北海岸發現台灣最古老「頭帕海膽化石」，揭開1500萬年前海洋古環境之謎

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The News Lens 關鍵評論網","url":"https:\/\/www.thenewslens.com"},"keywords":["科學","研究","台大","北海岸","化石","地質學","海膽","古生物學","水湳洞","古環境","埋藏學","古代海洋","大野狼與小綿羊岩"],"dateCreated":"2024-11-16T17:01:42+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-17T12:00:33+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-17T12:00:00+08:00","description":"北市大地生系的陳泓愷和古生物學者許家昕在一次前往北海岸南港層進行地質考察中，偶然發現了台灣最古老且最完整的頭帕海膽化石，並發現了該處還有非常多保存良好的海膽化石，遂與台大地質系林日白教授一同研究，透過海膽化石重建了千萬年前台灣的古環境。","articleBody":"文：許家昕（英國南安普頓大學海洋與地球科學學院博士生）、陳泓愷（台北市立大學地球環境暨生物資源學系大四生）現今的台灣雖然僅佔全球陸地面積的千分之三，但卻有著極為特別的地質條件。多數人可能並不知道，台灣島在地質時間尺度上是一座極為年輕的島嶼，在約六百萬年前才開始因板塊擠壓而逐漸露出海面。在那之前，它的所在位置仍是一片汪洋，然而在這片廣闊的大海下究竟有著什麼樣的環境？又有哪些遠古生物曾經在此生活呢？筆者與台大地質系林日白教授，透過分析台灣北海岸約一千五百萬年前沉積的地層與海膽化石，成功重建了當時台灣所在位置的海洋古環境，並在近日將研究論文發表於老牌的法國古生物期刊《地球生物Geobios》。石頭比想像中更有料！歷史學家要想了解人類的歷史，可以透過閱讀古代的文字記錄或遺留的器物，來推測過往發生的事情。然而，若想洞悉億萬年尺度的地球歷史，我們需要翻閱的卻是名為「岩石」的不起眼讀本，並破譯這些遠古時代倖存者使用的獨特語言。地球在約45.6億年前形成，現存最古老的岩石則有約40億年的歷史。在這數十億年的時間裡，岩石就好比地球無意間寫下的一部編年體史書，地質學家正是透過解密岩石中所隱含的各種資訊，來推測地球歷史與古環境，進而了解陸地、海洋、大氣、生物等地球系統的組成在不同時間尺度的變化與互動關係。沉積岩與化石是了解古代海洋的鑰匙岩石根據形成的方式可以區分為沉積岩、火成岩和變質岩三大類，不同的岩石如同迥異的語言，要想了解古環境變遷的故事，沉積岩會是最好的參考書。沉積岩主要是風化或侵蝕而來的岩石碎屑和生物殘骸經過搬運、堆積、壓密、膠結等作用所形成的岩石，大部分的沉積岩多是在湖泊或海洋底部這樣穩定的環境中形成，而不同的環境下所形成的沉積岩也會有所差異。以海洋為例，一般而言在靠近陸地的淺海，由於絕大多數沉積的物質由河流搬運而來，加上海水表層的波浪擾動較容易觸碰到淺海的海床，沉積岩的組成顆粒往往會比較大；反之，在遠離陸地的深海，沉積岩的組成顆粒則會較小。這些海相沉積岩在形成之後，由於海平面高度的變化或板塊擠壓造成的抬升，有些就可能因此出露於海面之上，成為我們所看到的岩石。而地質學家正是透過觀察與分析這些沉積岩的顆粒大小、組成、形狀、沉積構造等不同特徵，來重建過去可能的沉積環境，小從水深、流速、生態系這樣的基礎訊息，大到演化、冰河期、滅絕事件等遠古海洋的環境資訊。除此之外，當時生活在海底的貝類或海膽等生物，由於擁有堅硬的碳酸鈣骨骼，加上沉積作用在他們生活的環境中持續進行，這些生物在死亡後就有機會被保留下來，形成我們所熟知的化石。透過搭配這些化石與沉積岩本身所隱含的資訊，我們就可以很好的重建古代海底的環境與生活於此的生物，甚至進一步了解古環境與古生物間的互動關係。Photo Credit: 許家昕屏東竹坑地區海岸的沉積岩轉石金瓜石的山腳，古生物的寶庫水湳洞是新北市瑞芳區海邊的一處靜謐漁村，多數人對這裡的印象應該是赫赫有名的陰陽海，以及山坡上矗立的十三層選煉廠遺址。在這個遺世獨立的小漁村邊有一處深受釣客喜愛的岩壁，即暱稱「大野狼與小綿羊岩」的黃褐色岬角，它是由約1500萬年前沉積的南港層所構成。彼時台灣島尚未出現，位處構造擠壓活動並不明顯的被動大陸邊緣，因此沉積環境的變化主要受到海平面高低所影響。隨著海水面周期性的升降，環境也不斷在陸地、潮間帶與淺海間轉換，其中南港層就是在海平面上升時期於淺海環境沉積形成的。從大野狼與小綿羊岩的停車場沿著步道往海的方向走，滿地的海膽化石赫然出現在眼前。這些海膽化石在學術上有著相當重要的價值。西元1986年，台灣的古生物學家王家慶發現此處的星盾海膽化石與全世界已知的物種都不相同，因而將其命名為新種「高雅孔盾海膽Astriclypeus elegans」，水湳洞更一躍成為該物種的模式產地。Photo Credit: 許家昕大野狼與小綿羊岩一樣的地層剖面，新的發現從2019年開始，筆者與台大地質系的林日白教授團隊在此處開展了詳盡的地質調查，對每一個岬角的化石進行精細的判釋與紀錄。時隔模式物種發現的三十年後我們卻驚訝的發現，此處海膽化石的多樣性遠遠超乎我們的想像。在約兩百公尺厚的岩層中，我們可以很明顯的識別出三個海膽化石富集層，而它們各自竟有著截然不同的物種組成。在地層最底部的星盾海膽富集層位在大家最熟悉的「大野狼與小綿羊岩」，在這個約15公尺厚的富集層中，岩層由淘選度中等、粒徑中至粗砂且具有強烈生物擾動的塊狀砂岩所組成，含有大量管狀的生痕化石Thalassinoides，在富集層的中間還有一層1公尺厚的貝類化石塚。此富集層中的海膽化石以扁平的星盾海膽為主（Astriclypeus spp.），並有少量的布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）。Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press星盾海膽富集層第二個富集層—心形海膽富集層位於更東方的岬角上，在約8公尺厚的富集層中，岩層的組成與前一個星盾海膽富集層相似，同樣是由淘選度中等、粒徑中至粗砂的塊狀砂岩所組成，但是生物擾動和生痕化石則稍微少一些。此富集層中的海膽化石以女神海膽（Moira sp.）和布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）為主，並有少量的棘頭帕海膽（Prionocidaris sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）、史丟得海膽（Studeria sp.）。Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press心形海膽富集層最頂部的富集層—頭帕海膽富集層位在最東方，在厚約3公尺的富集層中，岩層的沉積相與最底部的星盾海膽富集層並沒有明顯區別。海膽化石的組成以棘頭帕海膽（Prionocidaris sp.）的大棘刺為主，但僅有相當少的標本保存完整的殼體與其棘刺。在大量的野外工作中，我們很幸運的找到一件完整且附著棘刺的棘頭帕海膽標本，這是全台灣目前發現最完整且最古老的頭帕目海膽化石。此富集層中還有少量的布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、裂星海膽（Schizaster sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）。Photo Credit: 陳泓愷完整帶大棘刺的棘頭帕海膽化石標本總的來說，這三個富集層擁有近似的沉積構造和特徵，因此如果單憑岩石的組成或沉積構造，我們很難詳細的去區分這三個富集層的沉積環境差異。此時地層中的化石就變得非常重要了。我們除了可以透過化石本身的保存情況，來了解生物死後到成為化石間是否經歷過強烈的擾動及搬運，甚至能通過分析海膽化石的物種組成，來重建古環境的變遷。這正是因為這些類群的海膽仍生活於今天的海洋中，因此我們可以從現生物種的棲息環境，來回推過去海膽可能身處的水深、流速等環境條件。埋藏學，一門研究地獄的科學埋藏學是地質學的一個小分支，是一門研究生物死亡到形成化石間過程的科學。透過觀察化石上非生物成因的構造，來推論生物死亡後發生了什麼，並進一步了解牠的埋藏與沉積環境。舉例而言，如果是死後馬上就被快速掩埋並形成化石，那麼化石理應就會完整度高、表面沒有磨損，但如果死亡後暴露於海床表面並被海流搬運，化石的完整度就會降低、表面出現磨損且很可能有如苔癬蟲這樣的生物附著。在我們的研究中，這三個富集層的埋藏情況就有非常顯著的差異，在星盾海膽富集層和心形海膽富集層中大部分的海膽化石都非常完整，相反的在頭帕海膽富集層中，多數海膽化石都非常破碎，僅能看到單一的大棘刺或碎片，這表示頭帕海膽富集層的化石很可能經歷過搬運與再堆積的作用。然而雖然星盾海膽富集層和心形海膽富集層的海膽化石都相對完整，但在保存的細節上有所差異，星盾海膽富集層大部分的海膽化石幾乎都是密集且平行排列於多個平面上，但化石之間少有大量交疊的情況出現，心形海膽富集層中的海膽化石則平均分散於岩層之中。結合數據分析與國外案例對比，證據顯示星盾海膽富集層的形成並非完全的原地快速埋藏，而是海膽自然死亡後在海床高能量的環境維持一段時間並發生揚選作用（winnowing），高能量的水流帶走了大量周圍的沉積物但卻無法帶走殼非常厚、重且堅固的星盾海膽，造成大量的星盾海膽在海床上累積，隨著時間過去就有數量驚人的自然死亡個體出現在同一個海床平面上。相較之下，心形海膽富集層則極有可能是原地快速埋藏，這是因為心型海膽多生活在海床下的沉積物中，且他們的殼體厚度非常薄且脆弱，受到搬運就很容易出現破損。Photo Credit: 許家昕水湳洞貝類化石碎屑堆積層，指示化石經過高能量擾動、破碎與搬運。功能形態學，工欲善其事，必先利其器除了埋藏學外，還有一項相當重要的工具─功能形態學也非常重要。為了適應各種不同的環境，海膽擁有非常高的形態多樣性，在相異環境棲息的海膽，彼此間的形態差異就會非常大。人們常會說「工欲善其事，必先利其器」，海膽也是如此，要在淺海高能量水流環境生存的海膽，殼就必須要厚，才不會一有海流的擾動就粉身碎骨；反之在深海的海膽則全然相反，由於深海的水壓非常大，柔海膽（Echinothuriidae）演化出柔軟且可動的骨板，才不會一壓就碎。在水湳洞大量出現的星盾海膽擁有非常厚重且扁平的殼體，這使他們非常適合在水深極淺的潮下帶環境生存；心形海膽擁有薄且楔形的殼體，這使他們適合在細顆粒、能量低且相對深的海域生存；頭帕海膽則有非常多樣的形態，但它們絕大多數喜好堅硬底質組成的礁岩，這能使他們的大棘刺不會卡在泥沙中動彈不得。透過這些功能形態學的解釋使我們可以從觀察現生物種的行為及棲地「以今鑑古」，對遠古海洋中的海膽化石們進行對照和確認。整合全部證據，解釋古環境結合物種組成、沉積特徵、埋藏特徵與功能形態學等證據，我們重建了這三個富集層可能對應的環境，星盾海膽富集層應為潮間帶（littoral），頭帕海膽富集層應為上部亞潮帶（inner sublittoral），心形海膽富集層則為水深最深的下部亞潮帶（outer sublittoral）。Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press海膽古環境重建示意圖有趣的是，當嘗試搜尋全球同一年代沉積的海膽化石富集層案例時，我們發現在環地中海地區有非常多近似的沉積環境，在與來自埃及和義大利的案例比較後更發現了非常有趣的結果。雖然水湳洞的海膽化石物種組成與環地中海地區不盡相同，但是整體的形態分布非常相近：在淺海環境都由扁平、殼厚的海膽種類佔據優勢，水深次之或堅硬底質的環境中則多是頭帕海膽，在最深的低能量環境則由心形海膽稱霸。即便在巨大地理隔離的地球彼端、即使是親緣關係遙遠的物種，只要生存在相似的環境，就可能趨同演化為擁有相近形態特徵的族群分布，這樣的結果不僅證明了海膽的形態與其生活的環境習習相關，更進一步說明海膽化石作為絕佳古環境指示工具的重大潛力。這個研究也說明即使台灣的地質年代相當年輕，仍有發展古生物研究的巨大潛力。而台灣的化石除了能在全球尺度的功能形態研究上佔有一席之地，筆者相信在未來這些基礎工作，絕對有為學界帶來更多貢獻的潛力。是破壞還是搶救？淺談地質景觀的保護在今（2024）年年中，論文尚在審稿期間，一個大新聞在地質圈的社群媒體上廣為流傳：水湳洞的化石被破壞了！在保存完好的星盾海膽化石旁，一個新鮮的坑洞和無數的碎石與漂亮的海膽化石呈現強烈的對比。毫無疑問，這是地層受到人為採集、破壞的暴力痕跡。Photo Credit: 黃家俊水湳洞海膽化石被破壞的現場對於非學術用途的化石採集，有人認為化石放著也會風化，由業餘愛好者蒐集不僅滿足了化石在商業市場的需求，未來也仍可回饋學術提供科學研究使用；有些人則認為所有的化石都應該現地保存，一旦它們離開岩層，不僅破壞了地層的完整性，更會失去其所蘊含的地質資訊。這樣的觀念衝突，無論在台灣亦或是全世界都是個相當棘手的議題，各國的法律規範也不盡相同，在化石採集無專法可管的台灣我們又該如何面對呢？從筆者的角度而言，兩者都有其道理。理論上以新種的發表來說，必須要有模式標本（type specimens）放在公開的博物館或研究機構中保存，提供後人檢視並避免標本佚失。然而實務上，長久以來重要的化石標本卻往往是由業餘收藏家或民眾發掘、提供，在這種情況下為了不致使標本風化或消失，勢必要由非研究者進行採集。這當中的關鍵在於，採集的標本必須同時伴隨詳盡且專業的紀錄，才可能保存其具有的地質意義，僅有標本但沒有良好地質資訊的化石是毫無研究意義與價值的。放在地質保育的角度而言，將重要的地質景觀現地保存，無疑是讓更多人能了解跟學習的最佳選擇，正如同野柳和金瓜石地質公園的設立，不僅寓教於樂，更透過觀光促進地方發展；從研究的角度出發，也能使岩層的地質資訊得以完整保存，這無疑為了解化石與周圍古環境的互動關係提供更完整的研究條件，然而卻具有因風化造成珍貴化石破碎的風險。或許這件事並不那麼極端，只是在光譜中間我們該如何衡量與拿捏，有賴眾人未來更多的討論。但至少在水湳洞的海膽化石富集層由於岩層非常堅硬，在不人為破壞的情況下，還能夠維持很長一段時間，所以請大家仔細觀察、用力拍照、不要採集、好好保護，筆者們還有很多該處的研究正在進行中，我們會盡我們所能，繼續告訴大家更多超極有趣又迷人的、獨屬於台灣這片土地的古生物故事！特別感謝新北市立黃金博物館黃家俊先生授權使用照片，感謝黃克峻博士協助照片取得與進行討論。參考資料Chen H.-K.#, Hsu C.-H.# & Lin J.-P. in press. — Three echinoid assemblages with the earliest cidaroid （Echinodermata: Echinoidea） fossil record from the Middle Miocene of Taiwan. Geobios.（#共同第一作者）延伸閱讀古生物的鑑識科學：根據鑽孔形態找到「殺螺兇手」，解密數萬年前恆春的案發現場！【專訪】恆春挖出台灣史上最完整鯨魚化石，科博館團隊分享四個月地獄般的挖掘經驗【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。立刻點擊免費加入會員！責任編輯：朱家儀核稿編輯：翁世航"}</script> </head> <body class=""> <tnlmedia-header theme="styleLight" lang="zh-tw"></tnlmedia-header> <header id="mainHeader" class="main-header bg-white"> <div class="headers"> <div class="basebar container py-3 pt-lg-5 pb-lg-0"> <div class="d-lg-none "> <button type="button" class="hamburger-btn text-link-light btn btn-link btn-xs" data-toggle="popover" data-popover-placement="bottom-end" data-popover-obj-id="#menusDropdown"> <i class="icon fa-sharp fa-solid fa-bars"></i> </button> </div>  <div class="m-auto"> <a href="/" class="logo-wrapper"> <img class="logo" src="https://www.thenewslens.com/assets/images/logo/tnl_logo.svg" alt="The News Lens logo"> </a> </div> <div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-end d-lg-none"> <div class="member-islogin-btns bg-gray-300 rounded-circle"> 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fa-heart"></i></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="border border-primary-800 notch-card mb-5"> <div class="h5 headine simple section-title bg-white">我們想讓你知道的是</div> <p class="h6 fw-normal default-color text-muted mb-0 card-padding-lg"> 北市大地生系的陳泓愷和古生物學者許家昕在一次前往北海岸南港層進行地質考察中，偶然發現了台灣最古老且最完整的頭帕海膽化石，並發現了該處還有非常多保存良好的海膽化石，遂與台大地質系林日白教授一同研究，透過海膽化石重建了千萬年前台灣的古環境。 </p> </section> </div> <div class="js-advertise ad-content desktop-hide" style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script 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mt-5"> <p class="ck-section">文：許家昕（英國南安普頓大學海洋與地球科學學院博士生）、陳泓愷（台北市立大學地球環境暨生物資源學系大四生）</p><p class="ck-section">現今的台灣雖然僅佔全球陸地面積的千分之三，但卻有著極為特別的地質條件。多數人可能並不知道，台灣島在地質時間尺度上是一座極為年輕的島嶼，在約六百萬年前才開始因板塊擠壓而逐漸露出海面。在那之前，它的所在位置仍是一片汪洋，然而在這片廣闊的大海下究竟有著什麼樣的環境？又有哪些遠古生物曾經在此生活呢？</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["789714"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"tag_key":["814","1445","7825","25152","37084","64928","74249","265001","363192","363193","363194","363195"],"tag_name":["\u7814\u7a76","\u53f0\u5927","\u5317\u6d77\u5cb8","\u5316\u77f3","\u5730\u8cea\u5b78","\u6d77\u81bd","\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b78","\u6c34\u6e73\u6d1e","\u53e4\u74b0\u5883","\u57cb\u85cf\u5b78","\u53e4\u4ee3\u6d77\u6d0b","\u5927\u91ce\u72fc\u8207\u5c0f\u7dbf\u7f8a\u5ca9"],"author_key":["contact"],"author_name":["\u8b80\u8005\u6295\u66f8"],"category_key":["science"],"category_name":["\u79d1\u5b78"],"type_key":["review"],"type_name":["\u8a55\u8ad6"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p2","size":[[640,480],[640,360],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[970,0],[[640,480],[640,360],[1,1]]],[[336,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"name":"tnl_a_p2"}</script> </div> </div> <p class="ck-section">筆者與台大地質系林日白教授，透過分析台灣北海岸約一千五百萬年前沉積的地層與海膽化石，成功重建了當時台灣所在位置的海洋古環境，並在近日將研究論文發表於老牌的法國古生物期刊《地球生物Geobios》。</p><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">石頭比想像中更有料！</h2><p class="ck-section">歷史學家要想了解人類的歷史，可以透過閱讀古代的文字記錄或遺留的器物，來推測過往發生的事情。然而，若想洞悉億萬年尺度的地球歷史，我們需要翻閱的卻是名為「岩石」的不起眼讀本，並破譯這些遠古時代倖存者使用的獨特語言。</p><p class="ck-section">地球在約45.6億年前形成，現存最古老的岩石則有約40億年的歷史。在這數十億年的時間裡，岩石就好比地球無意間寫下的一部編年體史書，地質學家正是透過解密岩石中所隱含的各種資訊，來推測地球歷史與古環境，進而了解陸地、海洋、大氣、生物等地球系統的組成在不同時間尺度的變化與互動關係。</p><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">沉積岩與化石是了解古代海洋的鑰匙</h2><p class="ck-section">岩石根據形成的方式可以區分為沉積岩、火成岩和變質岩三大類，不同的岩石如同迥異的語言，要想了解古環境變遷的故事，沉積岩會是最好的參考書。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-general tmgad-new"> <script 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class="ck-section">沉積岩主要是風化或侵蝕而來的岩石碎屑和生物殘骸經過搬運、堆積、壓密、膠結等作用所形成的岩石，大部分的沉積岩多是在湖泊或海洋底部這樣穩定的環境中形成，而不同的環境下所形成的沉積岩也會有所差異。以海洋為例，一般而言在靠近陸地的淺海，由於絕大多數沉積的物質由河流搬運而來，加上海水表層的波浪擾動較容易觸碰到淺海的海床，沉積岩的組成顆粒往往會比較大；反之，在遠離陸地的深海，沉積岩的組成顆粒則會較小。</p><p class="ck-section">這些海相沉積岩在形成之後，由於海平面高度的變化或板塊擠壓造成的抬升，有些就可能因此出露於海面之上，成為我們所看到的岩石。而地質學家正是透過觀察與分析這些沉積岩的顆粒大小、組成、形狀、沉積構造等不同特徵，來重建過去可能的沉積環境，小從水深、流速、生態系這樣的基礎訊息，大到演化、冰河期、滅絕事件等遠古海洋的環境資訊。</p><p class="ck-section">除此之外，當時生活在海底的貝類或海膽等生物，由於擁有堅硬的碳酸鈣骨骼，加上沉積作用在他們生活的環境中持續進行，這些生物在死亡後就有機會被保留下來，形成我們所熟知的化石。透過搭配這些化石與沉積岩本身所隱含的資訊，我們就可以很好的重建古代海底的環境與生活於此的生物，甚至進一步了解古環境與古生物間的互動關係。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/27b8a3bc-60b8-4338-abc0-b4ded41539b4.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882038" width="320" height="240" data-width="1179" data-height="884" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/27b8a3bc-60b8-4338-abc0-b4ded41539b4.jpg 1179w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/27b8a3bc-60b8-4338-abc0-b4ded41539b4.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/27b8a3bc-60b8-4338-abc0-b4ded41539b4.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/27b8a3bc-60b8-4338-abc0-b4ded41539b4.jpg 1179w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: 許家昕</p><figcaption>屏東竹坑地區海岸的沉積岩轉石</figcaption></figure><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">金瓜石的山腳，古生物的寶庫</h2><p class="ck-section">水湳洞是新北市瑞芳區海邊的一處靜謐漁村，多數人對這裡的印象應該是赫赫有名的陰陽海，以及山坡上矗立的十三層選煉廠遺址。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script 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class="ck-section">在這個遺世獨立的小漁村邊有一處深受釣客喜愛的岩壁，即暱稱「大野狼與小綿羊岩」的黃褐色岬角，它是由約1500萬年前沉積的南港層所構成。彼時台灣島尚未出現，位處構造擠壓活動並不明顯的被動大陸邊緣，因此沉積環境的變化主要受到海平面高低所影響。隨著海水面周期性的升降，環境也不斷在陸地、潮間帶與淺海間轉換，其中南港層就是在海平面上升時期於淺海環境沉積形成的。</p><p class="ck-section">從大野狼與小綿羊岩的停車場沿著步道往海的方向走，滿地的海膽化石赫然出現在眼前。這些海膽化石在學術上有著相當重要的價值。西元1986年，台灣的古生物學家王家慶發現此處的星盾海膽化石與全世界已知的物種都不相同，因而將其命名為新種「高雅孔盾海膽Astriclypeus elegans」，水湳洞更一躍成為該物種的模式產地。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/331c6d07-e3ba-4ac3-a726-1c37e0a427ed.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882041" width="320" height="240" data-width="1179" data-height="884" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/331c6d07-e3ba-4ac3-a726-1c37e0a427ed.jpg 1179w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/331c6d07-e3ba-4ac3-a726-1c37e0a427ed.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/331c6d07-e3ba-4ac3-a726-1c37e0a427ed.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/331c6d07-e3ba-4ac3-a726-1c37e0a427ed.jpg 1179w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: 許家昕</p><figcaption>大野狼與小綿羊岩</figcaption></figure><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">一樣的地層剖面，新的發現</h2><p class="ck-section">從2019年開始，筆者與台大地質系的林日白教授團隊在此處開展了詳盡的地質調查，對每一個岬角的化石進行精細的判釋與紀錄。時隔模式物種發現的三十年後我們卻驚訝的發現，此處海膽化石的多樣性遠遠超乎我們的想像。在約兩百公尺厚的岩層中，我們可以很明顯的識別出三個海膽化石富集層，而它們各自竟有著截然不同的物種組成。</p><p class="ck-section">在地層最底部的星盾海膽富集層位在大家最熟悉的「大野狼與小綿羊岩」，在這個約15公尺厚的富集層中，岩層由淘選度中等、粒徑中至粗砂且具有強烈生物擾動的塊狀砂岩所組成，含有大量管狀的生痕化石Thalassinoides，在富集層的中間還有一層1公尺厚的貝類化石塚。此富集層中的海膽化石以扁平的星盾海膽為主（Astriclypeus spp.），並有少量的布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/745a12dc-1108-4873-afdd-11827e5151a0.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882042" width="320" height="318" data-width="1270" data-height="1264" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/745a12dc-1108-4873-afdd-11827e5151a0.jpg 1270w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/745a12dc-1108-4873-afdd-11827e5151a0.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/745a12dc-1108-4873-afdd-11827e5151a0.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/745a12dc-1108-4873-afdd-11827e5151a0.jpg 1270w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press</p><figcaption>星盾海膽富集層</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">第二個富集層—心形海膽富集層位於更東方的岬角上，在約8公尺厚的富集層中，岩層的組成與前一個星盾海膽富集層相似，同樣是由淘選度中等、粒徑中至粗砂的塊狀砂岩所組成，但是生物擾動和生痕化石則稍微少一些。此富集層中的海膽化石以女神海膽（Moira sp.）和布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）為主，並有少量的棘頭帕海膽（Prionocidaris sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）、史丟得海膽（Studeria sp.）。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/592692a3-5e2c-4181-8988-01bdfe6f86b5.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882043" width="320" height="324" data-width="1270" data-height="1284" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/592692a3-5e2c-4181-8988-01bdfe6f86b5.jpg 1270w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/592692a3-5e2c-4181-8988-01bdfe6f86b5.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/592692a3-5e2c-4181-8988-01bdfe6f86b5.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/592692a3-5e2c-4181-8988-01bdfe6f86b5.jpg 1270w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press</p><figcaption>心形海膽富集層</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">最頂部的富集層—頭帕海膽富集層位在最東方，在厚約3公尺的富集層中，岩層的沉積相與最底部的星盾海膽富集層並沒有明顯區別。海膽化石的組成以棘頭帕海膽（Prionocidaris sp.）的大棘刺為主，但僅有相當少的標本保存完整的殼體與其棘刺。</p><p class="ck-section">在大量的野外工作中，我們很幸運的找到一件完整且附著棘刺的棘頭帕海膽標本，這是全台灣目前發現最完整且最古老的頭帕目海膽化石。此富集層中還有少量的布萊恩海膽（Breynia sp.）、釜海膽（Faorina sp.）、裂星海膽（Schizaster sp.）、盾海膽（Clypeaster sp.）。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/b04d4f5a-3626-437c-8b2c-86095dbcbfd1.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882044" width="320" height="297" data-width="1328" data-height="1232" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/b04d4f5a-3626-437c-8b2c-86095dbcbfd1.jpg 1328w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/b04d4f5a-3626-437c-8b2c-86095dbcbfd1.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/b04d4f5a-3626-437c-8b2c-86095dbcbfd1.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/b04d4f5a-3626-437c-8b2c-86095dbcbfd1.jpg 1280w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: 陳泓愷</p><figcaption>完整帶大棘刺的棘頭帕海膽化石標本</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">總的來說，這三個富集層擁有近似的沉積構造和特徵，因此如果單憑岩石的組成或沉積構造，我們很難詳細的去區分這三個富集層的沉積環境差異。此時地層中的化石就變得非常重要了。我們除了可以透過化石本身的保存情況，來了解生物死後到成為化石間是否經歷過強烈的擾動及搬運，甚至能通過分析海膽化石的物種組成，來重建古環境的變遷。</p><p class="ck-section">這正是因為這些類群的海膽仍生活於今天的海洋中，因此我們可以從現生物種的棲息環境，來回推過去海膽可能身處的水深、流速等環境條件。</p><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">埋藏學，一門研究地獄的科學</h2><p class="ck-section">埋藏學是地質學的一個小分支，是一門研究生物死亡到形成化石間過程的科學。透過觀察化石上非生物成因的構造，來推論生物死亡後發生了什麼，並進一步了解牠的埋藏與沉積環境。</p><p class="ck-section">舉例而言，如果是死後馬上就被快速掩埋並形成化石，那麼化石理應就會完整度高、表面沒有磨損，但如果死亡後暴露於海床表面並被海流搬運，化石的完整度就會降低、表面出現磨損且很可能有如苔癬蟲這樣的生物附著。</p><p class="ck-section">在我們的研究中，這三個富集層的埋藏情況就有非常顯著的差異，在星盾海膽富集層和心形海膽富集層中大部分的海膽化石都非常完整，相反的在頭帕海膽富集層中，多數海膽化石都非常破碎，僅能看到單一的大棘刺或碎片，這表示頭帕海膽富集層的化石很可能經歷過搬運與再堆積的作用。</p><p class="ck-section">然而雖然星盾海膽富集層和心形海膽富集層的海膽化石都相對完整，但在保存的細節上有所差異，星盾海膽富集層大部分的海膽化石幾乎都是密集且平行排列於多個平面上，但化石之間少有大量交疊的情況出現，心形海膽富集層中的海膽化石則平均分散於岩層之中。</p><p class="ck-section">結合數據分析與國外案例對比，證據顯示星盾海膽富集層的形成並非完全的原地快速埋藏，而是海膽自然死亡後在海床高能量的環境維持一段時間並發生揚選作用（winnowing），高能量的水流帶走了大量周圍的沉積物但卻無法帶走殼非常厚、重且堅固的星盾海膽，造成大量的星盾海膽在海床上累積，隨著時間過去就有數量驚人的自然死亡個體出現在同一個海床平面上。</p><p class="ck-section">相較之下，心形海膽富集層則極有可能是原地快速埋藏，這是因為心型海膽多生活在海床下的沉積物中，且他們的殼體厚度非常薄且脆弱，受到搬運就很容易出現破損。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/fcec8901-8c1c-4205-9d3e-d7393ea201a5.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882045" width="320" height="240" data-width="1179" data-height="884" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/fcec8901-8c1c-4205-9d3e-d7393ea201a5.jpg 1179w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/fcec8901-8c1c-4205-9d3e-d7393ea201a5.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/fcec8901-8c1c-4205-9d3e-d7393ea201a5.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/fcec8901-8c1c-4205-9d3e-d7393ea201a5.jpg 1179w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: 許家昕</p><figcaption>水湳洞貝類化石碎屑堆積層，指示化石經過高能量擾動、破碎與搬運。</figcaption></figure><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">功能形態學，工欲善其事，必先利其器</h2><p class="ck-section">除了埋藏學外，還有一項相當重要的工具─功能形態學也非常重要。為了適應各種不同的環境，海膽擁有非常高的形態多樣性，在相異環境棲息的海膽，彼此間的形態差異就會非常大。</p><p class="ck-section">人們常會說「工欲善其事，必先利其器」，海膽也是如此，要在淺海高能量水流環境生存的海膽，殼就必須要厚，才不會一有海流的擾動就粉身碎骨；反之在深海的海膽則全然相反，由於深海的水壓非常大，柔海膽（Echinothuriidae）演化出柔軟且可動的骨板，才不會一壓就碎。</p><p class="ck-section">在水湳洞大量出現的星盾海膽擁有非常厚重且扁平的殼體，這使他們非常適合在水深極淺的潮下帶環境生存；心形海膽擁有薄且楔形的殼體，這使他們適合在細顆粒、能量低且相對深的海域生存；頭帕海膽則有非常多樣的形態，但它們絕大多數喜好堅硬底質組成的礁岩，這能使他們的大棘刺不會卡在泥沙中動彈不得。</p><p class="ck-section">透過這些功能形態學的解釋使我們可以從觀察現生物種的行為及棲地「以今鑑古」，對遠古海洋中的海膽化石們進行對照和確認。</p><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">整合全部證據，解釋古環境</h2><p class="ck-section">結合物種組成、沉積特徵、埋藏特徵與功能形態學等證據，我們重建了這三個富集層可能對應的環境，星盾海膽富集層應為潮間帶（littoral），頭帕海膽富集層應為上部亞潮帶（inner sublittoral），心形海膽富集層則為水深最深的下部亞潮帶（outer sublittoral）。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/fca49c55-99c8-4f7a-8d91-1af090ffae52.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882046" width="320" height="211" data-width="1537" data-height="1014" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/fca49c55-99c8-4f7a-8d91-1af090ffae52.jpg 1537w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/fca49c55-99c8-4f7a-8d91-1af090ffae52.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/fca49c55-99c8-4f7a-8d91-1af090ffae52.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/fca49c55-99c8-4f7a-8d91-1af090ffae52.jpg 1280w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: Chen, Hsu & Lin, in press</p><figcaption>海膽古環境重建示意圖</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">有趣的是，當嘗試搜尋全球同一年代沉積的海膽化石富集層案例時，我們發現在環地中海地區有非常多近似的沉積環境，在與來自埃及和義大利的案例比較後更發現了非常有趣的結果。</p><p class="ck-section">雖然水湳洞的海膽化石物種組成與環地中海地區不盡相同，但是整體的形態分布非常相近：在淺海環境都由扁平、殼厚的海膽種類佔據優勢，水深次之或堅硬底質的環境中則多是頭帕海膽，在最深的低能量環境則由心形海膽稱霸。</p><p class="ck-section">即便在巨大地理隔離的地球彼端、即使是親緣關係遙遠的物種，只要生存在相似的環境，就可能趨同演化為擁有相近形態特徵的族群分布，這樣的結果不僅證明了海膽的形態與其生活的環境習習相關，更進一步說明海膽化石作為絕佳古環境指示工具的重大潛力。</p><p class="ck-section">這個研究也說明即使台灣的地質年代相當年輕，仍有發展古生物研究的巨大潛力。而台灣的化石除了能在全球尺度的功能形態研究上佔有一席之地，筆者相信在未來這些基礎工作，絕對有為學界帶來更多貢獻的潛力。</p><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">是破壞還是搶救？淺談地質景觀的保護</h2><p class="ck-section">在今（2024）年年中，論文尚在審稿期間，一個大新聞在地質圈的社群媒體上廣為流傳：水湳洞的化石被破壞了！在保存完好的星盾海膽化石旁，一個新鮮的坑洞和無數的碎石與漂亮的海膽化石呈現強烈的對比。毫無疑問，這是地層受到人為採集、破壞的暴力痕跡。</p><figure class="image image-type-fluid ck-section"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/e43d60c3-2bf3-48b7-a185-6355216250df.jpg" data-bucket-id="2882047" width="320" height="240" data-width="1477" data-height="1108" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/11/e43d60c3-2bf3-48b7-a185-6355216250df.jpg 1477w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/11/e43d60c3-2bf3-48b7-a185-6355216250df.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/11/e43d60c3-2bf3-48b7-a185-6355216250df.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/11/e43d60c3-2bf3-48b7-a185-6355216250df.jpg 1280w" loading="lazy" alt=""><p class="source ">Photo Credit: 黃家俊</p><figcaption>水湳洞海膽化石被破壞的現場</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">對於非學術用途的化石採集，有人認為化石放著也會風化，由業餘愛好者蒐集不僅滿足了化石在商業市場的需求，未來也仍可回饋學術提供科學研究使用；有些人則認為所有的化石都應該現地保存，一旦它們離開岩層，不僅破壞了地層的完整性，更會失去其所蘊含的地質資訊。這樣的觀念衝突，無論在台灣亦或是全世界都是個相當棘手的議題，各國的法律規範也不盡相同，在化石採集無專法可管的台灣我們又該如何面對呢？</p><p class="ck-section">從筆者的角度而言，兩者都有其道理。理論上以新種的發表來說，必須要有模式標本（type specimens）放在公開的博物館或研究機構中保存，提供後人檢視並避免標本佚失。然而實務上，長久以來重要的化石標本卻往往是由業餘收藏家或民眾發掘、提供，在這種情況下為了不致使標本風化或消失，勢必要由非研究者進行採集。</p><p class="ck-section">這當中的關鍵在於，採集的標本必須同時伴隨詳盡且專業的紀錄，才可能保存其具有的地質意義，僅有標本但沒有良好地質資訊的化石是毫無研究意義與價值的。</p><p class="ck-section">放在地質保育的角度而言，將重要的地質景觀現地保存，無疑是讓更多人能了解跟學習的最佳選擇，正如同野柳和金瓜石地質公園的設立，不僅寓教於樂，更透過觀光促進地方發展；從研究的角度出發，也能使岩層的地質資訊得以完整保存，這無疑為了解化石與周圍古環境的互動關係提供更完整的研究條件，然而卻具有因風化造成珍貴化石破碎的風險。</p><p class="ck-section">或許這件事並不那麼極端，只是在光譜中間我們該如何衡量與拿捏，有賴眾人未來更多的討論。但至少在水湳洞的海膽化石富集層由於岩層非常堅硬，在不人為破壞的情況下，還能夠維持很長一段時間，所以請大家仔細觀察、用力拍照、不要採集、好好保護，筆者們還有很多該處的研究正在進行中，我們會盡我們所能，繼續告訴大家更多超極有趣又迷人的、獨屬於台灣這片土地的古生物故事！</p><ul><li>特別感謝新北市立黃金博物館黃家俊先生授權使用照片，感謝黃克峻博士協助照片取得與進行討論。</li></ul><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">參考資料</h2><ul><li><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001669952400069X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chen H.-K.#, Hsu C.-H.# & Lin J.-P. in press. — Three echinoid assemblages with the earliest cidaroid （Echinodermata: Echinoidea） fossil record from the Middle Miocene of Taiwan. Geobios.（#共同第一作者）</a></li></ul><h2 class="paragraph-title paragraph-title ck-section">延伸閱讀</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/192645" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">古生物的鑑識科學：根據鑽孔形態找到「殺螺兇手」，解密數萬年前恆春的案發現場！</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/177757" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">【專訪】恆春挖出台灣史上最完整鯨魚化石，科博館團隊分享四個月地獄般的挖掘經驗</a></li></ul><p class="p1 ck-section">【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。<a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/profile/subscribe?utm_source=article&utm_medium=CTA&utm_campaign=member">立刻點擊免費加入會員！</a></p><p class="p1 ck-section">責任編輯：朱家儀<br>核稿編輯：翁世航</p> </section> <div class="article-others-wrapper item pt-3"> <section class="mt-6"> </section> <ul class="lists list-unstyled d-flex flex-wrap px-4 py-4 mb-0 mt-6 border-top border-gray-300 column-gap-4 row-gap-2"> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/814">研究</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/1445">台大</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/7825">北海岸</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/25152">化石</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/37084">地質學</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/64928">海膽</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/74249">古生物學</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/265001">水湳洞</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/363192">古環境</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/363193">埋藏學</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/363194">古代海洋</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/363195">大野狼與小綿羊岩</a></li> </ul> <div class="social-btns border-top px-4 gap-6 border-gray-300 text-center d-md-flex justify-content-md-center"> <div class="my-4 d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"> <span class="me-4">Share :</span> <button class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" data-sharer="twitter" data-title="北海岸發現台灣最古老「頭帕海膽化石」，揭開1500萬年前海洋古環境之謎" data-url="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/244868 via @thenewslens" > <i class="icon fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" data-sharer="facebook" data-url="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/244868" > <i class="icon fab fa-facebook-f"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" data-sharer="line" data-title="北海岸發現台灣最古老「頭帕海膽化石」，揭開1500萬年前海洋古環境之謎" data-url="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/244868" > <i class="icon fab fa-line"></i> </button> <a class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" target="_blank" href="mailto:?subject=北海岸發現台灣最古老「頭帕海膽化石」，揭開1500萬年前海洋古環境之謎&body=https://www.thenewslens.com/article/244868 北海岸發現台灣最古老「頭帕海膽化石」，揭開1500萬年前海洋古環境之謎 - 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