John Parker (businessman)">John Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:De_Beers" title="Category:De Beers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rothschild368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rothschilds" title="Template:Rothschilds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rothschilds" title="Template talk:Rothschilds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rothschilds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rothschilds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rothschild368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Rothschild_family" title="Genealogy of the Rothschild family">Genealogy of the Rothschild family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Amschel Mayer Rothschild">Amschel Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild Mausoleum">Rothschild Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Park_(Frankfurt)" title="Rothschild Park (Frankfurt)">Rothschild Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Rothschild" title="Prix Rothschild">Prix Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Rothschild (Austria)">Baron Rothschild (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_loans_to_the_Holy_See" title="Rothschild loans to the Holy See">Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Capital_Partners" title="RIT Capital Partners">RIT Capital Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rothschild_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rothschild Frères">de Rothschild Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._von_Rothschild" title="S. M. von Rothschild">S. M. von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouton_Cadet" title="Mouton Cadet">Mouton Cadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_One_Winery" title="Opus One Winery">Opus One Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer du Nord">Chemins de Fer du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_Mining_and_Iron_Corporation" title="Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation">Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">Palestine Jewish Colonization Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Hanadiv" title="Yad Hanadiv">Yad Hanadiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">De Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnito" title="Bnito">Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_Northern_Railway" title="Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway">Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Resource_Minerals" title="Asia Resource Minerals">Asia Resource Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Insurance_Group" title="RSA Insurance Group">Alliance Assurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family_residences" title="Rothschild family residences">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_the_Home_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild properties in the Home counties">Rothschild properties in the Home counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascott_House" title="Ascott House">Ascott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Clinton_House" title="Aston Clinton House">Aston Clinton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champneys" title="Champneys">Champneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eythrope" title="Eythrope">Eythrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exbury_Gardens" title="Exbury Gardens">Exbury Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_House" title="Halton House">Halton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentmore_Towers" title="Mentmore Towers">Mentmore Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_Park_Mansion" title="Tring Park Mansion">Tring Park Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_House,_Westminster" title="Spencer House, Westminster">Spencer House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbaye_des_Vaux_de_Cernay" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay">Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clarke" title="Château Clarke">Château Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Lafite-Rothschild">Château Lafite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Laversine" title="Château de Laversine">Château de Laversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Laurets" title="Château des Laurets">Château des Laurets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rothschild" title="Château Rothschild">Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haras_de_Meautry" title="Haras de Meautry">Haras de Meautry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Marigny" title="Hôtel de Marigny">Hôtel de Marigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild" title="Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild">Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Embassy,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="American Embassy, Paris">Talleyrand Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Salomon Mayer von Rothschild">Salomon Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Anselm von Rothschild">Anselm Salomon von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Hannah_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild">Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer_Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild">Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Salomon_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Salomon von Rothschild">Salomon Albert Anmselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild">Ludwig (Louis) von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daniel_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Daniel de Rothschild">Eugéne Daniel von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Stuart" title="Jeanne Stuart">Jeanne Stuart von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Alice Charlotte von Rothschild">Alice Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Rothschild" title="Alfred de Rothschild">Alfred de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayor_James_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Amschel Mayor James Rothschild">Amschel Mayor James Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_de_Rothschild,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet">Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gustav_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony Gustav de Rothschild">Anthony Gustav de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony James de Rothschild">Anthony James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rothschild" title="Charles Rothschild">Charles Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Henriette_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild">Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="David Mayer de Rothschild">David Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Edmund Leopold de Rothschild">Edmund Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Georgina_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Georgina Rothschild">Emma Georgina Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_de_Rothschild" title="Evelina de Rothschild">Evelina de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Achille_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Achille de Rothschild">Evelyn Achille de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_de_Rothschild" title="Evelyn de Rothschild">Sir Evelyn de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Primrose,_Countess_of_Rosebery" title="Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery">Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nica_de_Koenigswarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nica de Koenigswarter">Kathleen (Nica de Koenigswarter) Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold de Rothschild">Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_David_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold David de Rothschild">Leopold David de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild_(1882-1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel de Rothschild (1882-1942)">Lionel Nathan de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Forester_de_Rothschild" title="Lynn Forester de Rothschild">Lynn Forester de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_de_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel de Rothschild">Mayer Amschel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Louisa_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Louisa Rothschild">Miriam Louisa Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Hilton" title="Nicky Hilton">Nicky Hilton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Rothschild" title="Serena Rothschild">Serena Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild">Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aline_Caroline_de_Rothschild" title="Aline Caroline de Rothschild">Aline Caroline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_de_Rothschild" title="Ariane de Rothschild">Ariane de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Rothschild" title="Arthur de Rothschild">Arthur de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild">Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_von_Rothschild" title="Betty von Rothschild">Betty von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte de Rothschild">Charlotte de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsab%C3%A9e_de_Rothschild" title="Bethsabée de Rothschild">Bethsabée de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Rothschild" title="Édouard de Rothschild">Édouard Etienne de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Alphonse_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild">Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_de_Rothschild" title="Élie de Rothschild">Élie de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth de Rothschild">Elisabeth de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Rothschild" title="Guy de Rothschild">Guy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_van_Zuylen" title="Hélène van Zuylen">Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rothschild" title="Henri de Rothschild">Henri de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorsky" title="Jacqueline Piatigorsky">Jacqueline Rebecca de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James Armand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Rothschild" title="Marie-Hélène de Rothschild">Marie-Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_de_Rothschild" title="Nadine de Rothschild">Nadine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Robert_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild">Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_St%C3%A9phane" title="Nicole Stéphane">Nicole de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Rothschild" title="Pauline de Rothschild">Pauline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild" title="Philippe de Rothschild">Philippe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_de_Rothschild" title="Philippine de Rothschild">Philippine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Rothschild" title="Maurice de Rothschild">Maurice de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Rothschild" title="Gustave de Rothschild">Gustave de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Rothschild" title="Robert de Rothschild">Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Rothschild" title="Alain de Rothschild">Alain de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_de_Rothschild" title="Éric de Rothschild">Éric de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Angliviel_de_la_Beaumelle" title="Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle">Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Charlotte von Rothschild">Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Carl Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Mayer Carl von Rothschild">Mayer Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelheid_von_Rothschild" title="Adelheid von Rothschild">Adelheid von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild">Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthe_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthe von Rothschild">Berthe von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse von Rothschild">Thérèse von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Rothschild" 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