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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American chemist (1920–2012)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Harold_Johnston_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Harold Johnston (disambiguation)">Harold Johnston</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Harold S. Johnston</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-10-11</span>)</span>October 11, 1920<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Georgia" title="Woodstock, Georgia">Woodstock, Georgia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 20, 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-10-20)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_California" title="Kensington, California">Kensington, California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a> research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1997)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harold S.</b> "<b>Hal</b>" <b>Johnston</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (October 11, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientist who studied <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">atmospheric chemistry</a>. After beginning his teaching career at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, he was a faculty member and administrator at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> for nearly 35 years. In 1971, Johnston authored a paper suggesting that environmental pollutants could erode the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. </p><p>Johnston was elected to several scholarly organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. He won the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1997. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnston was born in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Georgia" title="Woodstock, Georgia">Woodstock, Georgia</a>, to Florine and Smith Lemon Johnston. His family had been in the area since shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> were forced out during the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. Johnston's paternal grandfather, who had the given name Doctor Medicine Johnston Jr, owned a general store but believed that education was a waste of time. Johnston's father wanted to become a minister, but he could only afford to attend college briefly before acceding to his family's demands to help them run the store.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnston, who was one of four sons, lived on a Georgia farm when he was young. In the early 1930s, Johnston contracted <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> and the illness affected his heart. A physician uncle told Johnston's father not to send Johnston to college because the young man would not survive long enough to get much use out of the education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnston said he later learned that the disease was associated with an average survival period of fifteen years at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florine and Smith Johnston valued education for their children, however, and they sent all of their sons to college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After going off to <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> with aspirations of becoming a journalist, Johnston soon realized that the U.S. was headed toward <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and that a science degree would serve him better.<sup id="cite_ref-Emorymag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emorymag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnston completed an undergraduate degree in chemistry and a minor in English literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Archive_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archive-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics from the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biogr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biogr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a doctoral student, Johnston focused on the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and the pollutant <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSTMF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Caltech, he joined in a secret defense project that involved protecting the country against the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">gas warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1947 to 1956, Johnston taught at Stanford University.<sup id="cite_ref-UCS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he was named to the editorial board of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1950s, Johnston furthered the air pollution work of <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a> by showing that <a href="/wiki/Free-radical_reaction" title="Free-radical reaction">free-radical reactions</a> underlay the photochemical process leading to smog. Throughout his career, much of Johnston's work involved understanding the kinetics of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eos_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eos-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Caltech as a faculty member for a year in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Eos_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eos-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1957 until his retirement in 1991, Johnston was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1966 to 1970, Johnston was the dean of Berkeley's college of chemistry. Johnston mentored undergraduate and graduate students, including future <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> and future National Medal of Science winner <a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made large contributions to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">elementary chemical reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eos_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eos-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a popular textbook on reaction rate theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnston became best known for his work related to ozone. In a 1971 paper, he posited that pollution from supersonic aircraft in the stratosphere could deplete the ozone layer.<sup id="cite_ref-NSTMF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it suggested for the first time that human activity could impact the integrity of the environment, Johnston's ozone research received some criticism and resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-NSTMF_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two environmental regulatory programs were formed as a result of his findings – the Climatic Impact Assessment Program (CIAP) and the Stratosphere Protection Program.<sup id="cite_ref-NSTMF_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnston was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulletin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulletin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, Johnston was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Arts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won the <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_Chemistry_in_Service_to_Society" title="NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society">NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> awarded him the National Medal of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-NSTMF_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Johnston received the <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle_Medal" title="Roger Revelle Medal">Roger Revelle Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Revelle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revelle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even in the late 1990s, Johnston said that he had lived most of his life with "a moving 10-year life expectancy" because of his early bout with rheumatic fever, but he remained in good health until he was more than 90 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 2012; he was 92. Johnston was survived by his wife of 64 years, Mary Ella, and their four children, as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-Archive_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archive-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> lists Johnston's middle name as <i>Sledge</i>, while his <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> biographical memoir states that his middle name is <i>Siddle</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20162–4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomorjai2016">Somorjai 2016</a>, pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nguyen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nguyen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nguyen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2012" class="citation news cs1">Nguyen, Andy (November 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailycal.org/2012/11/05/uc-berkeley-professor-harold-johnston-dies-at-92/">"UC Berkeley chemistry professor Harold Johnston dies at 92"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Californian" title="The Daily Californian">The Daily Californian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Californian&rft.atitle=UC+Berkeley+chemistry+professor+Harold+Johnston+dies+at+92&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycal.org%2F2012%2F11%2F05%2Fuc-berkeley-professor-harold-johnston-dies-at-92%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emorymag-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emorymag_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftus" class="citation news cs1">Loftus, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/issues/2013/spring/register/tribute.html">"A pioneer of atmospheric chemistry"</a>. <i>Emory Magazine</i>. No. Spring 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+pioneer+of+atmospheric+chemistry&rft.issue=Spring+2013&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emory.edu%2FEMORY_MAGAZINE%2Fissues%2F2013%2Fspring%2Fregister%2Ftribute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archive-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archive_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archive_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry-archive.berkeley.edu/publications/news/2012/hal-johnston-atmospheric-chemist-has-died.php">"Harold "Hal" Johnston, noted atmospheric chemist and winner of National Medal of Science, has died"</a>. UC Berkeley News Archive. November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+%22Hal%22+Johnston%2C+noted+atmospheric+chemist+and+winner+of+National+Medal+of+Science%2C+has+died&rft.pub=UC+Berkeley+News+Archive&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry-archive.berkeley.edu%2Fpublications%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fhal-johnston-atmospheric-chemist-has-died.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biogr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biogr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Biographical notes of Harold Johnston". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physical Chemistry A">Journal of Physical Chemistry A</a></i>. <b>105</b> (9): 1391. March 1, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JPCA..105.1391.">2001JPCA..105.1391.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp004096v">10.1021/jp004096v</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5639">1089-5639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Biographical+notes+of+Harold+Johnston&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1391&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.issn=1089-5639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp004096v&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JPCA..105.1391.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSTMF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSTMF_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSTMF_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSTMF_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSTMF_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSTMF_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/harold-s-johnston">"Harold S. Johnston"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Science_and_Technology_Medals_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Science and Technology Medals Foundation (page does not exist)">National Science and Technology Medals Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+S.+Johnston&rft.pub=National+Science+and+Technology+Medals+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmedals.org%2Flaureates%2Fharold-s-johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEN_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ainsworth, Susan J. (February 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i8/Harold-Hal-Johnston.html?type=paidArticleContent">"Harold (Hal) Johnston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i>. <b>91</b> (8): 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Harold+%28Hal%29+Johnston&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F91%2Fi8%2FHarold-Hal-Johnston.html%3Ftype%3DpaidArticleContent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/haroldsjohnston.html">"In Memoriam: Harold S. Johnston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johnston (1920–2012)". <i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(magazine)" title="Eos (magazine)">Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union</a></i>. <b>94</b> (9): 88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EOSTr..94...88W">2013EOSTr..94...88W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013EO090006">10.1002/2013EO090006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2324-9250">2324-9250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos%2C+Transactions%2C+American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Harold+S.+Johnston+%281920%E2%80%932012%29&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.issn=2324-9250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2013EO090006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EOSTr..94...88W&rft.aulast=Wuebbles&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomorjai20169-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomorjai20169_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomorjai2016">Somorjai 2016</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/54089.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/">"Harold Johnston"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Bulletin%3A+A+Weekly+Bulletin+for+the+Staff+of+the+University+of+California&rft.atitle=AAAS+elects+UC+faculty+members&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1981-03-16&rft.aulast=%28System%29&rft.aufirst=University+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvM2AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arts_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/content/system/search.aspx?s=harold+johnston#srConstOverview">"Professor Harold Sledge Johnston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Harold+Sledge+Johnston&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fcontent%2Fsystem%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fs%3Dharold%2Bjohnston%23srConstOverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tylerprize.usc.edu/laureates/tyler1983.html">"1983 Tyler Laureates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1983+Tyler+Laureates&rft.pub=Tyler+Prize+for+Environmental+Achievement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftylerprize.usc.edu%2Flaureates%2Ftyler1983.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revelle-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revelle_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/roger-revelle-award/">"Roger Revelle Medal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. 3 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Revelle+Medal&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhonors.agu.org%2Fmedals-awards%2Froger-revelle-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_S._Johnston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomorjai2016" class="citation book cs1">Somorjai, Gabor A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/johnston-harold.pdf"><i>Biographical Memoirs: Harold S. Johnston, 1920–2012</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Memoirs%3A+Harold+S.+Johnston%2C+1920%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Somorjai&rft.aufirst=Gabor+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fjohnston-harold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+S.+Johnston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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