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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Levels of education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-primary_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-primary_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-primary transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-primary_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_sectors_by_ethos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_sectors_by_ethos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>School sectors by ethos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-School_sectors_by_ethos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle School sectors by ethos subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-School_sectors_by_ethos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controlled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Controlled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_maintained" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_maintained"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Catholic maintained</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_maintained-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Voluntary grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Integrated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish-medium_maintained" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish-medium_maintained"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Irish-medium maintained</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-medium_maintained-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>School buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_and_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_and_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further and higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_and_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&params=54.64_N_5.676_W_region:GB_scale:5000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°38′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°40′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.640°N 5.676°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.640; -5.676</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in Northern Ireland</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Department of Education</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Minister of Education</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Givan" title="Paul Givan">Paul Givan</a> MLA</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2021–2022)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£2.3 billion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English, Irish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">Regional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compulsory education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_letter" title="Stanley letter">1831</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2003<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Life in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Holidays (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Holidays (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism (ROI)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Communications (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Economy of Ireland (disambiguation)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defence Forces">Military (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Recycling (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Recycling (NI)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Demographics of Ireland (disambiguation)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Education in Ireland (disambiguation)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ireland" title="Healthcare in Ireland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ireland" title="Mass media in Ireland">Media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Government of Northern Ireland">Government (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Law of Ireland (disambiguation)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ireland" title="Law enforcement in Ireland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland#Politics" title="Ireland">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations (ROI)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Policies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abortion in Ireland (disambiguation)">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland">Same-sex marriage (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland">Same-sex marriage (NI)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_in_Ireland" title="Template:Life in Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_in_Ireland" title="Template talk:Life in Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life in Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Education system">education system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> differs from elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (although it is relatively similar to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), but is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> in sharing in the development of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_school_(Ireland)" title="National school (Ireland)">national school</a></i> system and serving a similar society with a relatively rural population. A child's age on 1 July determines the point of entry into the relevant stage of education in the region, whereas the relevant date in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> is 1 September.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the island of Ireland as a whole, Northern Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe and, among the four UK nations, it has the highest proportion of children aged under 16 years (21% in mid-2019).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the most recent full academic year (2021–2022), the region's school education system comprised 1,124 schools (of all types) and around 346,000 pupils, including: </p> <ul><li>796 primary schools with 172,000 pupils;</li> <li>192 post-primary schools with 152,000 pupils;</li> <li>126 non-grammar post-primary schools with 86,000 pupils;</li> <li>66 grammar schools with 65,000 pupils;</li> <li>94 nursery schools with 5,800 pupils;</li> <li>39 special schools with 6,600 pupils (specifically for children with special educational needs); and</li> <li>14 independent schools with 700 children.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Enrolments in further and higher education were as follows (in 2019–2020) before disruption to enrolments and classes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: </p> <ul><li>six regional further education colleges with 132,000 students;</li> <li>two universities – <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a> – with 53,000 students;</li> <li>two teacher training colleges – <a href="/wiki/Stranmillis_University_College" title="Stranmillis University College">Stranmillis University College</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College,_Belfast" title="St Mary's University College, Belfast">St Mary's University College, Belfast</a> – with 2,200 students;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise" title="College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise">College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise</a> with 1,700 students on three campuses; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> with 4,200 students.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Statistics on education in Northern Ireland are published by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Department of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the history prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> in the 1920s, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Ireland" title="History of education in Ireland">History of education in Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education is devolved to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> and the government departments which are mainly responsible for education policy are assigned responsibilities according to the different levels of the education system. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Department of Education</a> is responsible for pre-school, primary, post-primary and special education, youth work policy, the promotion of good community relations within and between schools, and teacher education and salaries. Further and higher education sits within the remit of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a> as young people and adults at that stage are either employed or being prepared for entering employment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_Authority" title="Education Authority">Education Authority</a> (EA) is responsible for ensuring that nursery, primary and post-primary education services are available to meet the needs of children and young people and for providing support for youth services. The authority was established in 2015 and its services, in relation to education, were previously delivered by the five education and library boards (ELBs) from the 1970s onwards and by county councils before that time. Each of the former ELBs is now a sub-region of the Education Authority: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Sub region of the Education Authority </th> <th>Area covered </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td colspan="2">Belfast <sup>(formerly BELB)</sup> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_Education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Northern_Ireland_Education.png/200px-Northern_Ireland_Education.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Northern_Ireland_Education.png/300px-Northern_Ireland_Education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Northern_Ireland_Education.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="323" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td>North Eastern <sup>(formerly NEELB)</sup> </td> <td>Antrim, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Carrickfergus, Coleraine, Larne, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newtownabbey </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td>South Eastern <sup>(formerly SEELB)</sup> </td> <td>Ards, Castlereagh, Down, Lisburn and North Down </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td>Southern <sup>(formerly SELB)</sup> </td> <td>Armagh, Banbridge, Cookstown, Craigavon, Dungannon and South Tyrone, Newry and Mourne </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td>Western <sup>(formerly WELB)</sup> </td> <td>Derry, Fermanagh, Limavady, Omagh, Strabane </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Curriculum"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of examinations sat, and education plans followed, in Northern Irish schools are set by the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Curriculum,_Examinations_%26_Assessment" title="Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment">Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment</a>. All schools in Northern Ireland follow the <i>Northern Ireland Curriculum</i> which is based on the National Curriculum used in England and Wales. At age 11, on entering secondary education, all pupils study a broad base of subjects from the nine 'Areas of Learning':<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language and Literacy, Mathematics and Numeracy, Modern Languages, The Arts, Environment and Society, Science and Technology, Learning for Life and Work, Physical Education, and Religious Education. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="80%" style="text-align:center; margin-left:1em;"> <caption><b>Areas of Learning</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="40%">Area of Learning </th> <th width="60%">Compulsory subjects strands </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Language and Literacy </td> <td>English,Irish,<sup id="cite_ref-IR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Media Education </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mathematics and Numeracy </td> <td>Mathematics, Financial Capability </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Modern Languages </td> <td>An official language of the EU<sup id="cite_ref-LN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EU_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">The Arts </td> <td>Art and Design, Drama, Music </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Environment and Society </td> <td>History, Geography </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Science and Technology </td> <td>Science, Technology and Design </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Learning for Life and Work </td> <td>Employability, Home Economics, Local and Global Citizenship, Personal Development </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Physical Education </td> <td>Physical Education </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Religious Education </td> <td>Religious Education </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Non-compulsory subjects offered in some schools </td> <td>ICT<br />A second official language of the European Union<sup id="cite_ref-EU_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Arabic,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin, Mandarin Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or another non-EU language </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At age 14, pupils select which subjects to continue to study for <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) examinations. Currently, it is compulsory to study English Language and Mathematics, although subjects such as English Literature, French, Learning for Life and Work, Religious Studies and Science (single-, double- or triple-award) may also be compulsory in certain schools. In addition, pupils usually choose to continue with other subjects and many study for eight or nine GCSEs, and possibly up to ten or eleven. GCSEs mark the end of compulsory education in Northern Ireland. </p><p>At age 16, some pupils stay at school and choose to study <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">A-Level</a> – AS and A2 – level subjects or more vocational qualifications such as Applied Advanced Levels; many also take up vocational courses at further education colleges on leaving school. Those choosing AS and A2 levels normally pick three or four subjects and success in these can determine acceptance into higher education courses at university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_education">Levels of education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levels of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-primary education is optional in Northern Ireland with <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a> stage for children aged 3 and 4. In some pre-schools, pupils can leave when they turn 4 and enter into an optional Reception class in their local primary school. (This is entirely optional in most schools which provide these classes.) </p><p>Primary education covers three stages – Foundation, Key Stage 1, and Key Stage 2. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stage" title="Foundation Stage">Foundation Stage</a> <ul><li>Reception, age 4 (optional; see above note)</li> <li>Primary 1, age 4 to 5 (equivalent to Reception in England and Wales)</li> <li>Primary 2, age 5 to 6</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1">Key Stage 1</a> <ul><li>Primary 3, age 6 to 7</li> <li>Primary 4, age 7 to 8</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2">Key Stage 2</a> <ul><li>Primary 5, age 8 to 9</li> <li>Primary 6, age 9 to 10</li> <li>Primary 7, age 10 to 11</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Post-primary (or secondary) education covers up to three stages – Key Stage 3, Key Stage 4, and Key Stage 5: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3">Key Stage 3</a> <ul><li>Year 8, age 11 to 12 (equivalent to Year 7 in England and Wales)</li> <li>Year 9, age 12 to 13</li> <li>Year 10, age 13 to 14</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a> <ul><li>Year 11, age 14 to 15</li> <li>Year 12, age 15 to 16 (including <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> examinations)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">Key Stage 5</a> <ul><li>Year 13, age 16 to 17 (including <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">AS-level</a> examinations)</li> <li>Year 14, age 17 to 18 (including <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">A-level</a> A2 examinations)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Although the Department of Education uses <i>Year 8 to Year 14</i> for post-primary education, the traditional <i>First</i> to <i>Fifth Form</i>, <i>Lower Sixth</i> and <i>Upper Sixth</i> are still used, at least informally, by some schools. Young people may continue their education at a post-primary school (often a grammar school) or at a <a href="/wiki/Further_education_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Further education college">further education college</a> after Key Stage 4. A range of tertiary education qualifications are available through further education colleges, universities and other institutions, including at <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, master's degree and doctorate levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-primary_transfer">Post-primary transfer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-primary transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most primary school children will transfer to non-grammar post-primary schools. However, issues around post-primary transfer and academic selection receive a high level of media coverage, as many parents regard a place for their child in a grammar school as a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>. In 2021–2022, 57% of young people in post-primary education (87,000 pupils) attended non-grammar schools and 43% attended grammar schools (65,000 pupils).<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947 introduced a school system which included a government-run <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">eleven-plus</a> post-primary transfer test as an entrance exam for grammar schools; this had previously been introduced in England and Wales in 1944. The test, a form of academic selection, was retained in Northern Ireland whereas England and Wales moved towards a comprehensive school system, which is also in place in Scotland. The differences in political opinion regarding academic selection, with unionists generally in favour and nationalists and the Alliance Party broadly opposed, reflect differences between Conservative and Labour in Great Britain; a Conservative government introduced the eleven-plus in the 1940s and a Labour government introduced comprehensive schooling in the 1970s. </p><p>As Minister of Education in the first <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> commissioned a review of post-primary transfer – the Burns report – which (in 2001) proposed the ending of the eleven-plus (and academic selection in post-primary transfer) and a system of <i>formative assessment</i> through a pupil profile to provide a wider range of educational information to teachers, parents and pupils. In the subsequent public consultation, a majority of respondents favoured the abolition of eleven-plus tests, but not the end of academic selection, and most wanted all schools to use the same criteria for entry with parental preference to be the most important criterion. </p><p>The Assembly was suspended in November 2002 and, under direct rule, Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Jane_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Jane Kennedy (politician)">Jane Kennedy</a> commissioned a post-primary transfer working group, chaired by Steve Costello, which reported in 2004 and broadly supported the Burns Report and recommended a broader curriculum through a model known as the <i>entitlement framework</i>. The Assembly was restored in March 2007 and then Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Caitr%C3%ADona_Ruane" title="Caitríona Ruane">Caitríona Ruane</a> reaffirmed the decision by her predecessors to abolish the eleven-plus; the last government-run test took place in 2008. The majority of grammar schools, however, decided to set their own entrance exams which, at present, are available in two types – AQE and GL Assessment – although a single test is planned from 2023 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_sectors_by_ethos">School sectors by ethos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: School sectors by ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlled">Controlled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controlled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg/220px-Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg/330px-Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg/440px-Tandragee_Junior_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_677376.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tandragee Junior High School, a controlled school in County Armagh.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Controlled schools</i> are so-called as their governance is controlled by the state (e.g. through the Education Authority as the employer of teachers) although schools are managed by their board of governors, which include representatives of parents, teachers and <i>transferor</i> churches (who transferred their control of schools to the state in the mid-20th century). Controlled schools are open to children of all faiths and none. </p><p>Many controlled schools were originally church schools – under the management of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a> – whose control was transferred in the 1930s and 1940s in return for assurances that a Christian ethos would continue through collective worship (school assemblies), the teaching of non-denominational religious education, and representation of churches on boards of governors. The three churches have a role in education through the Transferor Representatives' Council (TRC) and nominate around 1,500 school governors to the boards of controlled schools. In a more recent development, <i>controlled integrated</i> schools are those which have opted for a formally integrated status and therefore form part of both the controlled and integrated schools sectors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Education Act 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which created the Education Authority in the following year, was accompanied by a commitment by the Education Minister and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> to establish and fund a support body for schools in the controlled sector. The <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Schools%27_Support_Council" title="Controlled Schools' Support Council">Controlled Schools' Support Council</a> (CSSC) therefore became operational in 2016; its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Stranmillis_University_College" title="Stranmillis University College">Stranmillis University College</a>, Belfast. Membership of the council is voluntary and over 90% of controlled schools are members of the CSSC. </p><p>In 2021–2022, there were 379 primary schools, 63 nursery schools, 53 secondary (non-grammar) schools and 16 grammar schools in the controlled sector – a total of 511 schools. These included 24 controlled integrated primary schools, five secondary schools and one nursery school with controlled integrated status, and two Irish medium schools. Around 147,000 pupils attended controlled schools (including 8,000 in controlled integrated schools), representing approximately 42% of all pupils in Northern Ireland. In terms of religious breakdown, 59% of pupils in controlled schools were Protestant, 11% were Catholic, and 30% were from other backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Maintained_schools"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_maintained">Catholic maintained</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Catholic maintained"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Aidan%27s_High_School,_Derrylin,_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg/220px-St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg/330px-St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg/440px-St._Aidan%27s_High_School%2C_Derrylin%2C_Fermanagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_436860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>St Aidan's High School, a Catholic maintained school in <a href="/wiki/Derrylin" title="Derrylin">Derrylin</a>, County Fermanagh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic <i>maintained</i> schools have a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> ethos and are maintained by state funding, although the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Catholic_Maintained_Schools" title="Council for Catholic Maintained Schools">Council for Catholic Maintained Schools</a> (CCMS) – established through the Education Reform (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 – employs teachers in the sector as well as representing its interests. The membership of the CCMS includes representatives of the Department of Education, trustees (Catholic bishops in Northern Ireland), parents (drawn from the local community on a voluntary basis) and teachers. The Catholic Schools' Trustee Service (CTSS) provides teachers, clergy and others interested in Catholic education with resources, guidance and policies to assist them in their work, and highlights the Catholic ethos in education in both the maintained and voluntary grammar sectors. </p><p>In 2021–2022, there were 442 Catholic maintained schools – 355 primary schools, 56 post-primary (non-grammar) schools, and 31 nursery schools – with a total of 124,000 pupils, representing around 35% of all pupils; 93% of pupils in the sector were from a Catholic background.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_grammar">Voluntary grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voluntary grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg/220px-%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg/330px-%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg/440px-%22Methody%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_60179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Methodist_College_Belfast" title="Methodist College Belfast">Methodist College Belfast</a>, a voluntary grammar school.</figcaption></figure> <p>Voluntary grammar schools are self-governing schools and generally of long standing, having originally established to provide an academic education at post primary level on a fee-paying basis. These schools are now funded by the department and managed by boards of governors which are constituted in accordance with each school's scheme of management – usually representatives of foundation governors, parents, and teachers and in most cases, representatives of the department or the Education Authority. The board of governors is the employing authority and is responsible for the employment of all staff in its school. </p><p>There were 50 voluntary grammar schools in 2021–2022 with around 51,000 pupils. The sector included 29 schools under Catholic management with 30,000 pupils and 21 under other forms of management with 21,000 pupils; 95% of pupils attending Catholic voluntary schools are from a Catholic background and 57% of pupils attending other voluntary schools are from a Protestant background.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governing Bodies Association represents the interests of voluntary grammar schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated">Integrated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Integrated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Integrated education in Northern Ireland">Integrated education in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg/220px-Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg/330px-Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg/440px-Carnlough_Integrated_Primary_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1943340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Carnlough Integrated Primary School, County Antrim</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Grant-maintained integrated</i> schools are those which have been established by the voluntary efforts of parents (such as the first formally integrated school, <a href="/wiki/Lagan_College" title="Lagan College">Lagan College</a>, which was founded in 1981). <i>Controlled integrated</i> schools are controlled schools which have opted to have integrated status following a <i>transformation</i> process with the approval of parents. While parents, rather than churches, took the initiative in the development of grant-maintained integrated schools, the older controlled integrated schools (for example, those built in the 1930s and 1940s) were founded by Protestant churches before their transfer to the state in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Council_for_Integrated_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education">Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education</a> (NICIE), a voluntary organisation, promotes, develops and supports integrated education, <a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">through the medium of English</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Education_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Education Fund">Integrated Education Fund</a> (IEF) is a trust fund for the development and growth of integrated education in the region in response to parental demand. The IEF seeks to bridge the financial gap between starting integrated schools and securing full government funding and support. It was established in 1998 with funding from <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">EU Structural Funds</a>, the Department of Education, the <a href="/wiki/Nuffield_Foundation" title="Nuffield Foundation">Nuffield Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Charitable_Trust" title="Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust">Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust</a>. The IEF financially supports the establishment of new schools, the growth of existing schools, and those schools seeking to become integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-report_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021–2022, there were 38 grant-maintained integrated schools (23 primary and 15 post-primary) and 30 controlled integrated schools (24 primary, five post-primary and one nursery); all post-primary schools in the sector are non-grammar. There were around 18,000 pupils in grant-maintained integrated schools and 8,000 pupils in controlled integrated schools, therefore around 26,000 pupils in 68 schools across the sector. The community backgrounds of pupils in grant-maintained integrated schools were 40% Catholic, 32% Protestant and 27% other, whereas the proportions for controlled integrated schools were 41% Protestant, 23% Catholic and 36% other.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish-medium_maintained">Irish-medium maintained</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish-medium maintained"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland#Education" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language in Northern Ireland § Education</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Northern Ireland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 placed a duty on the Department of Education, similar to that already in existence in relation to integrated education through the 1989 Education Reform Order, "to encourage and facilitate the development of Irish-medium education". Pupils are usually taught most subjects through the medium of Irish, which is the <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> of most of the pupils, whilst English is taught through English. This form of education has been described as <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">Immersion education</a>, and is now firmly established as a successful and effective form of <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">bilingual education</a>. It aims to develop a high standard of language competence in the immersion language (Irish) across the curriculum, but must also, and can, ensure a similar level of achievement in the first language (in this case, usually English) as that reached by pupils attending monolingual <a href="/wiki/English-medium_education" title="English-medium education">English medium schools</a>. </p><p>Irish-medium schools, or <i><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoileanna</a></i>, are able to achieve grant-aided status, under the same procedures as other schools, by applying for maintained status. In addition to free-standing schools, Irish language medium education can be provided through units in existing schools; unit arrangements permit Irish-language-medium education to be supported where a free-standing school would not be viable. A unit may operate as a self-contained provision under the management of a host English-medium school and usually on the same site. In addition to this, there are two independent schools teaching through the medium of Irish. These are Gaelscoil Ghleann Darach in <a href="/wiki/Crumlin,_County_Antrim" title="Crumlin, County Antrim">Crumlin</a> and Gaelscoil na Daróige in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry City</a>. </p><p>Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta (CnaG) is the representative body for Irish-medium education, and was set up in 2000 by the Department of Education to promote, facilitate and encourage Irish-medium education. One of CnaG's central objectives is to seek to extend the availability of Irish-medium education to parents who wish to avail of it for their children, and it is supported in this role by Iontaobhas na Gaelscolaíochta (the trust fund for Irish-medium education. </p><p>In 2021–2022, there were 25 primary schools and two post-primary schools (both non-grammar) in the Irish-medium maintained sector, with around 5,000 pupils, and 10 Irish-medium units, educating around 1,500 pupils; pre-school education is also available in the Irish language.<sup id="cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_buildings">School buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: School buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plans for investment in Northern Ireland schools and <a href="/wiki/Youth_center" title="Youth center">youth facilities</a> were published in 2005, intended to address a reported problem of "historic under-investment". The "Investment Strategy for Northern Ireland 2005–2015" was published on 14 December 2005. To offer sufficient <a href="/wiki/Construction_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction companies">construction companies</a> an opportunity to support this strategy, the Department of Education established the "Northern Ireland Schools Modernisation Programme ("NISMP"), with companies invited to express interest in works contracts in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_and_higher_education">Further and higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further and higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Ireland provides a wide range of options for further and higher education through its universities, regional colleges (for further education), and other specialist colleges for teacher training and the agri-food sector. The <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> and regional colleges, in particular, enroll large numbers of adult learners. Many young people choose to travel to Great Britain to continue their education although this has, for many years, caused concern about a '<a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>' effect and the difficulty in retaining skills and knowledge in the region's economy. The relatively low cost of living and higher quality of life in smaller and closer-knit communities, though, is an attraction for many students and graduates from Britain, the rest of Ireland and elsewhere. </p><p>In 2019–2020, the last year before disruption to school exams by the Covid-19 pandemic, 48% of school leavers in Northern Ireland entered higher education, 29% entered further education, 10% entered training, 9% entered employment, 3% became unemployed and the destination for a further 2% was unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Schools%27_Support_Council" title="Controlled Schools' Support Council">Controlled Schools' Support Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Catholic_Maintained_Schools" title="Council for Catholic Maintained Schools">Council for Catholic Maintained Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Lists of schools in Northern Ireland">Lists of schools in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of primary schools in Northern Ireland">List of primary schools in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of secondary schools in Northern Ireland">List of secondary schools in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammar_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of grammar schools in Northern Ireland">List of grammar schools in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland">List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of further education colleges in Northern Ireland">List of further education colleges in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of universities and colleges in Northern Ireland">List of universities and colleges in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate for the United Kingdom, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">United Kingdom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926152947/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">Archived</a> 26 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article2270208.ece">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013005148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article2270208.ece">Archived</a> 13 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2019estimates#ageing">"Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2019"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+for+the+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland%3A+mid-2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fbulletins%2Fannualmidyearpopulationestimates%2Fmid2019estimates%23ageing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enrolment2122-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enrolment2122_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/education/Revised%2011th%20March%202022%20-%20Annual%20enrolments%20at%20schools%20and%20in%20funded%20pre-school%20education%20in%20Northern%20Ireland%2C%202021-22.pdf">"Annual enrolments at schools and in funded pre-school education in Northern Ireland 2021–22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>education-ni.gov.uk</i>. 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Department for the Economy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economy-ni.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Enrolments+at+UK+Higher+Education+Institutions%3A+Northern+Ireland+Analysis+2019%2F20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy-ni.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Feconomy%2FHEI-enrolments-bulletin-2019-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafre.ac.uk/about-us/why-cafre/">"Why CAFRE?"</a>. <i>cafre.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Stage+3&rft.au=CCEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccea.org.uk%2Fkey-stage-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCCEA" class="citation web cs1">CCEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccea.org.uk/downloads/docs/ccea-asset/Curriculum/The%20Statutory%20Curriculum%20at%20Key%20Stage%203.pdf">"The Statutory Curriculum at Key Stage 3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926152933/https://ccea.org.uk/downloads/docs/ccea-asset/Curriculum/The%20Statutory%20Curriculum%20at%20Key%20Stage%203.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Statutory+Curriculum+at+Key+Stage+3&rft.au=CCEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccea.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fdocs%2Fccea-asset%2FCurriculum%2FThe%2520Statutory%2520Curriculum%2520at%2520Key%2520Stage%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbie_Meredith2019" class="citation news cs1">Robbie Meredith (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-47377918">"French, German or Spanish offered by fewer NI schools"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-47377918">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=French%2C+German+or+Spanish+offered+by+fewer+NI+schools&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=Robbie+Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-47377918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swc.ac.uk/courses/hsk1mandarinchin-mandarin-chinese-">"Mandarin Chinese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153055/https://www.swc.ac.uk/courses/hsk1mandarinchin-mandarin-chinese-">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Chinese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swc.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fhsk1mandarinchin-mandarin-chinese-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> South West College works in conjunction with some schools to offer after-school clubs for Mandarin Chinese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/committees/2017-2022/education/post-primary-transfer-survey/academic-selection-briefing-paper-niar-209-2020.pdf">"Research and Information Service Briefing Paper 209/20: Academic Selection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>niassembly.gov.uk</i>. Northern Ireland Assembly. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=niassembly.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Research+and+Information+Service+Briefing+Paper+209%2F20%3A+Academic+Selection&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niassembly.gov.uk%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fcommittees%2F2017-2022%2Feducation%2Fpost-primary-transfer-survey%2Facademic-selection-briefing-paper-niar-209-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nia/2014/12/contents">"Education Act (Northern Ireland) 2014"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413182231/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nia/2014/12/contents">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Education+Act+%28Northern+Ireland%29+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fnia%2F2014%2F12%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Churches and Christian Ethos in Integrated Schools", Macaulay, T 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183536/http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Churches+and+Christian+Ethos+in+Integrated+Schools%22%2C+Macaulay%2C+T+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macaulayassociates.co.uk%2Fpdfs%2FChurches.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/publications/report-independent-review-integrated-education">"The Report of the Independent Review of Integrated Education | Department of Education"</a>. <i>Department of Education</i>. 1 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720120113/https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/publications/report-independent-review-integrated-education">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education&rft.atitle=The+Report+of+the+Independent+Review+of+Integrated+Education+%7C+Department+of+Education&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education-ni.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Freport-independent-review-integrated-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Court_of_Appeal_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland">Her Majesty's Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciaryni.uk/sites/judiciary/files/decisions/Henry%20Brothers%20(Magherafelt)%20Ltd,%20FB%20McKee%20&%20Co%20Ltd%20and%20Desmond%20Scott%20and%20Philip%20Ewing%20Trading%20as%20Woodvale%20Construction%20Company%20Ltd%20v%20Department%20of%20Education%20for%20Northern%20Ireland.pdf">Henry Brothers (Magherafelt) Limited, F B McKee and Company Ltd. and Desmond Scott and Philip Ewing trading as Woodvale Construction Company Ltd. and Department of Education for Northern Ireland</a>, neutral citation No. [2011] NICA 59, paragraphs 6–7, judgment delivered 26 September 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/education/Qualifications%20and%20Destinations%20of%20Northern%20Ireland%20School%20Leavers%202019-20.pdf">"Qualifications and Destinations of Northern Ireland School Leavers: 2019–20"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>education-ni.gov.uk</i>. Department of Education. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education-ni.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Qualifications+and+Destinations+of+Northern+Ireland+School+Leavers%3A+2019%E2%80%9320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education-ni.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Feducation%2FQualifications%2520and%2520Destinations%2520of%2520Northern%2520Ireland%2520School%2520Leavers%25202019-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Northern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only in Irish-medium schools</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LN-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LN_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding English, and Irish in Irish-medium schools</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schools need only offer one language, but many schools offer students the chance to take two or three. French and German are common in most schools, while Irish is often found in Catholic schools. Spanish and Italian are sometimes offered too. CCEA offers GCSEs in French, German, Irish and Spanish, but GCSEs in Italian, Modern Greek, Polish and Portuguese are offered by other examination boards.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dominic Murray, Alan Smith, Ursula Birthistle (1997), <i>Education in Ireland</i>, Irish Peace Institute Research Centre. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874653-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-874653-42-9">1-874653-42-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Government organisations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-ni.gov.uk">Department of Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy-ni.gov.uk/topics/further-education">Department for the Economy</a> (further education policy)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy-ni.gov.uk/topics/higher-education">Department for the Economy</a> (higher education policy)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/topics/education-and-research">Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a> (education and research)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eani.org.uk/#">Education Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccea.org.uk">Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etini.gov.uk/">Education and Training Inspectorate</a></li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/">Northern Ireland Curriculum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sharededucation.org.uk/">Shared Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617225610/http://www.nitransfertest.co.uk/">Northern Ireland Transfer Test</a> (archived)</li></ul> <p><b>Support and advocacy organisations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csscni.org.uk/">Controlled Schools' Support Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trc-churcheducation.org/">Transferor Representatives' Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccmsschools.com/">Council for Catholic Maintained Schools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation-ni.org/">Catholic Schools' Trustee Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comhairle.org">Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta</a> (for Irish-medium education)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iontaobhasnag.com/">Iontaobhas na Gaelscolaíochta</a> (Irish-medium education trust fund)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nicie.org/">Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ief.org.uk/">Integrated Education Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbani.org/">Governing Bodies Association</a> (for voluntary grammar schools)</li></ul> <p><b>Universities and colleges</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk">Queen's University Belfast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulster.ac.uk">Ulster University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://furthereducationni.com/">Further education</a> (through regional colleges)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stran.ac.uk">Stranmillis University College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stmarys-belfast.ac.uk/">St Mary's University College, Belfast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafre.ac.uk">College for Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/northern-ireland/">Open University in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Template talk:Education in Northern Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Northern Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Northern_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in Northern Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Department of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other government organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Authority" title="Education Authority">Education Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Curriculum,_Examinations_%26_Assessment" title="Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment">Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sector support organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Schools%27_Support_Council" title="Controlled Schools' Support Council">Controlled Schools' Support Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Catholic_Maintained_Schools" title="Council for Catholic Maintained Schools">Council for Catholic Maintained Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated education">Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_na_Gaelscola%C3%ADochta" title="Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta">Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg/100px-Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg/150px-Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg/200px-Northern_Ireland_outline_in_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">University colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University_College_(Belfast)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's University College (Belfast)">St Mary's University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranmillis_University_College" title="Stranmillis University College">Stranmillis University College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Further_education#Northern_Ireland" title="Further education">Further education colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Metropolitan_College" title="Belfast Metropolitan College">Belfast Metropolitan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Regional_College" title="Northern Regional College">Northern Regional College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Regional_College" title="North West Regional College">North West Regional College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_College" title="Southern Regional College">Southern Regional College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College" title="South Eastern Regional College">South Eastern Regional College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_College" title="South West College">South West College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural college</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise" title="College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise">College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theological colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Bible_College" title="Belfast Bible College">Belfast Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgehill_Theological_College" title="Edgehill Theological College">Edgehill Theological College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Baptist_College" title="Irish Baptist College">Irish Baptist College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_College" title="Union Theological College">Union Theological College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefield_College_of_the_Bible" title="Whitefield College of the Bible">Whitefield College of the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_medium_primary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of Irish medium primary schools in Northern Ireland">Irish medium primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of primary schools in Northern Ireland">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_medium_secondary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of Irish medium secondary schools in Northern Ireland">Irish medium secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of secondary schools in Northern Ireland">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammar_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of grammar schools in Northern Ireland">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_schools_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland">Integrated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nurseries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_medium_nurseries_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of Irish medium nurseries in Northern Ireland">Irish medium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Wales</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education in the Republic of Ireland</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Scotland" title="History of education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade inflation in the United Kingdom">Grade inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar schools</a></li> <li>Languages of instruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland#Education" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mathematics education in the United Kingdom">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">UTCs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Education_in_Northern_Ireland&params=54.64_N_5.676_W_region:GB_scale:5000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°38′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°40′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.640°N 5.676°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.640; -5.676</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Ireland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Template:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Ireland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belfast" title="History of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derry" title="History of Derry">History of Derry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty#Northern_Ireland" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography and climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland">National Trust properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of places in Northern Ireland">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland">Acts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="List of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly">Acts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Flags issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Banking in Northern Ireland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Danske Bank (Northern Ireland)">Danske Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIB_(NI)" title="AIB (NI)">AIB (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland" title="Invest Northern Ireland">Invest Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Society of Northern Ireland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated education">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Media of Northern Ireland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Folk_and_Transport_Museums" title="Ulster Folk and Transport Museums">Ulster Folk and Transport Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Sport" title="Northern Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football (soccer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland" title="Cricket in Ireland">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Rugby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Corruption in Northern Ireland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">Prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity in Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Ireland" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_communities_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Immigrant communities in Northern Ireland">Immigrant communities</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Northern_Ireland" title="List of people from Northern Ireland">Northern Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols of Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Northern_Ireland" title="National anthem of Northern Ireland">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Northern Ireland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Flag of Northern Ireland">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_used_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of flags used in Northern Ireland">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster" title="Coat of arms of Ulster">Coat of arms of Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Outline of Northern Ireland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Northern Ireland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Template:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ireland" title="List of companies of Ireland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Ireland" title="List of largest companies in Ireland">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Ireland" title="List of breweries in Ireland">Breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of airlines of the Republic of Ireland">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_Euronext_Dublin" title="List of companies listed on Euronext Dublin">Companies on Euronext Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Ireland" title="List of hotels in Ireland">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of newspapers in the Republic of Ireland">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of restaurant chains in Ireland">Restaurant chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of supermarket chains in Ireland">Supermarket chains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Currency & taxation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation in Ireland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Commission" title="Currency Commission">Currency Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks in Ireland">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Trust_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First Trust Bank">First Trust Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bank">Northern Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks" title="Allied Irish Banks">Allied Irish Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_TSB" title="Permanent TSB">Permanent TSB</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland state owned Banks:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Banking_Corporation_of_Ireland" title="Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland">Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland</a></li> <li>Other:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_in_Ireland" title="Insolvency in Ireland">Insolvency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Finance (Ireland)">Minister for Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Enterprise,_Trade_and_Employment" title="Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment">Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_budgets" title="Category:Irish budgets">Budgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Jobs_Stimulus" title="July Jobs Stimulus">July Jobs Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croke_Park_Agreement" title="Croke Park Agreement">Croke Park Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland" title="Invest Northern Ireland">Invest Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Development demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Irish regions by Human Development Index">Regions by Human Development Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dublin" title="Economy of Dublin">Dublin economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Ireland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_billionaires_by_net_worth" title="List of Irish billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_inventors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_businesspeople" title="Category:Irish businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Business_School" title="Dublin Business School">Dublin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Ireland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensions in Ireland">Pensions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_brands" title="Category:Irish brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland" title="Energy in Ireland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ireland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ireland" title="Agriculture in Ireland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Education in Ireland (disambiguation)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ireland">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ireland" title="Healthcare in Ireland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of supermarket chains in Ireland">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Ireland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Co-operatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurivo_Co-operative_Society_Limited" title="Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited">Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cope" title="The Cope">The Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairygold" title="Dairygold">Dairygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Food_Co-op" title="Dublin Food Co-op">Dublin Food Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Agricultural_Organisation_Society" title="Irish Agricultural Organisation Society">Irish Agricultural Organisation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Co-operative_Organisation_Society" title="Irish Co-operative Organisation Society">Irish Co-operative Organisation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Dairies" title="Lakeland Dairies">Lakeland Dairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londis_(Ireland)" title="Londis (Ireland)">Londis (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_FM" title="Near FM">Near FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornua" title="Ornua">Ornua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quay_Co-op" title="Quay Co-op">Quay Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urban_Co-op" title="The Urban Co-op">The Urban Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirl%C3%A1n" title="Tirlán">Tirlán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tiger">Celtic tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Ireland">Banknotes of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Northern Ireland">Banknotes of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_trade_war" title="Anglo-Irish trade war">Anglo-Irish trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_loan_funds" title="Irish loan funds">Loan funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_Company_of_Ireland" title="Mining Company of Ireland">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Category:Economy of Ireland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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