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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_Strukturo_de_Panamo" title="Politika Strukturo de Panamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika Strukturo de Panamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_au_Panama" title="Politique au Panama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique au Panama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_do_Panam%C3%A1" title="Política do Panamá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política do Panamá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Politics+of+Panama%22">"Politics of Panama"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Politics+of+Panama%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Politics+of+Panama%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Politics+of+Panama%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Politics+of+Panama%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Politics+of+Panama%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Panama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Panama">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Panama" title="Vice President of Panama">Vice President</a> <dl><dd>Vacant</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Panama" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of Panama">President</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_Casta%C3%B1eda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana Castañeda (page does not exist)">Dana Castañeda</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Panama">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Panama" title="Provinces of Panama">Provinces and comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Panama" title="Districts of Panama">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Panama" title="Corregimientos of Panama">Corregimientos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_Panamanian_general_election" title="2014 Panamanian general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Panamanian_general_election" title="2019 Panamanian general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Panamanian_general_election" title="2024 Panamanian general election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Panama_Canal_expansion_referendum" title="2006 Panama Canal expansion referendum">2006 Canal referendum</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Panama" title="List of political parties in Panama">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Panama)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Panama)">Minister</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Mart%C3%ADnez-Acha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Martínez-Acha (page does not exist)">Javier Martínez-Acha</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Panama" title="List of diplomatic missions of Panama">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Panama" title="List of diplomatic missions in Panama">in Panama</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_passport" title="Panamanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Panamanian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Panamanian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Panama" title="Visa policy of Panama">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Panama" title="Template:Politics of Panama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Panama" title="Template talk:Politics of Panama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Panama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Panama</b> take place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Panama">President of Panama</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the president. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. The branches are according to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Panama's Political Constitution of 1972</a>, reformed by the <i>Actos Reformatorios</i> of 1978 and the <i>Acto Constitucional</i> of 1983, united in cooperation and limited through a system of checks and balances. </p><p>Three independent organizations with clearly defined responsibilities are found in the constitution: the Comptroller General of the Republic has the responsibility to manage public funds; the Electoral Tribunal has the responsibility to guarantee liberty, transparency, and the efficacy of the popular vote; and the Ministry of the Public oversees interests of State and of the municipalities. </p><p>The USAID website ranks Panama at 0.83/1 for democracy, but only 0.5/1 for political corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Office</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Since </th></tr> <tr> <td>President</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Realizing_Goals" title="Realizing Goals">Realizing Goals</a></td> <td>July 1, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice President </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/220px-Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/330px-Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/440px-Palacio_de_las_Garzas_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_las_Garzas" title="Palacio de las Garzas">Palacio de las Garzas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Executive Branch includes a president and one vice-president. The president and vice-president are elected on a single ballot for a five-year term by direct popular vote. Presidents are not allowed to immediately run for re-election, but can run again after waiting five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Ministers">State Ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Minister of Agricultural and Livestock Development: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Jos%C3%A9_Linares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto José Linares (page does not exist)">Roberto José Linares</a></li> <li>Minister of Canal Affairs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Icaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ramón Icaza (page does not exist)">José Ramón Icaza</a></li> <li>Minister of Commerce and Industries: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Molt%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio Moltó (page does not exist)">Julio Moltó</a></li> <li>Minister of Economy and Finance: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Chapman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipe Chapman (page does not exist)">Felipe Chapman</a></li> <li>Minister of Education: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Molinar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy Molinar (page does not exist)">Lucy Molinar</a></li> <li>Ministry of Environment: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(politician)" title="Juan Carlos Navarro (politician)">Juan Carlos Navarro</a></li> <li>Minister of Foreign Affairs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Mart%C3%ADnez-Acha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Martínez-Acha (page does not exist)">Javier Martínez-Acha</a></li> <li>Minister of Health: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Boyd_Galindo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Boyd Galindo (page does not exist)">Fernando Boyd Galindo</a></li> <li>Minister of Housing: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Jovan%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaime Jované (page does not exist)">Jaime Jované</a></li> <li>Minister of Government: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinoska_Montalvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinoska Montalvo (page does not exist)">Dinoska Montalvo</a></li> <li>Minister of the Presidency: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Orillac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Carlos Orillac (page does not exist)">Juan Carlos Orillac</a></li> <li>Minister of Public Security: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Alexis_%C3%81brego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Alexis Ábrego (page does not exist)">Frank Alexis Ábrego</a></li> <li>Minister of Public Works: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis Andrade (page does not exist)">José Luis Andrade</a></li> <li>Minister of Social Development: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatriz_Carles_Arango&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatriz Carles Arango (page does not exist)">Beatriz Carles Arango</a></li> <li>Minister of Work and Labor Development: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackeline_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackeline Muñoz (page does not exist)">Jackeline Muñoz</a></li> <li>Minister of The Woman: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niurka_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niurka Palacios (page does not exist)">Niurka Palacios</a></li> <li>Minister of Culture: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maruja_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maruja Herrera (page does not exist)">Maruja Herrera</a></li> <li>Attorney General: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Enrique_Caraballo_Salazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Enrique Caraballo Salazar (page does not exist)">Javier Enrique Caraballo Salazar</a></li> <li>Manager, National Bank of Panama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Carrizo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Carrizo (page does not exist)">Javier Carrizo</a></li> <li>Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eloy_Alfaro_de_Alba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eloy Alfaro de Alba (page does not exist)">Eloy Alfaro de Alba</a></li></ul> <p>(Source: CIA World Factbook: World Leaders, Panama) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_Branch">Legislative Branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative Branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/220px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/330px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/440px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly of Panama</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The legislative branch consists of a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly</a> (<i>Asamblea Nacional</i>), composed of 71 members elected to five-year terms from single- and multi-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Judicial Organ administers justice in a permanent, free and expeditious manner. It comprises the Supreme Court of Justice, the Tribunals, and the judges established by law, according to the constitution of Panama (title VII, chapter 1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Elections in Panama</a></div> <p>An autonomous Electoral Tribunal supervises voter registration, the election process, and the activities of political parties. Everyone over the age of 18 are required to vote, although those who fail to do so are not penalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_Culture">Political Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Panama" title="List of political parties in Panama">List of political parties in Panama</a></div> <p>The dominant political parties in Panamanian history have been the PRD and the Panameñista (former Arnulfista Party). These parties were founded by charismatic and strong political enemies, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> (PRD)—the deceased father of former president, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a> (Panameñista/Arnulfista), late husband of the ex-president, <a href="/wiki/Mireya_Moscoso" title="Mireya Moscoso">Mireya Moscoso</a>. Even though these leaders died years ago, their aura is revived by their followers, and they are present in every election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corruption">Corruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panamanians have been working to root out the after-effects of several decades of military rule since the country's return to democracy in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it was reported that Panama loses approximately 1% of its GDP every year to corruption, including government corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the country is working to improve its democracy, and in July 2020, two ex-presidents of the country (<a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a>) were questioned over their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Odebrecht bribery scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martinelli was eventually released after being found not guilty, but was subsequently re-arrested on charges of money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two sons of Martinelli (Luis Enrique and Ricardo Alberto Martinelli) were also charged with bribery and money laundering by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2020, Panama joined forces with the United States to form a joint task force to root out money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite the work being done, much still remains to be accomplished, and the International Trade Administration notes that corruption remains the largest hurdle for businesses wanting to invest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations of Panama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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How pandemic-related corruption calls for a new social contract in Panama"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i>. November 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.occrp.org&rft.atitle=Two+Panama+Ex-Presidents+Accused+in+the+Odebrecht+Corruption+Scandal&rft.aulast=Sleinan&rft.aufirst=Julett+Pineda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Fdaily%2F14510-two-panama-ex-presidents-accused-in-the-odebrecht-corruption-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200702-former-panama-presidents-face-corruption-charges">"Former Panama presidents face corruption charges"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. July 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Former+Panama+presidents+face+corruption+charges&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200702-former-panama-presidents-face-corruption-charges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2021" class="citation news cs1">Moreno, Elida (February 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-martinelli-idUSKBN2AR07A">"Ex-Panamanian president Ricardo Martinelli's aircraft seized in Guatemala"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ex-Panamanian+president+Ricardo+Martinelli%27s+aircraft+seized+in+Guatemala&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Elida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-panama-martinelli-idUSKBN2AR07A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2020" class="citation news cs1">Moreno, Sofia Menchu, Elida (July 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-guatemala-corruption-idUSKBN2472YD">"U.S. charges ex-Panama president's sons with bribery, money laundering"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+charges+ex-Panama+president%27s+sons+with+bribery%2C+money+laundering&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Sofia+Menchu%2C+Elida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-panama-guatemala-corruption-idUSKBN2472YD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-usa-idUSKCN25D2KX">"United States partners with Panama on money laundering task force"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. August 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=United+States+partners+with+Panama+on+money+laundering+task+force&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-panama-usa-idUSKCN25D2KX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/panama-market-challenges">"Panama - Market Challenges"</a>. <i>Official Website of the International Trade Administration</i>. January 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Website+of+the+International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Panama+-+Market+Challenges&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fknowledge-product%2Fpanama-market-challenges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Panama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harding, Robert C. (2001). <i>Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics</i>. Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0075-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0075-6">978-0-7658-0075-6</a>.</li> <li>Harding, Robert C. (2006). <i>The History of Panama</i>. Greenwood Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33322-4">978-0-313-33322-4</a>.</li> <li>Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)</li> <li>Mellander, Gustavo A., The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years." Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. (1971)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Panama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asamblea.gob.pa/">National Assembly of Panama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencia.gob.pa/">Presidency of Panama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Panama/Government-and-society">Panama - Government and society | Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/panama/freedom-world/2021">Panama: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1821%E2%80%931903)" title="History of Panama (1821–1903)">1821–1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1904%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Panama (1904–1964)">1904–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1964%E2%80%931977)" title="History of Panama (1964–1977)">1964–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Panama (1977–present)">1977–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation from Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Reunification of Gran Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Panama" title="Category:Biota of Panama">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Panama" title="List of cities in Panama">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Panama" title="List of earthquakes in Panama">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Panama" title="List of islands of Panama">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Panama" title="List of national parks of Panama">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Panama" title="List of rivers of Panama">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Panama" title="List of volcanoes in Panama">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Panama" title="Provinces of Panama">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Panama" title="Law of Panama">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Panama" title="Penal system of Panama">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Panama" title="List of political parties in Panama">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Public Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_National_Police" title="Panamanian National Police">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronaval_Service" title="National Aeronaval Service">SENAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Border_Service" title="National Border Service">SENAFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Protection_Service" title="Institutional Protection Service">SPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Panama" title="Agriculture in Panama">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Panama" title="Banking in Panama">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Panama" title="Mineral industry of Panama">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Panama" title="Tourism in Panama">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Panama" title="Transport in Panama">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Panama" title="Category:Society of Panama">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Panama" title="Crime in Panama">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Panama" title="Health care in Panama">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Panama" title="LGBTQ rights in Panama">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Panama" title="Water supply and sanitation in Panama">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panamanian_films" title="List of Panamanian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Panama" title="Mass media in Panama">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Panama" title="Public holidays in Panama">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Panama" title="Outline of Panama">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panama" title="Category:Panama">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Politics of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belize" title="Politics of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Politics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Dominica" title="Politics of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Grenada" title="Politics of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guyana" title="Politics of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Honduras" title="Politics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Politics of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Politics of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Suriname" title="Politics of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uruguay" title="Politics of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Anguilla" title="Politics of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aruba" title="Politics of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Politics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Politics of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Politics of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_French_Guiana" title="Politics of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greenland" title="Politics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montserrat" title="Politics of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Politics of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Politics of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of North America">North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South America">South America</a></b></li></ul> 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