CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js b-reith-sans-loaded b-reith-sans-font b-pw-1280"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/culture/?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F","20200610235416","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1591833256"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="google-site-verification" content="I0_h0oRDIOewanIX2SQEN0-dHGdH6uBQT7V9l_WqRY8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="INDEX"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Home"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="624"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:height" content="351"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" content="237388053065908"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BBC_Culture"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Home"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png"/> <title data-rh="true">Home - BBC Culture</title> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/culture/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/culture/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/culture/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/culture/favicon.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/culture/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#063d90"/><link data-rh="true" rel="manifest" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/assets/culture/site.webmanifest"/> <script> window.orb_fig_blocking = true; </script> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', '');</script>         <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/css/orb-ltr.min.css"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ window.orb = { lang: 'en', bbcBaseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk', bbcUrlPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.', staticHost: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41', figUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://fig.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/fig/2/fig.js', partialCookieOvenUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://cookie-oven.api.bbc' }; document.documentElement.className += (document.documentElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'orb-js'; window.orb.worldwideNavlinks = '<li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/reel">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">Worklife</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/travel">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/future">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-music"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/music">Music</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li>'; /*]]>*/</script><script>// Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE ref: https://jira.dev.bbc.co.uk/browse/ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } // window.fetch polyfill https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/v0.11.0/fetch.js - chosen for IE9 compatibility if(typeof window.fetch !== 'function') { (function(self){"use strict";if(self.fetch){return}function normalizeName(name){if(typeof name!=="string"){name=String(name)}if(/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.\^_`|~]/i.test(name)){throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name")}return name.toLowerCase()}function normalizeValue(value){if(typeof value!=="string"){value=String(value)}return value}function Headers(headers){this.map={};if(headers instanceof Headers){headers.forEach(function(value,name){this.append(name,value)},this)}else if(headers){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name){this.append(name,headers[name])},this)}}Headers.prototype.append=function(name,value){name=normalizeName(name);value=normalizeValue(value);var list=this.map[name];if(!list){list=[];this.map[name]=list}list.push(value)};Headers.prototype["delete"]=function(name){delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]};Headers.prototype.get=function(name){var values=this.map[normalizeName(name)];return values?values[0]:null};Headers.prototype.getAll=function(name){return this.map[normalizeName(name)]||[]};Headers.prototype.has=function(name){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name))};Headers.prototype.set=function(name,value){this.map[normalizeName(name)]=[normalizeValue(value)]};Headers.prototype.forEach=function(callback,thisArg){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this.map).forEach(function(name){this.map[name].forEach(function(value){callback.call(thisArg,value,name,this)},this)},this)};function consumed(body){if(body.bodyUsed){return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"))}body.bodyUsed=true}function fileReaderReady(reader){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){reader.onload=function(){resolve(reader.result)};reader.onerror=function(){reject(reader.error)}})}function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}function readBlobAsText(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsText(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}var support={blob:"FileReader"in self&&"Blob"in self&&function(){try{new Blob;return true}catch(e){return false}}(),formData:"FormData"in self,arrayBuffer:"ArrayBuffer"in self};function Body(){this.bodyUsed=false;this._initBody=function(body){this._bodyInit=body;if(typeof body==="string"){this._bodyText=body}else if(support.blob&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyBlob=body}else if(support.formData&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyFormData=body}else if(!body){this._bodyText=""}else if(support.arrayBuffer&&ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){}else{throw new Error("unsupported BodyInit type")}if(!this.headers.get("content-type")){if(typeof body==="string"){this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8")}else if(this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type){this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type)}}};if(support.blob){this.blob=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob")}else{return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))}};this.arrayBuffer=function(){return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer)};this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text")}else{return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}}else{this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);return rejected?rejected:Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}if(support.formData){this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(decode)}}this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)};return this}var methods=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function normalizeMethod(method){var upcased=method.toUpperCase();return methods.indexOf(upcased)>-1?upcased:method}function Request(input,options){options=options||{};var body=options.body;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)){if(input.bodyUsed){throw new TypeError("Already read")}this.url=input.url;this.credentials=input.credentials;if(!options.headers){this.headers=new Headers(input.headers)}this.method=input.method;this.mode=input.mode;if(!body){body=input._bodyInit;input.bodyUsed=true}}else{this.url=input}this.credentials=options.credentials||this.credentials||"omit";if(options.headers||!this.headers){this.headers=new Headers(options.headers)}this.method=normalizeMethod(options.method||this.method||"GET");this.mode=options.mode||this.mode||null;this.referrer=null;if((this.method==="GET"||this.method==="HEAD")&&body){throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests")}this._initBody(body)}Request.prototype.clone=function(){return new Request(this)};function decode(body){var form=new FormData;body.trim().split("&").forEach(function(bytes){if(bytes){var split=bytes.split("=");var name=split.shift().replace(/\+/g," ");var value=split.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");form.append(decodeURIComponent(name),decodeURIComponent(value))}});return form}function headers(xhr){var head=new Headers;var pairs=xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().trim().split("\n");pairs.forEach(function(header){var split=header.trim().split(":");var key=split.shift().trim();var value=split.join(":").trim();head.append(key,value)});return head}Body.call(Request.prototype);function Response(bodyInit,options){if(!options){options={}}this.type="default";this.status=options.status;this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300;this.statusText=options.statusText;this.headers=options.headers instanceof Headers?options.headers:new Headers(options.headers);this.url=options.url||"";this._initBody(bodyInit)}Body.call(Response.prototype);Response.prototype.clone=function(){return new Response(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new Headers(this.headers),url:this.url})};Response.error=function(){var response=new Response(null,{status:0,statusText:""});response.type="error";return response};var redirectStatuses=[301,302,303,307,308];Response.redirect=function(url,status){if(redirectStatuses.indexOf(status)===-1){throw new RangeError("Invalid status code")}return new Response(null,{status:status,headers:{location:url}})};self.Headers=Headers;self.Request=Request;self.Response=Response;self.fetch=function(input,init){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var request;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)&&!init){request=input}else{request=new Request(input,init)}var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;function responseURL(){if("responseURL"in xhr){return xhr.responseURL}if(/^X-Request-URL:/m.test(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders())){return xhr.getResponseHeader("X-Request-URL")}return}xhr.onload=function(){var status=xhr.status===1223?204:xhr.status;if(status<100||status>599){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"));return}var options={status:status,statusText:xhr.statusText,headers:headers(xhr),url:responseURL()};var body="response"in xhr?xhr.response:xhr.responseText;resolve(new Response(body,options))};xhr.onerror=function(){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"))};xhr.open(request.method,request.url,true);if(request.credentials==="include"){xhr.withCredentials=true}if("responseType"in xhr&&support.blob){xhr.responseType="blob"}request.headers.forEach(function(value,name){xhr.setRequestHeader(name,value)});xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit==="undefined"?null:request._bodyInit)})};self.fetch.polyfill=true})(typeof self!=="undefined"?self:this); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } (function() { var language = 'en'; language = 'en'; var modal = false; var istatsLabels = {name: '' || undefined}; function getMetaValue(propertyName) { var metaTag = document.querySelector( "meta[property='" + propertyName + "'], " + "meta[name='" + propertyName + "']"); if (metaTag) { return metaTag.getAttribute("content"); } else { throw new Error('No meta tag called: ' + propertyName) } } function generateCountername() { if (window.location.protocol === 'file:') { return 'local.file'; } var pathName = window.location.pathname .replace(/\/$/, "") .replace(/^\//, "") .replace(/\//g, '.'); return pathName + '.page'; } var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_5'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_3'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_9'] = '1'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_10'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['referrer_url'] = 'https%253A%252F%252Fwww.bbc.co.uk%252F'; var page = { name: 'culture.page' || istatsLabels.name || generateCountername(), destination: 'FEATURE_SITES_GNL' || null, producer: 'GNL_CULTURE' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || istatsLabels.bbc_site || istatsLabels.app_name || istatsLabels.prod_name || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'index-home' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; function updatePageData(newData) { page = Object.assign(page, newData); } document.addEventListener('bbc-page-reset', function(event) { if (event.detail && event.detail.page) { updatePageData(event.detail.page); } document.dispatchEvent(new Event('bbc-page-updated')); }); window.bbcpage = { loadModule: function(deps) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { window.require(deps, function () { resolve.apply(this, arguments); }, function (error) { reject(error); }); }) }, loadCSS: function (url, timeout) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/lib/_$']) .then(function($) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var stylesheet = loadCSS(url); $.onloadCSS(stylesheet, function() { resolve(); }); if (timeout) { setTimeout(function () { reject(); }, timeout); } }); }); }, isModal: function () { return modal; }, getLanguage: function () { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve(language); }); }, trackRegion: function (region, labels) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { var trackLabels = { region: region }; for (var label in labels) { trackLabels[label] = labels[label]; } var linkType = labels.linkType || 'internal'; istats.track(linkType, trackLabels); }); }, getName: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.name); }, getDestination: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.destination); }, getProducer: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.producer); }, getSite: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.site); }, getSection: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.section); }, getContentType: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentType); }, getContentId: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentId); }, getEdition: function() { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { if (page.edition) { resolve(page.edition); return; } try { resolve(getMetaValue('x-audience').toLowerCase()); } catch (err){ // This property is related to Chartbeat; see http://support.chartbeat.com/docs/ if (window._sf_async_config) { resolve(window._sf_async_config.region || null); } } resolve(null); }); }, getReferrer: function() { return Promise.resolve(window.orb && window.orb.referrer !== null && window.orb.referrer !== undefined ? window.orb.referrer : document.referrer); }, getAdditionalProperties: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.additionalProperties); } }; var USERINFO_PREFIX = "www." || "www."; function initUserCache(orbitUser) { var availableAttr = [ 'X-Country', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined', 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined' ]; var userCache = availableAttr.reduce(function(user, curr, i) { if (!orbitUser[curr]) { return user; } var res = Object.assign({}, user); res[curr] = orbitUser[curr]; return res; }, {}); if (Object.keys(userCache).length !== availableAttr.length) { userCache._partial = true; } return userCache; } var user = initUserCache({ }); function checkStatus(response) { if (response.status >= 200 && response.status < 300) { return response; } else { var error = new Error(response.statusText); error.response = response; throw error; } } function parseJSON(response) { return response.json(); } var supportsCors = function() { return typeof XMLHttpRequest !== 'undefined' && 'withCredentials' in new XMLHttpRequest(); }; var getUserInfoFallback = function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/fig']) .then(function(orbFig) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { orbFig.load(function(fig) { var getCountryFallback = function() { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { return 'GB'; } else if (fig.geo.isEU()) { return 'EU'; } }; resolve({ 'X-Country': user.country || getCountryFallback(), 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined': fig().uk ? 'yes' : 'no', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined': fig().ad ? 'yes' : 'no' }); }, function () { reject('Error determining country. Timeout?'); }); }); }); }; var _userInfoRequest; var getUserInfo = function() { var host = window.location.host.toString().match(/bbc\.com$/) ? 'bbc.com' : 'bbc.co.uk'; var userInfoUrl = "https://" + USERINFO_PREFIX + host + '/userinfo'; if (!user._partial) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_userInfoRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { _userInfoRequest = getUserInfoFallback(); } else { _userInfoRequest = window.fetch(userInfoUrl, { credentials: 'same-origin' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(userInfo) { user = userInfo; return user; }); } } return _userInfoRequest; }; var USER_PROFILE_URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile";; var _helloRequest; var getSegmentations = function() { if (user.ageBand) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_helloRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { return Promise.resolve(user); } else { _helloRequest = window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']).then(function(idcta) { return idcta.initiateTokenRefresh().then(function() { return window.fetch(USER_PROFILE_URL, { credentials: 'include' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(profileInfo) { Object.assign(user, profileInfo); return user; }); }); }); } } return _helloRequest; }; window.bbcuser = { getHashedId: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return idcta.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie(); }); }, getAgeBand: function() { if (user['X-Age-Band']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Age-Band']); } return bbcuser.isSignedIn().then(function(isSignedIn) { if (isSignedIn) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { user['X-Age-Band'] = idcta.getUserDetailsFromCookie().ab; if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u13') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '0-12'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u16') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '13-15'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u18') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '16-17'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else { user['X-Age-Band'] = undefined; return getSegmentations().then(function(userInfo) { user['X-Age-Band'] = userInfo['X-Age-Band']; return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }).catch(function(error) { return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }); } }); } else { return undefined; } }); }, getCountry: function() { if (user['X-Country']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Country']); } return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { return userInfo['X-Country'] || 'GB'; }); }, isUKCombined: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined']) { throw new Error('missing isUKCombined from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined'].toLowerCase() === 'yes'; }) }, canSeeAdverts: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined']) { throw new Error('missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined'].toLowerCase() === "yes"; }); }, isSignedIn: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return (idcta && idcta.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()); }); }, allowsPerformanceCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('performance'); }); }, allowsFunctionalCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('personalisation'); }); }, getCookieValue: function(cookieName) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return bbccookies.get(cookieName); }); }, resetCookiesPreferences: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { bbccookies.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain(); }); }, hasCookiesEnabled: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled(); }); }, hasSeenCookieBanner: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function (bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.isCookiePolicySet(); }); }, logEvent: function (verb, noun, extraLabels) { return window.bbcuser.hasCookiesEnabled() .then(function(allowsCookies) { if (allowsCookies) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { istats.log(verb, noun, extraLabels); }); } else { throw new Error('User cannot be tracked due to cookies preferences.'); } }); }, }; }());</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/js/require.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-459.c5461d9/cookie-banner/cookie-library.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.define !== undefined) { define('orb/cookies', function() { return window.bbccookies; }); }</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/js/api.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">window.bbcFlagpoles_istats="OFF",require.config({paths:{"istats-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-459.c5461d9/istats/istats-1"}}),require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(t,a){if(a.isAllowed("s1")){var e=(o=document.location.href.match(/^(?:https|http):\/\/\w*\.(?:(int|test|stage|live|)\.)?bbc\.(?:co\.uk|com)/))?void 0===o[1]||""===o[1]||"live"===o[1]?"//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/"+o[1]+"/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/test/s";t.addCollector({name:"default",url:e,separator:"&"});var s="unknown";t.setCountername(s),window.istats_countername&&t.setCountername(window.istats_countername),t.addLabels("ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=0.0.2-459.c5461d9&blq_e=orbit&blq_r=orbit&blq_s=orbit&blq_v=default&language=en")}var o});</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.43.0/style/id-cta.css"><script type="text/javascript">(function() {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof(map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + encodeURIComponent((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch(e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.43.0/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.43.0/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function(data) {return data;});define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function(data) {return data;});})();</script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var _sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); /*]]>*/</script><style type="text/css">.bbccom_display_none{display:none;}</style><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcomConfig, googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [], bbcdotcomScripts = [], tp = window.tp || []; var bbcdotcom = false; (function(){ if(typeof require !== 'undefined') { require({ paths:{ "bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.3.0/script" } }); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcom = { adverts: { keyValues: { set: function() {} } }, advert: { write: function () {}, show: function () {}, isActive: function () { return false; }, layout: function() { return { reset: function() {} } } }, config: { init: function() {}, isActive: function() {}, setSections: function() {}, isAdsEnabled: function() {}, setAdsEnabled: function() {}, isAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAssetPrefix: function() {}, setFlagpoles: function() {}, setVersion: function () {}, setJsPrefix: function() {}, setSwfPrefix: function() {}, setCssPrefix: function() {}, setConfig: function() {}, getAssetPrefix: function() {}, getJsPrefix: function () {}, getSwfPrefix: function () {}, getCssPrefix: function () {}, isOptimizelyEnabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabledEU: function() {}, setEU: function() {} }, survey: { init: function(){ return false; } }, data: {}, init: function() {}, objects: function(str) { return false; }, locale: { set: function() {}, get: function() {} }, setAdKeyValue: function() {}, utils: { addEvent: function() {}, addHtmlTagClass: function() {}, log: function () {} }, addLoadEvent: function() {} }; /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb !== 'undefined' && typeof orb.fig === 'function') { if (orb.fig('ad') && orb.fig('uk') == 0) { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: (orb.fig('ad') ? 1 : 0), stats: (orb.fig('uk') == 0 ? 1 : 0), statsProvider: orb.fig('ap') }; } } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/data">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb === 'undefined' || typeof orb.fig !== 'function') { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: bbcdotcom.data.a, stats: bbcdotcom.data.b, statsProvider: bbcdotcom.data.c }; } if (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/flag">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (typeof bbcdotcom.flag == 'undefined' || (typeof bbcdotcom.data.ads !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.flag.a != 1))) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 0; } if (/[?|&]ads/.test(window.location.href) || /(^|; )ads=on; /.test(document.cookie) || /; ads=on(; |$)/.test(document.cookie)) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 1; bbcdotcom.data.stats = 1; } if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcom.assetPrefix = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.3.0/"; if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.3.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.js">\x3C/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.3.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.js">\x3C/script>'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/">'); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.googletagservices.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/">'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<meta name="google-site-verification" content="auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI" />'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ var GDPR_COUNTRIES = ['AT', 'BE', 'BG', 'HR', 'CY', 'CZ', 'DK', 'EE', 'FI', 'FR', 'DE', 'GR', 'HU', 'IE', 'IT', 'LV', 'LT', 'LU', 'MT', 'NL', 'PL', 'PT', 'RO', 'SK', 'SI', 'ES', 'SE', 'IS', 'LI', 'NO', 'CH']; if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcomConfig = {"adFormat":"standard","adKeyword":"","adMode":"smart","adsEnabled":true,"appAnalyticsSections":"","asyncEnabled":true,"disableInitialLoad":false,"advertInfoPageUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200610235416\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/privacy\/cookies\/international\/","advertisementText":"Advertisement","analyticsEnabled":true,"thirdPartyDisabled":false,"sherlockEnabled":false,"permutiveEnabled":false,"appName":"","assetPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200610235416\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.3.0\/","customAdParams":[],"customStatsParams":[],"headline":"","id":"","inAssociationWithText":"in association with","keywords":"","language":"","orbTransitional":false,"optimizelyEnabled":true,"palEnv":"live","productName":"","sections":[],"comScoreEnabled":true,"comscoreSite":"bbc","comscoreID":"19293874","comscorePageName":"","slots":"","sponsoredByText":"is sponsored by","adsByGoogleText":"Ads by Google","summary":"","type":"","features":{"testfeature":{"name":"testfeature","envs":["sandbox","int","test"],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null},"lxadverts":{"name":"lxadverts","envs":[],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null}},"staticBase":"\/bbcdotcom","staticHost":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200610235416\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk","staticVersion":"4.3.0","staticPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200610235416\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.3.0","dataHttp":"tps.bbc.com","dataHttps":"www.bbc.com","flagHttp":"www.bbc.co.uk","flagHttps":"www.bbc.co.uk","analyticsHttp":"sa.bbc.com","analyticsHttps":"ssa.bbc.com"}; bbcdotcom.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig, bbcdotcom.data, window.location, window.document); bbcdotcom.config.setFlagpoles(bbcdotcom.flag || {}); bbcdotcom.config.setAssetPrefix("https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.3.0/"); bbcdotcom.config.setVersion("4.3.0"); if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.getCountry && typeof(window.bbcuser.getCountry) === 'function') { window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(countryCode) { var isEU = countryCode ? GDPR_COUNTRIES.indexOf(countryCode.toUpperCase()) !== -1 : false; bbcdotcom.config.setEU(isEU); }); } else if (window.orb && window.orb.fig && typeof(window.orb.fig) === 'function') { bbcdotcom.config.setEU(window.orb.fig('eu')); } document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); if (/[?|&]ex-dp/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ex-dp=') !== -1) { bbcdotcom.utils.addHtmlTagClass('bbcdotcom-ex-dp'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">var initOptimizely = (function(isEnabled){ if(!isEnabled) return; var logger = window.bbcdotcom.Logger('bbcdotcom:head:optimizely'); /* Allow Optimizely in these paths */ var allowPaths = ['/', '/wwhp']; /* Only run on optimizely on homepage */ if (bbcdotcom.utils && allowPaths.indexOf(window.location.pathname) !== -1){ /* set correct OptimizelyURL for prod or sandbox */ var optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_sandbox.js"; if(window.location.hostname === 'www.bbc.com') { optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_prod.js"; } /* Set cookie to 1 year */ window['optimizely'] = window['optimizely'] || []; window['optimizely'].push({ "type": "cookieExpiration", "cookieExpirationDays": 365 }); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'+optimizelyURL+'">\x3C/script>'); } })( bbcdotcom.config.isOptimizelyEnabled() );</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService() ) { var gs_channels="DEFAULT"; (function () { var gsurl = window.location.href.split("?")[0]; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url='+encodeURIComponent(gsurl)}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive()&& bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled()){ (function () { var clientId, lotameUrl, lotameAudienceUrl; clientId = (bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()) ? '10826' : '10816'; lotameUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/'+clientId+'/cc.js?ns='+clientId; lotameAudienceUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=10815/pe=y/var=ccauds'; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameUrl,id:"LOTCC"+clientId}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameAudienceUrl}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()){ (function () { !function(n,e,o,r,i){if(!e){e=e||{},window.permutive=e,e.q=[],e.config=i||{},e.config.projectId=o,e.config.apiKey=r,e.config.environment=e.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var f=t[c];e[f]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);e.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(f)}}}(document,window.permutive,"e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491","1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",{"consentRequired":true}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /** * ASYNC waits to make any gpt requests until the bottom of the page */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync() && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled() ) { (function () { bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /* Load Lotame, Grapeshot and GPT without blocking rendering but executing in order */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcomScripts.length > 0 ) { (function () { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(function(){ if (!bbcdotcom.config.isThirdPartyDisabledEU()){ bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(item) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = false; if(item.id) script.id = item.id; script.src = item.src; document.head.appendChild(script); }); } }); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.head = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">// Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","feature":"","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/e954e72bfc5790a6682e4a3808090650/","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/e954e72bfc5790a6682e4a3808090650/drawer","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-reactroot=\"\"><div><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"https://search.bbc.co.uk/search\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\">Search Term</span><input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxLength=\"512\" autoComplete=\"off\" autoCorrect=\"off\" autoCapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"/></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"search-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::1"}\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"clear-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::2"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"","searchScopeParam":"","searchScopeTemplate":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.suppress = false; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0];</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/e954e72bfc5790a6682e4a3808090650/css/main.css"><script type="text/javascript">require.config({ "paths": { "orb/async/_footerpromo": 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/1a758b67be1b457163af81ff41c92946/js/async/_footerpromo' } });</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.18.2",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,n){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=n}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var n=function(r,d){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(r&&r.detail){var n=r.detail.label,t=r.detail.type,i=r.detail.elem,o=r.detail.originalEvent;r.detail.isClick&&(d=r.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,r.detail,i,o,d)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){n(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){n(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-1.4.0.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <style>.basic-button{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 0 #fff,0 2px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,.08);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 0 #fff,0 2px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,.08);color:#193e6d;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;height:54px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;min-width:222px;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:.6s;transition:.6s}.basic-button--worklife{color:#0052a1}.basic-button--future{color:#002856}.basic-button--culture{color:#472479}.basic-button--earth{color:#0fbb56}.basic-button--travel{color:#589e50}.basic-button__text{color:#444;font-family:BBC Reith Sans Cd;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;-webkit-transition:.6s;transition:.6s}.basic-button__text--white{color:#fff}.basic-button__text--curious{font-family:CuriousSansBold}.basic-button__text--worklife{color:#0052a1}.basic-button__text--future{color:#002856}.basic-button__text--culture{color:#472479}.basic-button__text--earth{color:#0fbb56}.basic-button__text--travel{color:#589e50}.basic-button:before{padding-right:16px}.basic-button:hover{background-color:#dedede}.basic-button--background-light-blue:hover{background-color:#dfe8ff}.basic-button--background-worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.basic-button--background-future{background-color:#002856}.basic-button--background-culture{background-color:#472479}.basic-button--background-earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.basic-button--background-travel{background-color:#589e50}.basic-button--background-worklife:hover{background-color:#4494e4}.basic-button--background-future:hover{background-color:#ffc857}.basic-button--background-culture:hover{background-color:#472479}.basic-button--background-earth:hover,.basic-button--background-travel:hover{background-color:#002856}.basic-button__text--bold{font-weight:700}.load-more-button{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh{margin-right:16px;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}.load-more-button__downarrow{color:#adadad;font-size:22px;-webkit-transition:.6s;transition:.6s}.load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh{-webkit-animation:spin 2s linear infinite;animation:spin 2s linear infinite}.load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type{padding-right:16px}.load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type){padding-left:16px}@-webkit-keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(-270deg);transform:rotate(-270deg)}}@keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(-270deg);transform:rotate(-270deg)}}.see-more-button{border-bottom:1px solid #979797;text-align:center}.see-more-button-inner{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#6c6c6c;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:13px;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase}.see-more-button-inner--light{color:#b4b4b4}.see-more-button-inner__arrow{color:#6c6c6c;font-size:10px;position:absolute;right:9px;top:2px}.see-more-button-inner__arrow--light{color:#b4b4b4}.see-more-button-inner__text{margin-right:24px}.read-more-button{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;font-weight:700;position:relative;width:224px}.AdFrame{display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex}.AdFrame--default{background-color:#f6f6f6}.AdFrame--dark-grey{background-color:rgba(26,26,26,.8)}.AdFrame--centre-aligned{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.text-with-styled-background{height:inherit;position:relative;width:100%}.text-with-styled-background--collection{display:inline-block;width:unset}.text-with-styled-background--center-align{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.text-with-styled-background__text{font-family:CuriousSansBold;color:#444;display:block;font-size:20px;line-height:24px;padding:0 0 0 10px;position:relative}.text-with-styled-background__text--large{font-size:26px;line-height:30px;padding:0 0 0 24px}.text-with-styled-background__text--medium{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding{padding:0;width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__text--largest{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.text-with-styled-background__text--worklife{color:#0052a1}.text-with-styled-background__text--future{color:#002856}.text-with-styled-background__text--culture{color:#472479}.text-with-styled-background__text--earth{color:#0fbb56}.text-with-styled-background__text--travel{color:#589e50}.text-with-styled-background__text--blue{color:#0052a1}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection{font-size:28px;line-height:34px;padding:0}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium{font-size:32px;line-height:38px}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.text-with-styled-background__line-container{bottom:0;margin-left:13px;position:absolute;width:calc(100% - 26px)}.text-with-styled-background__line{background-color:rgba(25,62,109,.05);height:26px;max-width:240px;position:relative}.text-with-styled-background__line--large{bottom:-10px;height:42px;max-width:340px}.text-with-styled-background__line--narrow{height:26px;max-width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__line--medium{bottom:-10px;height:36px;max-width:340px}.text-with-styled-background__line--largest{max-width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection{width:calc(100% + 26px)}.text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin{margin:0}.text-with-styled-background__line--collection{height:26px}.styled-line{background-color:#8beed9;height:3px;width:72px}.styled-line--small{width:45px}.styled-line--medium{width:135px}.styled-line--large{height:1px;width:auto}.styled-line--height--large{height:5px}.styled-line--height--small{height:1px}.styled-line--xs-small{width:25px}.styled-line--worklife{background-color:#8beed9}.styled-line--future{background-color:#ffc857}.styled-line--culture{background-color:#472479}.styled-line--earth,.styled-line--travel{background-color:#002856}.styled-line--white{background-color:#fff}.styled-line--dark-grey{background-color:#6a6a6a}.styled-line--grey{background-color:#dedede}.simple-header{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#444;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;margin:0}.simple-header--large{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.simple-header--simple{font-size:18px;line-height:22px}.simple-header--small{font-size:20px;line-height:27px}.simple-header--smallest{font-family:Helvetica;font-size:14px;line-height:24px}.simple-header--medium{font-size:24px;line-height:28px}.simple-header--regular{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.simple-header--serif{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700}.simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:700;line-height:37px}.simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:700;line-height:28px}.simple-header--white{color:#fff}.article-intro{position:relative}.article-intro__line{margin-top:24px}.author-unit{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.1px;line-height:35px}.author-unit--small-mobile{line-height:30px}.author-unit .author-unit__container{margin:0 auto}.author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop{margin:0}.author-unit__container{-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:10px 0}.author-unit__text{font-weight:400;color:#6a6a6a;font-weight:600;padding-right:10px;text-decoration:none}.author-unit__date,.author-unit__text{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-style:italic}.author-unit__date{font-weight:300}.author-unit__icon{color:#6a6a6a;padding-right:14px;text-decoration:none}.author-unit__icon:hover{color:#00bbf2}.partner-module{border-bottom:1px solid #472479;border-top:0}.partner-module__link,.partner-module__link:visited{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#444;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 12px;text-decoration:none}.partner-module__link:hover{background-color:#f5f5f5}.partner-module__heading{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;margin:16px 0}.partner-module__partner-name{font-weight:700}.partner-module__partner-logo{display:block;height:31px;margin:12px 0;margin-left:17px;width:88px}.uppercase-label{font-weight:700;color:#8f8d8d;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:16px;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:color .4s;transition:color .4s}.uppercase-label,.uppercase-label--small{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;margin:0}.uppercase-label--small{font-weight:400;font-size:11px;line-height:14px}.uppercase-label--medium{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.uppercase-label--reith-condensed{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:400}.uppercase-label--white{color:#ebebeb}.uppercase-label--light-grey{color:#999}.uppercase-label--dark-grey{color:#444}.uppercase-label--large{font-size:16px;line-height:18px}.uppercase-label--true-white{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px 1px #193e6d}.uppercase-label--arial{font-family:Arial}.label-with-line{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.label-with-line__label{margin:0 16px 0 0}.play-button__inline-video{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#000;border:0;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:16px;height:49px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;outline:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:49px}.play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play{color:#ececec}.play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play{color:#8beed9}.play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play{color:#002856}.play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play{color:#ffc857}.play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play{color:#472479}.play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play{color:#002856}.play-button{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);border:2px solid #5ae9cb;border-radius:50%;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:22px;height:80px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;outline:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:80px}.play-button:hover{color:#5ae9cb}.play-button--white{border:4px solid #fff}.play-button--white:hover{color:#fff}.play-button--white .gelicon--play{color:inherit}.play-button--worklife{border:2px solid #8beed9}.play-button--worklife:hover{color:#8beed9}.play-button--travel{border:2px solid #002856}.play-button--travel:hover{color:#002856}.play-button--future{border:2px solid #ffc857}.play-button--future:hover{color:#ffc857}.play-button--culture{border:2px solid #472479}.play-button--culture:hover{color:#472479}.play-button--earth{border:2px solid #002856}.play-button--earth:hover{color:#002856}.play-button--desktop{font-size:30px;height:76px;width:76px}.play-button--background-hover:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}.inline-video{height:100%}.inline-video__container{position:relative}.inline-video .play-button__inline-video{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;z-index:1000}.inline-video__smp{background-color:#000;padding-bottom:56.25%}.inline-video__smp--loaded{background-color:unset;padding-bottom:unset}.inline-video__description{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;border-bottom:1px solid hsla(0,0%,42%,.43);color:#737373;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding:22px 10}.inline-video__description--desktop{padding:28px 16px}.body-text-card-inline-video{margin:24px 0;position:relative}.text-summary__text{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;margin:0;text-align:left}.text-summary__text--blue{color:#193e6d}.text-summary__text--black{color:#000}.text-summary__text--grey{color:#6a6a6a}.text-summary__text--dark-grey{color:#444}.text-summary__text--left{text-align:left}.text-summary__text--right{text-align:right}.text-summary__text--sans{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400}.inline-image__description{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;border-bottom:1px solid hsla(0,0%,42%,.43);padding:20px 10px 12px}.inline-image__description--desktop{padding:20px 18px 18px}.inline-image img{border-radius:0}.simple-p-tag{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#444;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;margin:0}.simple-p-tag--large{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.simple-p-tag--serif{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700}.simple-header--serif-light-italic{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-style:italic;line-height:inherit}.inline-quote{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-style:italic;border-left:3px solid #575757;color:#575757;letter-spacing:-1.69px;line-height:32px;margin:0;padding-left:22px}.inline-quote--worklife{border-left:3px solid #8beed9}.inline-quote--future{border-left:3px solid #ffc857}.inline-quote--culture{border-left:3px solid #472479}.inline-quote--earth{border-left:3px solid #002856}.article-video{height:100%;position:relative}.article-video img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.article-video__overlay{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__play-button{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;left:50%;padding:0;position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);z-index:1500}.article-video__label{margin-bottom:16px}.article-video__duration{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#dcdcdc;font-size:12px;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(25,62,109,.5)}.article-video__image{bottom:0;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__image--hide{opacity:0}.article-video__playercore{display:block}.article-video__playercore--mobile,.article-video__playercore--mobile div,.article-video__playercore--mobile div div{height:100%!important;padding-bottom:unset!important}.article-video__playercore--mobile{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__playercore--show{display:block}.article-video--bordered{border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden}.hero-video{height:180px;z-index:1}.hero-video,.hero-video__video{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;position:relative}.hero-video__video{height:80%;width:80%;z-index:2}.hero-video__video--desktop{left:0;top:65px;width:71.5%!important}.hero-video__video--mobile{height:64%;width:100%}.hero-video__video--small-desktop{height:70%;left:0;top:78px;width:67%}.hero-video--desktop,.hero-video--small-desktop{display:block;height:720px}.hero-video img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%;-webkit-filter:brightness(40%);filter:brightness(40%)}@media (-ms-high-contrast:active),(-ms-high-contrast:none){.hero-video img{opacity:.5}}.hero-video--mobile{height:280px}.hero-video--medium-mobile{height:430px}.hero-video--tablet{height:574px}.hero-video__play-button{position:absolute;z-index:100}.hero-video__video div div{position:inherit!important;position:unset!important}.content-embed{width:100%}.infographic-embed__frame{width:100%}.ticked-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#13de99;border-radius:50%;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:50px;z-index:55}.ticked-icon--small{font-size:12px;height:38px;width:38px}.screen-reader-only{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.email-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:16px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.email-icon:hover{background-color:#000}.email-icon--red:hover{background-color:red}.facebook-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:22px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.facebook-icon:hover{background-color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--blue{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #3b5998;color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--blue:hover{background-color:#3b5998;color:#fff}.facebook-icon--white{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff}.facebook-icon--white:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--small{font-size:20px;height:38px;width:38px}.google-plus-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:26px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.google-plus-icon:hover{background-color:#d34836}.google-plus-icon--red:hover{background-color:red}.linkedin-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:18px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.linkedin-icon:hover{background-color:#0077b5}.linkedin-icon--red:hover{background-color:red}.reddit-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:26px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.reddit-icon:hover{background-color:#ff4500}.reddit-icon__hide{display:none}.reddit-icon--red:hover{background-color:red}.twitter-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.twitter-icon:hover{background-color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--light-blue{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #1da1f2;color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--light-blue:hover{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff}.twitter-icon--white{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff}.twitter-icon--white:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--small{font-size:18px;height:38px;width:38px}.whatsapp-icon{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;height:50px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition-duration:.6s;transition-duration:.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.whatsapp-icon:hover{background-color:#25d366}.whatsapp-icon--red:hover{background-color:red}.article-share-tools,.article-share-tools a{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.article-share-tools a{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #979797;border-radius:0;color:#979797;height:54px;margin-right:2px;width:54px}.article-share-tools--dark a{color:#444;height:54px;width:54px}.article-share-tools a:hover{background-color:#fff}.article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover{color:#3b5898}.article-share-tools .email-icon:hover{color:#615f5d}.article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover{color:#47c7fa}.article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover{color:#0077b5}.article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover{color:#25d366}.article-share-tools .facebook-messenger{color:#0184ff}.article-share-tools .ticked-icon{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #979797;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;margin-right:2px;padding:3px}.article-share-tools--popout>*,.article-share-tools--popout a{color:#020203;margin-bottom:3px;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.share-button{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #979797;color:#444;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:12px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;letter-spacing:3px;padding:18px 16px;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:.6s;transition:.6s;width:110px;z-index:55}.share-button .gelicon--share{margin-right:10px;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in;transition:.3s ease-in}.share-button .gelicon--share-sharing,.share-button:hover .gelicon--share{-webkit-transform:rotate(-180deg);transform:rotate(-180deg)}.share-tools-popout{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #979797;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:30px 0 20px;position:relative;width:300px}.share-tools-popout__text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#444;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0 18px 18px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.share-tools-popout__url-container{padding:0 18px;width:100%}.share-tools-popout__articleurl{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;border:1px solid #979797;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;color:#a39f9f;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:-.5px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding:12px 10px;text-align:center;width:262px}.share-tools-popout__close{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:8px;top:20px}.share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon{color:#888;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}.share-tools-popout__close-icon{color:#000;font-size:16px;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.share-tools-popout__border-arrow{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #979797;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;height:12px;left:40px;position:absolute;top:-7px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:12px}.share-tools-popout__tools{margin-bottom:13px}.share-tools-popout__details{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;-ms-flex-item-align:normal;-ms-grid-row-align:normal;align-self:normal;color:#444;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;margin:0;max-width:180px;padding-left:14px}.share-tools-popout__copied,.share-tools-popout__copy{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;background-color:#000;border:unset;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:12px 6px;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s;width:110px}.share-tools-popout__copy:hover{background-color:#555}.share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes{color:#ff9700;margin-left:8px}.share-button-with-popout{position:relative;z-index:9999}.share-button-with-popout__popout{max-width:330px;padding-right:8px;position:absolute;top:53px;width:100%}.share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop{width:auto}.article-end__line--long{margin-bottom:24px}.article-end__share-tools{margin-bottom:0}.article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long{margin-bottom:44px}.article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:50px}.article-end--desktop .article-end__share{margin-top:0}.article-end__share{margin-top:5px}.section-header-text__text{background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 hsla(0,0%,60%,.5),0 2px 5px 0 hsla(0,0%,60%,.5);box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 hsla(0,0%,60%,.5),0 2px 5px 0 hsla(0,0%,60%,.5);margin:0 8px;opacity:.95;padding:16px;position:relative;z-index:3}.section-header-text__text--no-margin{margin:0}.section-header-text__ad{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;margin:0 8px 8px;position:relative;top:unset}.section-header-text__ad--desktop{margin:0 0 8px}.section-header-text__title{display:inline-block}.section-header-text__title--large-margin{margin:0 40px 16px 0}.section-header-text__title--premium{border:1.78px solid;padding:8px}.section-header-text__title-content{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#444;font-size:22px;margin:unset}.section-header-text__title-content--tablet{font-size:24px}.section-header-text__title-content--desktop{font-size:28px}.section-header-text__description{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin:0}.section-header-text__description--large{font-size:16px;line-height:24px}.section-header-unit{max-width:1280px;position:relative}.section-header-unit--tablet{height:320px}.section-header-unit--desktop{border-radius:4px;height:320px;overflow:hidden}.section-header-unit__image{height:320px;max-height:320px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.section-header-unit__image img{left:50%;position:relative;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.section-header-unit__image--right img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:0;width:unset}.section-header-unit__image--left img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:unset;width:unset}.section-header-unit__content{position:relative;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%)}.section-header-unit__content--desktop{bottom:0;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;max-width:420px;position:absolute;right:32px;top:0;-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.section-header-unit__content--advert{-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-50% - 28px));transform:translateY(calc(-50% - 28px))}.domestic-disclaimer{background-color:#333;position:relative}.domestic-disclaimer__content{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:990px}.domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small{max-width:976px}.domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop{max-width:1248px}.domestic-disclaimer__text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#d8d8d8;font-size:13px;line-height:14px;margin:auto;padding:8px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet{font-size:14px;line-height:19px;padding:16px 54px 16px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop{font-size:14px;line-height:19px;margin-left:0;max-width:890px;padding:14px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__close-button{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:0 16px 0 0;position:relative}.domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop{padding:0 16px 0 0}.domestic-disclaimer__close-icon{color:#d8d8d8;font-size:16px}.domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop{font-size:22px}.drop-capped{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border:2px solid #444;color:#444;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;float:left;font-size:58px;height:84px;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin:8px 10px 4px 0;text-transform:uppercase;width:84px}.drop-capped--worklife{border-color:#8beed9}.drop-capped--future{border-color:#ffc857}.drop-capped--culture{border-color:#444}.drop-capped--earth,.drop-capped--travel{border-color:#002856}.drop-capped--desktop{margin-right:24px}.label-list{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;position:relative}.label-list__line{width:100%}.label-list__content{margin:30px 0 0 16px;width:100%}.label-list__content--tablet{margin:34px 0 0 38px}.label-list__content--desktop{margin:42px 0 0 32px}.label-list__list-item{margin:0;padding:0}.label-list__link{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#444;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;text-decoration:none}.label-list__link:hover{color:#adadad}.label-list__link--large{font-size:22px;line-height:29px}.label-list__link:not(:first-of-type){margin-top:8px}.label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type){margin-top:12px}.label-list__list-items{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-top:36px}.label-list__list-items--tablet{margin-top:52px}.label-list__list-items--desktop{margin-top:46px}.offline-reading{font-family:CuriousSansBold;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.offline-reading__header{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 16px;max-width:220px;text-align:center}.offline-reading__header--desktop{font-size:18px;max-width:460px}.offline-reading__buttons{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.offline-reading__buttons--desktop{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.offline-reading__top-stories{margin-bottom:24px}.offline-reading__top-stories--desktop{margin:0 16px 0 0}.offline-reading__icon{display:block;height:auto;margin-bottom:24px;width:120px}.rectangle-image{background-size:cover;height:74px;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:132px}.rectangle-image img{height:100%;left:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:auto}.rectangle-image--small{height:32px;width:56px}.rectangle-image--large,.rectangle-image--small{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.rectangle-image--large{height:162px;width:288px}.rectangle-image--medium{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;height:126px;width:222px}.rectangle-image--full-screen{padding-top:56.25%;width:100%}.rectangle-image img{-webkit-transition:all .4s ease;transition:all .4s ease}.rectangle-image__overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;-webkit-transition:.4s ease;transition:.4s ease;width:100%}.rectangle-image__overlay--culture{background-color:rgba(72,41,120,.6)}.rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay{opacity:1}.rectangle-image:hover img{height:108%}.rectangle-story-item{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:100%;width:288px}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay{opacity:1}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#000}.rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#482978}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img{height:108%}.rectangle-story-item__image-container{position:relative;width:100%}.rectangle-story-item--tablet{width:222px}.rectangle-story-item__container{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:3px;width:100%}.rectangle-story-item__label{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin-right:auto;margin-top:20px;padding-bottom:3px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover{background-image:none}.rectangle-story-item__label--future>span:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label--worklife>span:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label__travel>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a}.rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover{background-image:none}.rectangle-story-item__label--culture>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #482978}.rectangle-story-item__line{display:block;margin:16px 0}.rectangle-story-item__author{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.1px;line-height:35px;text-decoration:none}.rectangle-story-item__title{color:rgba(46,46,46,.85);display:block;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-.21px;line-height:30px;text-decoration:none}.rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#000;bottom:0;color:#fff;font-size:14px;height:44px;line-height:44px;position:absolute;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:.4s ease;transition:.4s ease;width:44px}.rectangle-story-item__author--white,.rectangle-story-item__label--white,.rectangle-story-item__title--white{color:#fff}.rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover{border-bottom:0}.rectangle-story-item__label--white>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #fff}.rectangle-article-group{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex:1 1;flex:1 1;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;position:relative}.rectangle-article-group--desktop,.rectangle-article-group--tablet{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.rectangle-article-group__article{display:inline-block;padding-top:12px}.rectangle-article-group__article--tablet{padding:0 16px 0 0}.rectangle-article-group__article--desktop{padding:0 24px 0 0}.fake-ad{-ms-flex-line-pack:center;align-content:center;background:#f6f6f6;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-pack:center;padding:8px}.fake-ad,.fake-ad__body{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-content:center}.fake-ad__body{background:#5ae9cb;color:#fff;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;-ms-flex-pack:center}.fake-ad__text{-ms-flex-item-align:center;-ms-grid-row-align:center;align-self:center;color:#444;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;text-align:right;text-transform:uppercase}.fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body{height:320px;width:320px}.fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text{width:320px}.fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body{height:50px;width:300px}.fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text{width:300px}.fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body{height:90px;width:728px}.fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text{width:728px}.inline-html{display:block}.body-text-card-inline-image{margin:24px 0;position:relative}.body-text-card{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#444;display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5}.body-text-card__image,.body-text-card__video{margin:24px 0}.body-text-card__text{display:block}.body-text-card__advert{margin:20px 0}.body-text-card__text div a{cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.body-text-card__text a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.body-text-card__text>div>p{margin:0 20px 16px}.body-text-card__text>div>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.body-text-card__drop-capped{float:left;margin:0 8px 0 20px;padding-top:6px}.body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type:first-letter{color:transparent;font-size:0}.body-text-card__text--flush-text>div>p{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.body-text-card__text--future div a:visited{color:#666}.body-text-card__text--future div a{color:#002856;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#002856;text-decoration-color:#002856}.body-text-card__text--travel div a{color:#589e50;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#589e50;text-decoration-color:#589e50}.body-text-card__text--worklife div a{color:#0052a1;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#0052a1;text-decoration-color:#0052a1}.body-text-card__text--earth div a{color:#0fbb56;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#0fbb56;text-decoration-color:#0fbb56}.body-text-card__text--culture div a{color:#472479;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#472479;text-decoration-color:#472479}.swimlane-inner{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 100%;display:block;padding:24px 16px}.swimlane-inner--small{padding:24px 8px}.swimlane-inner--tablet{padding:28px 16px 42px}.swimlane-inner--small-desktop{padding:30px 16px 42px}.swimlane-inner--desktop{padding:38px 16px 42px}.swimlane{overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:0}.swimlane__black{background-color:#0e0e0e}.swimlane__background-image{height:500px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:915px;z-index:-1}.swimlane__background-image--mobile{height:181px;width:320px}.swimlane__background-image--tablet{height:421px;width:752px}.swimlane__background-image--desktop{height:500px;width:915px}.swimlane__background-image--atb{background-color:rgba(51,51,51,.8);background-size:cover;height:100%;width:100%}.swimlane__item{margin:0 0 25px;width:100%}.swimlane__item--desktop{margin:0}.swimlane__item--tablet{margin:0 16px 25px 0;width:calc((100% - 48px) / 3)}.swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n+3){margin-right:0}.swimlane__item--two-columns{margin-right:0!important;max-width:572px;width:50%}.swimlane__item--four-columns{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:25px;margin-right:16px;width:calc((100% - 48px) / 4)}.swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n+4){margin-right:0}.swimlane__items{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-top:24px;text-align:left}.swimlane__items--desktop{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:42px}.swimlane__items--small-desktop,.swimlane__items--tablet{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:30px}.swimlane__items--tablet{-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.swimlane__items--no-title{margin-top:0}.swimlane__content{margin:auto;max-width:942px;text-align:center}.swimlane__content--desktop{max-width:1216px}.swimlane__title{font-weight:700;color:#fff;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;text-transform:uppercase}.swimlane__title,.swimlane__title--black{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal}.swimlane__title--black{font-weight:400;color:#010101}@-webkit-keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}.spinner{fill:#444}.spinner__image{-webkit-animation:spin 1s linear infinite;animation:spin 1s linear infinite}.spinner--worklife{fill:#8beed9}.spinner--future{fill:#ffc857}.spinner--culture{fill:#472479}.spinner--earth,.spinner--travel{fill:#002856}.loading-spinner{margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.loading-spinner__message{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;color:#002756;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:700;margin:12px 0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.loading-spinner__image{display:block;margin:0 auto;width:48px}.branding{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box!important;box-sizing:content-box!important;padding:12px 16px}.branding,.branding__icon{display:inline-block;height:24px;width:100%}.branding__icon g{fill:#fff}.branding--medium{padding:16px}.branding--large{padding:16px 24px}.branding--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.branding--future{background-color:#002856}.branding--culture{background-color:#472479}.branding--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.branding--travel{background-color:#589e50}.branding--culture svg,.branding--earth svg,.branding--future svg,.branding--travel svg,.branding--worklife svg{height:24px}.branding--small,.branding--small svg{height:17px}.branding--medium,.branding--medium svg,.branding__icon--medium{height:22px}.branding--large,.branding--large svg,.branding__icon--large{height:24px}.branding--largest,.branding--largest svg,.branding__icon--largest{height:32px}.branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--future .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg,.branding__icon--small{height:17px}.branding--redesign{background-color:transparent!important;padding:0}.nav-label{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#4e4e4e;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.nav-label:hover{color:#8e8e8e}.nav-label--menu{color:#ebebeb}.nav-label--menu:hover{color:#cecece}.nav-label--white{color:#fff}.nav-label--curiousSans{font-family:CuriousSansBold}.nav-links__link{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding-right:24px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.nav-links__link--active p{border-bottom:2px solid #002856;font-weight:700}.nav-links__link--active--menu p{border-bottom:unset}.nav-links__link--active--worklife p{border-bottom:2px solid #0052a1}.nav-links__link--active--culture p{border-bottom:2px solid #472479}.nav-links__link--active--earth p{border-bottom:2px solid #0fbb56}.nav-links__link--active--travel p{border-bottom:2px solid #589e50}.nav-links__icon{background-color:#0052a1;bottom:10px;height:2px;position:absolute;width:80px}.nav-links__link--menu{display:block;padding-right:unset}.nav-links__icon--menu{display:none}.nav-links__icon--menu-tablet{width:60px}.nav-links__icon--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.nav-links__icon--future{background-color:#002856}.nav-links__icon--culture{background-color:#472479}.nav-links__icon--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.nav-links__icon--travel{background-color:#589e50}.nav-links__link--menu p{font-size:26px;padding:0 0 32px 24px}.nav-links__link--menu-desktop p{font-size:32px;line-height:42px;padding:0 0 44px 100px}.close-nav{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;position:relative}.close-nav,.close-nav__icon{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.close-nav__icon{color:#fff;font-size:20px}.close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon{color:#cecece;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}.close-nav__label{display:inline-block;margin-right:12px}.follow-us-on{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.follow-us-on__text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:400;color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase}.follow-us-on__links{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.follow-us-on__link:first-child{margin-right:16px}.ad-slot{display:inline-block}.ad-slot__container{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.ad-slot__label{max-width:120px;min-width:112px;padding-right:8px;text-align:right}.ad-slot--leaderboard{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.ad-slot__label--leaderboard,.ad-slot__label--mpu{margin-bottom:8px;max-width:unset;padding-right:unset;text-align:right}.ad-slot__container--leaderboard,.ad-slot__container--mpu{display:inline-block;-ms-flex-wrap:unset;flex-wrap:unset}.ad-slot__fake--sponsor{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:31px;min-width:88px}.ad-slot__fake--mpu{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:250px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__fake--mpu-large{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:600px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:90px;min-width:728px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:50px;min-width:320px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:50px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__label--dark{color:#dcdcdc}.ad-slot--dark{background-color:#f6f6f6;padding:8px}.ad-slot--black{background-color:rgba(26,26,26,.8);padding:8px}.sponsor-section{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%;max-width:530px}.sponsor-section--menu{padding:20px 0 16px 24px}.sponsor-section__container{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.sponsor-section__container--desktop{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.sponsor-section__sponsor{color:#fff;padding-right:16px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name{font-family:CuriousSansBold;color:#4e4e4e;font-size:26px;margin:0;white-space:nowrap}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile{padding-bottom:16px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop{font-size:22px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu{color:#fff}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop{font-size:32px}.sponsor-section__summary{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#ebebeb;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding-top:16px}.sponsor-section__advert{display:inline-block}.sponsor-section__sponsor-text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:400;font-size:12px;margin:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.nav-menu{display:block;height:100%;left:0;min-height:100vh;opacity:.98;overflow:auto;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw}.nav-menu,.nav-menu--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.nav-menu--future{background-color:#002856}.nav-menu--culture{background-color:#472479}.nav-menu--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.nav-menu--travel{background-color:#589e50}.nav-menu__close-nav{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 8px 60px}.nav-menu__close-nav--desktop{padding:20px 16px 70px}.nav-menu__sponsored{background-color:rgba(34,34,34,.5);height:100%;margin-bottom:32px}.nav-menu__sponsored--desktop{margin-bottom:44px}.nav-menu__sponsored-container{padding:20px 16px 16px 24px}.nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container{margin:auto;max-width:1264px;padding:20px 16px 20px 100px}.nav-menu__follow-us{padding:52px 0 34px}.burger-nav{background:transparent;border:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:20px;outline:none;padding:0}.burger-nav,.burger-nav--worklife{color:#0052a1}.burger-nav--future{color:#002856}.burger-nav--culture{color:#472479}.burger-nav--earth{color:#0fbb56}.burger-nav--travel{color:#589e50}.burger-nav--medium{font-size:16px}.burger-nav--small{font-size:12px}.open-nav{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;padding:0;position:relative;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.open-nav,.open-nav__icon{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.open-nav__label{display:inline-block;margin-right:12px}.nav-build-bar--redesign{height:35px!important;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;max-width:unset!important}.nav-build-bar--redesign .nav-build-bar__open-nav{background-color:#fff;height:35px;opacity:.9;padding:0 25px 0 15px}.nav-build-bar--redesign .nav-build-bar__open-nav .open-nav{padding:4px 0}.nav-build-bar--redesign .nav-build-bar__open-nav .nav-label{font-weight:700!important}.nav-build-bar--redesign .burger-nav{color:#000}.nav-build-bar{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:45px;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;width:100%}.nav-build-bar--mobile{height:auto}.nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content{white-space:pre-wrap;width:200px}.nav-build-bar--tablet{height:58px}.nav-build-bar--desktop{height:60px}.nav-build-bar__links{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;height:100%;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;margin-left:auto;overflow:hidden}.nav-build-bar__links--redesign{display:none}.nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:8px;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand{margin-left:0}.nav-build-bar__branding{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:0 8px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__branding--tablet{padding:0 30px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__branding--desktop{padding:0 80px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__title-content{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;border:1.78px solid;color:#444;font-size:22px;margin:unset;padding:8px}.nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet{font-size:24px}.nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop{font-size:28px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:48px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile{-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;width:100%}.nav-build-bar__open-nav-button{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-left:8px}.nav-build-bar__sponsored{background-color:#f6f6f6;border:1px solid #d3d3d3;height:48px;padding:0 16px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop{padding-right:16px}.nav-bar{background-color:#fff}.nav-bar__hidden-menu{display:none}.nav-bar__visible-menu{display:block}.nav-bar__no-scroll{max-height:100vh;overflow:hidden}.nav-bar--redesign{background-color:transparent;max-width:1211px;width:100%}.styled-dot{background-color:#5ae9cb;border-radius:50%;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25,62,109,.5);box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25,62,109,.5);cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:6px;width:6px}.styled-dot--no-cursor{cursor:unset}.styled-dot--medium{-webkit-box-shadow:unset;box-shadow:unset;height:10px;width:10px}.styled-dot--dark-blue{background-color:#193e6d}.styled-dot--purple{background-color:#362e67}.styled-dot--black,.styled-dot--purple{-webkit-box-shadow:unset;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--black{background-color:#000}.styled-dot--grey-green{background-color:#008e9b;-webkit-box-shadow:unset;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--dark-green{background-color:#589e50;-webkit-box-shadow:unset;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--worklife{background-color:#8beed9}.styled-dot--future{background-color:#ffc857}.styled-dot--culture{background-color:#472479}.styled-dot--earth,.styled-dot--travel{background-color:#002856}.styled-dot--worklife-prime{background-color:#0052a1}.styled-dot--future-prime{background-color:#002856}.styled-dot--culture-prime{background-color:#472479}.styled-dot--earth-prime{background-color:#0fbb56}.styled-dot--travel-prime{background-color:#589e50}.styled-dot--large{-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25,62,109,.5);box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25,62,109,.5);height:16px;width:16px}.styled-dot--small{-webkit-box-shadow:unset;box-shadow:unset;height:8px;width:8px}.styled-dot--grey{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.dot-with-label{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.dot-with-label__text{padding-left:8px}.dot-with-label__text a{text-decoration:none}.dot-with-label__text:hover h2{color:#adadad}.play-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.play-icon--red{color:red}.play-icon--grey{color:#999}.play-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.play-icon--large{font-size:20px}.camera-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.camera-icon--red{color:red}.camera-icon--grey{color:#999}.camera-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.camera-icon--large{font-size:20px}.info-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.info-icon--red{color:red}.info-icon--grey{color:#999}.info-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.info-icon--large{font-size:20px}.icon-with-label{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.icon-with-label__icon{padding-right:10px}.more-articles-item{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative;z-index:5}.more-articles-item__link{text-decoration:none}.more-articles-item__container{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%}.more-articles-item__label{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:8px}.more-articles-item__type{margin-right:16px;position:relative}.more-articles-item__icon{color:#fff;font-size:12px;margin-right:8px}.more-articles-item__text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#fff;font-size:20px;line-height:24px;padding:0;position:relative;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(25,62,109,.7);-webkit-transition:color .4s;transition:color .4s}.more-articles-item__text--medium{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.more-articles-item__text--large{color:#ebebeb;font-size:30px;line-height:37px}.more-articles-item__container--column{-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.more-articles-item__image-container{position:relative}.more-articles-item--two-columns{margin-right:16px}.more-articles-item__label--desktop,.more-articles-item__label--tablet{margin-top:16px}.more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text{color:#adadad}.more-articles{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;overflow:hidden;position:relative;-webkit-transition:background-image .4s;transition:background-image .4s}.more-articles__heading{margin:auto;max-width:1272px;padding:20px 0 0 16px;position:relative;z-index:5}.more-articles__stories{margin:10px 16px 42px;max-width:1232px;padding:8px;position:relative;z-index:4}.more-articles__stories--small{padding:0}.more-articles__stories--tablet{margin:24px 16px 72px;max-width:1216px}.more-articles__stories--desktop{margin:56px 48px 92px;max-width:1152px}.more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type){padding-top:16px}.more-articles__line{opacity:.3;padding-top:16px;z-index:5}.more-articles__image-overlay{background-color:rgba(25,62,109,.3);bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%;z-index:1}.more-articles__image{opacity:0;-webkit-transition:.6s;transition:.6s}.more-articles__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.more-articles__image--right img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:0;width:unset}.more-articles__image--left img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:unset;width:unset}.more-articles__image--visible{opacity:1}.more-articles__story--three-columns,.more-articles__story--two-columns{padding-right:16px;width:310px}.more-articles__story-container:nth-child(2n) .more-articles__story--two-columns,.more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n+3) .more-articles__story--three-columns{padding-right:0}.more-articles__stories--three-columns,.more-articles__stories--two-columns{-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:16px}.more-articles__story-container--two-columns{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:50%}.more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2){padding-top:0}.more-articles__story-container--three-columns{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:33%}.more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n+3){padding-top:0}.more-articles__heading--small{padding:20px 0 0 8px}.more-articles__heading--desktop{max-width:1264px;padding:38px 0 0 16px}.more-articles__heading--tablet{max-width:1264px;padding:24px 0 0 16px}.full-width-image-article{width:100%}.full-width-image-article__container{min-height:325px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.full-width-image-article__container--desktop{min-height:400px}.full-width-image-article__image{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__text{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#fff;left:50%;max-width:488px;padding:0 20px;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:100%}.full-width-image-article__text a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;display:inline-block;font-size:14.4px;letter-spacing:3.6px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:11px;text-transform:uppercase}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-.25px;line-height:42px;margin:0}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop{font-size:33.6px}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-size:16.6px;letter-spacing:-.13px;line-height:42px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:28px}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop{margin-top:32px}.full-width-image-article__background{background-image:radial-gradient(50% 49%,rgba(5,36,53,.37) 50%,transparent 83%);height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__link{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.most-popular{background-color:#f9f9f9}.most-popular__inner{margin:0 auto;max-width:894px;padding:45px 24px 21px}.most-popular__inner--desktop{padding:47px 0 86px}.most-popular__header{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin:0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.most-popular__items{display:block}.most-popular__items--desktop{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:57px}.most-popular-item{box-sizing:border-box;padding-top:33px}.most-popular-item:last-of-type{margin-bottom:42px}.most-popular-item--desktop{padding:0 20px;width:33.333%}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n+2){-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;padding:38px 20px}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n+3){-ms-flex-order:3;order:3}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4){border-left:1px solid #dadada}.most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.most-popular-item a{text-decoration:none}.most-popular-item__content{-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:5px}.most-popular-item__number{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#cbcbcb;font-size:40px;font-style:italic;line-height:32px;margin:0 20px 0 0;width:25px}.most-popular-item__label{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#4a4a4a;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin:0 0 0 45px;text-transform:uppercase}.most-popular-item__title{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;color:#2e2e2ecc;font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.image-gallery-item{margin:26px 0}.image-gallery-item img{height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -3%;width:106%}@media (max-width:1000px) and (min-width:767px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -16%;width:116%}}@media (max-width:1180px) and (min-width:1024px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -8%;width:108%}}@media (max-width:1365px) and (min-width:1280px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -42%;width:142%}}@media (min-width:1366px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -55%;width:155%}}.image-gallery-item__image--portrait{margin:20px 0;width:100%}@media (max-width:599px){.image-gallery-item__image--portrait{margin-left:-3%;width:106%}}.image-gallery-item__image--portrait,.image-gallery-item__image--portrait img{max-height:507px;min-height:463px}@media (max-width:1279px) and (min-width:768px){.image-gallery-item__image--portrait,.image-gallery-item__image--portrait img{min-height:818px}}.StickyElementContent{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .5s;transition:-webkit-transform .5s;transition:transform .5s;transition:transform .5s,-webkit-transform .5s}.StickyElementContent--is-undocked{left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%}.StickyElementContent--is-hidden{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}.styled-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.styled-list__item{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type){padding-top:8px}.styled-list__item a{font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.styled-list__item--worklife a{color:#8beed9}.styled-list__item--future a{color:#ffc857}.styled-list__item--culture a{color:#472479}.styled-list__item--earth a,.styled-list__item--travel a{color:#002856}.styled-list__text{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#444;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding-left:20px}.styled-list__dot{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:8px}.hero-header{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.hero-header__header{font-family:CuriousSansBold;color:#fff;font-size:38px;line-height:40px;margin:0;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(25,62,109,.7)}.hero-header__header--large{font-size:44px;line-height:48px}.hero-header__header--medium{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.hero-header__header--small{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.hero-header__header--black{color:#000;text-shadow:unset}.hero-header__header--grey{color:#adadad;text-shadow:unset}.error-page-header{position:relative}.error-page-header__headers{margin-bottom:16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus{margin-bottom:32px}.error-page-header__description{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:#444;font-size:16px;line-height:20px}.error-page-header__play-icon{margin-right:16px}.error-page-header__play-icon button{color:#adadad}.error-page-header__dot-label{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.error-page{position:relative}.error-page__container{margin-bottom:16px}.error-page__container--tablet-plus{margin-bottom:32px}.error-page__title{margin-bottom:12px}.error-page__title--desktop{margin-bottom:24px}.article-title-card-rectangle{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay{opacity:1}.article-title-card-rectangle__overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;-webkit-transition:.5s ease;transition:.5s ease;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture{background-color:rgba(72,41,120,.6)}.article-title-card-rectangle__image{margin-right:40px;max-height:390px;max-width:620px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:auto}.article-title-card-rectangle__image img{display:block;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop,.article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet{margin-right:0;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img,.article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img{width:110%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article{margin-right:0}.article-title-card-rectangle__container{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop,.article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article{margin-right:8px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box{background-color:#fff;margin-left:40px;padding:16px 22px 0;position:relative;top:-22px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;color:#4a4a4a;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:20px;margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #482978}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;color:#3d3d3d;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-.21px;line-height:35px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:12px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop{font-size:28px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet{font-size:26px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;color:#000;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.1px;line-height:35px;margin:8px 0 0}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet{margin:14px 0 0}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet{left:-40px;margin:0;padding:40px;top:0;-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet{padding:35px 22px 22px}.article-title-card-rectangle__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container{display:block;max-width:252px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet{max-width:320px}.article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container{color:#4d4d4d;text-decoration:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;margin-top:27px;max-width:396px}.article-title-card-rectangle__read-more{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;display:inline-block;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:4px;margin:25px 16px 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}.article-title-card-rectangle__arrow{color:#bababa;display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(-90deg);transform:rotate(-90deg)}.rectangle-story-group{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:auto;position:relative}.rectangle-story-group__articles{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex:1 1;flex:1 1;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;position:relative}.rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet{-ms-flex-pack:unset;justify-content:unset}.rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen{display:block}.rectangle-story-group__article{display:inline-block;padding-left:18px;padding-top:16px}.rectangle-story-group__article--tablet{padding-left:20px;padding-top:22px}.rectangle-story-group__article--desktop{padding-left:22px;padding-top:24px}.rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type{padding-left:8px}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:50%}.rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen{display:block;padding:16px}.rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type{padding-top:0}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop{padding-left:10px}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type{padding-right:8px}.rectangle-story-group__articles-container{margin:auto;max-width:950px;overflow:hidden;width:100%}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:16px 16px 24px}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop{border-left:1px solid #dadada;display:block;padding:0 0 0 16px;padding-top:0}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop{display:block;padding:0 0 0 8px}.rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet,.rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.article-labels{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.article-labels a{color:#fff;letter-spacing:1px;text-decoration:none}.article-labels__text:first-child{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700}.article-labels__delimiter{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300}.article-headline{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:38px 0}.article-headline .article-labels{text-align:center}.article-headline__line--short{margin-bottom:40px}.article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text{font-size:32px;text-align:center}.article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:24px}.article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-.84px;margin:0 15px 15px;text-align:center}.article-headline--mobile{padding:20px 0}.article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-.63px;margin:0 15px 15px;text-align:center}.article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:15px}.article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:40px}.article-headline__collection a{color:#242424}.article-headline__text{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:45px;letter-spacing:-1.26px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:44px}.hero-image{height:720px;position:relative}.hero-image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.hero-image--small-mobile{height:180px}.hero-image--mobile{height:210px}.hero-image--medium-mobile{height:430px}.hero-image--tablet{height:574px}.article-hero{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;height:672px;margin:0;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}.article-hero--small-mobile{height:373px}.article-hero--mobile{height:486px}.article-hero--small-tablet,.article-hero--tablet{height:433px}.article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content{padding:60px 15px 0}.article-hero__content{margin:auto;max-width:1004px}.article-hero--desktop{height:573px}.article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content{padding:50px 30px 0}.article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content{max-width:1276px}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content{padding:60px 10px 0}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;max-width:220px}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line{margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:16px}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels{margin-bottom:15px}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta{line-height:22px}.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a,.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a{letter-spacing:3px}.article-hero--gradient{background-image:linear-gradient(-63deg,transparent,rgba(0,0,0,.06) 24%,rgba(0,0,0,.2) 51%,rgba(0,0,0,.32) 67%,rgba(0,0,0,.51))}.article-hero__background-ambient{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:-1}.article-hero__background img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%;z-index:-1}.article-hero__background--parallax img{-webkit-transform:scale(1.1);transform:scale(1.1)}.article-hero a{color:#fff;letter-spacing:3px;text-decoration:none}.article-hero__content-cta{clear:both;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:20px;max-width:170px;text-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5);text-transform:uppercase}.article-hero__content-cta a{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;letter-spacing:4px}.article-hero__content-labels{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:16px;margin-bottom:20px}.article-hero__content-line{background-color:#fff;border:0;display:block;float:left;height:1px;margin-bottom:18px;margin-right:300px;margin-top:25px;width:120px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow{position:relative}.article-hero__content-right-arrow:before{background:#fff;content:"";height:2px;left:5px;margin-top:-1px;opacity:.4;position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;width:20px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow:after{border-right:2px solid #fff;border-top:2px solid #fff;content:"";display:inline-block;height:10px;left:16px;margin-top:5px;opacity:.4;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow--small:before{opacity:1}.article-hero__content-right-arrow--small:after{margin-top:6px;opacity:1}.article-hero__content-right-arrow img{height:11px;margin-left:10px;width:19px}.article-hero__content-title{font-family:ReithSerif;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:300;color:#fff;font-size:50px;line-height:54px;margin-top:0;max-width:450px;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(51,51,51,.7)}.article-hero__content-title a{letter-spacing:-1.32px}.article-hero__title-text{display:inline}.article-hero__content-subtitle>a:hover,.article-hero__content-title>a:hover>div{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(100%,currentColor),color-stop(0,transparent));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,currentColor 100%,transparent 0);background-position:0 1.15em;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-size:100% 2px}.article-hero__content-subtitle{clear:both;color:#fff;font-size:23px;font-weight:500;line-height:32px;margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:0;max-width:440px;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(51,51,51,.5)}.article-hero__content-subtitle a{letter-spacing:-1px}.article-hero__content-title--small{font-size:30px;line-height:35px}.article-hero__content-title--tablet{clear:both;font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-.84px;line-height:42px;max-width:264px}.article-hero__content-title--small a{letter-spacing:-.63px}.article-hero__down-arrow{background-color:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;left:calc(50% - 29px);margin:0;margin-bottom:15px;padding:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:scale(.5);transform:scale(.5)}.see-more-button{border-bottom:1px solid #979797;text-align:center}.see-more-button__inner{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#6c6c6c;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:13px;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:.6s linear;transition:.6s linear}.see-more-button__inner-arrow{color:#6c6c6c;font-size:10px;position:absolute;right:9px;top:2px;-webkit-transition:.3s linear;transition:.3s linear}.see-more-button__inner-text{margin-right:24px}.see-more-button__inner:hover{color:#4a4a4a}.see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow{color:#4a4a4a;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg)}.similar-articles-list{background-color:#f9f9f9;position:relative;text-align:center}.similar-articles-list__container{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:-50px}.similar-articles-list__collection{color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:12px;padding-bottom:3px;text-decoration:none}.similar-articles-list__collection,.similar-articles-list__header{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase}.similar-articles-list__header{background-color:#000;color:#fff;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 36px;padding:8px}.similar-articles-list__title{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;color:rgba(46,46,46,.85);display:block;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-.19px;line-height:22px;margin-top:3px;text-decoration:none}.similar-articles-list__number{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;color:#000;font-size:40px;letter-spacing:0;margin-right:26px;opacity:.18}.similar-articles-list__articles-article{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:0 auto;max-width:262px;padding-bottom:32px;position:relative}.similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child{padding-bottom:58px}.similar-articles-list__number,.similar-articles-list__text{display:inline-block}.similar-articles-list__text{margin-left:50px;max-width:210px;text-align:left}@font-face{font-family:CuriousSansBold;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/curious-sans-bold.ba46d70f.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Rg.57448d31.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Rg.57448d31.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Rg.f6e68966.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;font-weight:300;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Lt.290a1963.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Lt.290a1963.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Lt.03df04dc.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;font-weight:700;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Bd.a5e173a4.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Bd.a5e173a4.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_Bd.6f37597f.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;font-weight:800;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_ExBd.7549074a.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_ExBd.7549074a.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSans_W_ExBd.fb629bb5.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Rg.a2671144.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Rg.a2671144.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Rg.6efd10f6.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSans;font-stretch:condensed;font-weight:700;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Bd.95af6536.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Bd.95af6536.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSansCondensed_W_Bd.c29d4472.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSerif;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Rg.7c2d3cfa.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Rg.7c2d3cfa.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Rg.885c49ee.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSerif;font-weight:300;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Lt.5b56131c.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Lt.5b56131c.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Lt.c3f7580e.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSerif;font-weight:700;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Bd.8060f561.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Bd.8060f561.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_Bd.4d492ae3.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:ReithSerif;font-weight:800;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_ExBd.41d425e3.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_ExBd.41d425e3.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/ReithSerif_W_ExBd.0a4d6229.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:gelicons-core;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot);src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-core.5435c223.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:gelicons-media;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot);src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-media.28e9b877.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:gelicons-social;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot);src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/media/gelicons-social.407b297d.ttf) format("truetype")}.gelicon{font-family:gelicons-core}.gelicon,.gelicon:before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:400!important;speak:none;text-decoration:none!important}.gelicon--leading:before{margin-right:8px}.gelicon--trailing:before{margin-left:8px}.gelicon--social{font-family:gelicons-social!important}.gelicon--add,.gelicon--alarm,.gelicon--alert,.gelicon--arrow-down,.gelicon--calendar,.gelicon--calendar-30,.gelicon--calendar-mini,.gelicon--chapters,.gelicon--core,.gelicon--countdown,.gelicon--degraded,.gelicon--down,.gelicon--download,.gelicon--download-desktop,.gelicon--duration,.gelicon--embed,.gelicon--expires,.gelicon--external,.gelicon--finder,.gelicon--grid,.gelicon--help,.gelicon--home,.gelicon--info,.gelicon--iplayer,.gelicon--iplayer-radio,.gelicon--link,.gelicon--list,.gelicon--listthumb,.gelicon--load,.gelicon--location,.gelicon--lock,.gelicon--mail,.gelicon--map,.gelicon--new,.gelicon--next,.gelicon--next-alternative,.gelicon--no,.gelicon--point,.gelicon--previous,.gelicon--previous-alternative,.gelicon--print,.gelicon--print-invert,.gelicon--quote,.gelicon--refresh,.gelicon--search,.gelicon--settings,.gelicon--stations,.gelicon--tobottom,.gelicon--totop,.gelicon--traffic,.gelicon--unlock,.gelicon--untitled,.gelicon--untitled-2,.gelicon--up,.gelicon--upload,.gelicon--vocab,.gelicon--yes,.gelicon--zoomin,.gelicon--zoomout{font-family:gelicons-core!important}.gelicon--iplayer:before{content:"\E000"}.gelicon--iplayer-radio:before{content:"\E001"}.gelicon--previous:before{content:"\E002"}.gelicon--up:before{content:"\E003"}.gelicon--down:before{content:"\E004"}.gelicon--next:before{content:"\E005"}.gelicon--tobottom:before{content:"\E006"}.gelicon--totop:before{content:"\E007"}.gelicon--zoomin:before{content:"\E008"}.gelicon--zoomout:before{content:"\E00A"}.gelicon--search:before{content:"\E009"}.gelicon--print:before{content:"\E00B"}.gelicon--print-invert:before{content:"\E00C"}.gelicon--yes:before{content:"\E00D"}.gelicon--no:before{content:"\E00E"}.gelicon--add:before{content:"\E00F"}.gelicon--help:before{content:"\E010"}.gelicon--info:before{content:"\E011"}.gelicon--alert:before{content:"\E012"}.gelicon--expires:before{content:"\E013"}.gelicon--duration:before{content:"\E014"}.gelicon--alarm:before{content:"\E015"}.gelicon--countdown:before{content:"\E016"}.gelicon--grid:before{content:"\E017"}.gelicon--chapters:before{content:"\E018"}.gelicon--list:before{content:"\E019"}.gelicon--listthumb:before{content:"\E01A"}.gelicon--lock:before{content:"\E01B"}.gelicon--unlock:before{content:"\E01C"}.gelicon--home:before{content:"\E01D"}.gelicon--new:before{content:"\E01E"}.gelicon--vocab:before{content:"\E01F"}.gelicon--degraded:before{content:"\E020"}.gelicon--calendar-mini:before{content:"\E021"}.gelicon--calendar:before{content:"\E022"}.gelicon--mail:before{content:"\E023"}.gelicon--location:before{content:"\E024"}.gelicon--load:before{content:"\E025"}.gelicon--settings:before{content:"\E026"}.gelicon--embed:before{content:"\E027"}.gelicon--external:before{content:"\E028"}.gelicon--traffic:before{content:"\E029"}.gelicon--refresh:before{content:"\E02A"}.gelicon--link:before{content:"\E02B"}.gelicon--point:before{content:"\E02C"}.gelicon--upload:before{content:"\E02D"}.gelicon--download:before{content:"\E02E"}.gelicon--finder:before{content:"\E02F"}.gelicon--stations:before{content:"\E030"}.gelicon--untitled:before{content:"B"}.gelicon--untitled-2:before{content:"C"}.gelicon--quote:before{content:'"'}.gelicon--playlister-add:before{content:"\E031"}.gelicon--calendar-30:before{content:"\E032"}.gelicon--download-desktop:before{content:"\E033"}.gelicon--map:before{content:"\E034"}.gelicon--previous-alternative:before{content:"\E035"}.gelicon--next-alternative:before{content:"\E036"}.gelicon--arrow-down:before{content:"\E038"}.gelicon--3d,.gelicon--360,.gelicon--activity,.gelicon--ad,.gelicon--apple,.gelicon--bsl,.gelicon--desktop,.gelicon--document,.gelicon--expand,.gelicon--forward,.gelicon--fullscreen,.gelicon--game,.gelicon--guidance,.gelicon--hd,.gelicon--image,.gelicon--interactive,.gelicon--listen,.gelicon--live,.gelicon--menu,.gelicon--mobile,.gelicon--music-off,.gelicon--music-on,.gelicon--mute,.gelicon--newsletter,.gelicon--pause,.gelicon--play,.gelicon--podcast,.gelicon--popout,.gelicon--quiz,.gelicon--radio,.gelicon--record,.gelicon--restart,.gelicon--rewind,.gelicon--rss,.gelicon--sd,.gelicon--slideshow,.gelicon--subtitles,.gelicon--tablet,.gelicon--tv,.gelicon--windows,.gelicon--ws{font-family:gelicons-media!important}.gelicon--menu:before{content:"\E900"}.gelicon--live:before{content:"\E100"}.gelicon--subtitles:before{content:"\E101"}.gelicon--ws:before{content:"\E102"}.gelicon--sd:before{content:"\E103"}.gelicon--hd:before{content:"\E104"}.gelicon--bsl:before{content:"\E105"}.gelicon--ad:before{content:"\E106"}.gelicon--3d:before{content:"\E107"}.gelicon--tv:before{content:"\E108"}.gelicon--radio:before{content:"\E109"}.gelicon--mobile:before{content:"\E10A"}.gelicon--desktop:before{content:"\E10B"}.gelicon--game:before{content:"\E10C"}.gelicon--tablet:before{content:"\E10D"}.gelicon--quiz:before{content:"\E10E"}.gelicon--guidance:before{content:"\E10F"}.gelicon--record:before{content:"\E110"}.gelicon--listen:before{content:"\E111"}.gelicon--play:before{content:"\E112"}.gelicon--pause:before{content:"\E113"}.gelicon--rewind:before{content:"\E114"}.gelicon--forward:before{content:"\E115"}.gelicon--restart:before{content:"\E116"}.gelicon--image:before{content:"\E117"}.gelicon--document:before{content:"\E118"}.gelicon--slideshow:before{content:"\E119"}.gelicon--activity:before{content:"\E11A"}.gelicon--360:before{content:"\E11B"}.gelicon--podcast:before{content:"\E11C"}.gelicon--newsletter:before{content:"\E11D"}.gelicon--rss:before{content:"\E11E"}.gelicon--fullscreen:before{content:"\E11F"}.gelicon--expand:before{content:"\E120"}.gelicon--popout:before{content:"\E121"}.gelicon--mute:before{content:"\E122"}.gelicon--music-on:before{content:"\E123"}.gelicon--music-off:before{content:"\E124"}.gelicon--windows:before{content:"\E125"}.gelicon--apple:before{content:"\E126"}.gelicon--interactive:before{content:"\E900"}.gelicon--blog,.gelicon--comments,.gelicon--digg,.gelicon--facebook,.gelicon--google,.gelicon--google-plus,.gelicon--instagram,.gelicon--linkedin,.gelicon--love,.gelicon--pinterest,.gelicon--recommend,.gelicon--reddit,.gelicon--share,.gelicon--smiley,.gelicon--spotify,.gelicon--stumbleupon,.gelicon--tumblr,.gelicon--twitter,.gelicon--whatsapp{font-family:gelicons-social!important}.gelicon--share:before{content:"\E200"}.gelicon--recommend:before{content:"\E201"}.gelicon--comments:before{content:"\E202"}.gelicon--blog:before{content:"\E203"}.gelicon--smiley:before{content:"\E204"}.gelicon--love:before{content:"\E205"}.gelicon--twitter:before{content:"\E300"}.gelicon--facebook:before{content:"\E301"}.gelicon--google-plus:before{content:"\E700"}.gelicon--google:before{content:"\E701"}.gelicon--spotify:before{content:"\E304"}.gelicon--pinterest:before{content:"\E305"}.gelicon--tumblr:before{content:"\E306"}.gelicon--stumbleupon:before{content:"\E307"}.gelicon--linkedin:before{content:"\E308"}.gelicon--reddit:before{content:"\E309"}.gelicon--digg:before{content:"\E30A"}.gelicon--instagram:before{content:"\E30B"}.gelicon--whatsapp:before{content:"\E600"}html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .navigation-sticky--undocked-worklife, .navigation--no-article-hero-worklife { background-color: #0052a1 !important; } .navigation-sticky--undocked-future, .navigation--no-article-hero-future { background-color: #002856 !important; } .navigation-sticky--undocked-culture, .navigation--no-article-hero-culture { background-color: #482878 !important; } .navigation-sticky--undocked-earth, .navigation--no-article-hero-earth { background-color: #0fbb56 !important; } .navigation-sticky--undocked-travel, .navigation--no-article-hero-travel { background-color: #589e50 !important; } .navigation--redesign { background-color: transparent; display: flex !important; justify-content: center; max-width: unset; width: 100%; } .navigation--redesign .nav-bar--redesign { max-width: 1248px; padding-left: 12px; width: 100%; } .navigation--redesign .nav-build-bar__title-content { color: #fff !important; } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation--redesign .nav-build-bar__title-content { font-size: 16px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) { .navigation--redesign { padding: 10px 8px 8px 10px; } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .navigation--redesign { padding: 15px; } } @media (min-width: 1023px) { .navigation--redesign { padding: 15px 50px 15px 30px; } } .navigation--redesign .nav-build-bar__title-content { border-color: #fff !important; color: #fff !important; } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation--redesign .nav-build-bar__title-content { font-size: 16px; } } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index__article-hero--with-menu { margin-top: -64px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .vertical-index__storyworks-section > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-family: 'ReithSans'; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu { background: #f1f1f1; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div > div { padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; padding-bottom: 8px !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-family: 'ReithSans'; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu { background: #f1f1f1; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div > div { padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; padding-bottom: 8px !important; } .around-the-bbc-swimlane { margin-top: auto; } </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=culture.page&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[index-home]&x8=[reverb-1.4.0-nojs]&x11=[FEATURE_SITES_GNL]&x12=[GNL_CULTURE]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript> <div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_interstitial'); }); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var wallpaper; if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { if (bbcdotcom.config.isAsync()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_wallpaper'); }); } else if (typeof googletag !== "undefined" && typeof googletag.display === "function") { googletag.display("wallpaper"); } wallpaper = bbcdotcom.adverts.adRegister.getAd('wallpaper'); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAdsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAnalyticsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyFirst = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orb"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a> </div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"><a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form></div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header>  <div id="orb-modules"> <div id="root"><div id="ad-portal"></div><nav class="navigation"><div class="nav-bar"><div class="nav-build-bar nav-build-bar--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__branding"><a class="branding branding--culture branding--medium" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture"><span class="branding__icon branding__icon--culture branding__icon--medium"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 99.5 16.5" style="enable-background:new 0 0 99.5 16.5;" xml:space="preserve"><style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style><g><path class="st0" d="M7.9,16.5c-1.2,0-2.3-0.2-3.3-0.6c-1-0.4-1.8-0.9-2.5-1.6c-0.7-0.7-1.2-1.6-1.6-2.6C0.2,10.6,0,9.5,0,8.2 C0,7,0.2,5.8,0.6,4.8c0.4-1,0.9-1.9,1.6-2.6C2.9,1.5,3.7,1,4.7,0.6C5.7,0.2,6.8,0,8,0c0.9,0,1.7,0.1,2.5,0.3 c0.8,0.2,1.5,0.5,2.2,0.9v2.6c-0.6-0.4-1.3-0.8-2-1C9.9,2.5,9.1,2.4,8.3,2.4c-1.1,0-2.1,0.2-2.9,0.7C4.6,3.6,4,4.2,3.6,5.1 C3.1,6,2.9,7,2.9,8.2c0,1.2,0.2,2.3,0.6,3.1c0.4,0.9,1,1.5,1.8,2C6.1,13.8,7.1,14,8.2,14c1.7,0,3.3-0.5,4.7-1.4v2.6 c-0.6,0.4-1.4,0.7-2.3,0.9C9.7,16.3,8.8,16.5,7.9,16.5"></path><path class="st0" d="M22,16.5c-1.4,0-2.6-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.3-2.3c-0.5-1-0.8-2.2-0.8-3.6V0.3h2.8v9.8 c0,1.3,0.3,2.2,1,2.9c0.7,0.7,1.6,1,2.8,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.8-1c0.7-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.9V0.3h2.8v9.5c0,1.4-0.3,2.6-0.8,3.6 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.8-2.3,2.3C24.6,16.2,23.4,16.5,22,16.5"></path><polygon class="st0" points="32.2,0.3 35,0.3 35,13.7 42.8,13.7 42.8,16.1 32.2,16.1 "></polygon><polygon class="st0" points="41.6,0.3 54.7,0.3 54.7,2.8 49.5,2.8 49.5,16.1 46.7,16.1 46.7,2.8 41.6,2.8 "></polygon><path class="st0" d="M63.4,16.5c-1.4,0-2.6-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.3-2.3c-0.5-1-0.8-2.2-0.8-3.6V0.3h2.8v9.8 c0,1.3,0.3,2.2,1,2.9c0.7,0.7,1.6,1,2.8,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.8-1c0.7-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.9V0.3H70v9.5c0,1.4-0.3,2.6-0.8,3.6 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.8-2.3,2.3C66,16.2,64.8,16.5,63.4,16.5"></path><path class="st0" d="M76.4,10.1v6.1h-2.8V0.3H79c2,0,3.6,0.4,4.7,1.3c1.1,0.8,1.6,2.1,1.6,3.6c0,1-0.3,1.9-0.8,2.7 c-0.5,0.7-1.3,1.3-2.3,1.7c0.7,1.1,1.4,2.1,2.1,3.2c0.7,1.1,1.3,2.2,2,3.3h-3.2c-0.6-1-1.2-2-1.8-3s-1.2-2-1.8-3 c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.6,0H76.4z M76.4,2.6v5.3h2.5c1.2,0,2.1-0.2,2.8-0.6c0.6-0.4,0.9-1.1,0.9-2c0-0.9-0.3-1.6-0.9-2 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.6-2.7-0.6H76.4z"></path><polygon class="st0" points="88.5,0.3 99.1,0.3 99.1,2.7 91.3,2.7 91.3,6.8 98.2,6.8 98.2,9.1 91.3,9.1 91.3,13.8 99.5,13.8 99.5,16.1 88.5,16.1 "></polygon></g></svg></span></a></div><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav-button"><button class="open-nav" aria-label="Open more navigation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="open-nav"><div class="open-nav__label"><p class="nav-label">Menu</p></div><div class="open-nav__icon"><div class="burger-nav gelicon--menu burger-nav--culture"></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></nav> <div class="app__body"><div class="loader loader--is-active"><div class="loader__body loader__body--show-loader"><div class="loading-spinner"><span class="loading-spinner__image"><span class="spinner--culture"><svg class="spinner__image" viewbox="0 0 32 32" id="gel-icon-loading" width="100%" height="100%"><path d="M29.8 8l-3.5 2c1 1.8 1.6 3.8 1.6 6 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12S4 22.6 4 16 9.4 4 16 4V0C7.2 0 0 7.2 0 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16c0-2.9-.8-5.6-2.2-8z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="loading-spinner__message">Loading</span></div></div></div><main class="main"><div class="vertical-index"><div class="vertical-index__article-hero"><div class="article-hero article-hero--gradient article-hero--small-mobile article-hero--small-tablet article-hero--desktop article-hero--large-desktop" data-bbc-container="article-hero" data-bbc-title="The prairie look that keeps coming back" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"article-hero","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-hero__content"><div class="article-hero__content-labels"><div class="article-labels"> <a class="article-labels__text" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/fashion">Fashion</a></div></div><div class="article-hero__content-title article-hero__content-title--small article-hero__content-title--tablet"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back"><div class="article-hero__title-text"> The prairie look that keeps coming back </div><hr class="article-hero__content-line"/></a></div><div class="article-hero__content-cta"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back">Read More<div class="article-hero__content-right-arrow article-hero__content-right-arrow--small"></div></a></div></div><button tabindex="0" class="article-hero__down-arrow"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="down-arrow"/></button><div class="article-hero__background"><img draggable="false" title="Designer Batsheva Hay’s spring/ summer 2019 collection is inspired by a sense of history (Credit: Getty Images)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08gk0ry.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08gk0ry.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08gk0ry.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gk0ry.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08gk0ry.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08gk0ry.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gk0ry.jpg" alt="Designer Batsheva Hay’s spring/ summer 2019 collection is inspired by a sense of history (Credit: Getty Images)" id="article-hero-img-js"/></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor latest-articles__editor--tablet">Editor's Picks</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Five stars for Da 5 Bloods" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet"><img draggable="false" title="Da 5 Bloods" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08ggwn7.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08ggwn7.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08ggwn7.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ggwn7.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08ggwn7.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08ggwn7.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ggwn7.jpg" alt="Da 5 Bloods" id=""/><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/film"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture">Film</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header">Five stars for Da 5 Bloods</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author">By Caryn James</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Eye-opening photos of animals" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Ami Vitale)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08gfs3y.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08gfs3y.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08gfs3y.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gfs3y.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08gfs3y.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08gfs3y.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gfs3y.jpg" alt="(Credit: Ami Vitale)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/photography"><span>Photography</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals"><span>Eye-opening photos of animals</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author">By Graeme Green</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The best TV show of the year so far" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: BBC)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08g5yzq.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08g5yzq.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08g5yzq.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08g5yzq.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08g5yzq.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08g5yzq.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08g5yzq.jpg" alt="(Credit: BBC)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/television"><span>Television</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault"><span>The best TV show of the year so far</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><a class="rectangle-story-item__author" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="What makes an iconic book cover?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: David Pelham/Penguin Books, 1972)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08g0s07.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08g0s07.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08g0s07.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08g0s07.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08g0s07.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08g0s07.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08g0s07.jpg" alt="(Credit: David Pelham/Penguin Books, 1972)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/books"><span>Books</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history"><span>What makes an iconic book cover?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author">By Clare Thorp</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="Five stunning outdoor spaces for all" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><img draggable="false" title="Superkelin by Iwan Baan" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08ftx3r.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08ftx3r.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08ftx3r.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ftx3r.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08ftx3r.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08ftx3r.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ftx3r.jpg" alt="Superkelin by Iwan Baan" id=""/><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/designed"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label">designed</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header">Five stunning outdoor spaces for all</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author">By Dominic Lutyens</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor latest-articles__editor--tablet">Hot Topics</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The most joyful books ever written" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08ft9sc.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08ft9sc.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08ft9sc.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ft9sc.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08ft9sc.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08ft9sc.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08ft9sc.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/my-happy-place"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture">My Happy Place</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header">The most joyful books ever written</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author">By Nicholas Barber</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Hidden TV gems to binge in lockdown" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08dsyq9.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08dsyq9.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08dsyq9.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08dsyq9.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08dsyq9.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08dsyq9.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08dsyq9.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/television"><span>Television</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of"><span>Hidden TV gems to binge in lockdown</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author">By Eddie Mullan, Hugh Montgomery, Lisa Wehrstedt and Amy Charles</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The Picassos of modern music" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Beth Lesser)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08frcr7.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08frcr7.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08frcr7.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08frcr7.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08frcr7.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08frcr7.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08frcr7.jpg" alt="(Credit: Beth Lesser)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/music"><span>Music</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music"><span>The Picassos of modern music</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author">By Justin Quirk</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The climate clues hidden in art history" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><img draggable="false" title="The Grindelwald Glacier, 1774" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08fdkfc.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08fdkfc.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08fdkfc.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08fdkfc.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08fdkfc.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08fdkfc.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08fdkfc.jpg" alt="The Grindelwald Glacier, 1774" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/art"><span>Art</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history"><span>The climate clues hidden in art history</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author">By Diego Arguedas Ortiz </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__collection-swimlane"></div><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p08bmlwb.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"router":{"location":{"pathname":"\u002Fculture\u002F","search":"?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F","hash":"","state":undefined,"key":"qjgl4v"},"action":"POP"},"config":{"version":"rc-5.0","adsEnabled":false,"domain":"www.bbc.com","env":"live","clientApiUrl":"\u002Fdata","faqsUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffaqs","imageRecipe":{"recipePrefix":"live\u002F"},"analytics":{"ati":{"destination":"FEATURE_SITES_GNL","producer":"GNL_HOMEPAGE"},"chartbeat":{"uid":50924,"domain":"bbc.co.uk"}},"entityRouterProtocol":"https","swimlanes":true,"future":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Future","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_FUTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCFuture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbcfuture_official","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official"}},"facebookPageIds":"279678448760878"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"BBC Future Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp080m812.jpg"},"future-planet":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0836dcl.jpg"},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.future","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"future"},"metaData":{"description":"You’ll find stories on BBC Future on almost every topic that matters: psychology, food, climate change, health, social trends, technology and more.","titleDefault":"BBC Future","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_FUTURE"}}},"worklife":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCWorklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCWorklife"},"instagram":{"username":"BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"}},"facebookPageIds":"133536249999517"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"image"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06dkks1.jpg"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.worklife","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"worklife"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest insight and advice from BBC Worklife: careers, milestones, leadership, personal finance, economy, future of work, wellness, professional life abroad - everything you need to upgrade yourself.","titleDefault":"BBC Worklife","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CAPITAL"}},"swimlanes":[{"id":"office-space","title":"Office Space","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp00sm03v.jpg"},{"id":"work-ethic","title":"Work Ethic","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06yflr4.jpg"}]},"culture":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_CULTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCCulture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCulture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_culture"}},"facebookPageIds":"237388053065908"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"BBC Culture Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp08bmlwb.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.culture","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"culture"},"metaData":{"description":"Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style.","titleDefault":"BBC Culture","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CULTURE"}}},"moduleId":"culture","isUk":false,"cacheExpiryMs":600000},"entities":{"authors":{"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Faddison-nugent":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Faddison-nugent","_id":"5ede06cf738e584e2c7f5f38","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Addison Nugent","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-07-11T13:40:38.674232Z","entity":"author","guid":"0e99013b-62e1-4d3e-9214-7d9fbcb2c25f","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Faddison-nugent","modifiedDateTime":"2018-07-11T13:40:38.674232Z","project":"culture","slug":"addison-nugent","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fcaryn-james":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fcaryn-james","_id":"5ede06d1738e584e2c7f6cd9","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Caryn James","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2016-08-04T10:13:19.891982Z","entity":"author","guid":"138bea8f-8e21-4794-a5ae-045c01d10f39","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fcaryn-james","modifiedDateTime":"2016-08-04T10:13:19.891982Z","project":"culture","slug":"caryn-james","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fgraeme-green":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fgraeme-green","_id":"5ede06cf738e584e2c7f6479","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Graeme Green","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-07-12T13:55:31.196616Z","entity":"author","guid":"aea7cb78-8b31-4678-b6b6-5efdec1ea565","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fgraeme-green","modifiedDateTime":"2018-07-12T13:55:31.196616Z","project":"culture","slug":"graeme-green","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fclare-thorp":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fclare-thorp","_id":"5ede06d1738e584e2c7f70d4","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Clare Thorp","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-06-06T14:53:45.533282Z","entity":"author","guid":"4af43dfb-c44b-4e69-baba-750ae8281cd9","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fclare-thorp","modifiedDateTime":"2019-06-06T14:53:45.533282Z","project":"culture","slug":"clare-thorp","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdominic-lutyens":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdominic-lutyens","_id":"5ede06ce738e584e2c7f5a9c","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Dominic Lutyens","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2017-09-18T14:11:17.803043Z","entity":"author","guid":"19678dd7-78e2-4581-9e84-aa7ccab9ab24","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdominic-lutyens","modifiedDateTime":"2017-09-18T14:11:17.803043Z","project":"culture","slug":"dominic-lutyens","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-barber":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-barber","_id":"5ede06d0738e584e2c7f68ac","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Nicholas Barber","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"author","guid":"cd9a149f-ed6e-4c30-b141-b6cda14baae5","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-barber","modifiedDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","project":"culture","slug":"nicholas-barber","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Feddie-mullan-hugh-montgomery-lisa-wehrstedt-and-amy-charles":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Feddie-mullan-hugh-montgomery-lisa-wehrstedt-and-amy-charles","_id":"5ede06ce738e584e2c7f5c29","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Eddie Mullan, Hugh Montgomery, Lisa Wehrstedt and Amy Charles","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-05-21T17:01:28.07892Z","entity":"author","guid":"7220cff1-0db5-4df8-95db-905c8637dd6b","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Feddie-mullan-hugh-montgomery-lisa-wehrstedt-and-amy-charles","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-21T17:01:28.07892Z","project":"culture","slug":"eddie-mullan-hugh-montgomery-lisa-wehrstedt-and-amy-charles","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fjustin-quirk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fjustin-quirk","_id":"5ede06cd738e584e2c7f56a7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Justin Quirk","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-06-01T12:13:27.7115Z","entity":"author","guid":"6e11a54e-62f9-4716-ad7c-78dbf77f5a72","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fjustin-quirk","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-01T12:13:27.7115Z","project":"culture","slug":"justin-quirk","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdiego-arguedas-ortiz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdiego-arguedas-ortiz","_id":"5ede06ce738e584e2c7f5a31","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Diego Arguedas Ortiz ","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-01-10T13:58:44.933681Z","entity":"author","guid":"22cdccc1-4c76-4083-92bb-93386ff23ad0","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdiego-arguedas-ortiz","modifiedDateTime":"2019-01-10T13:58:44.933681Z","project":"culture","slug":"diego-arguedas-ortiz","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Flindsay-baker":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:culture\u002Fauthor\u002Flindsay-baker","_id":"5ede06ce738e584e2c7f5e8a","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Lindsay Baker","primaryVertical":"culture","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"author","guid":"54febcd3-0b93-4cc8-8d94-1bb5f9bbc968","id":"culture\u002Fauthor\u002Flindsay-baker","modifiedDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","project":"culture","slug":"lindsay-baker","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"collections":{"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffilm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffilm","_id":"5ede06d6738e584e2c7f9751","adTargeting":"","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"Film","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Film","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","theme":"","title":"Film","creationDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:30:18.979023Z","entity":"collection","guid":"351ac30e-2ded-4654-8a05-c1374c6c4ac1","id":"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffilm","modifiedDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:30:18.979023Z","project":"culture","slug":"column\u002Ffilm","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned","_id":"5ee08ff9738e584e2c6f6049","adTargeting":"designed","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":null,"name":"designed","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","theme":"#484b57","title":"designed","creationDateTime":"2017-10-03T08:48:45.564008Z","entity":"collection","guid":"a6566156-9a4a-463e-8040-968bdc488810","id":"culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T07:46:49.23466Z","project":"culture","slug":"premium-collection\u002Fdesigned","image":["p08cz43f"],"cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143},"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmusic":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmusic","_id":"5ede06d6738e584e2c7f997a","adTargeting":"","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"Music","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Music","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","theme":"","title":"Music","creationDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:45:29.825167Z","entity":"collection","guid":"afe49f83-96d5-4b9b-89c9-935ec210380e","id":"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmusic","modifiedDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:45:29.825167Z","project":"culture","slug":"column\u002Fmusic","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart","_id":"5ede06d5738e584e2c7f92e8","adTargeting":"","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"Art","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Art","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","theme":"","title":"Art","creationDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:00:08.420623Z","entity":"collection","guid":"b0ce4b6e-9693-4c6a-94d3-749502cdaf1e","id":"culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart","modifiedDateTime":"2015-06-25T11:00:08.420623Z","project":"culture","slug":"column\u002Fart","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"images":{"p08gk0vl":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gk0vl","_id":"5ee0cc46738e584e2c9e5ae7","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1295466,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fk0\u002Fp08gk0vl.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Victorian era is arguably the most influential in fashion (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Alamy","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0vl.jpg","title":"portrait.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gk0vl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0vl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08gk0tm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gk0tm","_id":"5ee0cc46738e584e2c9e5afd","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1947174,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fk0\u002Fp08gk0tm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In the TV series Westworld, actor Thandie Newton wears costumes that reflect authentic prairie style (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Alamy","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0tm.jpg","title":"newton.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gk0tm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0tm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08gk1s1":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gk1s1","_id":"5ee0cc47738e584e2c9e5b5d","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":743235,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fk1\u002Fp08gk1s1.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Gunne Sax brand created Victorian-style ‘prairie dresses’ that dominated fashion in the 1970s (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Getty","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk1s1.jpg","title":"BBC Portrait.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gk1s1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk1s1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08gg8t9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gg8t9","_id":"5ee0cc47738e584e2c9e5bc8","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1089765,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fg8\u002Fp08gg8t9.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Model Stella Tennant photographed for Vogue in 2001 in an Imitation of Christ prairie dress (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Getty Images","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gg8t9.jpg","title":"stella-tennant-getty-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gg8t9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gg8t9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08gk0ry":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gk0ry","_id":"5ee0cc47738e584e2c9e5beb","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2227306,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fk0\u002Fp08gk0ry.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Designer Batsheva Hay’s spring\u002F summer 2019 collection is inspired by a sense of history (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Getty Images","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0ry.jpg","title":"hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gk0ry","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gk0ry.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08gg8xj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gg8xj","_id":"5ee0cc47738e584e2c9e5be5","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":966713,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fg8\u002Fp08gg8xj.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Romantic styles at New York fashion week in 2018 helped spark the #prairiecore trend (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Getty Images","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gg8xj.jpg","title":"batshiva-ny-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gg8xj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gg8xj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"p08ggwn7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ggwn7","_id":"5ee0da1b738e584e2ca9f4f0","copyright":"Netflix","fileSizeBytes":1286391,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":900,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fgw\u002Fp08ggwn7.jpg","sourceWidth":1600,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Da 5 Bloods (Credit: Netflix)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ggwn7.jpg","title":"Da 5 Bloods","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ggwn7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ggwn7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdn28":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdn28","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12e2f","copyright":"Ami Vitale","fileSizeBytes":1535080,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdn28.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Ye Ye, a 16-year-old giant panda, in a wild enclosure at a conservation centre in Wolong Nature Reserve, China by Ami Vitale (Credit: Ami Vitale)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Ami Vitale)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn28.jpg","title":"panda.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdn28","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn28.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gfx1v":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gfx1v","_id":"5ee0e2d7738e584e2cb12f73","copyright":"Brent Stirton","fileSizeBytes":1450557,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Ffx\u002Fp08gfx1v.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Brent Stirton’s Pangolins in Crisis series has just won first prize in the wildlife category of the Sony World Photo Awards (Credit: Brent Stirton)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Brent Stirton)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfx1v.jpg","title":"pang .jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gfx1v","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfx1v.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdl7x":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdl7x","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12e89","copyright":"Ami Vitale","fileSizeBytes":2008972,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdl\u002Fp08gdl7x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Joseph Wachira saying goodbye to Sudan, the last male Northern White Rhino, by Ami Vitale (Credit: Ami Vitale)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Ami Vitale)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdl7x.jpg","title":"2ccdd.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdl7x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdl7x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdnlm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdnlm","_id":"5ee0e2d7738e584e2cb12fd8","copyright":"Nick Brandt","fileSizeBytes":1780469,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdnlm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Bus station with elephant in dust by Nick Brandt (Credit: Nick Brandt)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Nick Brandt)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdnlm.jpg","title":"bus elep.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdnlm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdnlm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdn99":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdn99","_id":"5ee0e2d7738e584e2cb12f28","copyright":"Graeme Green","fileSizeBytes":1762898,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdn99.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Elephant reaching for high branches, Ruaha National Park, Tanzania by Graeme Green (Credit: Graeme Green)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Graeme Green)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn99.jpg","title":"32.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdn99","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn99.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gfrxb":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gfrxb","_id":"5ee0e2d5738e584e2cb12c89","copyright":"Daisy Gilardini","fileSizeBytes":1232176,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Ffr\u002Fp08gfrxb.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Polar bears, Wapusk National Park, Manitoba, Canada by Daisy Gilardini (Credit: Daisy Gilardini)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Daisy Gilardini)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfrxb.jpg","title":"ee2rr.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gfrxb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfrxb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdnjh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdnjh","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12ce5","copyright":"Nelis Wolmarans","fileSizeBytes":1553546,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdnjh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Mountain gorilla, Virrunga National Park, DRC by Nelis Wolmarans (Credit: Nelis Wolmarans)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Nelis Wolmarans)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdnjh.jpg","title":"primate.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdnjh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdnjh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdndy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdndy","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12de9","copyright":"Graeme Green","fileSizeBytes":2886401,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdndy.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Lion brothers, Naboisho Mara Conservancy, Kenya by Graeme Green (Credit: Graeme Green)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Graeme Green)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdndy.jpg","title":"lion .jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdndy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdndy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gfvhq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gfvhq","_id":"5ee0e2d7738e584e2cb12fde","copyright":"Clement Kiragu","fileSizeBytes":855243,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Ffv\u002Fp08gfvhq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Wild by Clement Kiragu (Credit: Clement Kiragu)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Clement Kiragu)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfvhq.jpg","title":"rf233.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gfvhq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfvhq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gdn53":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gdn53","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12d3b","copyright":"Graeme Green","fileSizeBytes":987432,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Fdn\u002Fp08gdn53.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Blue-eyed lizard, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia by Graeme Green (Credit: Graeme Green)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Graeme Green)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn53.jpg","title":"1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gdn53","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gdn53.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08gfs3y":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08gfs3y","_id":"5ee0e2d6738e584e2cb12df5","copyright":"Ami Vitale","fileSizeBytes":1974851,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002Ffs\u002Fp08gfs3y.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Ami Vitale)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfs3y.jpg","title":"hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08gfs3y","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08gfs3y.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"p08g5z4t":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g5z4t","_id":"5ede08d5738e584e2c873309","copyright":"BBC","fileSizeBytes":1091785,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F5z\u002Fp08g5z4t.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The show explores the aftermath of sexual assault, and the procedure for reporting it, with an absence of melodrama (Credit: BBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: BBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5z4t.jpg","title":"Inlinepic1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g5z4t","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5z4t.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g5z7q":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g5z7q","_id":"5ede08d5738e584e2c87330f","copyright":"BBC","fileSizeBytes":1360419,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F5z\u002Fp08g5z7q.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The remarkable standalone third episode depicts best friends Arabella and Terry on a big night out clubbing in Italy (Credit: BBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: BBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5z7q.jpg","title":"Inlinepic2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g5z7q","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5z7q.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g5yzq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g5yzq","_id":"5ede08d5738e584e2c873303","copyright":"BBC","fileSizeBytes":1098323,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F5y\u002Fp08g5yzq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: BBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5yzq.jpg","title":"Leadpic.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g5yzq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g5yzq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g1mbd":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g1mbd","_id":"5ede9b56738e584e2cf72517","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1506986,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F1m\u002Fp08g1mbd.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"F Scott Fitzgerald liked the artwork for The Great Gatsby’s 1925 cover – Celestial Eyes by Francis Cugat – so much that he wrote it into the book (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g1mbd.jpg","title":"great gatsby.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g1mbd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g1mbd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rs4":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rs4","_id":"5edf2985738e584e2c5c1146","copyright":"David Pelham\u002FPenguin Books, 1972","fileSizeBytes":1021089,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rs4.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some books have become indelibly linked with their covers, including A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (Credit: David Pelham\u002FPenguin Books, 1972)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: David Pelham\u002FPenguin Books, 1972)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rs4.jpg","title":"Penguin Books 1972 - David Pelham .jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rs4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rs4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rt1":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rt1","_id":"5ededb65738e584e2c25984c","copyright":"Faber & Faber","fileSizeBytes":823629,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rt1.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Eimear McBride’s A Girl is A Half Formed Thing is, for Payne, an example of a cover that reflects the writing inside (Credit: Faber & Faber)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Faber & Faber)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rt1.jpg","title":"girl half formed faber.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rt1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rt1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rtr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rtr","_id":"5ede0783738e584e2c84d4b4","copyright":"Jon Gray","fileSizeBytes":571157,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rtr.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Everything is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer was a creative landmark for Jon Gray (Credit: Jon Gray)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jon Gray)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rtr.jpg","title":"everything_iluminated.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rtr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rtr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rvp":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rvp","_id":"5edef1eb738e584e2c34aa67","copyright":"Vintage","fileSizeBytes":1715377,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rvp.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Vintage is marking its 30th anniversary with a series called Most Red; titles with new covers include Harper Lee’s 1960 classic To Kill a Mockingbird (Credit: Vintage)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Vintage)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rvp.jpg","title":"penguin mockingbird.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rvp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rvp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rw7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rw7","_id":"5ede0d3c738e584e2c874c9c","copyright":"cover art: Jessalyn Brooks\u002Fcover design: Jim Stoddart","fileSizeBytes":668912,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rw7.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Penguin’s sci-fi classics rerelease includes The Hair-Carpet Weavers by Andreas Eschbach (Credit: cover art: Jessalyn Brooks\u002Fcover design: Jim Stoddart)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: cover art: Jessalyn Brooks\u002Fcover design: Jim Stoddart)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rw7.jpg","title":"hair carpets.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rw7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rw7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rwn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rwn","_id":"5ede0783738e584e2c84d5dd","copyright":"Jon Gray; Faber & Faber","fileSizeBytes":1188450,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rwn.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Faber’s cover for a 2013 edition of Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar (right) drew criticism for packaging the 1963 novel as ‘chick lit’ (Credit: Jon Gray; Faber & Faber)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jon Gray; Faber & Faber)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rwn.jpg","title":"two covers.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rwn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rwn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0rww":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0rww","_id":"5edfbec6738e584e2cd39dab","copyright":"Jon Gray","fileSizeBytes":335361,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0r\u002Fp08g0rww.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Jon Gray has designed covers for literary heavyweights including Zadie Smith, William Gibson and Jenny Offill (Credit: Jon Gray)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jon Gray)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rww.jpg","title":"normal people jon gray.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0rww","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0rww.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08g0s07":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g0s07","_id":"5ede0783738e584e2c84d64a","copyright":"David Pelham\u002FPenguin Books, 1972","fileSizeBytes":2477317,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F0s\u002Fp08g0s07.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: David Pelham\u002FPenguin Books, 1972)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0s07.jpg","title":"hero clock.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g0s07","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g0s07.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08ftvwr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftvwr","_id":"5ede153d738e584e2c8a0247","copyright":"Iwan Baan","fileSizeBytes":1878225,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftv\u002Fp08ftvwr.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Superkelin is a 1-km-long urban park created by Danish architects BIG and landscape architects Superflex (Credit: Iwan Baan)","synopsisShort":"Iwan Baan","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftvwr.jpg","title":"superkilen-iwan-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftvwr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftvwr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08ftvty":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftvty","_id":"5edfa3e4738e584e2cbd651f","copyright":"Torben Eskerod","fileSizeBytes":1333840,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftv\u002Fp08ftvty.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The space at Superkilen has been coloured in shocking pink, red and orange (Credit: Torben Eskerod)","synopsisShort":"Torben Eskerod","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftvty.jpg","title":"superkilen-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftvty","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftvty.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frd65":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frd65","_id":"5ee0b391738e584e2c8a546d","copyright":"Francisco Noguera","fileSizeBytes":1509851,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frd\u002Fp08frd65.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Marsa Plaza was designed by London-based architects Acme, and features latticework and stone canopies (Credit: Francisco Noguera)","synopsisShort":"Francisco Noguera","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd65.jpg","title":"marsa-acme-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frd65","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd65.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frd78":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frd78","_id":"5edea36b738e584e2cfda4d0","copyright":"John Sturrock","fileSizeBytes":1481406,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frd\u002Fp08frd78.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A grassy area landscaped by Dan Pearson offers a relaxing oasis in the city (Credit: John Sturrock)","synopsisShort":"John Sturrock","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd78.jpg","title":"gas-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frd78","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd78.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frd8c":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frd8c","_id":"5ede0783738e584e2c84d641","copyright":"John Sturrock","fileSizeBytes":1745775,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frd\u002Fp08frd8c.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Gasholder Park blends 19th-Century industrial architecture with a new pavilion by Bell Phillips Architects (Credit: John Sturrock)","synopsisShort":"John Sturrock","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd8c.jpg","title":"gas-2-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frd8c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd8c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frc6x":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frc6x","_id":"5edf4232738e584e2c6de928","copyright":"Giulio Margheri","fileSizeBytes":1834570,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frc\u002Fp08frc6x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The StoDistante installation in Tuscany was created by Caret Studio (Credit: Giulio Margheri)","synopsisShort":"Giulio Margheri","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frc6x.jpg","title":"Sto-distant-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frc6x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frc6x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frd4n":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frd4n","_id":"5ede0783738e584e2c84d523","copyright":"Giulio Margheri","fileSizeBytes":1066462,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frd\u002Fp08frd4n.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The painted grid pattern blends with the picturesque setting of the square (Credit: Giulio Margheri)","synopsisShort":"Giulio Margheri","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd4n.jpg","title":"sto-distant-portrait-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frd4n","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frd4n.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"p08frc3r":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frc3r","_id":"5ede0782738e584e2c84d439","copyright":"Timothy Schenck","fileSizeBytes":1638089,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frc\u002Fp08frc3r.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Spur is the final addition to the High Line, and features a monumental sculpture by Simone Leigh (Credit: Timothy Schenck)","synopsisShort":"Timothy Schenck","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frc3r.jpg","title":"The-Spur_crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frc3r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frc3r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08fvy53":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fvy53","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e34b","copyright":"Iwan Baan","fileSizeBytes":1678226,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fvy\u002Fp08fvy53.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The High Line successfully blends nature and architecture (Credit: Iwan Baan)","synopsisShort":"Iwan Baan","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fvy53.jpg","title":"High-Line-Spur_Iwan-Baan-cr.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fvy53","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fvy53.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08ftx3r":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftx3r","_id":"5edfb0aa738e584e2cc80997","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":1993210,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftx\u002Fp08ftx3r.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Superkelin by Iwan Baan","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftx3r.jpg","title":"hero-iwan-baan-crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftx3r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftx3r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08ftb0m":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftb0m","_id":"5ee04c5b738e584e2c3f76e8","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1651244,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftb\u002Fp08ftb0m.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"As PG Wodehouse himself said, his primary aim was to spread “sweetness and light” (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb0m.jpg","title":"PGportrait.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftb0m","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb0m.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08ftb78":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftb78","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e0c4","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1532010,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftb\u002Fp08ftb78.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"There were 96 Wodehouse books published in his lifetime, with his Jeeves and Wooster novels remaining his most celebrated legacy (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb78.jpg","title":"PGbook.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftb78","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb78.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08ftb3x":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ftb3x","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e084","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1283740,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ftb\u002Fp08ftb3x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Despite his gaiety, Wodehouse endured a number of dark chapters, including the unexpected death of his much-loved stepdaughter Leonora aged 40 (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb3x.jpg","title":"PGdaughter.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ftb3x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ftb3x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08ft9sc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ft9sc","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e015","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1210046,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Ft9\u002Fp08ft9sc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ft9sc.jpg","title":"PGlead.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ft9sc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ft9sc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dnzzh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dnzzh","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e1d4","copyright":"Shudder","fileSizeBytes":896427,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fnz\u002Fp08dnzzh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Shudder)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Shudder)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dnzzh.jpg","title":"missions.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dnzzh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dnzzh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dp03b":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dp03b","_id":"5edf1707738e584e2c4e117f","copyright":"Sky Atlantic\u002FNow TV","fileSizeBytes":1164947,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fp0\u002Fp08dp03b.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Sky Atlantic\u002FNow TV)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sky Atlantic\u002FNow TV)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dp03b.jpg","title":"get-shorty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dp03b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dp03b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dp06q":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dp06q","_id":"5ede0784738e584e2c84e232","copyright":"Audience Network","fileSizeBytes":253011,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fp0\u002Fp08dp06q.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Audience Network)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Audience Network)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dp06q.jpg","title":"loudermilk.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dp06q","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dp06q.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsypw":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsypw","_id":"5ee0ecd7738e584e2cb9c826","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1288802,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsypw.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsypw.jpg","title":"Enlightened2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsypw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsypw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsylw":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsylw","_id":"5ee0d433738e584e2ca4feca","copyright":"Netflix","fileSizeBytes":976304,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsylw.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Netflix)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Netflix)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsylw.jpg","title":"Midnightgospel.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsylw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsylw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dtymx":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dtymx","_id":"5ede0782738e584e2c84d261","copyright":"Acorn TV","fileSizeBytes":1157759,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fty\u002Fp08dtymx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Acorn TV)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Acorn TV)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dtymx.jpg","title":"MissFisher.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dtymx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dtymx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsy9y":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsy9y","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e9a8","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2696884,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsy9y.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsy9y.jpg","title":"Pushingdaisies.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsy9y","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsy9y.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsy8k":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsy8k","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e976","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":857501,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsy8k.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsy8k.jpg","title":"Airbender.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsy8k","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsy8k.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsyps":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsyps","_id":"5edff785738e584e2c0147a4","copyright":"Netflix","fileSizeBytes":1225801,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsyps.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Netflix)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Netflix)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyps.jpg","title":"Lovesick.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsyps","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyps.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"p08dsyht":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsyht","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e9ed","copyright":"Channel 4","fileSizeBytes":1239921,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsyht.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Channel 4)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Channel 4)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyht.jpg","title":"Pure.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsyht","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyht.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08dsyq9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08dsyq9","_id":"5edec02f738e584e2c12fbf8","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1287263,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8d\u002Fsy\u002Fp08dsyq9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyq9.jpg","title":"Enlightened.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08dsyq9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08dsyq9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fr1rl":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fr1rl","_id":"5ede3d35738e584e2caa255e","copyright":"Beth Lesser","fileSizeBytes":1495079,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fr1\u002Fp08fr1rl.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"King Tubby, real name Osbourne Ruddock, was one of the pioneers of dub music, as innovative a producer as Phil Spector or George Martin (Credit: Beth Lesser)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Beth Lesser)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1rl.jpg","title":"KingTubbyinline1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fr1rl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1rl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fr1ng":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fr1ng","_id":"5ede3d35738e584e2caa2599","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1218873,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fr1\u002Fp08fr1ng.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Components of various original sound systems from Jamaica (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1ng.jpg","title":"Dubmachine.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fr1ng","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1ng.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fr1p5":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fr1p5","_id":"5ede3d36738e584e2caa25fd","copyright":"Eddie Otchere","fileSizeBytes":2667432,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fr1\u002Fp08fr1p5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Old-school sound systems like Channel One (here pictured at the 2019 Notting Hill Carnival) continue to fly the flag for dub worldwide (Credit: Eddie Otchere)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Eddie Otchere)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1p5.jpg","title":"ChannelOne.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fr1p5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1p5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fr1l7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fr1l7","_id":"5ededf89738e584e2c2878c0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2505499,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fr1\u002Fp08fr1l7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Om Unit is one of a host of new producers to transmute dub’s principles into something new, creating cinematic pieces with a dub pulse (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1l7.jpg","title":"Omunit.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fr1l7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr1l7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fr163":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fr163","_id":"5ede3d35738e584e2caa2541","copyright":"Beth Lesser","fileSizeBytes":1614409,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fr1\u002Fp08fr163.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Beth Lesser)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Beth Lesser)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr163.jpg","title":"KingTubbylead.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fr163","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fr163.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08frcr7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08frcr7","_id":"5ee0b1c2738e584e2c88d7b8","copyright":"Beth Lesser","fileSizeBytes":2936404,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Frc\u002Fp08frcr7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Beth Lesser)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Beth Lesser)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frcr7.jpg","title":"KingTubbyhomepage.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08frcr7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08frcr7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdkqm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdkqm","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ebc1","copyright":"Dallas Museum of Art","fileSizeBytes":1451807,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdk\u002Fp08fdkqm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Icebergs by Frederic Edwin Church – America’s most famous painter – reflected 19th-Century society’s view of the Arctic (Credit: Dallas Museum of Art)","synopsisShort":"The Icebergs by Frederic Edwin Church","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdkqm.jpg","title":"Edwin Church_dallas museum.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdkqm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdkqm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdk06":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdk06","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84eaf6","copyright":"Olafur Eliasson\u002FMinik Rosing","fileSizeBytes":1998585,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdk\u002Fp08fdk06.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In Ice Watch by Olafur Eliasson, ice is a metaphor for the damage humans have inflicted on the Earth (Credit: Olafur Eliasson\u002FMinik Rosing)","synopsisShort":"Ice Watch by Olafur Eliasson","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdk06.jpg","title":"olafur alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdk06","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdk06.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdlds":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdlds","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ecb7","copyright":"The North Carolina Museum of Art","fileSizeBytes":846279,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdl\u002Fp08fdlds.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Yosemite by Albert Bierstadt, is a celebration of nature’s power in the 1870s, and was part of a 2018 exhibition Nature’s Nation (Credit: The North Carolina Museum of Art)","synopsisShort":"Yosemite by Albert Bierstadt (Credit: The North Carolina Museum of Art)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdlds.jpg","title":"albert_bierstadt_yosemite.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdlds","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdlds.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdlg5":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdlg5","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ed1a","copyright":"Betty Beaumont","fileSizeBytes":1017814,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdl\u002Fp08fdlg5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Ocean Landmark, built by Betty Beaumont between 1978-1980, is a more self-consciously environmental approach to landscape art (Credit: Betty Beaumont)","synopsisShort":"Ocean Landmark (Credit: Betty Beaumont)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdlg5.jpg","title":"betty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdlg5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdlg5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdjym":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdjym","_id":"5ee142b8738e584e2cff8295","copyright":"Thukral and Tagra Studio","fileSizeBytes":1065115,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdj\u002Fp08fdjym.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Indian duo Thukral and Tagra have been creating climate change works for six years, including a series of flying houses, Dominus Aeiris (Credit: Thukral and Tagra Studio)","synopsisShort":"Thukral and Tagra","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdjym.jpg","title":"thukralandtagra2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdjym","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdjym.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdpzk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdpzk","_id":"5ee0ba5f738e584e2c8ffec4","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1959890,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdp\u002Fp08fdpzk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Paintings such as this one from 1774 allowed researchers to understand how the Lower Grindelwald Glacier behaved before photography was invented (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Lower Grindelwald Glacier, 1774","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdpzk.jpg","title":"Grindelwald_1774_alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdpzk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdpzk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdjpm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdjpm","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84ea8c","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1491979,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdj\u002Fp08fdjpm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A 2014 study suggested that paintings including JMW Turner’s The Scarlet Sunset could be used to estimate pollution levels for the past five centuries (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"The Scarlet Sunset, JMW Turner","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdjpm.jpg","title":"turner_red_alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdjpm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdjpm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdqvz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdqvz","_id":"5ede58a8738e584e2cc1a5cf","copyright":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","fileSizeBytes":1722763,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdq\u002Fp08fdqvz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"It has been suggested that the 1500s Little Ice Age inspired artists to paint winter landscapes, such as Bruegel's The Hunters in the Snow (Credit: Kunsthistorisches Museum)","synopsisShort":"The Hunters in the Snow (Credit: Kunsthistorisches Museum)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdqvz.jpg","title":"Kunsthistorisches Museum bruegel.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdqvz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdqvz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"p08fdkfc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fdkfc","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84eb5b","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2106927,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fdk\u002Fp08fdkfc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Paintings such as this one from 1774 allowed researchers to understand how the Lower Grindelwald Glacier behaved before photography was invented (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Lower Grindelwald Glacier, 1774","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdkfc.jpg","title":"hero alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fdkfc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fdkfc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143},"p05g77jy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05g77jy","_id":"5ede075a738e584e2c839309","copyright":"Adrian Fernandez","fileSizeBytes":1264681,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5g\u002F77\u002Fp05g77jy.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"The light, airy 1950s house of Katherina Voss and Enrique Arias has been lovingly restored. The mid-Century chairs surround a glass table on a wood base, crafted by Cuban carpenters, who also created the outdoor table. (Credit: Adrian Fernandez)","synopsisMedium":"Mid-Century moment","synopsisShort":"Mid-Century moment","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05g77jy.jpg","title":"HavanaLiving_p062_crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05g77jy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05g77jy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143},"p08cz43f":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08cz43f","_id":"5ee08ff9738e584e2c6f6025","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":1303327,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002Fz4\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Getty Images","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","title":"designed top getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08cz43f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"articles":{"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back","_id":"5ee0cc47738e584e2c9e5bf1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Faddison-nugent"],"bodyIntro":"What is #prairiecore? Addison Nugent explores why fashion can’t get enough of the ruffles and romance of Victoriana – and its US equivalent.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom its beginning, Instagram was dominated by a certain look – a perfectly coiffed, immaculately made-up, Kardashian-type sensibility. However, around 2018, a new Insta aesthetic, named #prairiecore, emerged on the platform. Featuring fresh-faced young women with touselled hair frolicking through bucolic settings, wearing long, flowing dresses – the images stamped with the prairiecore hashtag are pretty much as far as you can get from the endless stream of models posing in bikinis at lounges in Ibiza. Gone are the sports cars, mansions, and diet pills, replaced by fairytale cottages, fluffy farm animals, and wildflowers. They evoke a time long past, before our obsession with wealth signalling and fast fashion, when artisanal craft and communion with nature were necessary parts of everyday life — the Victorian era.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200420-the-cutesy-fabric-that-was-banned\"\u003EThe floral fabric that was banned\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-brands-redefining-sexy\"\u003EThe millennials redefining sexy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200512-what-you-didnt-know-about-colour\"\u003EWhat you didn’t know about colour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E#Prairiecore is not a one-off phenomenon. Again and again through the decades, fashion has cyclically returned to the Victorian influence. In fact, aspects of it can be seen across the fashion eras, from the hippy-dippy ‘70s, to the high-fashion ‘80s, the grungey ‘90s, the camp 2000s, and today. But why does the Victorian age, usually associated with uptight patriarchal values, have such staying power, and why do designers keep turning back to it for inspiration?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EQueen Victoria is often seen as an austere figure. The young monarch who rose to power in 1837 at the tender age of 18, espoused deeply conservative values that included Christian morals, duty, seriousness, modesty, and ‘proper’ behaviour. During her reign, women began to shun makeup, and traded in the lush, pastel florals and frills of the early 19th Century for more sombre tones and higher necklines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gk0vl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn spite of its modest overtones, however, the Victorian era is perhaps the single most important inspiration for one of humanity’s most luxurious pursuits: fashion. “Victorian fashion is an amazing visual feast: besides the intense colours made possible by the first man-made dyes, there were extravagant patterns like cabbage roses, large-scaled botanically-correct brocades, William Morris acanthus leaves and every kind of paisley,” fashion historian Caroline Milbank tells BBC Designed. “It was a kind of golden age of trimmings: chenille fringe, jet beading, passementerie, embroidery, patchwork and appliqué, and lace, lace, lace”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Movements like #prairiecore celebrate and romanticise home-spun values, while also suggesting a return to a rural idyll","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EQueen Victoria’s first and most lasting contribution to the world of fashion is the white wedding dress. When she married her cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840, she broke with tradition by donning a lily-white gown, shunning the ermine robe in favour of a look that said ‘wife’ and ‘virgin’ rather than ‘ruler’. Her marriage was the first true royal wedding\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eas we know it today: as an event offering a patriotic spectacle to help unite the people of Britain, with the monarchy inviting the public to participate in the festivities for the first time ever. She was paraded through the streets in a carriage, and as a result, white became standard wedding attire for brides, a tradition that has carried on to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gk0tm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the Victorian influence on fashion didn’t stop there, and her influence was also felt across the Atlantic. Queen Victoria had one of the longest reigns in British history, spanning 64 years, and during that time fashion changed constantly. In the 1840s, style was more subdued and English, whereas in the 1850s people were inspired by Empress Eugenie of France so more pastels and flower patterns came into vogue. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865), which occurred in the middle of the Victorian era, textile production became faster and easier than ever before. Decades before, in 1801, the French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard had created a device that increased the speed with which woven designs could be set up on a loom. This made it possible to create complex patterns that the classical draw loom could not accommodate. When factory power was added to this process, patterns that might have taken days if not months to weave could suddenly be produced in hours using minimal labour. As a result, beautiful patterns like paisley, complex florals, and bold plaid became more widely available. Alkaline or synthetic dyes were, however, only just coming into use, so the colours of the fabrics remained more muted, with dusty indigos, cornflower blues, rusty oranges, and brick reds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1870s frills and large crinolines became popular and the first bustle appeared. Then, in the 1890s the bustle was lost altogether, replaced by huge puffed or ‘mutton-sleeved’ tops. Many of these tenets lasted through the Edwardian period from 1901 to 1910 but ended completely post World War One.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 1920s, all remnants of the Victorian era had disappeared from fashion, as women started sporting sleeveless dresses with scandalously short hemlines and not a corset in sight. Then in the 1930s, designer Elsa Schiaparelli began making beautiful Victoriana-inspired pieces with puffed shoulders, intricate brocade, and long hemlines. Her aesthetics were at odds with the ultra-modernism of Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel, and the two designers became fierce rivals and vocal critics of one another. In the end, Chanel’s modernism won the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHippy chic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor decades, interest in Victoriana lay dormant — skirts got shorter, colours got bolder, and cuts more fitted. That all changed in the late 1960s when hippy women, who disagreed with the shallow consumerism of high fashion, began favouring looser clothing with longer hemlines. Brands like Gunne Sax began producing Victorian-style ‘prairie dresses’ adapted for the modern era. Gone were the corsets and crinolines, but the high necklines, puffed sleeves, and flounced skirts stayed. Founded during the Summer of Love in 1967, Gunne Sax was a departure from the tie-dye and psychedelic neons of the era, with its more neutral Civil War-era tones that would go on to dominate the 1970s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gk1s1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlongside the emergence of the prairie dress, there was also a shift from the mini skirt of the mid-1960s to the Victorian-inspired maxi skirt of the late ‘60s and early ‘70s. This period was dominated by civil rights movements including Women’s Liberation. During this era women began rejecting styles, like the miniskirt, that catered more to the male gaze than to female empowerment. The Victorian era, with its rejection of makeup and form-fitting clothing, may have appealed to hippies and feminists who viewed the fashion of the day to be shallow and consumerist. Frumpy prairie dresses and ankle-length skirts, once viewed as stuffy and conservative, were reclaimed as symbols of liberation. Hillary Rodham even wore a Gunne Sax dress for her wedding with Bill Clinton in 1975.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gg8t9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe 1980s saw a return to supremely glamorous fashion. Bright colours and neon came back with a vengeance, and dresses got tighter than tight, with houses like Alaia introducing slinky body-con frocks. At the same time, however, the gigantic puffed sleeves of the 1890s made a return, notably worn by sartorial icons like Joan Collins and the rest of the fabulously camp cast of the soap opera Dynasty\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring the ‘80s the Laura Ashley dress, an even more accurate homage to the Victorian prairie dress than Gunne Sax, also became wildly popular, with the likes of Princess Diana sporting the brand. Laura Ashley fever continued into the 1990s when grunge rockers and riot grrrls paired the ultra-feminine frocks with Doc Martens and dark makeup. The grunge appropriation of Laura Ashley signalled yet another pendulum swing towards anti-fashion. The loose-fitting dresses with toned-down colors were a rejection of ‘80s extravagance and flashiness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I am inspired by Victorian style because it offers a fantasy so different from our current world of athleisure – Batsheva Hay","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018 designer Batsheva Hay took New York fashion week by storm with her romantic prairie dresses straight out of a bygone era. Everyone from Natalie Portman to Gillian Jacobs could be seen sporting Batsheva’s ultra-feminine modest frocks with Peter-Pan or piecrust collars, ruffles, and narrow bodices. The dresses became so popular that they sparked #prairiecore, which in turn sparked offshoots like #meadowcore and #cottagecore. “I am inspired by Victorian style because it offers a fantasy so different from our current world of athleisure.” explains Batsheva,” I love its soft femininity. I always like to dress with a sense of history and connection to the past.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gk0ry"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe elegant puff-sleeved cotton and silk blouses that have been in vogue for the past few seasons are directly inspired by the early Victorian era. Today, women often pair them with blue jeans and chic heels, whereas in the 1840s blouses were worn with long full skirts and a thick belt. These blouses were high-necked and long-sleeved with a small round collar. The sleeves ballooned out around the forearm before coming to a tight cuff at the wrist. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, brands like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fmaisoncleo\u002F?hl=en\"\u003EMaison Cleo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E mimic the silhouette of the Victorian blouse almost exactly while adding modern twists like organza fabric and bold patterns. And original Victorian blouses are available from Vintage dealers like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fmaison_persienne\u002F\"\u003EMaison Parisienne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Today... people want to buy slow fashion more and more,” says Maison Parisienne founder Emma Moatti, “[and] the Victorian style is an echo to this idea.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps in today’s climate of economic uncertainty people are turning away from the wealth signalling and obsessive accumulation of fast fashion, in favour of ethically-made artisanal pieces. Movements like #prairiecore celebrate and romanticise home-spun values, while also suggesting a return to a rural idyll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gg8xj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a world that moves so fast, in which we are constantly bombarded with new information, the intricate artistry of Victorian fashion is a reminder of a time when the world moved considerably slower. “So much of what we look at now is on our phones. In miniature, the appeal of minimalism can get lost,” explains Caroline Milbank. “What pops and makes us want to look closer are interesting details. Ruffles and flourishes catch the eye. Styles reminiscent of long ago can lend a bit of romanticism to a mundane day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-10T08:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The prairie look that keeps coming back","headlineShort":"The prairie look that keeps coming back","image":["p08gk0ry"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08gk0ry"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ffashion"],"summaryLong":"What is #prairiecore? Addison Nugent explores why fashion can’t get enough of the ruffles and romance of Victoriana – and its US equivalent.","summaryShort":"Why we can’t get enough of romantic Victorian styles","tag":["tag\u002Ffashion"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-10T07:43:46.575253Z","entity":"article","guid":"40cd4221-69b6-4e03-aa23-1937f08b1341","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T12:04:06.264598Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet","_id":"5ee0da1b738e584e2ca9f4f6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fcaryn-james"],"bodyIntro":"Spike Lee’s Vietnam War film Da 5 Bloods is “a condemnation of the past, a call for change, and a rich work of art worth watching over and over again,” writes Caryn James.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s more than a coincidence of timing that Spike Lee’s Da 5 Bloods resonates so strongly with this moment of protests for racial justice. The story of four black US veterans who return to Vietnam to recover the body of their squadron leader, the film positions itself in the long history of inequality that began with slavery and continues to this day. It would have been just as relevant at any point in the past. “We fought in an immoral war that wasn’t ours... for rights that wasn’t ours,” says Paul (Delroy Lindo), who has been psychologically devastated by his wartime experience and who becomes the deeply moving central character. Da 5 Bloods is Spike Lee at his mature best, made with his distinctive, passionate voice and kinetic artistry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-long-history-of-racism-in-war-movies\"\u003EThe long history of racism in war movies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-greatest-decade-in-cinema-history\"\u003EAre the 1920s cinema’s greatest decade?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200515-spike-lees-masterpiece-about-racism-in-the-us\"\u003ESpike Lee’s masterpiece about racism in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELee’s usual mix of drama and social commentary is rooted more than ever in the harsh emotional realities of his characters here. Perhaps none of his films can equal the powerful jolt of his 1989 masterpiece Do the Right Thing, but Da 5 Bloods matches the dynamic accomplishment of 2018’s BlacKkKlansman. The new film also has an epic feel that has nothing to do with its two-and-a-half-hour length, which flies by. Its many layers examine race, history, politics and the bonds of friendship, as forged between this group of men who call each other ‘Bloods’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey have returned to a changed Vietnam, full of McDonalds and Pizza Huts, planning to traipse into the jungle and find the body of Norm (Chadwick Boseman), seen in occasional flashbacks. In a thread that ratchets up the plot, they are also trying to recover millions of dollars’ worth of gold bars they found and buried 40 years before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach of the veterans has weathered the effects of the war differently. Otis (Clarke Peters), the solid leader of the group, is open-minded, reconciling, and addicted to the prescription drug OxyContin. Two characters are less developed: Eddie (Norm Lewis) has become a successful businessman, or so it seems, and Melvin (Isiah Whitlock, Jr) is a partying womaniser. Although the film is meant to be an ensemble, Paul is so complicated, and is played so powerfully by Lindo, that he becomes the focus. He suffers from PTSD, says he sees Norm’s ghost every night, and is full of rage at the world and at his son, David (Jonathan Majors), who joins the trip because he is worried that his father’s anger seems so out of control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELee and his cinematographer, Newton Thomas Sigel, beautifully capture the various textures of the friends’ experiences. As they venture into the jungle, carrying backpacks and a metal detector, the vast, crisply-shot open landscape becomes overgrown and shadowy. When the film moves back to the war years, we see the edges of the widescreen picture move inward, so that the flashbacks play out in a smaller, square format. The past literally recedes, with no attempt to make the actors look younger than the middle-aged men they are in the present. That choice plays as if the men have stepped into their memories. As Lee \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F21\u002Fmovies\u002Fspike-lee-da-5-bloods.html\"\u003Ehas pointed out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it also saved money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The historical signposts would be clumsy in most hands, but they are part of Lee’s aesthetic, and he knows just how and when to use them","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome of that money clearly went into the action scenes. During the war, a helicopter is shot down, and the Bloods engage in combat. In the present, they are ambushed by a band of Vietnamese who have heard about the gold, a situation that leads to questions about who betrayed that secret – and to bloody shootouts. There are overt references to other films, including a nightclub called Apocalypse Now and playful nods to the classic about gold hunting, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Da 5 Bloods also brings to mind, intentionally or not, The Deer Hunter, replacing its white veterans with black characters who have even more reasons to be traumatised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose reasons are bluntly displayed. The characters drop in references to historical figures, like the little-known Crispus Attucks, a black man who was the first casualty of the American Revolutionary War. Lee starts the film with a video montage of black leaders, from Muhammad Ali to Angela Davis, decrying the Vietnam War. At pertinent moments through the film, he drops in images from Martin Luther King, Jr’s funeral and US wartime atrocities, including the My Lai Massacre. No one ever said Lee was subtle, and these historical signposts would be clumsy in most hands, but they are part of Lee’s aesthetic, and he knows just how and when to use them.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat didacticism doesn’t get in the way of the characters or the bond the actors create so smoothly. As Otis, Peters is his usual gripping presence on screen. Lindo, given the most fraught character to work with, creates an indelible tragic figure. Paul’s role as sympathetic hero is especially unlikely because he is a Trump supporter, complete with a Make America Great Again hat. Lee’s abhorrence of Trump is well-known, and the film assumes that attitude, too. Otis says he can’t believe that his friend “voted for President Bone Spurs”, referring to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F12\u002F26\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Ftrump-vietnam-draft-exemption.html\"\u003Ethe reason\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Trump was not drafted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Trump references are not asides or easy swipes at a political target. They are part of the astute psychology of Paul’s character. The film makes a strong connection between his anger at the inequality he faces every day and his support for Trump. Paul doesn’t know what to do with his righteous fury, so he lashes out at his son, votes for Trump, and eventually loses his grip on reality. The film doesn’t make excuses for Paul’s politics; it reveals what can happen when legitimate rage at injustice is misdirected.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When the world settles down enough to think about the Oscars, Lindo should be on the shortlist for best actor","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELindo captures Paul’s volcanic anger, which is always near the surface, and occasionally explodes. In one especially visceral scene he delivers a monologue as he walks away from the group, wailing in emotional anguish, shouting “The Lord is my Shepherd” and going on to deliver a rant against his son, the world and the US government that poisoned its own soldiers with Agent Orange. Lee’s frequent strategy of using close-ups to focus on a character’s most painful moments is especially effective here, as Paul comes closer and closer towards the camera. Lindo makes the scene heartbreaking: when the world settles down enough to think about the Oscars, he should be on the shortlist for best actor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the plot develops, the men begin to argue about what to do if they find the gold. Should they use it to support black social causes, as Norm wanted them to, or should the money be theirs? Lee keeps the story and action moving, at times with a nudge. A subplot about a human rights group finding and disabling land mines is forced in, especially when its members stumble across the Bloods at a particularly opportune moment. And by the time we learn how Norm died, the reason has become a bit too easy to predict. But those are small flaws.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDa 5 Bloods is too emotionally raw and too real for a glib happy ending, but it offers some hope. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-long-history-of-racism-in-war-movies\"\u003EThe film’s very existence is bracing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is a condemnation of the past, a call for change, and a rich work of art worth watching over and over again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E★★★★★\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet-4"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffilm"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-10T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Five stars for Spike Lee’s Da 5 Bloods","headlineShort":"Five stars for Da 5 Bloods","image":["p08ggwn7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Da 5 Bloods","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ffilm-reviews"],"summaryLong":"Spike Lee’s Vietnam War film Da 5 Bloods is “a condemnation of the past, a call for change, and a rich work of art worth watching over and over again,” writes Caryn James.","summaryShort":"Spike Lee is at his 'mature best'","tag":["tag\u002Ffilm-reviews"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-10T13:03:04.640207Z","entity":"article","guid":"d7179665-fe61-4db1-918c-07857f7f05b7","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T13:03:04.640207Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals","_id":"5ee0e2d7738e584e2cb12ff9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fgraeme-green"],"bodyIntro":"Popular culture can create stereotypes of ‘cuddly’ pandas or ‘evil’ snakes – but some photographers are setting out to change how we see wildlife, writes Graeme Green.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESavage and snarling, the giant gorilla of the King Kong films is a fearsome monster that needs to be appeased with a human sacrifice. Size aside, it’s a strange depiction of an animal that, as anyone who’s stood near a gorilla knows, exudes a sense of peace and gentleness. When I photographed gorillas in Uganda, I saw tumbling infants irritating their patient dad, as the family quietly chewed leaves. These are not animals that rampage violently through forests, a deadly threat to anything in their way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200226-can-photography-save-the-amazon-people\"\u003ECan photography save the Amazon?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20191208-anonymous-project-intimate-images-of-a-forgotten-history\"\u003EA secret history hiding in plain sight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20191104-shirin-neshat-a-stare-that-challenges-us-to-look-away\"\u003EA stare that challenges us to look away\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFilm and literature exert a strong influence on how people think of animals, with fictional versions often far removed from reality. Sharks aren’t vengeful killers. Snakes aren’t ‘evil’. And the majority of pandas, no matter what the films say, are not masters of Kung Fu. “We’ve turned pandas into goofy, cartoonish characters,” says National Geographic photojournalist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amivitale.com\u002Fabout-ami\u002F\"\u003EAmi Vitale\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who photographed the bears over three years in China’s Sichuan province. “We’re used to seeing them as stuffed toys and in story books, but that’s not actually how they are at all. It’s a creature that’s very elusive, quiet and solitary.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdn28"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow animals are perceived matters, especially as the loss of wild habitat around the world is bringing people and animals into closer contact, and as other human activity, from poaching to the exotic pet trade, is driving many species towards extinction. Animals are threatened by humans, rather than being a threat to humans. Long before pangolins hit the news as a possible source of the coronavirus in Wuhan’s wildlife markets, photojournalist Brent Stirton helped bring the little-known animal to global attention as the most trafficked mammal in the world, their scales used (despite having no medicinal properties) in traditional Chinese ‘medicine’. His Pangolins in Crisis series has just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldphoto.org\u002Fsony-world-photography-awards\u002Fwinners-galleries\u002F2020\u002Fprofessional\u002Fwinners\u002F1st-place-pangolins-crisis\"\u003Ewon first prize in the Natural World & Wildlife category\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the Sony World Photography Awards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gfx1v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuote":"I want people to look at a photo and feel empathy and understanding. Photography is the greatest communicator – Ami Vitale","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhotography is one of the ways we can see real, complex and often incredible animal behaviour and characteristics. It’s also where we can understand the damage we’re inflicting on the natural world. Vitale’s photo of the final moments of Sudan, the last male Northern White Rhino, is one of the defining images of the past decade. “It woke people up,” explains Vitale. “You realise this isn’t just the death of this ancient, gentle, hulking creature. That moment with just one animal is symbolic of what we’re doing to this planet and every living creature on it, including humanity.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdl7x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery day, we’re bombarded with images, from adverts to Instagram. But a powerful photo can still break through. “It’s wonderful to look at a beautiful image but it has to have meaning,” Vitale adds. “I want people to look at a photo, and feel empathy and understanding. Photography is the greatest communicator. It transcends country, culture, religion, background and language.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA different reality\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENick Brandt’s often bleak photographic work is also changing how people see the natural world. His latest large-scale project, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thisemptyworld.com\u002F\"\u003EThis Empty World\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, showed wild animals (including elephants, hyenas, and rhinos) in jarring human environments. Each image was created from two moments captured weeks apart in southern Kenya. First, a partial set was built, with cameras positioned to capture animals that entered the frame. Then, with each camera in the same position, larger sets were built and local people brought in to create scenes of bus stops, building sites, petrol stations. “Obviously it’s not real life, but it’s symbolic of what’s happening, which is ‘progress’ rapidly invading what remains of natural wildlife habitat,” says Brandt, who’s also the co-founder of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbiglife.org\u002F\"\u003EBig Life Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a wildlife charity working to protect elephants and other wildlife in Kenya from threats, including human-wildlife conflict. “The biggest challenge facing the natural world in Africa today is the disappearance of wildlife habitat.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdnlm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough his approach is very different, Brandt also hopes his work cuts through the clutter of the modern age. “I never really know how much difference my photography makes,” he says. “You just plough on and hope you’re making a bit of difference. This Empty World paints a very dark vision. But I wouldn’t be doing it if I didn’t think there was hope.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the last 15 years as a photographer and journalist, I’ve also seen the harm we’re causing to wildlife. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newbig5.com\u002F\"\u003EThe New Big 5 project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which I launched recently, is asking people around the world to vote for five animals they’d like to be included in the New Big Five of wildlife photography, rather than hunting – shooting with a camera, not a gun. Again, it’s about changing how people see our relationship with wildlife. The original ‘big five’ was based on the five toughest animals in Africa for colonial trophy-hunters to shoot and kill (lion, elephant, rhino, leopard and buffalo); a concept that should be consigned to the past. Instead of death and suffering, the New Big 5 is about life, creativity and celebrating the natural world – highlighting threats facing the world’s wildlife, including the illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss and climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdn99"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhotography plays an important role in shaping how people feel about the animals we share the planet with. “I strongly believe in the power of beautiful images to reach people’s hearts,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.daisygilardini.com\u002F\"\u003EDaisy Gilardini\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whose work focuses on polar bears, penguins and other wildlife in the polar regions. “Science can provide data and suggest solutions. If you like, science is the ‘brain’, while photography is the ‘heart’. It’s only by having science with photography that we can move people to action.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gfrxb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany wildlife photographers, like Gilardini, Marina Cano, Marsel van Oosten or Thomas D Mangelsen, create images that often reveal animals’ ‘human’ qualities: family bonds, playfulness, humour or tender moments. “With gorillas sharing 98.4% of our genetic make-up, it’s more a case of photographing ‘someone’ than ‘something’,” is how \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.neliswolmarans.com\u002Fabout\"\u003ENelis Wolmarans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E describes his work with the great apes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdnjh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile some argue against humanising animals, others see it as an effective way to get people to care. “One of my pet peeves is scientists saying ‘Don’t anthropomorphise animals’,” says National Geographic photographer Steve Winter. “And I say ‘Do.’ The closer we are to animals, the more we understand that they have personalities, feelings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross time and cultures, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20171201-why-the-lion-is-arts-most-powerful-symbol\"\u003Elions have been depicted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as noble warriors, kings and even gods. Aslan the Lion in CS Lewis’s books is essentially Jesus in big-cat form: holy, pure-spirited, undefeated by death. Lions are the gatekeepers of palaces and cities. Babylonian goddesses rode chariots pulled by lions. Today, lions are logos on cars and football jerseys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdndy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps because they’re an enduring symbol of strength and bravery, many people assume lions are doing fine. But over the last 25 years, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lionrecoveryfund.org\u002F\"\u003Ewe’ve lost half of Africa’s lion population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the decline largely caused by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict and the bushmeat trade. One of my photos, Lion Brothers, shows a moment of affection between two adult male lions. Lions are powerful hunters, an apex predator, but I also like taking pictures that show interactions, grooming and cleaning, feeding or relaxed family time. Lions need to be seen as more than a symbol.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPhotography can show people what’s at stake; what we’re at risk of losing. “I want people to see animals in the most glorious way,” says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fclementkiragu.com\u002Fabout-me\u002F\"\u003EClement Kiragu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “It’s my hope that by showing people the beauty of the natural world, it can maybe change people’s perception, and start convincing some people that ‘You know what? These creatures deserve to be saved. These are the creatures we share the planet with, and they deserve to be here as much as we do.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gfvhq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut people also need to understand harsh realities, and photos help get urgent messages across. “The world’s moving at such a fast pace now that we need potent photography to stop us in our tracks,” says Jamie Joseph, founder of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.savingthewild.com\u002F\"\u003ESaving The Wild\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who work to dismantle rhino-poaching syndicates. “I’m a writer and a wildlife activist. If I really want to be heard online, I lead with an emotive image… Visual storytelling is the difference between being heard or being forgotten.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA bleak picture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than a million species of animals, insects and plants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fsustainabledevelopment\u002Fblog\u002F2019\u002F05\u002Fnature-decline-unprecedented-report\u002F\"\u003Eare at risk of extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many in the next few decades, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The urgency of the wildlife crisis is driving darker photographic work, like Brandt’s, as well as the reporting of Britta Jaschinski, co-founder of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.photographersagainstwildlifecrime.com\u002F\"\u003EPhotographers Against Wildlife Crime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whose disturbing black and white images show elephant’s feet ‘ornaments’ and tigers and orangutans performing in circuses, and conservation photographer Paul Hilton’s work on pressing issues, from the shark-fin trade to palm-oil destruction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStirton’s photos from the frontline include a butchered, dehorned rhino carcass in South Africa, which won the 2017 Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition, and a gorilla killed by paramilitaries in the Democratic Republic of Congo. “I’m very influenced by James Nachtwey, who I regard as the godfather of photojournalism,” Stirton explains. “He manages to take horrific scenes and photograph them in a compositionally masterful way. I’m always looking to make images that have both an aesthetic quality and a quality that’s going to move you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStirton’s Pangolins in Crisis series brings a focus to lesser-known animals. “Smaller species have been disappearing at an incredible rate,” he says, “because we’re not paying much attention to them and because a lot of people haven’t actually heard of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gdn53"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat’s starting to change, as conservation photographers work to broaden out the species seen as ‘worthy’ of attention. Often captured with camera traps, remote-control cameras and other technologies, unfamiliar species or pictures that open up ‘secret lives’ are being seen more. “As humans, we often have a bias towards feathers and fur,” says Christian Ziegler, a photographer with a background in tropical ecology. I also love to do stories about plants and invertebrates. I’m more interested in less well-known species, rare species that are endangered. I want to highlight the lives and habits of these species, how they interact with their environment, how they raise offspring… We’re driving our fellow species to extinction. This is why I take photos: to create stories that hopefully have impact.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany species that are ignored, little-known or unheard of are fascinating to watch. I’m also as interested in photographing small, less famous creatures as I am lions and gorillas, too, from frogs and lizards to rollers and bee-eaters. Photographing those animals that don’t often make it into calendars or onto posters can offer a reminder that every single species, from iconic ambassadors to ‘unsung heroes’, is too valuable to lose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals-20"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-09T09:17:20.601Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The photographers changing the way we see animals","headlineShort":"Eye-opening photos of animals","image":["p08gfs3y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fphotography"],"summaryLong":"Popular culture can create stereotypes of ‘cuddly’ pandas or ‘evil’ snakes – but some photographers are setting out to change how we see wildlife, writes Graeme Green.","summaryShort":"Why our view of wildlife is wrong","tag":["tag\u002Fphotography"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-09T08:59:58.200769Z","entity":"article","guid":"ae858353-0c6a-45a5-bcd6-c99e46a68a93","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T13:40:21.398631Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault","_id":"5ede08d5738e584e2c873315","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Depictions of rape on TV have often been exploitative, which makes writer-actor Michaela Coel’s fearless new BBC\u002FHBO drama all the more welcome, writes Hugh Montgomery.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENo one gives more credence to that old adage ‘write what you know’ than the brilliant British writer-performer Michaela Coel. Her first authored series, Chewing Gum, was one of the greatest of the recent cluster of semi-autobiographical comedies, a ribald, uproarious riff on her experiences growing up in East London. Now, three years on, she has chosen to address a more specific and much darker episode in her life – with profound and scintillating results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-ten-tv-shows-to-watch-in-june\"\u003ETV shows to watch in June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of\"\u003EHidden TV gems to binge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200507-snowpiercer-review-the-perfect-tv-show-for-right-now#:~:text=Snowpiercer%20displays%20the%20acute%20awareness,Bong's%20genius%20for%20blending%20genres.&text=Snowpiercer%20arrives%20after%20a%20tumultuous,in%20the%20suspenseful%2C%20absorbing%20result.\"\u003EThe perfect show for right now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in January 2016, as Coel was working on the second series of Chewing Gum, she was sexually assaulted, after having her drink spiked with a date rape drug. It is this experience that was the catalyst for I May Destroy You. Coel’s protagonist Arabella is also a successful writer, whose breezy demeanour belies her struggle to finish a follow-up to her bestselling debut Confessions of a Fed Up Millennial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g5z4t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile pulling a deadline-grazing all-nighter at her agent’s offices in central London, she skives off to go for drinks with an old friend. But hours later, she finds herself back in front of her laptop with a cut to her head and little memory of the evening’s events. It is only gradually that abrupt flashbacks alert her to what has happened – the key one being that of a man looming over her in a toilet cubicle. And as her consciousness begins to un-fog, the burden of her trauma is compounded by the weight of professional expectation. Around her, meanwhile, her friends reckon with their own troubles – chief among them, Terry (Weruche Opia), an actress struggling to land paid roles; and Kwame (Paapa Essiedu), a fitness instructor who is her greatest support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir stories are interwoven to create a millennial drama with its own singular energy, at once freewheeling and sharply focused, that is ‘important’ but not self-important. Important, because the way in which it deals with sexual assault is powerfully non-sensationalist. The history of rape portrayals on TV is a tawdry one: it has been deployed as an exploitative plot device designed for maximum shock value in any number of thrillers and prestige dramas. Last year, however, Netflix’s true-crime series Unbelievable broke the mould with its quietly humane, victim-focused take on the subject. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfronting a horrible truth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd though set in a very different milieu, the buzzy, metropolitan I May Destroy You is a worthy companion piece, exploring the aftermath of assault with an absence of melodrama that makes it all the more impactful. As we follow Arabella on her journey to process what has happened, her actions and reactions never feel predictable or conditioned by cliché. Talking to Terry on the phone, after first coming to the realisation she was spiked, she says she's going to the police station with the casual air of someone popping down the pub. Interviewed by two officers, she then admonishes them for assuming her fractured memories are real, and “talking about things like they’re facts”. Later, seeing a therapist, she explains that she distracts herself from thinking about what happened by repeating to herself phrases such as “there’s a war in Syria”  to “remind myself of the bigger picture”. Throughout, this rare idiosyncrasy and detail in the writing makes the drama all the more horrifyingly real.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The show is as astute on racial aggressions as it is on sexual ones.","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever what’s positively revelatory about the show’s treatment of sexual assault is how pervasive it is within the narrative. Arabella’s date rape is not treated as a lone incident: instead,  even within just the four of the 12 episodes given out for review, there are a number of other ‘non-consensual’ violations, including one more suffered by Arabella herself, where a man takes off a condom in the middle of sex without asking. The show, in general, displays a refreshing candour about sex and dating, from a sex scene involving a menstrual blood clot to the blunt profile names on Kwame’s Grindr-style hook-up app (‘HUNGRY BTM’ ‘LIKE it RAW’). And as part of that, it confronts a horrible truth that many of us are aware of, either through our own experiences or those of friends, but that is rarely acknowledged. It is that among all the lurid tales of boogeymen rapists and killers in popular culture, sexual assault (incorporating all the acts that might come under that umbrella term) is appallingly commonplace. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g5z7q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo characterise the show as a one-issue piece, however, would be an injustice: it makes sure to present its characters and their lives three-dimensionally. It is as astute on racial aggressions as it is on sexual ones. It’s uncomfortable to watch Arabella’s white, middle-class publishers and their insincere, patronising manner towards their young black, female client, such that they furnish her with a male, Cambridge-educated writing ‘mentor’ – and excruciating to see the scene in which Terry goes up to appear in a Dove beauty campaign only to face intrusive questioning about her ‘real’ hair from the oblivious white interviewer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese sharply, and painfully, observed elements feed into a story that simultaneously conveys something more ineffable: the vertigo-inducing experience of navigating the world as a young adult. That is captured most viscerally in the standalone third episode, which flashes back to a ‘big one’ Arabella and Terry have in Italy, while the former is on a writing break there. Partying is an activity so unconvincingly depicted in much film and TV – with too many scenes that are either painfully over-egged or blandly coy – that what Coel achieves in these 30 minutes feels astonishing. As the sun sets and weed is swapped for cocaine, ketamine and MDMA, the spot-on physicality of the actors – with their hyperactive jaws and exaggerated expressions – is matched by an equally convincing evocation of the intense emotional disorientation that can occur on a night out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA star for a generation \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s also notable how brilliantly Coel the writer is served by Coel the actor: the very opening scene, in which Arabella says goodbye to her sometime Italian lover as she prepares to fly back to the UK, voicing her desires, and revealing her true vulnerability about their relationship only when his back is turned, is a masterfully concise introduction to her character’s recesses. Coel is a natural star, possessed of seemingly effortless charisma, as is her alter-ego Arabella: you can see why she may have acquired the kind of ‘voice of a generation’ status that she appears to have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s an absolute sense of authenticity that courses through every aspect of I May Destroy You, from the character development to the production design","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever the show also implicitly questions whether your personality can ever really be effortless, particularly when you’ve achieved some kind of public profile – and what the cost is for having to maintain it. This is exemplified by a grimly surreal moment, when Arabella, dizzy and reeling her way home the morning after her assault, is approached by a fan for a selfie: despite barely being able to stand up, she instinctively switches into the smiley bonhomie expected of her. And Arabella is not the only character who you sense has layers yet to be unfurled: four episodes in, both Opia’s frustrated, diffident Terry and Essiedu’s faintly inscrutable Kwame are equally compelling presences, as much for what we don’t know about them yet as what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome other strengths to mention: it’s difficult to think of another show that has captured the mores and rhythms of modern, smartphone-centred communication so unselfconsciously, and its striking visual sensibility is complemented by an expertly-selected soundtrack of R&B, dance and hip-hop. Above all, there’s an absolute sense of authenticity that courses through every aspect of the show, from the character development to the production design; from Arabella and Terry’s banter and impromptu singing as they get ready together, to the Game Boy that Arabella pulls out of a drawer in her childhood bedroom. ‘Immersive’ is an overused word these days when it comes to culture, but the experience of watching I May Destroy You merits that description – and, for all its agonies and ecstasies, the way in which it teems with life, at a time when our real lives are so circumscribed, makes it truly thrilling viewing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E★★★★★\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EI May Destroy You is on Sunday nights on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hbo.com\u002Fi-may-destroy-you\"\u003EHBO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US and begins today in the UK on BBC1 and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fiplayer\u002Fepisodes\u002Fm000jyxy\u002Fi-may-destroy-you\"\u003EBBC iPlayer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-08T09:10:05Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"I May Destroy You is an astonishing study of sexual assault","headlineShort":"The best TV show of the year so far","image":["p08g5yzq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Depictions of rape on TV have often been exploitative, which makes writer-actor Michaela Coel’s fearless new BBC\u002FHBO drama all the more welcome, writes Hugh Montgomery.","summaryShort":"Our verdict on the sexual assault drama I May Destroy You","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-08T08:00:18.018217Z","entity":"article","guid":"31af2a0c-9c01-47f9-8f83-5618379bba97","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-08T09:45:41.009289Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history","_id":"5ede06be738e584e2c7f18a9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fclare-thorp"],"bodyIntro":"Book design has become more important than ever – but what makes an iconic jacket, asks Clare Thorp.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA pair of eyes and red lips floating in a midnight sky above the bright lights of New York on The Great Gatsby. The half-man, half-devil on Brett Easton Ellis’s American Psycho. A single cog for an eye on A Clockwork Orange. Two orange silhouettes on David Nicholls’ One Day. The original Harry Potter colour illustrations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200323-covid-19-how-bookshops-around-the-world-are-responding\"\u003EHow bookshops are helping with isolation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200317-why-octavia-e-butlers-novels-are-so-relevant-today\"\u003EThe prophetic writer who gives us hope\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200310-how-to-tell-other-peoples-stories\"\u003EHow to tell other people’s stories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA great book might stay with us for a long time but, often, its cover does too. There’s a famous saying about never forming your opinion of a book by the jacket adorning it. But most readers know that we do, in fact, judge books by their covers all the time. Everything about a book’s cover – the font, the images, the colours – tells us something about what we can expect to find, or not, inside. A reader in the market for some bleak dystopian fiction is unlikely to have their head turned by a pastel-hued jacket with serif font.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g1mbd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECovers can be a swift way to signal genre, but the good ones do more than that. They give face to a book’s personality. They’re what will make you pick it up in the first place, then keep it on your shelf to remind you what it meant to you. “When you’re reading a book, it stays with you for a while, literally,” says Donna Payne, creative director at Faber & Faber. “The physical book is in your bag, in your hand, by your bedside table.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rs4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe emergence of ebooks posed a threat to physical books a decade or so ago. But publishers fought back, making books that were more beautiful to look at and to hold than ever before. Fonts got bolder, colours brighter, paper more tactile. There was embossing, foil, cloth bindings and elaborate end papers. Bookshops also became spaces to spend time in, not just to shop, with books presented as objects of desire on curated table and window displays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAlongside this – perhaps even because of it – people increasingly started posting pictures of books on social media. Search #bookstagram on Instagram and you’ll find more than 43 million images of books – next to cups of coffee, lying on crisp duvet covers, perched on the edge of sun loungers and in artfully haphazard stacks. And a medium that is all about visuals the more photogenic a book is, the more likely you are to see it all over your feed. In response to the coronavirus crisis and lockdown, the New York Public Library has even asked people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timeout.com\u002Fnewyork\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-yorkers-are-posting-elaborate-recreations-of-famous-book-covers-while-stuck-inside-042420\"\u003Eto recreate their favourite book covers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECover art\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAll this means cover design is more important than ever. “I think people are really appreciating it as a form again, and designers have massively upped their game,” says Payne. But what makes a great cover? “For us, it’s one that elicits a response of some sort. It might be that not everyone loves the cover. Or it might be that everyone is talking about it. But what we don’t ever want to do is produce covers that are bland.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rt1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA successful cover conveys something about the words inside. “If you’ve got a visceral piece of writing that’s risk-taking and bold, it’s important to put that cover on that book,” she says, citing Eimear McBride’s A Girl is A Half Formed Thing – which she designed – as an example. “The symbol of the fruit and the wet and kind of rotting paper, along with the font, just felt like it fit so seamlessly into the reading experience.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EPayne says creating a cover that is true to the book is just as important as creating something memorable. “You can publish an incredibly beautiful cover that leads you to believe it’s a certain type of book, and if that reading experience is quite different from that, it feels kind of disappointing. You’ve failed in finding the right readers for that book.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s like a big crowded party, and you’re trying to get your face to stand out in the crowd – Jon Gray","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgray318.com\"\u003EJon Gray\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who over a 20-year career has designed covers for authors including Zadie Smith, Sally Rooney, Salmon Rushdie and David Foster Wallace, says there’s more pressure than ever to get covers right. “Bookshops are such a riot,” he says. “It’s like a big crowded party and you’re trying to get your face to stand out in the crowd. To make an impact and get someone to pick up a book and turn it over is getting harder and harder.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIt’s not just in shops that books need to stand out, but online too – whether that’s on social media or the sites people buy from – and that’s had an impact on how they look, says Gray. “Online marketing and media has led to a trend for brighter, super-saturated covers in print. The use of fluorescent and special colours and saturated imagery with white-out text. Print is being asked to match the brightness of screen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rtr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne of Gray’s early and most successful designs was for 2002’s Everything is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer. “That set me on the path of doing what I do in terms of trying to get books to look like individual objects. It was the first time I really thought I want it to represent what’s inside rather than it just be some kind of statement.” The influence of Gray’s hand-drawn font is still seen on covers today – though he tries never to repeat himself. “I’m trying to make each book stand out on its own, so it doesn’t look anything else. I hope I don’t have too much of a style. I’d be really happy if people couldn’t tell I’d done a book.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EHe gets manuscripts early on and reads the whole thing before coming up with ideas, to make sure he doesn’t misrepresent the text in any way. Sometimes authors have a clear idea of what they want – like Zadie Smith. “She is very visual, she’s got a very strong idea of what she likes,” says Gray. “She’ll say: ‘I’ve been looking at this’, or ‘Can we try something like this?’, give you a mood and a flavour, then give you free reign. It’s a joy to work like that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rvp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt’s not just new books where the cover is fretted over. Increasingly, publishers are rereleasing classic books with redesigned or special edition jackets. Iconic album covers might be set in stone – but books often get several stabs at a cover. To celebrate its 30th anniversary, Vintage will republish some of its 10 bestselling books – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F112\u002F1120062\u002Fto-kill-a-mockingbird\u002F9781784875978.html\"\u003Eincluding To Kill A Mockingbird\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and The Handmaid’s Tale – with new covers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFaber have partnered with department store Liberty to publish some of their classic titles in special cloth-bound covers. Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall and Bring Up The Bodies were recently rejacketed to coincide with the release of the third book in her Thomas Cromwell trilogy, The Mirror and The Light. And Penguin Classics is set to release a science-fiction series in August – new covers featuring line drawings from artists and designers including Picasso, Le Corbusier and Herbert Bayer have been created for each of the 10 launch titles. According to Penguin art director Jim Stoddart: “Drawings have a lucid faculty to convey the innate human motive at the root of all these stories, whether experimental, humorous or chilling.” The publisher chose cover artists who, like the authors, “have developed alternative and often visionary ways of presenting reality”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rw7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EPayne claims that designing a new cover for a classic novel is also a chance to bring out an aspect of the book that hasn’t been explored before. “You have so many books published every day, it’s important to get those classic titles back on the table in front of store, and a new jacket will help to do that,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOver the past year, Gray has designed new editions of JD Salinger’s novels and a new edition of Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, inspired by the concentric circles of Shirley Tucker’s original design. “There’s pressure to do it justice for yourself, I think. For me to do The Bell Jar, I thought I’m only going to get one go, so I want to do it right.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWorking with a well-known book brings its own set of challenges – and not just finding a new take when dozens before you have already stamped their mark. “You’re working on something that has already established itself, and people have got strong feelings about it, and you’re also working with the estates, who want to protect the legacy.” Salinger had a clause in his contract that only his name and the title can appear on the cover – no images, no quotes, no blurb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rwn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhen a book is already much loved, any new design runs the risk of ruffling some feathers. In 2013, Faber published a 50th-anniversary edition of The Bell Jar that featured an illustration of a woman fixing her make-up in a compact mirror. It drew a mixed response, with some accusing them of trying to repackage it as ‘chick lit’, and the publisher releasing a statement defending the design, saying: “We love it, and the sales since publication suggest that new readers are finding it in the way that we hoped.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESome books can overcome an unpopular cover. Much has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F504399\u002Fwhy-does-this-brilliant-bestselling-book-have-such-a-cheesy-cover\u002F\"\u003Ewritten\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on why Elena Ferrante’s best-selling and critically acclaimed Neapolitan novels, which chronicle the 60-year friendship between two women from Naples, have covers akin to a Hallmark card. Authors themselves aren’t always fans of their own covers. In 2015, a newly unearthed letter to her agent showed Agatha Christie \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fcelebritynews\u002F11534158\u002FAgatha-Christie-and-the-book-cover-most-foul.html\"\u003Ehated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a design for her book, Sad Cypress, calling it “common” and “awful” and asking for it to be pulped and redone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESuch staunch views just show how important book jackets are, says Payne. “It’s always lovely to hear passion. It’s always lovely to get feedback, even if the feedback isn’t all positive. If every book jacket you designed was successful every time it would mean that you never took any risks. Ultimately, disappointing jackets are those that are somehow safe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g0rww"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EGray has a few authors left on his design wishlist – including Iris Murdoch, John Steinbeck and Raymond Carver – but says he isn’t too precious when his own work gets rejacketed. Even so, it’s nice to see it out in the world – whether on an Instagram post or being read on public transport.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“I still get a kick out of seeing people reading books I’ve designed on the tube, or spotting it in a shop window,” he says. “Though the flipside of that is I can walk into any charity shop and see my entire back catalogue.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-04T08:48:18.868Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What makes an iconic book cover?","headlineShort":"What makes an iconic book cover?","image":["p08g0s07"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fbooks"],"summaryLong":"Book design has become more important than ever – so how does a jacket stand out, asks Clare Thorp.","summaryShort":"Book design has become more important than ever","tag":["tag\u002Fbooks"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-04T08:00:03.82536Z","entity":"article","guid":"f0f5b84b-1aaa-46d6-8705-86dec443ebea","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-04T11:50:37.786396Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all","_id":"5ede06be738e584e2c7f181b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdominic-lutyens"],"bodyIntro":"There is a creative boom in outdoor architecture and design. Dominic Lutyens explores how newly completed public areas are offering a sense of release and relaxation.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWide open spaces – squares, gardens, plazas and parks – have always been appealing oases in bustling cities. They are places to socialise, or to indulge in solitary reading and sunbathing. Now more than ever they are synonymous with freedom, providing a sense of release and respite from domestic confinement. And with social distancing a reality for many of us, spending time in large outdoor spaces is good for our health in more ways than one. We suggest several spectacular outdoor projects created by architects and landscaping experts that will satisfy our hankering for space – and shed light on new developments in urban design.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ftvwr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESuperkilen, Copenhagen\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConventional street furniture has no place in Superkilen, an extraoardinary 1km-long paved space billed as an ‘urban park’ in Nørrebro, a neighbourhood populated by communities from more than 60 countries, north of Copenhagen’s city centre. Combining sports facilities with children’s playgrounds and abundant seating, it’s zoned into colour-coded areas – shocking pink, red and orange squares – denoting different activities. Adjacent buildings are partially painted the same shades, creating the illusion that the space is bigger than it is.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project was initiated by the city of Copenhagen and Realdania, a private Danish association that funds architecture projects, and was designed by high-profile Danish architects Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) in collaboration with landscape architects Topotek1 and artists’ collective Superflex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ftvty"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnusually, an extensive consultation with local communities resulted in the inclusion of objects they particularly cherish, from a Moroccan fountain and workout machines like those on Venice Beach, Los Angeles, to neon signs from Qatar and Russia. A metal plate embedded in the ground beside each object names it and explains its origin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frd65"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMarsa Plaza, Oman\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe recent expansion of Muscat, the capital of Oman, along the coastline has seen the creation of a new port, marina and its multipurpose Marsa Plaza. London-based architects Acme won an international competition to create the latter – a 5,000-sq-m space, completed in 2018. The plaza is bounded on two sides by medium and low-rise buildings, and overlooks the marina and sea. It features fountains and an amphitheatre used for concerts and movie nights, and hosts food markets and art exhibitions. “The new buildings’ footprint was restricted to maximise the outdoor area,” says Duarte Lobo Antunes, one of the project’s architects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Oman has a very laid-back culture and is a popular holiday destination in the Middle East,” continues Lobo Antunes. “In Muscat people usually socialise in the evenings, particularly from May to September when, during the day, they avoid places without shade.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe square’s buildings feature latticework and projecting canopies made of a stone called desert rose in neutral tones, from cream to brown, that provide varying degrees of shade as well as glimpses of the sea. Steps lead towards the marina, adding to a feeling of limitless space. The square’s graphic lines nod to patterns traditionally found on floors in Oman. “The square reflects the informality of Muscat. It’s a place where people can meander and gather in different spots,” adds Lobo Antunes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frd78"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGasholder Park, London\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGasholder Park in King’s Cross, London, fuses a vestige of 19th-Century industrial architecture – a disused Victorian gasholder – with a new pavilion, designed by Bell Phillips Architects, and pastoral landscaping by Dan Pearson. The project involved dismantling the gasholder’s 250m-tall, circular guide frame with a 40m inner diameter from its former location (now public space Pancras Square) and moving it to a spot overlooking Regent’s Canal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frd8c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis union of old and new doesn’t jar, thanks to Bell Phillips’ addition of a circular, polished-steel colonnade with a canopy that runs round the guide frame’s inner perimeter. These concentric circles enclose a large, lush, grassy area planted with cheerful yellow and white flowers. Light reflected from the mirrored surfaces has the effect of softening, even dematerialising them. Every evening, cool white lighting inspired by a solar eclipse, created by lighting designers Speirs and Major, illuminates the structure in 20-minute cycles, interspersed with dramatic, two-minute periods of darkness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Some parts of the park feel secluded, some more active, with joggers and children playing near their parents – there’s a school nearby,” says Hari Phillips, co-director at Bell Phillips. “The lockdown has made us realise how precious open spaces are, particularly in high-density cities.”   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frc6x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStoDistante, Italy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECompleted last May, StoDistante (‘I’m keeping my distance’ in Italian) is an installation in Vicchio, near Florence. Many famous Italian artists were born near this 13th-Century town, including Giotto who gives his name to Piazza Giotto, one of its squares. Now this new installation, created by local architects Caret Studio, is bringing the square firmly into the 21st Century by addressing Tuscany’s current social-distancing regulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frd4n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECaret Studio’s understated intervention offers an elegant solution to social distancing without detracting from the picturesque setting of the square: it has painted a grid pattern of white squares directly on to the cobbled ground using white removable paint. “The squares creates a grid to guide people’s movement around the square safely,” explains Giulio Margheri, who co-founded Caret Studio in 2014 with Matteo Chelazzi and Federico Cheloni, two of whom were born in Vicchio. “People know that when standing in each white square they are 1.8m away from the centre of the next one.” The hope is that the space will be used as an open-air cinema and gym as restrictions on public gatherings are eased in the near future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The municipality of Vicchio supported the project from the start,” recalls Margheri. “We see StoDistante as a design strategy that could be deployed in public areas in other towns and cities, allowing citizens to reactivate open spaces post-lockdown.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08frc3r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe High Line, New York\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Ricardo Scofidio, a partner of New York architecture practice Diller Scofidio + Renfro, first became involved in the High Line project in 2003, he had a vision of preserving the untouched qualities of this elevated structure that fell out of use in 1980. This disused viaduct section of the New York Central Railroad line, known as the West Side Line, had evolved over the years from a post-industrial relic to a fertile habitat for plants thriving in different microclimates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScofidio, who repurposed the line into a park in collaboration with James Corner Field Operations and planting designer Piet Oudolf, didn’t want to suppress nature: “We didn’t want the plants to be imprisoned by hard-edged kerbs but blur the line between plants and hardscape,” he recalls. “We encouraged the plants to overtake the structure, to grow through the cracks.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow this major New York attraction with views across the Hudson River boasts benches made of stretches of track, 120 plant species and birch trees providing shade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fvy53"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe last section of the line to open, the Spur, which extends along 30th Street, was designed by the same team, and opened last year. However, here culture has taken the upper hand over nature: at this juncture, the line swells into a large plaza where monumental art pieces take centre stage; the inaugural piece is Simone Leigh’s Brick House, a sculpture of a black woman whose torso morphs into a clay house. The Spur is also a music venue. The plaza also features stylised elements, including gigantic tilted planters. As James Corner puts it: “This dramatic space is flanked by generous seating and overlooks and immerses you in the massive scale of the city, opening up new vistas”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all-18"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-03T09:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Five stunning outdoor spaces for all","headlineShort":"Five stunning outdoor spaces for all","image":["p08ftx3r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08ftx3r"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fdesign"],"summaryLong":"There is a creative boom in outdoor architecture and design. Dominic Lutyens explores how newly completed public areas are offering a sense of release and relaxation.","summaryShort":"How new public areas are offering a sense of release and relaxation","tag":["tag\u002Farchitecture"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-03T08:31:34.70803Z","entity":"article","guid":"2a9da7ed-de2f-4e82-be64-a24b487a2763","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-03T08:47:59.48209Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written","_id":"5ede06be738e584e2c7f186b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-barber"],"bodyIntro":"In our latest essay in which a critic reflects on a cultural work that brings them joy, Nicholas Barber pays tribute to the blissfully escapist comic novels of PG Wodehouse.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf we’re talking about culture that makes people happy, we have to start with the works of PG Wodehouse. There are two reasons why. One reason is that making people happy was Wodehouse’s overriding ambition. The other reason is that he was better at it than any other writer in history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200518-the-animation-that-showed-me-the-meaning-of-life\"\u003EThe cartoon with the meaning of life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200505-how-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-has-comforted-me-in-grief\"\u003EWhy Marvel heroes have helped me grieve\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200415-why-dick-cavett-was-the-greatest-talk-show-host-of-all\"\u003EThe greatest talk show host of all time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome authors may want to expose the world’s injustices, or elevate us with their psychological insights. Wodehouse, in his words, preferred to spread “sweetness and light”. Just look at those titles: Nothing Serious, Laughing Gas, Joy in the Morning. With every sparkling joke, every well-meaning and innocent character, every farcical tussle with angry swans and pet Pekingese, every utopian description of a stroll around the grounds of a pal’s stately home or a flutter on the choir boys’ hundred yards handicap at a summer village fete, he wanted to whisk us far away from our worries. Writing about being a humourist in his autobiography Over Seventy, Wodehouse quoted two people in the Talmud who had earnt their place in Heaven: “We are merrymakers. When we see a person who is downhearted, we cheer him up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ftb0m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMy own introduction to this supreme merrymaker came via Jeeves and Wooster, the television series adapted from some of his most beloved stories about a young toff and his unflappable manservant. Hugh Laurie starred as Bertie Wooster, the moneyed bachelor who seemed to care about nothing except food, drink and fashionable socks, but who always came to the aid of the numerous old schoolmates who were even more stupid than he was. Stephen Fry co-starred as Jeeves, who had the brains that his young master lacked. As an undernourished, overworked student, stressed by essays and exams, I was always relieved when I could nip down to the college’s TV room (yes, it was a long time ago) for my weekly escape into a jazz-age wonderland of art-deco flats and panelled gentlemen’s clubs, “tissue-restoring” cocktails and buffet breakfasts served on silver platters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA crafter of perfect sentences\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENearly three decades on, I’m currently rewatching the DVDs with my daughter, and Jeeves and Wooster is still pretty much flawless. When I interviewed Laurie in 2000, I gushed about the series, and he cited what was, at the time, his favourite Wodehouse line: “The drowsy stillness of the afternoon was shattered by what sounded to his strained senses like GK Chesterton falling on a sheet of tin.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are so many other lines he could have gone for. How about this one?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is never difficult to distinguish between a Scotsman with a grievance and a ray of sunshine.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOr this?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It isn’t often that Aunt Dahlia lets her angry passions rise, but when she does, strong men climb trees and pull them up after them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOr this?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Like so many substantial citizens of America, he had married young and kept on marrying, springing from blonde to blonde like the chamois of the Alps leaping from crag to crag.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe one that has me chuckling to myself on a regular basis is this Bertie Wooster gem from the novel Right Ho, Jeeves: “‘Very good,” I said coldly. ‘In that case, tinkerty tonk.’ And I meant it to sting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe could keep listing zingers like that all day: there were 96 Wodehouse books published in his lifetime, and he was drafting another when he died in 1975 at the age of 93. What these excerpts prove is that, however much we may cherish the bumbling aristocratic characters and their convoluted escapades, what really makes Wodehouse so addictive is the prose: the phrases which appear to float along so effortlessly, but which came about because he would, he said, “write every sentence 10 times”.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"He is the greatest musician of the English language, and exploring variations of familiar material is what musicians do all day – Douglas Adams","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo read any of those sentences is to marvel at the elaborate but elegant route it takes to a perfect punchline; to delight in how it glides between Shakespeare and race-track slang, between understatement and exaggeration, between gentle humour and stinging wit. “What Wodehouse writes is pure word music,” said Douglas Adams, the author of The Hitchhikers’ Guide to the Galaxy. “It matters not one whit that he writes endless variations on a theme of pig kidnappings, lofty butlers, and ludicrous impostures. He is the greatest musician of the English language, and exploring variations of familiar material is what musicians do all day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe could certainly have written darker, more soul-searching books if he hadn’t been so naturally jovial: he had plenty of raw material to draw on. Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was born in 1881. (Perhaps he was thinking of his own names when he had Bertie commenting that “there’s some raw work pulled at the font from time to time”.) His Victorian colonial parents were rarely in the same country as he was, according to his biographer, Robert McCrum. “In total, Wodehouse saw his parents for barely six months between the ages of three and 15, which is by any standards a shattering emotional deprivation,” he noted in 2005’s Wodehouse: A Life. Nonetheless, “Plum” relished his Dulwich College schooldays, and was looking forward to his university years when the next blow fell: his father announced that he had to go straight to a job in a bank instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ftb78"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe disappointment didn’t stop him. He always knew that he wanted to be a writer, and so he sold short stories at a superhuman rate until he could make a living from them. Soon he graduated to anthologies and novels, some featuring Jeeves and Wooster (who debuted in 1915), others featuring the canny Psmith or the garrulous Mr Mulliner, some set at mossy Blandings Castle, others set at Marvis Bay Golf and Country Club. Beyond these, there were Broadway musicals and Hollywood screenplays, and a long and harmonious marriage. (He made the money and his wife spent it, an arrangement which suited them both.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Wodehouse seemed to be more effective at warding off despair than the antidepressants that I was taking – Jay McInerney","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while his professional and personal lives were blessed, they included episodes which could have been turned into sombre literature. During World War Two, his adored stepdaughter Leonora died unexpectedly, aged 40, after a minor operation, and Wodehouse himself was arrested in northern France, where he was living at the time, and sent to a German internment camp for almost a year. Even there, he kept writing, and polished off a novel in captivity, the appropriately titled Money in the Bank. He was then moved to a hotel in Berlin, where he was invited by German radio to broadcast a series of comic accounts of his internment. Naively, he agreed, keen as he was to assure his fans that he was in good health and good spirits. What he didn’t realise was that he was playing into the hands of the Nazi government, which could claim to be treating its illustrious guest well. In Britain, he was accused of colluding with the enemy, and his reputation never quite recovered, but there was hardly a trace of anger or self-recrimination in his work. He stuck to prelapsarian yarns in which everyone was essentially comfortable and fortunate – except, of course, when they found themselves briefly engaged to a woman who believed in healthy eating and gainful employment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever was going on in his life, Wodehouse stayed buoyant; and whatever is going on in the reader’s life, he keeps us buoyant, too. “I was clinically depressed for most of 1999,” said Jay McInerney, the author of Bright Lights, Big City \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com\u002Farts\u002Fbooks-and-media\u002Fjay-mcinerney-it-seemed-to-be-more-effective-at-warding-off-despair-than-the-antidepressants\u002Farticle31285327\u002F\"\u003Ein a 2016 interview\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “and I would turn to Wodehouse, possibly the funniest writer in the English language. It seemed to be more effective at warding off despair than the antidepressants that I was taking.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ftb3x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMaybe you can spot some deeper themes in his books if you look hard enough. At times I can persuade myself that there is something subversive in Bertie’s lack of interest in the conventional status markers of a career and a marriage, and something instructive in his insistence on helping his lovestruck friends, however ungrateful they may be. I can even argue that Wodehouse was revolutionary because his characters didn’t defeat villains in fist fights or shootouts (although they sometimes stole policemen’s helmets on Boat Race night). Perhaps he was teaching us that we can’t all be high achievers, let alone rugged action heroes, but that we can all be kind and generous. In other words, we can live according to the code of the Woosters. But I admit that this is a stretch. As Stephen Fry put it, “You don’t analyse such sunlit perfection: you just bask in its warmth and splendour.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvelyn Waugh might have agreed. “Mr. Wodehouse’s idyllic world can never stale,” he said in 1961. “He will continue to release future generations from captivity that may be more irksome than our own.” Captivity doesn’t get much more irksome than the one we’re enduring now, but Wodehouse can still release us from it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-02T10:26:39.22Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The man who wrote the most perfect sentences ever written","headlineShort":"The most joyful books ever written","image":["p08ft9sc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In our latest essay in which a critic reflects on a cultural work that brings them joy, Nicholas Barber pays tribute to the blissfully escapist comic novels of PG Wodehouse.","summaryShort":"Why PG Wodehouse makes readers happy like no other writer","tag":["tag\u002Fmy-happy-place","tag\u002Fbooks"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-02T09:50:59.993993Z","entity":"article","guid":"945fd2c2-3b97-4643-8a63-80a3dd4ee028","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-02T10:20:39.664313Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of","_id":"5ede06bc738e584e2c7f135f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Feddie-mullan-hugh-montgomery-lisa-wehrstedt-and-amy-charles"],"bodyIntro":"If, after the last few weeks of lockdown, you’ve run out of things to watch, then it’s time to try something more unfamiliar. Here our editors pick some lesser-known masterpieces.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEver since the coronavirus pandemic left much of the world in lockdown at home, television has been a great source of solace for populations around the world. But while our first port of call may have been either trusted classics or splashy new launches, many of us are now finding ourselves running out of options for what to watch. So, if you are finding your viewing inspiration is flagging, here are 10 brilliant and lesser-known shows that will provide perfect binge-watching material:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dnzzh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESet in the not-too-distant future, this tense French sci-fi drama series imagines the first ever manned mission to Mars, Ulysses 1, which launches with a billionaire on board alongside an all-European crew including psychiatrist Jeanne Renoir (Hélène Viviès), signed up to monitor her colleagues' mental health. The series begins with the ship just about to hit the red planet after a 10-month voyage – however  the crew first receive the disappointing news that they’ve been beaten by a rival US mission, then a distress message. And things only get more confused when they land and discover an unexpected survivor. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Shudder\u002FAmazon Prime Video.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (EM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dp03b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGet Shorty\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnyone who dismisses TV adaptations of films would do well to seek out FX’s excellent Fargo, or TNT’s new small-screen version of Bong Joon-Ho’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200507-snowpiercer-review-the-perfect-tv-show-for-right-now\"\u003ESnowpiercer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and reconsider their position. It can yield great results, as also seen in EPIX’s three-season riff on the 1995 John Travolta-starring gangster comedy Get Shorty, itself an adaptation of an Elmore Leonard novel. Here Chris O’Dowd takes on the lead role as Miles Daly, a now-Irish heavy working for a Las Vegas loan shark who seeks a career change when his family tell him he’s unsafe to be around. So he approaches film producer Rick Moreweather (Ray Romano), who has the means for him to get his good script – which Miles brings to him literally soaked in blood – off the ground. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on EPIX\u002FAmazon Prime Video in the US and Sky Atlantic\u002FNow TV in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (EM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dp06q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELoudermilk\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPossessing both heart and a caustic humour that will appeal to fans of shows like Community and BoJack Horseman, this sitcom starring Office Space’s Ron Livingstone as a substance-abuse counsellor has the feel of a weird little web series: it is somewhat rough around the edges, much like the flawed characters it follows, but none the worse for that. Former music critic and recovering alcoholic Sam Loudermilk (Livingston) leads support group Sober Friends. But while Sam may be well-practised in advising those around him, he discovers that the person who needs the most work is himself. Supported by his best friend and sponsor, Ben (Will Sasso), he goes through relapses and has to face up to his bad behaviour. The result is an unusually honest portrayal of addiction that is also very funny. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Amazon Prime Video. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(EM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsypw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEnlightened \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the last few years, TV’s journey towards relative gender enlightenment has led to a host of difficult and complex female protagonists filling up our screens – and not before time. But back in the dark days of the early noughties, no-one quite knew how to handle this brilliant HBO comedy-drama and its maddening, idiosyncratic, bold, brave heroine Amy Jellicoe: a frazzled white-collar drone turned new-age convert turned corporate whistleblower, played by Laura Dern, who may be the actress of the moment right now but has never bettered her performance here. What begins as a black workplace comedy turns, slowly but surely, into a much more profound study of what it means to be good. After two seasons of low ratings, it was unceremoniously cancelled, but nearly a decade on, it remains astonishing and, when we’re evermore saturated in things to watch, its concision may be a blessing in disguise. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on HBO Go\u002FAmazon Prime Video in the US and Sky Go\u002FNow TV in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (HM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsylw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Midnight Gospel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E If you’re looking for a break from reality, then you couldn’t get a show more transcendent than this deeply trippy new adult animation, co-created by Pendleton Ward, the man behind the equally surreal but more kids-targeted Adventure Time. The premise here is that we follow a bright-eyed young chap called Clancy on various philosophical adventures, as he teleports to a different simulated world each episode, where, in the guise of an avatar, he has an extended intellectual discussion with one of its citizens, delving into such concepts as death, suffering, and the self. These centrepiece conversations are taken from the podcast of the show’s other creator Duncan Trussell, in which Trussell interviews notable figures about their ways of being, and are accompanied by incongruously action-packed animated scenes at once beautiful, funny and disconcerting. The result is somehow both mind-bogglingly fantastical and perfect for a time in which many of us have turned inwards. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Netflix.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (HM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dtymx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMiss Fisher’s Murder Mysteries\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you're looking for a good detective drama, then this high-glam period procedural should do the trick. A vehicle for one of Australia’s great actresses, Essie Davis – best known for her more serious roles in the likes of The Babadook and The Slap – it sees her as a sharp-witted, very modern and always fabulously-costumed flapper cracking murder cases in 1920s Melbourne. Full of breezy vim, and one-liners as dry as the cocktails, it’s irrepressible fun, while also possessing a strong social conscience, having dealt with issues from abortion to anti-Semitism. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Acorn TV in the US and Netflix in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (HM)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsy9y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPushing Daisies\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother series cut short well before its time, this whimsical, supernatural comedy-drama lasted two series in the late noughties. If you didn’t see it first time around, it’s worth digging out now: it remains wonderfully unique, at once the sweetest and most morbid show you have never seen. At its centre is Ned (Lee Pace), a piemaker who has an even more powerful ability than baking delicious pastry treats – with one touch he can bring the dead back to life and with a second one, send them back to death. This power comes in handy when he is solving crimes with private eye Emerson Cod (Chi McBride), waking people up, asking a few questions, and re-dead-ifying them in the space of a minute. After those 60-seconds elapse, however, if the dead are to stay alive, another life nearby has to be taken in return. With its saturated colours, sweet love story between Pace and Anna Friel as his reanimated first love, and ensemble of eccentric side characters, there is plenty to lift the spirits. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on CW Seed in the US and Amazon Prime Video in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (LW)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsy8k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAvatar: The Last Airbender\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis three-season animation may have originally been produced for Nickelodeon but dismiss it as a kids' cartoon at your peril. With a carefully constructed universe, inspired by a variety of Asian cultures and martial arts, it possesses a level of detail and lore on a par with the Lord of the Rings. For the uninitiated, the world of Avatar is divided into four nations corresponding with the four natural elements – earth, water, wind and fire – with each inhabited by both laypeople and benders, who can control their native element. Tasked to keep balance among the kingdoms is the Avatar, who is able to bend all the elements; however, as the story picks up, the last reincarnation of this special being has been missing for 100 years, allowing the Fire Nation to conquer the rest of the world with their destructive powers. With a high-stakes plot matched to a lovable bunch of misfit characters, there’s more than enough entertainment here to sweep you through the show’s 61 episodes. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Netflix in the US and UK, and Amazon Prime Video in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (LW)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsyps"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELovesick \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis delightful romantic comedy, began life under a very different, and inauspicious, title: called Scrotal Recall, it ran for one series on Channel 4 in the UK in 2014, before being picked up by Netflix, rebranded and commissioned for two more. It all begins when Dylan, a ruggedly handsome but seemingly directionless romantic, is diagnosed with the sexually-transmitted infection chlamydia, and has to cycle through his sexual history, speaking to his previous partners and ill-fated one night stands to let them know he’s infected, while working out who he got it from. Starring the charming Johnny Flynn (Emma), Antonia Thomas (Misfits, The Good Doctor) and Daniel Ings (Black Mirror, Sex Education), Lovesick is escapist yet relatable, with laugh-out-loud yet nuanced writing. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Netflix.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (AC)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08dsyht"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPure \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOCD isn’t your usual comedy source material, but it makes for rich and darkly funny material in this superb adaptation of British author Rose Cartwright’s memoir of the same name. Charly Clive is Marnie, who ups and leaves her life with her parents in rural Scotland and heads for a new life in London. Marnie has pure OCD, which manifests itself as intrusive, graphically sexual thoughts that strike her at the most painful and inopportune moments. We follow her as she attempts to make friends, hold down a job and adapt to life in the big city while living with OCD. Clive’s performance is brilliant, and the funny, thoughtful and sometimes extreme writing was meticulously researched. \u003Cem\u003EAvailable on Netflix and All4.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (AC)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of-20"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-21T17:59:49.092Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The best TV shows you’ve never heard of","headlineShort":"Hidden TV gems to binge in lockdown","image":["p08dsyq9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08dsyq9"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"If, after the last few weeks of lockdown, you’ve run out of things to watch, then it’s time to try something more unfamiliar. Here our editors pick some lesser-known masterpieces.","summaryShort":"Our critics pick the best shows you’ve never heard of","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision","tag\u002Fisolation-inspiration"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-05-24T23:00:35.507701Z","entity":"article","guid":"853c9073-961b-4312-956e-ec58730d5a2c","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-01T11:06:07.628199Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music","_id":"5ede3d36738e584e2caa2635","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fjustin-quirk"],"bodyIntro":"Almost 50 years ago, a group of Jamaican producers embarked on a series of experiments with reggae tracks that still reverberate through popular music today, writes Justin Quirk.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe story of popular music is impossible to separate from the technology it was created with – and particularly from the moments when that equipment was pushed beyond its limits and used to create something that its inventors never intended: when amplifiers were overdriven to distort the sounds of guitars at the birth of rock ‘n’ roll; when records were manually dragged backwards against needles to create the abrasive, scratching rhythm of hip hop; when feedback was first harnessed and turned from an electrical malfunction into a musical tool in its own right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200122-the-forgotten-political-roots-of-bridge-over-troubled-water\"\u003EIs this the ultimate comfort song?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-todays-rappers-are-resurrecting-the-spirit-of-punk\"\u003EThe new age of punk \u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-how-hip-hop-is-saving-a-dying-colombian-language\"\u003EThe language being saved by hip hop\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut perhaps no innovations have been as far-reaching as the set of boundary-smashing experiments that a small group of producers performed on multi-track recording machines and mixing desks in a handful of Jamaican studios throughout an astonishingly creative period almost 50 years ago. These pioneers created not just a vast trove of still-exhilarating recordings, but completely reinvented how a recording studio could be used, what a producer was able to do, and what listeners expected from music. It prefigured the world of electronic music which we now live in – of endless editing and rearranging, of technology as both tool and inspiration, of the producer as an artist in their own right, and of music’s entire past being broken down into individual elements to be selected, sampled and turned into something new. If it wasn’t for the genre known as dub, the whole culture of music as we know it would perhaps be unrecognisable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fr1rl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDub was to be the subject of a new exhibition at the Museum of London this month, which is now delayed because of the current situation, but is likely to be rescheduled for later this year. It’s a testament to the genre’s importance that such a substantial exhibition could be devoted to a style of music which produced no hit singles, had relatively limited distribution outside of its homeland, and was often created by largely faceless, pseudonymous artists. Cloaked in mystery, hard to find, and frequently baffling to casual listeners, dub may have emerged in Jamaica in the early 1970s, and had its creative heyday in the subsequent decade, but the shockwaves from that first burst of creative energy are still being felt today. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow reggae was deconstructed\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDub is, in its most basic terms, a variant branch of reggae, with producers creating radical reworkings of original – and often well-known – existing reggae tracks. But more than just remixes, dub productions are works of complete deconstruction and rebuilding, with the component parts of a recording being separated out, reordered, fed through layers of echo and reverb, and mixed into a different configuration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe resulting tracks were often named with little connection to their parent title, further occluding their roots. So, Jacob Miller’s Baby I Love You So became Augustus Pablo’s King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown (1974). Johnny Clarke’s King in The Arena became King Tubby’s The Champion Version (1977). Johnny Osbourne’s Give A Little Love became Scientist’s Dangerous Match Seven (1982). One song could spawn numerous dubs, all functioning as shadow selves of the original, often uncredited, track – ghostly traces of the master recording bubbling up through them, but completely different in feel and atmosphere. The dub could take on a life of its own, eclipsing the track that birthed it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It always winds me up a bit when I hear people say ‘dub reggae’ – there’s no such thing – Steve Barrow","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Lloyd Bradley’s definitive history of reggae music, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F212\u002F21265\u002Fbass-culture\u002F9780140237634.html\"\u003EBass Culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he describes the sound of Tribesman Rockers, a 1978 reworking by Joe Gibbs and the Professionals of Lord Creator’s standard Kingston Town. “Instruments ease backwards and forwards, in, out and around the mix, completely rebalancing the tune four or five times in the space of a minute. New melodies are shaped out of bits of rhythm that have been stretched and remoulded, whereas melodic sequences have been chopped down so brutally they can be stacked on top of each other to become the rhythm.” It’s a perfect description of the complex, liquid structure of a dub.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It always winds me up a bit when I hear people say ‘dub reggae’ – there’s no such thing. There’s reggae, then there’s a \u003Cem\u003Eprocess\u003C\u002Fem\u003E which is applied to reggae called dub. It’s a mixing technique,” says Steve Barrow, one of the world’s leading authorities on reggae, having worked with it as a record vendor, A&R, writer and curator for more than 40 years. He was also the driving force behind Blood and Fire, the label established in 1993, and responsible for perhaps the highest quality reissue series ever of hugely significant but largely unavailable or forgotten recordings from the golden age of Jamaican music.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fr1ng"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBarrow describes how dub developed in Jamaica from outdoor sound systems – operations roughly akin to pop-up outdoor nightclubs that disseminated the emergent music when it had little outlet on regular radio or in Jamaica’s more established clubs. This competitive – and potentially lucrative – grass-roots circuit saw popular systems like Spanish Town’s Ruddy’s Supreme Ruler of Sound hunting for novel spins on familiar hits to give themselves an edge over their rivals. This saw them first playing instrumental b-sides, then ‘versions’ (instrumentals with a different musical topline added to them for variety) and ultimately in time – when the technology advanced sufficiently – the full deconstruction of the dub. If the ‘version’ was primarily about adding elements, the ‘dub’ was more about subtracting and reordering. “There was instrumental, then there was version, then there was dub,” says Barrow by way of chronology. “And with dub, it’s King Tubby, he’s the one who really pushed that along further than anyone else. He’s the sole progenitor of dub production in reggae.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe king of dub\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAny discussion of dub inevitably circles back to King Tubby (1941-1989), real name Osbourne Ruddock: he was as innovative a producer as Phil Spector or George Martin, and one whose achievements are even more incredible given the limited means with which he was working in his cramped home studio at 18 Dromilly Avenue in Kingston’s Waterhouse district. His major breakthrough came in 1971, when already-established ska and reggae producer and musician Byron Lee upgraded his studio, Dynamics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThanks to a deal brokered by fellow producer Bunny ‘Striker’ Lee, Tubby was able to acquire Dynamics’ old four-track mixer. He had previously only had a two-track machine – the number of tracks dictated how many different layers of music a producer could composite during a recording process, with more tracks equalling greater potential for depth and complexity in a finished recording. “That then gave King Tubby more possibilities – those four tracks could be separated,” explains Barrow. “If you wanted to make another version, you could bring tracks in and out of the mix.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a gifted electrical engineer, Tubby also had the ability to build, repair and modify audio components in a way that few others could, allowing him to push equipment beyond its usual sonic limitations, and obtain sounds and effects that were only available in his studio, most notably a distinctive, cavernous spring reverb effect. While exact dates and chronology are contested, through 1972 a number of increasingly sophisticated dub experiments appeared from Tubby and other producers like Lee Perry, with full albums following soon after as others followed their lead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's as big a break from classic recorded music as Picasso's invention of cubism was from representational painting – Joe Muggs","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, the new dub producers like Tubby weren’t creating original songs or recording musicians as producers traditionally did, but working with tapes recorded at other studios as source material. These multi-track recordings would be fed through the mixing desk and reworked in one take into a new dub, with the end result cut straight to a unique vinyl ‘dubplate’ as it happened (this ephemeral process partly explains the often patchy nature of archiving in Jamaican music). These deeply complex, multi-layered pieces of music aren’t the result of digital editing or later overdubs – they’re essentially a document of a live performance by the producer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA network of sonic architects grew out around King Tubby throughout the subsequent decade – Bunny Lee, Scientist, Philip Smart, Prince Jammy and more – whose names came to carry more weight on a record than those of the original performers. The idea of musical originality being of paramount importance was superseded by the idea that the mixing desk itself could be an instrument in its own right, while the track was simply source material, rather than a finished product, and the ‘authorship’ of music was a slippery, mutable thing. Perhaps fittingly, there’s no fixed agreement even on what the first true dub album was – strong contenders include Herman Chin-Loy’s Aquarius Dub, Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry’s Blackboard Jungle Dub and Joe Gibbs’ Dub Serial, which all emerged around 1973.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fr1p5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom that point on, an entirely new sound opened up – spacious, atmospheric and experimental – that was nothing less than revolutionary. “It’s as big a break from classic recorded music as Picasso’s invention of cubism was from representational painting,” says Joe Muggs, author of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstrangeattractor.co.uk\u002Fshoppe\u002Fbass-mids-tops\u002F).\"\u003EBass, Mid, Tops: An Oral History of Sound System Culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “It’s common to talk about ‘space’ in dub, but this is not just figurative, it’s literal. This is music aimed at a very specific physical setup of a sound system in a dancehall or yard, [and] the understanding of how the bass, drum patterns and echoes would literally move in space around dancing bodies became very advanced very quickly.” Through Muggs’ work, he has seen how dub’s influence has lived on as an entire mindset. “The lessons about stripping music to bare rhythmic essentials, the physically affecting power of bass and spatial effects, the interplay of repetition and surprise, all fed into every kind of dance music that would follow… You can hear dub in rave, jungle, garage, grime and of course dubstep.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA physical sensation \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch of dub’s unique power came from being created with outdoor playback at sound systems primarily in mind, rather than radio play or domestic consumption – in short, it was painting on a bigger canvas than most production methods. “The mid range is not so important in Jamaican music,” says Barrow. “Full bass and a very high frequency is. Now when [dub producers\u002FDJs were] playing out in the open air they’d have little treble speakers up in the trees, chipping out. You’d hear that a long, long way away. And as you got nearer you’d start to hear the bass frequencies vibrating through your chest – ‘chest lick’ they call it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When you experience a dub sound system, you get a little closer to realising how music can affect us spiritually – Nabibah Iqbal","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENabihah Iqbal is a London-based producer and DJ whose own deeply-textured, electronic music has been strongly informed by her experience and love of dub methods. “In order to fully experience the effect of this music, you need to listen to it on a proper system,” she says. “There’s an astute attention given to the various sonic frequencies by dub music makers and the builders of the sound systems. The way the bass frequencies are accentuated in the music, and the way they are amplified through the speakers makes the music get right inside your body in a way that’s hard to explain… dub has a very physical presence.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s still a strong scene for formal dub worldwide: sound systems like Channel One, Aba Shanti and Young Warrior (son of London sound system legend Jah Shaka) tour constantly, and international festivals Dub Camp (France), International Dub Gathering (Spain), Zion Station (Italy) and Seasplash (Croatia) are thriving. But Joe Muggs points to a wide range of new producers who have taken dub’s ethos, innovations and principles, and transmuted them into something new: “There’s a huge range, from the very obvious like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmaladread.net\u002F)\"\u003EMala\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcongonatty.com\u002F)\"\u003ECongo Natty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. who have heavyweight dub at the heart of everything they do, to someone like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fszns7n.bandcamp.com\u002Falbum\u002Flcy\"\u003ELCY\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who sits in a midpoint between arty IDM, serious dancefloor techno, and dub. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomunit.bandcamp.com\u002Falbum\u002Fsubmerged\"\u003EOm Unit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E creates incredibly slick, glossy, cinematic pieces but always with a dub pulse. Or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyoutu.be\u002FJoQOWB9gDWE\"\u003ESpace Afrika\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who are a young duo from Manchester, but their take on dub is more informed by old techno dudes in Berlin than it is directly by Jamaica.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fr1l7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe astonishing surge of creativity around dub waned in the early 1980s when digital production techniques superseded the old analogue mixing desks, and the dancehall era arrived. “Really from there dub became obsolete in Jamaican terms, it wasn’t so important,” says Barrow. “There were still versions on the other side (of singles), still processed with techniques like reverb and delay, but it wasn’t like the old four-track dubs of the golden age, which was really from ‘72 through to the early ’80s.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut dub still endures – both as a musical influence, and also as a musical experience to which people have a deeply personal connection. Many adherents describe its power in almost spiritual terms. “Dub, for me, highlights and defines key moments of my youthful self during a complex era of the 1980s,” says Sister Stellah of the Rastafari Movement UK. “The A-side of a record would awaken me to social commentary… but it was the B-side that gave me a profoundly deeper inner, almost electric, surge of strength. It’s the bassline, it pushes out all negativity… and allows space for magnificent ideas, of hope for my people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I’d describe the music as a feeling,” concurs Iqbal. “It’s music which gets inside you, and you have to give yourself to it. It’s soul-enhancing. It’s something I think about a lot when trying to figure out what I’m doing with my own music. The power of music is beyond our comprehension, but when you experience a dub sound system, you get a little closer to realising how music can affect us spiritually. I feel like all musicians are striving towards this. It’s a constant quest.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESteve Barrow concludes by summing up just how influential the tidal wave of music and innovation was that emerged from Jamaica in a relatively short period, and how we’re still processing that today. “There’d been remixing before and people experimenting with multi-track recording, but Jamaicans really took it to an entirely new level,” he says. Without those producers and their artistic and technical experiments, almost all electronic music as we know it would now sound different. “Jamaicans made the road and put the signposts up,” says Barrow. “They cut the road and they opened it up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFive ultimate dub records \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKing Tubby – The Roots of Dub (1975):  a classic set of Tubby’s dubs of original vocal tracks by the likes of Horace Andy and Johnny Clarke\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAugustus Pablo – King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown (1976): a groundbreaking melodica-heavy album. The title track is perhaps dub’s signature tune.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKeith Hudson – Pick A Dub (1974): an atmospheric, melancholic masterpiece, which crossed over in the UK among the post-punk scene after radio play from John Peel\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELee Scratch Perry – Blackboard Jungle Dub (1973):  a contender for being the first dub album released, with Perry mixing his house band The Upsetters\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientist – Introducing Scientist (1980): the debut album from Hopeton Brown, aka Scientist, a former assistant to King Tubby who ushered in the new generation of producers in 1980 with this supremely technical album.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music-14"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmusic"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-03T09:11:48Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Picassos of modern music","headlineShort":"The Picassos of modern music","image":["p08fr163"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08frcr7"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Almost 50 years ago, a group of Jamaican producers embarked on a series of experiments with reggae tracks that still reverberate through popular music today, writes Justin Quirk.","summaryShort":"The dub pioneers who paved the way for modern dance","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-03T08:28:15.613571Z","entity":"article","guid":"60d85d6e-1f6a-4d77-9f65-164bce711f96","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-08T13:29:09.373482Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history","_id":"5ede06bd738e584e2c7f16f8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fdiego-arguedas-ortiz"],"bodyIntro":"Art historians are exploring their collections through a climate lens, revealing overlooked connections between our past and present, writes Diego Arguedas Ortiz.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the 1850s were drawing to a close, the artist Frederic Edwin Church was navigating off the Canadian coast of Newfoundland in preparation for his next painting. The search for the Northwest Passage had captured the public’s imagination for much of that decade and Church – America’s best-known landscape painter – was also lured. He chartered a schooner to approach the sea ice and spent weeks among the frozen blocks before returning to his studio in New York with about 100 sketches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200416-why-does-cinema-ignore-climate-change\"\u003EWhy does cinema ignore climate change?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200422-climate-change-art-the-best-ways-to-change-the-world\"\u003EThe artists helping to save the planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-       \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20190110-how-science-fiction-helps-readers-understand-climate-change\"\u003EHow sci-fi helps readers understand climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChurch’s monumental painting The Icebergs was presented in an exhibition in New York in 1861, just 12 days after the start of the American Civil War. Its original and more politically-charged name (The North) reflected the time’s views on the Arctic and on ice itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdkqm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Icebergs by Frederic Edwin Church","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tate.org.uk\u002Fresearch\u002Fpublications\u002Ftate-papers\u002F13\u002Farctic-fantasies-of-edwin-landseer-and-briton-riviere-polar-bears-wilderness-and-notions-of-the-sublime\"\u003EIt was sublime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, untamable. The icebergs’ sharp features offered no resistance. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollections.dma.org\u002Fessay\u002F5ndk60Yx\"\u003EA book published\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to coincide with the exhibition, by a friend who went North with Church hammered that point home: “After all, how feeble is man in the presence of these Arctic wonders.” Before the painting was exhibited in London two years later, the artist added a broken mast that dominated the centre of the scene, a reminder of humanity’s fragility.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That’s kind of the opposite of what modern paintings of ice are saying,” explains \u003Cspan\u003EKarl Kusserow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, the John Wilmerding curator of American art at the Princeton University Art Museum. “Later pieces of art are about the ice melting because of what we've done to it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKusserow is talking about works such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ficewatchlondon.com\u002F\"\u003EIce Watch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an installation by Danish artist Olafur Eliasson, in which more than two dozen blocks that had already been lost from Greenland’s ice sheet were placed in London and left to thaw, so that passersby were reminded of the melting, fragile Arctic. “It’s a kind of a flip-flop,” says Kusserow, “using that same kind of metaphor; this element of ice.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our conception of nature has been dramatically altered in the last century","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOnly one-and-a-half centuries have passed between the two pieces – a blink of an eye for a species like ours and even less so for the planetary cryosphere – but the relationship between humanity and ice is radically different. In Church’s time, the greenhouse effect had barely been suggested by scientists such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F21\u002Fobituaries\u002Feunice-foote-overlooked.html\"\u003EEunice Newton Foote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and John Tyndall, who coincidentally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fissuu.com\u002Fdallasmuseumofart\u002Fdocs\u002Fdma_voyageoftheicebergs\"\u003Eattended the painting’s preview party\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in London. In 2020, we are certain we are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-49817804\"\u003Eliterally melting the planet’s ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdk06"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ice Watch by Olafur Eliasson","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs scientists, policy-makers and members of the public attempt to make sense of the climate crisis, art historians poring over artworks are finding all sorts of answers (and a handful of new questions) about how our relationship with nature has changed, about past and present societies’ ideas of climate and even about the physical changes of our planet. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA changing relationship\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the central conclusions art historians have made is that our conception of nature has been dramatically altered in the last century. If you visited the Princeton Art Museum for its 2018 exhibition \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fartmuseum.princeton.edu\u002Fart\u002Fexhibitions\u002F2818\"\u003ENature’s Nation: American Art and Environment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, you might have caught glimpses of this transition (albeit one that’s messy, non-linear and far from finished) from immutable to frail nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe exhibition, co-curated by Kusserow, followed a journey of more than three centuries of American art. Nature’s Nation ranged from works such as the panoramic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.ncartmuseum.org\u002Fartwork\u002Fbridal-veil-falls-yosemite-2\u002F\"\u003EBridal Veil Falls, Yosemite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Albert Bierstadt, a celebration of nature’s power in the US during the 1870s, to its 21st-Century reponse, Valerie Hegarty’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org\u002Fopencollection\u002Fobjects\u002F184064\"\u003EFallen Bierstadt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which portrays a very similar monumental landscape in decay, as if consumed by time or fire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdlds"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Yosemite by Albert Bierstadt","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“There’s a 180-degree switch from a world that we have no control over, to one in which we are actually controlling the fate of the planet, and recognising that we’re not doing a very good job on it,” says Kusserow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe argues that a noticeable transition, at least in the US, occurred during the 1960s, propelled by the counterculture movement and books such as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring – whose first chapter is also a speculative fiction short story. The following decades saw artists producing work that was self-conscious about environmental issues and moved beyond romantic representations of the natural world. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of those pieces is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F4311039a\"\u003EOcean Landmark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a concept-defying installation by Betty Beaumont, built between 1978 and 1980. It falls into the relatively compact field of ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tate.org.uk\u002Fart\u002Fart-terms\u002Fl\u002Fland-art\"\u003Eland art\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’, which is made directly in the landscape, sculpting the land itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPartly sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the Smithsonian Institution, Beaumont took 17,000 neutralised coal fly-ash blocks and dumped them 3 miles (5km) from the coast of New York. The coal reached 70ft (21.3m) deep and rested on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, where it became a hybrid between sculpture and artificial reef. Yet its remoteness and the decision to create art for nature also says something about its time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdlg5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ocean Landmark by Betty Beaumont","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The reason why I like this piece is that it’s something you can’t access. Because it’s underwater, it’s always going to be elsewhere. It shows we can connect with the environment, but without claiming it as our own,” says Francesca Curtis, who’ll be presenting a paper on this piece at a conference on art history and climate change organised by the Courtauld Institute of Art in mid-2020. “The ocean space is there, and it exists, but it’s not for us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOcean Landmark also challenges the concept of nature as something opposed or at least different to culture. The artwork is the reef, which is now considered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnauticalcharts.noaa.gov\u002Fpublications\u002Fdocs\u002Fus-chart-1\u002FUnderstandingFishHavens-2016Feb.pdf\"\u003Ea fish haven\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the US government. “You can’t separate the idea of the environment from all the political problems that exist today, precisely because of things like climate change,” says Curtis, a PhD student at the University of York’s History of Art department.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe tip of the iceberg?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the 20th Century presented graver and graver environmental challenges, and the anxieties around waste management, nuclear energy and air, water and chemical pollution became multiplied, that boundary between nature and culture blurred.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHalf the world away from Ocean Landmark, a cadre of Indian artists have been reflecting and producing work about one of those meeting points between the natural and the human: farmers’ suicides. Art historian and educator Preeti Kathuria has been following this field’s development since the early 2000s, including the work of artists such as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kotaneelima.com\u002F\"\u003EKota Neelima\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the collective \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgramartproject.org\u002F\"\u003EThe Gram Art Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the duo \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thukralandtagra.com\u002Ffarmer-is-a-wrestler\u002F\"\u003EThukral and Tagra\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and will also present her work at the Courtauld’s conference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdjym"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Dominus Aeiris by Thukral and Tagra","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe has noticed the transition even in the last couple of decades. As the impacts of climate change become more striking, so have artists’ approaches. Kathuria suggests air pollution as an example in which changes in the city are forcing artists to react. “Suddenly, we cannot survive without air purifiers,” she says. “We never needed air purifiers in Delhi. The problem is now coming face-to-face, so naturally the response of the artist has become much more direct.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists and artists have also studied artworks to aid them in their reconstruction of past weather and climatic conditions. This is partly because of a “climate consciousness” that modern viewers have, says the art historian \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcourtauld.ac.uk\u002Fpeople\u002Ftheo-gordon\"\u003ETheo Gordon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a postdoctoral fellow at The Courtauld Institute and the organiser of its upcoming conference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Do we limit ourselves to an artist’s contemporary intent or do we try to see other things in the work of art?","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The way we are thinking about the climate now in increasingly alarmed terms is historically specific,” says Gordon, referring to the way people in 2020 interpret climate-related information, including art. That is, Church’s contemporaries in 1860 would not have represented the idea of ‘climate’ with the same emotional baggage as we do, which in turn prompts new questions about how to view these pieces. Do we limit ourselves to an artist’s contemporary intent or do we try to see other things in the work of art? Is an iceberg just an iceberg, or is it a metaphor for how a society sees ice?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome fields provide straightforward answers. Paintings and sketches allowed researchers in Switzerland to understand how the Lower Grindelwald Glacier, located in the Alps, behaved after 1600 and before photography was invented. The researchers happily agreed in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublicaciones.unirioja.es\u002Fojs\u002Findex.php\u002Fcig\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F3363\"\u003Ean academic paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in 2018 that “with a huge number of high-quality pictorial documents, it is possible to reconstruct the (Little Ice Age) history of many glaciers in the European Alps from the 17th to the 19th Centuries.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdpzk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lower Grindelwald Glacier, 1774","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimply put, if you compare the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fvanishingice.org\u002F\"\u003Epast extent of glaciers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in older paintings with current observations, you can tell how long a glacier was before we started warming up the planet. In turn, that can provide answers for how quickly we might lose ice in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a similar fashion, scholars from Greece and other countries suggested \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.atmos-chem-phys.net\u002F14\u002F2987\u002F2014\u002Facp-14-2987-2014.html\"\u003Ein a 2014 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the colours of sunsets painted by famous artists can be used to estimate pollution levels in the Earth’s atmosphere for the past five centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Nature speaks to the hearts and souls of great artists,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.egu.eu\u002Fnews\u002F106\u002Ffamous-paintings-help-study-the-earths-past-atmosphere\u002F\"\u003Esaid researcher Christos Zerefos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, professor of Atmospheric Physics at the Academy of Athens in Greece, when the research was published. “But we have found that, when colouring sunsets, it is the way their brains perceive greens and reds that contains important environmental information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdjpm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Red Sunset by JMW Turner","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you go further back, as the German historian Wolfgang Behringer does in his book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freviews.history.ac.uk\u002Freview\u002F925\"\u003EA Cultural History of Climate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, you would notice that prior to the 1500s there are very few occurrences of snowy landscapes in Western European art. Behringer suggests that the lower-than-usual temperatures during the so-called Little Ice Age plunged European artists like Pieter Bruegel the Elder into a new branch of landscape painting: the winter landscape. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis subgenre includes works such as Bruegel’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bruegel2018.at\u002Fen\u002Fthe-hunters-in-the-snow\u002F\"\u003EThe Hunters in the Snow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a 1565 oil-on-wood detailed depiction of an idyllic winter scene. But beyond the snow, it’s the little details that reveal the cultural and social dimensions of how people were living with the idea of changes in their climate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Art offers a window into our past, present and future climate that science alone can never offer","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The hunters have all these dogs behind them,” says George Adamson, a historian and geographer at King’s College London, who believes that artworks help us understand how past societies dealt with meteorological events. “I count 12 or 13 dogs with them, so it’s obvious they’ve got out for a big hunt, but they have one fox on their back.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose winter landscapes left a bleak impression in the 1500s, he says. But take a look at the next time temperatures slightly dropped in Western Europe, after the 1700s, and you’ll see a different perception of a blanketed field. “When you see snow scenes again in the 19th Century, they tend not to show quite so much hardship. In fact, you get the more romanticised view of the countryside”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fdqvz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Hunters in the Snow by Pieter Bruegel the Elder","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAdamson makes a crucial, nuanced point: the elements we see in a painting don’t make up a climate on their own. These are meteorological conditions, pictures of weather and a time and place. It’s rather the cultural ways in which humans live in those climates, and their representations of them in art, that we should be observing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, the best representation of our current emergency is not in temperature charts or in the upwards \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscripps.ucsd.edu\u002Fprograms\u002Fkeelingcurve\u002F\"\u003Econcentration of carbon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the atmosphere. The climate crisis, and what it means to us in 2020, is better explained with youth strikers’ signs, the debris left behind after a cyclone and the sketches over wildfire emergency maps. To fully understand a climate, even in a painting, we need the cultural artefacts; one must observe the shoes and the dogs. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Those elements can probably tell you more about climate than a thermometer does,” says Adamson. Art offers a window into our past, present and future climate that science alone can never offer, precisely because it reflects our frustrations, hopes and anxieties about nature. It helps understand something an iceberg survey alone will never accomplish: whether ice is a victim or a villain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiego Arguedas Ortiz is a science and climate change reporter. He is @arguedasortiz on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history-22"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-28T10:13:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The climate change clues hidden in art history","headlineShort":"The climate clues hidden in art history","image":["p08fdkfc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Grindelwald Glacier, 1774","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ede0786738e584e2c84ef10"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"The Hunters in the Snow by Pieter Bruegel the Elder","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fart-history"],"summaryLong":"Art historians are exploring their collections through a climate lens, revealing overlooked connections between our past and present, writes Diego Arguedas Ortiz.","summaryShort":"What 16th-Century paintings reveal about the planet today","tag":["tag\u002Fart-history","tag\u002Fculture-and-climate-change"],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-28T09:13:52.004662Z","entity":"article","guid":"bdd96713-73db-4d77-ac10-0194080b0744","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-28T11:35:10.302701Z","project":"culture","slug":"20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","_id":"5ede06bc738e584e2c7f0f4f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Flindsay-baker"],"bodyIntro":"With an emphasis on mid-Century influences, along with Cuban ingenuity and flair, a new book Havana Living Today, by Hermes Mallea, explores the city’s most beautiful homes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"ImageGallery","iFrameType":"","imageGallery":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana-0"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-10-30T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Inside the most distinctive homes of Havana","headlineShort":"Havana’s most beautiful homes","image":["p05g77jy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p05g77jy"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With an emphasis on mid-Century influences, along with Cuban ingenuity and flair, a new book Havana Living Today, by Hermes Mallea, explores the city’s most beautiful homes.","summaryShort":"A surprising look inside some of Cuba’s most distinctive dwellings","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2017-10-30T10:09:07.938678Z","entity":"article","guid":"5cfc186c-d104-476f-80b7-c83d1de21ce9","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","modifiedDateTime":"2017-10-30T10:09:07.938678Z","project":"culture","slug":"20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"tags":{"tag\u002Ffashion":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Ffashion","_id":"5ede0843738e584e2c86d23c","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest fashion stories from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F11657","name":"Fashion","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"fcb401f9-c772-467b-925f-955c4154b32c","id":"tag\u002Ffashion","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:01:49.042382Z","project":"","slug":"fashion","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"tag\u002Ffilm-reviews":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Ffilm-reviews","_id":"5ede0844738e584e2c86d429","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Culture's film critics on the latest movies.","linkUrl":"","name":"Film Reviews","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:16:06Z","entity":"tag","guid":"f19c4675-fc31-4207-be01-096a73853bf8","id":"tag\u002Ffilm-reviews","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-04T14:40:32.202441Z","project":"","slug":"film-reviews","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"tag\u002Fphotography":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fphotography","_id":"5ede0843738e584e2c86d2ca","assetImage":[],"description":"Explore BBC Travel’s collection of photos from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Photography","creationDateTime":"2011-11-21T01:14:37Z","entity":"tag","guid":"680babea-0203-4ca6-b4e3-d9b20c2a2032","id":"tag\u002Fphotography","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:53:35.453011Z","project":"","slug":"photography","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257139},"tag\u002Ftelevision":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Ftelevision","_id":"5ede0848738e584e2c86dcde","assetImage":[],"description":"Television","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.dbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F29831","name":"Television","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"071163aa-1f46-42e6-80f4-bbeb571e8d50","id":"tag\u002Ftelevision","modifiedDateTime":"2019-06-24T11:15:46.351395Z","project":"","slug":"television","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"tag\u002Fbooks":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fbooks","_id":"5ede083f738e584e2c86c9f6","assetImage":[],"description":"Books","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F3778","name":"Books","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"8b78845d-0252-4934-9d81-996e6528ed8e","id":"tag\u002Fbooks","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-04T14:31:23.410329Z","project":"","slug":"books","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"tag\u002Fdesign":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fdesign","_id":"5ede0846738e584e2c86d882","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest design stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Design","creationDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:28:52Z","entity":"tag","guid":"86ae676d-a6f2-4ef5-b3ef-6f0e69c658ae","id":"tag\u002Fdesign","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:22:17.686341Z","project":"","slug":"design","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"tag\u002Farchitecture":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Farchitecture","_id":"5ede083b738e584e2c86c381","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories about architecture from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F21296224","name":"Architecture","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"8db54226-c353-4131-89ee-bf819de3652b","id":"tag\u002Farchitecture","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:55:15.319039Z","project":"","slug":"architecture","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"tag\u002Fmy-happy-place":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fmy-happy-place","_id":"5ede0848738e584e2c86db87","assetImage":[],"description":"In these uncertain times, we need to take solace in the arts more than ever. In a new series of essays, writers reflect on a piece of culture that brings them joy.","linkUrl":"","name":"My Happy Place","creationDateTime":"2020-03-31T17:04:23.778009Z","entity":"tag","guid":"a576e348-2a3a-4552-88e5-8114cfabb729","id":"tag\u002Fmy-happy-place","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-01T08:25:51.059429Z","project":"","slug":"my-happy-place","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"tag\u002Fisolation-inspiration":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fisolation-inspiration","_id":"5ede0845738e584e2c86d5fe","assetImage":[],"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Isolation Inspiration","creationDateTime":"2020-04-02T14:15:38.38161Z","entity":"tag","guid":"99a50088-7343-4d5b-b3b4-670732554855","id":"tag\u002Fisolation-inspiration","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-16T10:48:46.959118Z","project":"","slug":"isolation-inspiration","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257142},"tag\u002Fart-history":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fart-history","_id":"5ede083b738e584e2c86c3ea","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories about art history from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200610235416\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F21207536","name":"Art history","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ceca9f2f-c657-418f-89c6-8bed9fedfb84","id":"tag\u002Fart-history","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:51:10.019113Z","project":"","slug":"art-history","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143},"tag\u002Fculture-and-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fculture-and-climate-change","_id":"5ede0845738e584e2c86d5e9","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Culture and climate change","creationDateTime":"2020-04-16T13:10:10.146798Z","entity":"tag","guid":"57f23537-6b22-4755-ac3e-0853da9fa260","id":"tag\u002Fculture-and-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-16T13:10:10.146798Z","project":"","slug":"culture-and-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"navigations":{"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:navigation:culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture","_id":"5ede084b89f6eb7bec0d343b","item":[{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Home","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-0"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Film","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Fcolumns\u002Ffilm","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-1"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Art","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fart","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-2"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Books","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Ftags\u002Fbooks","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-3"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"TV","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Ftags\u002Ftelevision","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-4"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Photography","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Ftags\u002Fphotography","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-5"},{"lineOne":"Featured section","lineTwo":"Designed","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Fdesigned","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-6"},{"lineOne":"Featured section","lineTwo":"Culture in Quarantine","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Fculture\u002Ftags\u002Fculture-in-quarantine","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture-7"}],"primaryVertical":"culture","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:45:34.163397Z","entity":"navigation","guid":"491dee38-bf17-479f-900c-6cc1b5c9941e","id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-01T15:08:13.263402Z","project":"culture","slug":"culture","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257117}},"partners":{},"modules":{"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhero":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhero","_id":"5ee0a421738e584e2c7e7c86","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"hero","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-prairie-look-that-keeps-coming-back","schema":"article"}],"title":"Hero","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:38:13.476278Z","entity":"module","guid":"9ca6e372-e89c-4719-8e68-417af7181048","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhero","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T09:12:49.016433Z","project":"culture","slug":"hero","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex-picks":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex-picks","_id":"5ee0e0c2738e584e2caf9350","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"index-picks","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-five-stars-for-spike-lees-da-5-bloods-his-best-film-yet","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-the-photographers-changing-the-way-we-see-animals","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200605-i-may-destroy-you-is-an-astonishing-study-of-sexual-assault","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-the-best-book-covers-in-history","schema":"article"}],"title":"Editor's Picks","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:54:06.992338Z","entity":"module","guid":"eaa29b3b-b09e-4cd4-9a9a-fba21fefa295","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex-picks","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T13:31:30.040022Z","project":"culture","slug":"index-picks","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138},"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Ffull-width-image":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Ffull-width-image","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e5ae","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"full-width-image","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-five-stunning-outdoor-spaces-for-all","schema":"article"}],"title":"Full Width Image","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:49:05.465673Z","entity":"module","guid":"f0269d60-979a-4e75-bbae-5fb0b3cf409f","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Ffull-width-image","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-08T09:29:42.651196Z","project":"culture","slug":"full-width-image","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257140},"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhot-topics":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhot-topics","_id":"5ee0e1f2738e584e2cb07622","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"hot-topics","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200602-the-man-who-wrote-the-most-perfect-sentences-ever-written","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-the-best-tv-shows-youve-never-heard-of","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-picassos-of-modern-music","schema":"article"},{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-the-climate-change-clues-hidden-in-art-history","schema":"article"}],"title":"Hot Topics","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:50:25.539049Z","entity":"module","guid":"d6e55375-f5c4-4048-bacf-13e6fd770b89","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhot-topics","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T13:36:34.478208Z","project":"culture","slug":"hot-topics","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257141},"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fmost-popular":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fmost-popular","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e6ba","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"most-popular","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","schema":"article"}],"title":"Most Popular","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:51:46.870279Z","entity":"module","guid":"3f77d05e-c685-4e94-9b96-b22b3e3f94f6","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fmost-popular","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:51:46.870279Z","project":"culture","slug":"most-popular","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143},"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fswimlane":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fswimlane","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e6e8","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"swimlane","primaryVertical":"culture","stories":[{"id":"culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned","schema":"collection"}],"title":"Swimlane","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:55:46.145795Z","entity":"module","guid":"57569a20-9ff6-4e64-8fc5-2992571ef96e","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fswimlane","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-03T10:57:43.901408Z","project":"culture","slug":"swimlane","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257143}},"indexModules":{"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:module:culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex","_id":"5ede0785738e584e2c84e63b","image":null,"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","moduleType":"index","primaryVertical":"culture","title":"Homepage","creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T15:01:30.894271Z","entity":"module","guid":"6a14c8ae-1975-42c5-9dcb-2d00d309e61f","id":"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-03T14:43:17.768739Z","project":"culture","slug":"index","cacheLastUpdated":1591833257138,"subModules":["culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhero","culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex-picks","culture\u002Fmodule\u002Ffull-width-image","culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fhot-topics","culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fmost-popular","culture\u002Fmodule\u002Fswimlane"]}},"aroundTheBBC":{}},"ads":{},"relatedArticlesById":{},"article":{"currentActiveArticle":null,"primaryArticle":null},"loader":{"message":null,"show":true},"location":{"currentLocation":"\u002Fculture\u002F?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F","previousLocation":null,"isFirstRendering":true},"serverRender":true,"hasArticleHero":{"value":false},"visitedCollectionIndex":false,"visitedTagIndex":false,"metaData":{"title":null},"fetchArticleGroupByArticleId":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null,"endpoint":null},"fetchArticleById":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"fetchTagsByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchCollectionsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchNavigationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"culture\u002Fnavigation\u002Fculture","error":null},"fetchCollectionById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchTagById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchModuleByVertical":{"isFetching":{"culture\u002Fmodule\u002Findex":false},"error":null},"pagination":{"articleInfiniteScroll":{},"collectionArticlesIndex":{},"tagArticlesIndex":{},"verticalArticlesIndex":{},"premiumCollectionArticlesIndex":{},"swimlaneCollectionArticles":{}}}</script> <script>window.__ENTITY_ROUTES__ = {"article":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"previewArticle":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"premiumCollection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fpremium-collection\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexColumn":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexSection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"tagArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftag\u002F:id"},"tagsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Ftags"},"verticalArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)"},"collectionsColumnsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"collectionsSectionsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"}};</script> <script>window.__PWA_CLIENT_SIDE_ENABLED__=true</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1590737659-199f6b488def6bcb24f29b43ad977a49a8e724bc/public/static/js/bundle.0e9ae845.js"></script> <script>window.BBC_GNL_PWA_MAIN();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '50924'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'culture'; _sf_async_config.authors = false; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"><div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/">Advertise with us<'+'/a><'+'/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-can-i-change-my-bbc-cookie-settings/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info<'+'/a><'+'/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"> <ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2020 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/js/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">require(['orb/lib/_$'], function($) { $.ready(function() { initialiseFooter(); }); var scrollCheckTimer; var didScroll; var previousPosition = 0; var delta = 5; var PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT = 1500; var pageLength = 0; function initialiseFooter() { // Suppress this feature on browsers we no longer test var myNav = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var oldIE = (myNav.indexOf('msie') !== -1) && parseInt(myNav.split('msie')[1], 10) <= 10; if (!oldIE) { require(['orb/cookies'], function (bbccookies) { var disabledByCookie = (parseInt(bbccookies.get('ckns_nav_promofail')) || 0) >= 3; if (!disabledByCookie) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { setUpLazyLoading(); } }); } }); } } function setUpLazyLoading() { // offsetHeight is expensive to calculate, only do it once. pageLength = Math.abs(document.body.offsetHeight); if (pageLength < getViewportHeight() + 300 || pageLength - getCurrentPosition() < PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } else { window.onscroll = function () { didScroll = true; }; scrollCheckTimer = setInterval(function () { if (didScroll) { hasScrolled(); didScroll = false; } }, 250); } } function loadPromo() { clearInterval(scrollCheckTimer); require(['orb/async/_footerpromo'], function(promo) { promo.init('https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk', ''); }); } function getViewportHeight() { return window.innerHeight; } function getCurrentPosition() { return Math.abs(window.scrollY || document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop); } function hasScrolled() { var currentPosition = getCurrentPosition(); if (Math.abs(previousPosition - currentPosition) <= delta) { return; } if (currentPosition > previousPosition) { if ((pageLength - currentPosition) <= PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } } previousPosition = currentPosition; } })</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/nav'], function(nav) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/1fd73d35e034e750cfa0abee967e1f41/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.1/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.1/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.1/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.1/'); }); } }; window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); });</script> <div class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && window.bbcdotcom.analytics && bbcdotcom.config && !bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp() && !bbcdotcom.config.isReel()) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.analytics.page, bbcdotcom.analytics); } /*]]>*/</script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416im_/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/?c1=2&c2=19293874&ns_site=bbc&name=" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.write, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.postWrite, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats === 1 && bbcdotcom.utils && window.location.pathname === '/') { var wwhpEdition = bbcdotcom.utils.getMetaPropertyContent('wwhp-edition'); var _sf_async_config={}; /** CONFIGURATION START **/ _sf_async_config.uid = 50924; _sf_async_config.domain = "bbc.co.uk"; _sf_async_config.title = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ' - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.sections = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ', Homepage - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.region = wwhpEdition; _sf_async_config.path = "/"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? '?'+wwhpEdition : ''); /** CONFIGURATION END **/ (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement("script"); e.setAttribute("language", "javascript"); e.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript"); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != "function") ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyLast = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window.SEARCHBOX.suppress === false && window.SEARCHBOX.locale && /^en-?.*?/.test(window.SEARCHBOX.locale)) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, } }); if (bbcuser && bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } }); } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-459.c5461d9/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/';</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-459.c5461d9/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(o,t){if(t.isAllowed("s1"))try{if(!require.s.contexts._.config.paths.idcta)return void i();require(["idcta/idcta-1"],function(t){t&&"function"==typeof t.getIStatsLabels&&o.addLabels(t.getIStatsLabels()),i()},function(t){throw t})}catch(t){console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&console.log("an exception occurred while adding idcta labels to istats, invoking istats without them",t),i()}function i(){o.invoke()}});</script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235416js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/1d5fa47d9ba60d5c52b377ec3208b7be/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script> </body> </html>