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Trump might cut aid to Africa but bankroll projects ‘aimed at displacing China’ | South China Morning Post
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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news","name":"News"},"position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china","name":"China"},"position":2},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy","name":"Diplomacy"},"position":3}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3286253/trump-might-cut-aid-africa-bankroll-projects-aimed-displacing-china","@type":"WebPage"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["NewsArticle","ReportageNewsArticle"],"alternativeHeadline":"Trump might cut aid to Africa but bankroll projects ‘aimed at displacing China’","articleBody":"Donald Trump’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative will likely continue to receive funding, observers say.\nDuring his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent.\nWhile the US remains Africa’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent.\nBut the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme.\nCarlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position.\nHe said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said.\n\nIn this environment, Lopes said the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, or PGII, may survive with some bipartisan support but its purpose could shift.\nThe US$600 billion PGII was unveiled in 2022 by Joe Biden and Group of Seven allies to challenge Beijing’s belt and road plan.\nOne PGII project is a multibillion-dollar revamp of the Lobito railway between Angola and Zambia through the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It aims to develop transcontinental connectivity from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as the US and its allies eye critical minerals from the region to power their electric vehicle industries.\nLopes said the railway might continue to receive backing under Trump, as it would still be seen as a strategic counter to Chinese influence over critical minerals. “But there’s a risk that such projects become highly selective, driven by geopolitical rather than developmental priorities,” he said.\nUS influence in Africa fell to its lowest level during Trump’s first term and he made headlines for his disparaging remarks about the continent. Trump did not visit Africa during his four years as US president.\nBut his administration did introduce initiatives to boost US investment in Africa in response to China’s growing influence there. In 2018, Prosper Africa was set up to help American companies invest in the continent, while the International Development Finance Corporation was formed to fund projects in developing countries and has since financed projects in Africa worth more than US$10 billion.\nCharlie Robertson, head of macro strategy at asset management firm FIM Partners, expected a multibillion-dollar cut in aid to Africa during Trump’s second term.\n“However projects aimed at displacing China, such as the Lobito Corridor, might still get funding,” he said.\nRobertson noted that Trump has threatened to impose 10 to 20 per cent tariffs on all African nations.\nIn addition, “US interest rates might not fall as far under a Trump presidency implying slightly higher borrowing costs for Africa over the medium term”.\nHe said a strong US dollar would also be negative for the continent.\n\n\nSeifudein Adem, a research fellow at the JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development in Tokyo, said the foreign policy of the first Trump administration could be seen as one of “pragmatic non-committal”.\nHe recalled that one diplomat had described Trump in his first term as a “transactional muscular unilateralist”.\n“What this means for Africa, specifically in the context of PGII, is that if Trump thinks the project will benefit the US vital interest, however he defines it, he will be for it,” Adem said.\nBut there is unlikely to be any radical change in approach on Africa, according to Cameron Hudson, a former US official who is now a senior associate with the Africa programme at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.\n“There is a wide bipartisan consensus on the US strategic interest in Africa that includes strategic minerals, countering the spread of terrorism and checking China’s geostrategic ambitions,” Hudson said.\nHe expected Trump to double down on the PGII. “He sees the value of increasing our business position in Africa,” Hudson said. “He will see the value and appeal of the US pursuing large infrastructure investment that creates win-win.”\nIn his first term, Trump’s administration curbed immigration, including banning citizens from Sudan, Libya and Somalia from travelling to the United States. With increased cases of illegal migration of West Africans across the southern US border, Trump could add more countries to the list.\nAdem in Tokyo said there was growing intolerance towards immigrants from the Global South in the US, and Trump was using it as a vehicle to achieve his political ambitions.\n“If history is any guide, this does not bode well for the United States – and for the world at large,” Adem said.\n“The decay and decline of Spain came to pass after the expulsion of the Jews and the Moors, following the 1609 decree to massively deport them. This, too, was despite their substantial contributions to Spanish society,” he said.\n“The United States will likely pay a heavy price in the long term if Trump proceeds to deport millions of immigrants, including Africans, as he promised to do.”\n","articleSection":"Diplomacy","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jevans Nyabiage","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/jevans-nyabiage"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-12T18:48:32+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-13T13:00:08+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-13T13:00:08+08:00","description":"’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar ","genre":"News","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"Trump might cut aid to Africa but bankroll projects ‘aimed at displacing China’","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":2730},"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/1b6ae344-2083-40f0-bf31-7bbfd5b0add3_973447da.jpg","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":4095}},"inLanguage":"en-GB","isAccessibleForFree":"False","locationCreated":{"@type":"Place","name":"Hong Kong"},"mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3286253/trump-might-cut-aid-africa-bankroll-projects-aimed-displacing-china","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":512},"url":"https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/icons/scmp-icon-512x512.png","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":512}},"name":"South China Morning Post"},"publishingPrinciples":"https://www.scmp.com/policies-and-standards"}</script><article class="article-list css-cru7id e1d6iglh0" data-qa="ArticlePage-Article"><div 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data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">US presidential election 2024</a></div><div class=" er6t7fe20 css-1xdhyk6 e1047c925" data-qa="ArticleSections-SectionContainer"><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>China</span><span data-qa="ArticleSections-render-SectionTagsSpacer" class="css-176a798 e1047c920"></span></a><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china/diplomacy?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>Diplomacy</span></a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Headline" class="css-hdf8vf ea45u6l21"><h1 class="er6t7fe5 css-1u8qly9 e298i0d3" data-qa="ContentHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><span data-qa="ContentHeadline-Headline" class="css-0 e298i0d2">Trump might cut aid to Africa but bankroll projects ‘aimed at displacing China’</span></h1></div><div 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operator="out"></feComposite><feColorMatrix type="matrix" values="0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0"></feColorMatrix><feBlend mode="normal" in2="BackgroundImageFix" result="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319"></feBlend><feBlend mode="normal" in="SourceGraphic" in2="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319" result="shape"></feBlend></filter></defs></svg></figure></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ContentContainer" class="css-wvfhp ea45u6l28"><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Author" class="css-plhgzi ea45u6l15"><div data-qa="AuthorNames-AuthorNamesContainer" class=" er6t7fe31 css-1fl3ncg eybiz6w3"><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 e1llv60l0" href="/author/jevans-nyabiage" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Jevans Nyabiage</a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PublishDateTime" class="css-mbzp8v ea45u6l14"><div class=" er6t7fe27 css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-11-13T05:00:08.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: <!-- -->1:00pm, 13 Nov 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0"><a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/donald-trump?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Donald Trump</span></a>’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/belt-and-road-initiative?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Belt and Road Initiative</span></a> will likely continue to receive funding, observers say.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">During his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent.</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">While the US remains <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Africa</span></a>’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">But the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">Carlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">He said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said.</p></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-LoadingContainer" class="css-hu4lls e1x97qwg2"><div class="css-1px2vm1 e1hb2u5e0" data-qa="Loading-CenteredContainer"><img aria-label="loading" data-qa="BaseImage-handleRenderImage-StyledImage" loading="eager" src="https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/_next/static/media/wheel-on-gray.af4a55f9.gif" class="css-o105sx e445x7d0"/></div></div><div class="article-view__piano-metering css-16o2qwc e1x97qwg0" 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styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n 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correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article 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Photo: AFP","url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg","isSlideshow":null,"sizeLandscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=6QNHrvFq"},"size1280x720":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=npPH4uzX"},"size1200x800":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=8s5L7fo3"},"size1020x680":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1020x680/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=8dKmJs9z"},"size768x768":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=GBBebLct"},"landscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=6QNHrvFq"},"size540x360":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/540x360/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=hs6E_wPa"},"height":1333,"width":1999}],"disableOffPlatformContent":[],"published":true,"sponsorType":null,"publishedDate":1731474008000,"updatedDate":1731474008000,"summary":{"text":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say"}]}]},"body":{"text":"Donald Trump’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative will likely continue to receive funding, observers say.\nDuring his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent.\nWhile the US remains Africa’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent.\nBut the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme.\nCarlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position.\nHe said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said.\n\nIn this environment, Lopes said the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, or PGII, may survive with some bipartisan support but its purpose could shift.\nThe US$600 billion PGII was unveiled in 2022 by Joe Biden and Group of Seven allies to challenge Beijing’s belt and road plan.\nOne PGII project is a multibillion-dollar revamp of the Lobito railway between Angola and Zambia through the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It aims to develop transcontinental connectivity from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as the US and its allies eye critical minerals from the region to power their electric vehicle industries.\nLopes said the railway might continue to receive backing under Trump, as it would still be seen as a strategic counter to Chinese influence over critical minerals. “But there’s a risk that such projects become highly selective, driven by geopolitical rather than developmental priorities,” he said.\nUS influence in Africa fell to its lowest level during Trump’s first term and he made headlines for his disparaging remarks about the continent. Trump did not visit Africa during his four years as US president.\nBut his administration did introduce initiatives to boost US investment in Africa in response to China’s growing influence there. In 2018, Prosper Africa was set up to help American companies invest in the continent, while the International Development Finance Corporation was formed to fund projects in developing countries and has since financed projects in Africa worth more than US$10 billion.\nCharlie Robertson, head of macro strategy at asset management firm FIM Partners, expected a multibillion-dollar cut in aid to Africa during Trump’s second term.\n“However projects aimed at displacing China, such as the Lobito Corridor, might still get funding,” he said.\nRobertson noted that Trump has threatened to impose 10 to 20 per cent tariffs on all African nations.\nIn addition, “US interest rates might not fall as far under a Trump presidency implying slightly higher borrowing costs for Africa over the medium term”.\nHe said a strong US dollar would also be negative for the continent.\n\n\nSeifudein Adem, a research fellow at the JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development in Tokyo, said the foreign policy of the first Trump administration could be seen as one of “pragmatic non-committal”.\nHe recalled that one diplomat had described Trump in his first term as a “transactional muscular unilateralist”.\n“What this means for Africa, specifically in the context of PGII, is that if Trump thinks the project will benefit the US vital interest, however he defines it, he will be for it,” Adem said.\nBut there is unlikely to be any radical change in approach on Africa, according to Cameron Hudson, a former US official who is now a senior associate with the Africa programme at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.\n“There is a wide bipartisan consensus on the US strategic interest in Africa that includes strategic minerals, countering the spread of terrorism and checking China’s geostrategic ambitions,” Hudson said.\nHe expected Trump to double down on the PGII. “He sees the value of increasing our business position in Africa,” Hudson said. “He will see the value and appeal of the US pursuing large infrastructure investment that creates win-win.”\nIn his first term, Trump’s administration curbed immigration, including banning citizens from Sudan, Libya and Somalia from travelling to the United States. With increased cases of illegal migration of West Africans across the southern US border, Trump could add more countries to the list.\nAdem in Tokyo said there was growing intolerance towards immigrants from the Global South in the US, and Trump was using it as a vehicle to achieve his political ambitions.\n“If history is any guide, this does not bode well for the United States – and for the world at large,” Adem said.\n“The decay and decline of Spain came to pass after the expulsion of the Jews and the Moors, following the 1609 decree to massively deport them. This, too, was despite their substantial contributions to Spanish society,” he said.\n“The United States will likely pay a heavy price in the long term if Trump proceeds to deport millions of immigrants, including Africans, as he promised to do.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/donald-trump","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6fd877b7-5aac-467d-855c-86974ee806f4","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Donald Trump"}]},{"type":"text","data":"’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/belt-and-road-initiative","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d1a5c55e-bb21-47e1-ad4f-4a005da46232","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Belt and Road Initiative"}]},{"type":"text","data":" will likely continue to receive funding, observers say."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"During his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While the US remains "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"78e06e52-84e3-453d-8981-7a7c15eb37ed","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"section"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Africa"}]},{"type":"text","data":"’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Carlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg","data-fid":"15804880","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"The United States remains the biggest contributor of aid to Africa. 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It aims to develop transcontinental connectivity from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as the US and its allies eye critical minerals from the region to power their "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/electric-cars","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"193def85-ad68-4bcb-8a9f-c46951326656","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"electric vehicle industries"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lopes said the railway might continue to receive backing under Trump, as it would still be seen as a strategic counter to Chinese influence over critical minerals. “But there’s a risk that such projects become highly selective, driven by geopolitical rather than developmental priorities,” he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"US influence in Africa fell to its lowest level during Trump’s first term and he made headlines for his disparaging remarks about the continent. 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In 2018, Prosper Africa was set up to help American companies invest in the continent, while the International Development Finance Corporation was formed to fund projects in developing countries and has since financed projects in Africa worth more than US$10 billion."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Charlie Robertson, head of macro strategy at asset management firm FIM Partners, expected a multibillion-dollar cut in aid to Africa during Trump’s second term."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“However projects aimed at displacing China, such as the Lobito Corridor, might still get funding,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Robertson noted that Trump has threatened to impose 10 to 20 per cent tariffs on all African nations."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In addition, “US interest rates might not fall as far under a Trump presidency implying slightly higher borrowing costs for Africa over the medium term”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He said a strong US dollar would also be negative for the continent."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"1848","height":"1039","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/YZMl500j0wE","title":"China's Xi offers Africa US$51 billion in fresh funding","frameborder":"0","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share","referrerpolicy":"strict-origin-when-cross-origin","allowfullscreen":""},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Seifudein Adem, a research fellow at the JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development in Tokyo, said the foreign policy of the first Trump administration could be seen as one of “pragmatic non-committal”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He recalled that one diplomat had described Trump in his first term as a “transactional muscular unilateralist”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“What this means for Africa, specifically in the context of PGII, is that if Trump thinks the project will benefit the US vital interest, however he defines it, he will be for it,” Adem said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But there is unlikely to be any radical change in approach on Africa, according to Cameron Hudson, a former US official who is now a senior associate with the Africa programme at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“There is a wide bipartisan consensus on the US strategic interest in Africa that includes strategic minerals, countering the spread of terrorism and checking China’s geostrategic ambitions,” Hudson said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He expected Trump to double down on the PGII. “He sees the value of increasing our business position in Africa,” Hudson said. “He will see the value and appeal of the US pursuing large infrastructure investment that creates win-win.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his first term, Trump’s administration curbed immigration, including banning citizens from Sudan, Libya and Somalia from travelling to the United States. 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Photo: AFP","url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg","isSlideshow":null,"sizeLandscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=6QNHrvFq"},"size1280x720":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=npPH4uzX"},"size1200x800":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=8s5L7fo3"},"size1020x680":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1020x680/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=8dKmJs9z"},"size768x768":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=GBBebLct"},"landscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=6QNHrvFq"},"size540x360":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/540x360/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg?itok=hs6E_wPa"},"height":1333,"width":1999}],"disableOffPlatformContent":[],"published":true,"sponsorType":null,"publishedDate":1731474008000,"updatedDate":1731474008000,"summary":{"text":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Funding is likely to continue for key projects that can help US counter China and Russia and secure critical minerals, observers say"}]}]},"body":{"text":"Donald Trump’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative will likely continue to receive funding, observers say.\nDuring his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent.\nWhile the US remains Africa’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent.\nBut the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme.\nCarlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position.\nHe said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said.\n\nIn this environment, Lopes said the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, or PGII, may survive with some bipartisan support but its purpose could shift.\nThe US$600 billion PGII was unveiled in 2022 by Joe Biden and Group of Seven allies to challenge Beijing’s belt and road plan.\nOne PGII project is a multibillion-dollar revamp of the Lobito railway between Angola and Zambia through the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It aims to develop transcontinental connectivity from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as the US and its allies eye critical minerals from the region to power their electric vehicle industries.\nLopes said the railway might continue to receive backing under Trump, as it would still be seen as a strategic counter to Chinese influence over critical minerals. “But there’s a risk that such projects become highly selective, driven by geopolitical rather than developmental priorities,” he said.\nUS influence in Africa fell to its lowest level during Trump’s first term and he made headlines for his disparaging remarks about the continent. Trump did not visit Africa during his four years as US president.\nBut his administration did introduce initiatives to boost US investment in Africa in response to China’s growing influence there. In 2018, Prosper Africa was set up to help American companies invest in the continent, while the International Development Finance Corporation was formed to fund projects in developing countries and has since financed projects in Africa worth more than US$10 billion.\nCharlie Robertson, head of macro strategy at asset management firm FIM Partners, expected a multibillion-dollar cut in aid to Africa during Trump’s second term.\n“However projects aimed at displacing China, such as the Lobito Corridor, might still get funding,” he said.\nRobertson noted that Trump has threatened to impose 10 to 20 per cent tariffs on all African nations.\nIn addition, “US interest rates might not fall as far under a Trump presidency implying slightly higher borrowing costs for Africa over the medium term”.\nHe said a strong US dollar would also be negative for the continent.\n\n\nSeifudein Adem, a research fellow at the JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development in Tokyo, said the foreign policy of the first Trump administration could be seen as one of “pragmatic non-committal”.\nHe recalled that one diplomat had described Trump in his first term as a “transactional muscular unilateralist”.\n“What this means for Africa, specifically in the context of PGII, is that if Trump thinks the project will benefit the US vital interest, however he defines it, he will be for it,” Adem said.\nBut there is unlikely to be any radical change in approach on Africa, according to Cameron Hudson, a former US official who is now a senior associate with the Africa programme at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.\n“There is a wide bipartisan consensus on the US strategic interest in Africa that includes strategic minerals, countering the spread of terrorism and checking China’s geostrategic ambitions,” Hudson said.\nHe expected Trump to double down on the PGII. “He sees the value of increasing our business position in Africa,” Hudson said. “He will see the value and appeal of the US pursuing large infrastructure investment that creates win-win.”\nIn his first term, Trump’s administration curbed immigration, including banning citizens from Sudan, Libya and Somalia from travelling to the United States. With increased cases of illegal migration of West Africans across the southern US border, Trump could add more countries to the list.\nAdem in Tokyo said there was growing intolerance towards immigrants from the Global South in the US, and Trump was using it as a vehicle to achieve his political ambitions.\n“If history is any guide, this does not bode well for the United States – and for the world at large,” Adem said.\n“The decay and decline of Spain came to pass after the expulsion of the Jews and the Moors, following the 1609 decree to massively deport them. This, too, was despite their substantial contributions to Spanish society,” he said.\n“The United States will likely pay a heavy price in the long term if Trump proceeds to deport millions of immigrants, including Africans, as he promised to do.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/donald-trump","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6fd877b7-5aac-467d-855c-86974ee806f4","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Donald Trump"}]},{"type":"text","data":"’s second term as US president could see cuts to American aid to Africa, but projects to counter China’s multibillion-dollar "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/belt-and-road-initiative","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d1a5c55e-bb21-47e1-ad4f-4a005da46232","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Belt and Road Initiative"}]},{"type":"text","data":" will likely continue to receive funding, observers say."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"During his first term in office, Trump cut funding and aid for African projects and was accused of ignoring the continent."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While the US remains "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"78e06e52-84e3-453d-8981-7a7c15eb37ed","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"section"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Africa"}]},{"type":"text","data":"’s biggest contributor of aid – funding topped about US$3.7 billion last year – there are fears that an emboldened Trump could cut aid for key projects. They include the President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief, a bipartisan effort to fight HIV/Aids across the continent."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But the United States is expected to continue bankrolling major projects that can help it counter China and Russia on the continent and secure critical minerals for the green energy transition, according to observers. China is the continent’s largest trading partner and has financed megaprojects including ports, railways, hydro dams and roads through its belt and road infrastructure scheme."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Carlos Lopes, a professor at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, said the global geopolitical divide had put Africa in a challenging position."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He said African nations could face pressure to align with major players, risking alienation or losing trade benefits depending on their choices. “This could create a kind of Cold War atmosphere, but one marked by access to markets, technology and financing rather than ideology,” he said."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/12/b84f4ba9-7e52-4573-b9a4-19da4a1b5f8c_1126e908.jpg","data-fid":"15804880","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"The United States remains the biggest contributor of aid to Africa. 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It aims to develop transcontinental connectivity from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as the US and its allies eye critical minerals from the region to power their "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/electric-cars","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"193def85-ad68-4bcb-8a9f-c46951326656","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"electric vehicle industries"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lopes said the railway might continue to receive backing under Trump, as it would still be seen as a strategic counter to Chinese influence over critical minerals. “But there’s a risk that such projects become highly selective, driven by geopolitical rather than developmental priorities,” he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"US influence in Africa fell to its lowest level during Trump’s first term and he made headlines for his disparaging remarks about the continent. 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In 2018, Prosper Africa was set up to help American companies invest in the continent, while the International Development Finance Corporation was formed to fund projects in developing countries and has since financed projects in Africa worth more than US$10 billion."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Charlie Robertson, head of macro strategy at asset management firm FIM Partners, expected a multibillion-dollar cut in aid to Africa during Trump’s second term."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“However projects aimed at displacing China, such as the Lobito Corridor, might still get funding,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Robertson noted that Trump has threatened to impose 10 to 20 per cent tariffs on all African nations."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In addition, “US interest rates might not fall as far under a Trump presidency implying slightly higher borrowing costs for Africa over the medium term”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He said a strong US dollar would also be negative for the continent."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-code-block methode-html-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"1848","height":"1039","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/YZMl500j0wE","title":"China's Xi offers Africa US$51 billion in fresh funding","frameborder":"0","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share","referrerpolicy":"strict-origin-when-cross-origin","allowfullscreen":""},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Seifudein Adem, a research fellow at the JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development in Tokyo, said the foreign policy of the first Trump administration could be seen as one of “pragmatic non-committal”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He recalled that one diplomat had described Trump in his first term as a “transactional muscular unilateralist”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“What this means for Africa, specifically in the context of PGII, is that if Trump thinks the project will benefit the US vital interest, however he defines it, he will be for it,” Adem said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"But there is unlikely to be any radical change in approach on Africa, according to Cameron Hudson, a former US official who is now a senior associate with the Africa programme at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“There is a wide bipartisan consensus on the US strategic interest in Africa that includes strategic minerals, countering the spread of terrorism and checking China’s geostrategic ambitions,” Hudson said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"He expected Trump to double down on the PGII. “He sees the value of increasing our business position in Africa,” Hudson said. “He will see the value and appeal of the US pursuing large infrastructure investment that creates win-win.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his first term, Trump’s administration curbed immigration, including banning citizens from Sudan, Libya and Somalia from travelling to the United States. 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