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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strain (injury)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskelzerrung" title="Muskelzerrung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Muskelzerrung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="إجهاد (إصابة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إجهاد (إصابة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Разтежение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разтежение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberspr%C3%A6ngning" title="Fibersprængning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fibersprængning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskelzerrung" title="Muskelzerrung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muskelzerrung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Θλάση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θλάση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desgarro_muscular" title="Desgarro muscular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desgarro muscular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskulu_zuntzen_haustura" title="Muskulu zuntzen haustura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muskulu zuntzen haustura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8)" title="کشیدگی (آسیب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشیدگی (آسیب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9chirure_musculaire" title="Déchirure musculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déchirure musculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="पेशियों का खिंचाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेशियों का खिंचाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strappo_muscolare" title="Strappo muscolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strappo muscolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweepslag_(letsel)" title="Zweepslag (letsel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweepslag (letsel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%9B%A2%E3%82%8C" title="肉離れ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肉離れ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distens%C3%A3o" title="Distensão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distensão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Пуцање мишића – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пуцање мишића" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%A4hdys" title="Revähdys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Revähdys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskelbristning" title="Muskelbristning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muskelbristning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Injury due to slight tearing of a muscle or tendon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the kind of muscle injury. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Strain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Strain (disambiguation)">Strain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">Sprain</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Strain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Muscle strain, pulled muscle, torn muscle</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg/220px-2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg/330px-2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg/440px-2010-10-02_pulled_hamstring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Two images of the same strain to the <a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">hamstring</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruising</a>. One of the pictures was shot through a mirror.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bruise, swelling, redness and soreness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Excessive stress and/or repeated injury on a muscle</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg/308px-3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg/462px-3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg/616px-3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>3D animation depicting strain</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>strain</b> is an acute or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">soft tissue injury</a> that occurs to a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a>, or both. The equivalent injury to a <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligament</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and partially tears, under more physical stress than it can withstand, often from a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity. Strains most commonly occur in the foot, leg, or back. Immediate treatment typically includes four steps abbreviated as <a href="/wiki/R.I.C.E." class="mw-redirect" title="R.I.C.E.">R.I.C.E.</a>: rest, ice, compression, elevation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> of a strain include <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, functional loss of the involved structure, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">contusion</a>, and localized <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strain can range from mild overstretching to severe tears, depending on the extent of injury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A strain can occur as a result of improper body mechanics with any activity (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Contact_sport" title="Contact sport">contact sports</a>, lifting heavy objects) that can induce mechanical trauma or injury. Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and is placed under more physical stress than it can withstand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strains commonly result in a partial or complete tear of a tendon or muscle, or they can be severe in the form of a complete tendon rupture. Strains most commonly occur in the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">back.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute strains are more closely associated with recent mechanical trauma or injury. Chronic strains typically result from repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons over a long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Degrees of Injury (as classified by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Sports_Medicine" title="American College of Sports Medicine">American College of Sports Medicine</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>First degree (mildest) – little tissue tearing; mild tenderness; pain with full range of motion.</li> <li>Second degree – torn muscle or tendon tissues; painful, limited motion; possibly some swelling or depression at the spot of the injury.</li> <li>Third degree (most severe) – limited or no movement; severe acute pain, though sometimes painless straight after the initial injury</li></ul> <p>To establish a uniform definition amongst healthcare providers, in 2012 a Consensus Statement on suggested new terminology and classification of muscle injuries was published.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classifications suggested were: </p> <dl><dd>The major difference suggested was the use of "indirect" muscle injury verse "grade 1" to provide subclassifications when advanced images were negative.</dd></dl> <p>Indirect Muscle Injury FUNCTIONAL (Negative MSK US & MRI)<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Williams_&_Wilkins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Williams_&_Wilkins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Type 1: Overexertion-related Muscle Disorder <ul><li>Type 1a: Fatigue induced</li> <li>Type 1b: DOMS</li></ul></li></ul> <p>• Type 2: Neuromuscular muscle disorder </p> <ul><li><ul><li>Type 2a: Spine-Related</li> <li>Type 2b: Muscle-Related</li></ul></li></ul> <p>STRUCTURAL MUSCLE INJURY (Positive MSK US & MRI)<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Williams_&_Wilkins_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Williams_&_Wilkins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> • Type 3: Partial Muscle Tear • Type 4: (Sub) total tear </p><p>DIRECT MUSCLE INJURY • Bump or Cut: Contact-related </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although strains are not restricted to athletes and can happen while doing everyday tasks, people who play sports are more at risk for developing a strain. It is common for an <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">injury</a> to develop when there is a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first-line treatment for a muscular strain in the <a href="/wiki/Acute_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute phase">acute phase</a> include five steps commonly known as <a href="/wiki/P.R.I.C.E." class="mw-redirect" title="P.R.I.C.E.">P.R.I.C.E.</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Protection: Apply soft padding to minimize impact with objects.</li> <li>Rest: Rest is necessary to accelerate healing and reduce the potential for re-injury.</li> <li>Ice: Apply ice to induce <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, which will reduce blood flow to the site of injury. Never ice for more than 20 minutes at a time.</li> <li>Compression: Wrap the strained area with a <a href="/wiki/Elastic_bandage" title="Elastic bandage">soft-wrapped bandage</a> to reduce further <a href="/wiki/Diapedesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapedesis">diapedesis</a> and promote lymphatic drainage.</li> <li>Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is possible in order to promote venous blood return to the systemic circulation.</li></ul> <p>Immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of <a href="/wiki/NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAIDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_compression_therapy" title="Cold compression therapy">Cold compression therapy</a>. Cold compression therapy acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">leukocyte extravasation</a> into the injured area.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NSAIDs such as <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">Ibuprofen/paracetamol</a> work to reduce the immediate inflammation by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase-1" title="Cyclooxygenase-1">Cox-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase-2_inhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition">Cox-2</a> enzymes, which are the enzymes responsible for converting <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> into <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a>. However, NSAIDs, including <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and ibuprofen, affect platelet function (this is why they are known as "blood thinners") and should not be taken during the period when tissue is bleeding because they will tend to increase blood flow, inhibit clotting, and thereby increase bleeding and swelling. After the bleeding has stopped, NSAIDs can be used with some effectiveness to reduce inflammation and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new treatment for acute strains is the use of <a href="/wiki/Platelet-rich_plasma" title="Platelet-rich plasma">platelet rich plasma</a> (PRP) injections which have been shown to accelerate recovery from non-surgical muscular injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is recommended that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractured bone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprain</a>, or a complete muscle tear.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon_rupture" title="Achilles tendon rupture">Achilles tendon rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_hamstring" title="Pulled hamstring">Pulled hamstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/sprains-and-strains/advanced">"Sprains and Strains: In-Depth"</a>. 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(2012-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715623">"The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing"</a>. <i>HSS Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 137–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11420-011-9239-7">10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-3316">1556-3316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715623">3715623</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23874254">23874254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HSS+Journal&rft.atitle=The+role+of+platelet-rich+plasma+in+inducing+musculoskeletal+tissue+healing&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-145&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3715623%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1556-3316&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23874254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11420-011-9239-7&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft.au=Chaudhury%2C+Salma&rft.au=Rodeo%2C+Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3715623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrain+%28injury%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neustaedter, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cure-guide.com/natural-treatment-for-injuries/">"Natural Treatment for Injuries"</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strain_(injury)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/M62.6">M62.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.3">T14.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=848.9">848.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013180">D013180</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation_of_jaw" title="Dislocation of jaw">Dislocation of jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(medicine)" title="Whiplash (medicine)">Whiplash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper arm">upper arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">GH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dislocated_shoulder" title="Dislocated shoulder">Dislocated shoulder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">AC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Separated_shoulder" title="Separated shoulder">Separated shoulder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALPSA_lesion" title="ALPSA lesion">ALPSA lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAP_tear" title="SLAP tear">SLAP tear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankart_lesion" title="Bankart lesion">Bankart lesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_elbow" title="Pulled elbow">Pulled elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper%27s_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper's thumb">Gamekeeper's thumb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_dislocation" title="Hip dislocation">Hip dislocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tear_of_meniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear of meniscus">Tear of meniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury" title="Anterior cruciate ligament injury">Anterior cruciate ligament injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament_injury" title="Posterior cruciate ligament injury">Posterior cruciate ligament injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unhappy_triad" title="Unhappy triad">Unhappy triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_dislocation" title="Patellar dislocation">Patellar dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_dislocation" title="Knee dislocation">Knee dislocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprained_ankle" title="Sprained ankle">Sprained ankle</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_ankle_sprain" title="High ankle sprain">High ankle sprain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joint_sprain" title="Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain">Turf toe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper arm">upper arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear" title="Rotator cuff tear">Rotator cuff tear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_hamstring" title="Pulled hamstring">Pulled hamstring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendon_rupture" title="Patellar tendon rupture">Patellar tendon rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon_rupture" title="Achilles tendon rupture">Achilles tendon rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_splints" title="Shin splints">Shin splints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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