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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Matemàtiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matemàtiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assistent_de_Leonard_Nelson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistent_de_Leonard_Nelson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Assistent de Leonard Nelson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistent_de_Leonard_Nelson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mecànica_quàntica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecànica_quàntica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mecànica quàntica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mecànica_quàntica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compromís_antinazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compromís_antinazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Compromís antinazi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compromís_antinazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigració_i_anys_posteriors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigració_i_anys_posteriors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Emigració i anys posteriors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigració_i_anys_posteriors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grete Hermann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 22 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غريت هيرمان - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غريت هيرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جريت هيرمان - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريت هيرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گرێتە ھێرمان - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرێتە ھێرمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گرته هرمان - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرته هرمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="גרטה הרמן - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרטה הרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գրետա Հերման - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրետա Հերման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გრეტა ჰერმანი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრეტა ჰერმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грета Герман - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грета Герман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Henry-Hermann" title="Grete Henry-Hermann - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grete Henry-Hermann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Герман, Грета - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герман, Грета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Hermann" title="Grete Hermann - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grete Hermann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грета Герман - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грета Герман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68550#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificau enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Grete_Hermann" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&oldid=33208760" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Grete_Hermann&id=33208760&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Grete Hermann</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">2 març 1901 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen (Alemanya)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">15 febrer 1984 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (82 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen (Alemanya)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Georg-August_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen">Universitat de Göttingen</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P69" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Director de tesi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P184" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Camp de treball</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3_algebraica" title="Computació algebraica">Àlgebra computacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80lgebra" title="Àlgebra">àlgebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80lgebra_abstracta" title="Àlgebra abstracta">àlgebra abstracta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P101" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tic" title="Matemàtic">matemàtica</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsic" title="Físic">física</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Filòsof">filòsofa</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1622272">professora d'universitat</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupador</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a> <small> </small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1249070" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1249070">Escola Superior de Pedagogia de Bremen</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P108" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Partit</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Internationaler_Sozialistischer_Kampfbund" title="Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund">Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Partit_Socialdem%C3%B2crata_d%27Alemanya" title="Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya">Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P102" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Professors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68550?uselang=ca#P1066" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>Grete Hermann</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_de_mar%C3%A7" title="2 de març">2 de març</a> de <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> - <a href="/wiki/15_de_febrer" title="15 de febrer">15 de febrer</a> de <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>) va ser una <a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tic" title="Matemàtic">matemàtica</a> i filòsofa alemanya coneguda pel seu treball en matemàtiques, física, <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> i educació. Va destacar per la seva obra filosòfica sobre els fonaments de la mecànica quàntica i en l'actualitat és més coneguda per una refutació d'un teorema de <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> sobre l'absència de variables ocultes. Aquest teorema va tenir una forta influència en el desenvolupament de la mecànica quàntica, i la refutació per Hermann va romandre gairebé desconeguda durant dècades.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matemàtiques"><span id="Matem.C3.A0tiques"></span>Matemàtiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Matemàtiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hermann va estudiar matemàtiques en <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> sota la direcció d'<a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>. La seva tesi doctoral, <i>"Die Frage der endlich Vielen Schritte in der Theorie der Polynomideale"</i> (en anglès "The Question of Finitely Many Steps in Polynomial Ideal Theory"), publicada a <i><a href="/wiki/Mathematische_Annalen" title="Mathematische Annalen">Mathematische Annalen</a></i>, és el document fundacional de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80lgebra_computacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Àlgebra computacional">àlgebra computacional</a>. Va establir per primera vegada l'existència d'algorismes (inclosos els límits de complexitat) per a molts dels problemes bàsics de l'àlgebra abstracta, com ara la pertinença a un <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(matem%C3%A0tiques)" title="Ideal (matemàtiques)">ideal</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Anell_de_polinomis" title="Anell de polinomis">anell de polinòmis</a>. El seu <a href="/wiki/Algorisme" title="Algorisme">algorisme</a> de descomposició en ideals primaris encara s'utilitza avui dia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistent_de_Leonard_Nelson">Assistent de Leonard Nelson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Assistent de Leonard Nelson"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De 1925 a 1927, Hermann va treballar com a assistent de <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a>, matemàtic i filòsof alemany. El 1932 Hermann va fer juntament amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minna_Specht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minna Specht (encara no existeix)">Minna Specht</a> una edició pòstuma de l'obra de Nelson <i>System der philosophischen Ethik und Pädagogik</i> mentre prosseguia les seves pròpies recerques. El 1926 va participar en la fundació d'un grup de joves <a href="/wiki/Socialisme" title="Socialisme">socialistes</a> radicals: l'<a href="/wiki/Internationaler_Sozialistischer_Kampfbund" title="Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund">ISK</a> (partit que també va tenir el suport d'<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Aquest partit va participar de l'intent de conformar un front unit contra el <a href="/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme">nazisme</a> i va ser molt actiu en la <a href="/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia" class="mw-disambig" title="Resistència">resistència</a> durant la <a href="/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial">Segona Guerra Mundial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mecànica_quàntica"><span id="Mec.C3.A0nica_qu.C3.A0ntica"></span>Mecànica quàntica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Mecànica quàntica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Com a filòsofa, Hermann estava particularment interessada en els fonaments de la física. El 1934, es va traslladar a <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> amb la intenció de conciliar el disseny <a href="/wiki/Neokantisme" title="Neokantisme">neo-kantià</a> de <a href="/wiki/Causalitat" title="Causalitat">causalitat</a> amb la nova <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Leipzig va tenir moltes discussions amb <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> i <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>. Es coneix el contingut dels seus treballs en aquest període, amb una èmfasi en la distinció entre predictibilitat i causalitat, per tres de les seves publicacions, pels intercanvis de discussions que va fer amb Weizsäcker i la discussió sobre l'obra d'Hermann en el capítol 10 de <i>Der Teil und das Ganze</i> de Heisenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El seu <i>Die naturphilosophischen Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik</i>, publicat a Dinamarca, ha estat citat com "un dels primers i millors tractaments filosòfics sobre la nova mecànica quàntica".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En aquest assaig, es conclou:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:{{#switch:left|center=both|#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">La teoria de la mecànica quàntica ens força [...] a deixar l'assumpció del caràcter absolut del coneixements sobre la natura i tractar amb el principi de causalitat independentment d'aquesta suposició. La mecànica quàntica, per tant, no ha contradit la llei de la causalitat en absolut, sinó que ho ha aclarit i ha eliminat altres principis que no estan necessàriament connectats amb ella </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— Grete Hermann, <cite>The foundations of quantum mechanics in the philosophy of nature</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>El 1935 Hermann va publicar un argument que mostrava un defecte evident en la demostració d'un teorema de 1932 de von Neumann. No obstant això, aquest teorema va seguir sent àmpliament invocat per afirmar que una teoria quàntica de variables ocultes era impossible, i la demostració d'Hermann havia passat desapercebuda per la comunitat científica fins que <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> la va redescobrir independentment i la va publicar en 1966, i que Max Jammer informés el 1974 del precedent de la demostració d'Hermann. Alguns han especulat sobre el desenvolupament històric molt diferent que podria haver tingut la mecànica quàntica si la crítica d'Hermann no s'hagués mantingut gairebé ignorada durant dècades. En particular, podria haver posat en qüestió la <a href="/wiki/Interpretaci%C3%B3_de_Copenhaguen" title="Interpretació de Copenhaguen">interpretació de Copenhaguen</a>, proporcionant una base creïble per a l'ulterior desenvolupament de les teories de les variables ocultes no locals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 2010 Jeffrey Bub va publicar una argumentació segons la qual Bell (i per tant també Hermann) havia interpretat erròniament la demostració de von Neumann: Bub argüía que, en realitat, Von Neumann no intentava demostrar la impossibilitat absoluta de variables ocultes i que la seva prova en última instància no era errònia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La validesa de l'argument de Bub és, al seu torn, qüestionada.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al juny de 1936, Hermann va obtenir el premi Richard Avenarius juntament amb Eduard May i Th. Vogel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compromís_antinazi"><span id="Comprom.C3.ADs_antinazi"></span>Compromís antinazi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Compromís antinazi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quan <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> va arribar al poder a Alemanya, Hermann va prendre part en el moviment de resistència contra els <a href="/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme">nazis</a>. Va ser membre de la Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund (ISK), (Lliga Internacional Socialista), partit socialista escindit del Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya durant la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Weimar" title="República de Weimar">República de Weimar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigració_i_anys_posteriors"><span id="Emigraci.C3.B3_i_anys_posteriors"></span>Emigració i anys posteriors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Emigració i anys posteriors"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El 1936, Hermann va deixar <a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya">Alemanya</a> per <a href="/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca">Dinamarca</a> i posteriorment, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">Anglaterra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Londres, a fi d'evitar sobresortir a causa de la seva procedència alemanya, es va casar amb un home anomenat Edward Henry a principis de 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La seva presència va ser justificada pels esdeveniments: dos anys més tard, el govern britànic va invocar la seva regulació fins ara amagada, Reglament 18B de Defensa (General) de 1939 que permetia l'internament de persones sospitoses de ser simpatitzants nazis i l'efecte del 18B era la suspensió del <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus" title="Habeas Corpus">habeas corpus</a>. </p><p>Després de la guerra va acabar el 1945, va poder combinar els seus interessos en física i matemàtiques amb la filosofia política. Es va unir al <a href="/wiki/Partit_Socialdem%C3%B2crata_d%27Alemanya" title="Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya">Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya</a> al tornar el 1946 al que esdevindria, el 1949, la República Federal Alemanya (<a href="/wiki/Alemanya_Occidental" title="Alemanya Occidental">Alemanya Occidental</a>). A partir de 1947, va ser una de les persones que van estar darrere del programa Bad Godesberg un manifest que va marcar el canvi d'orientació política i ideològica del Partit Socialdemòcrata d'Alemanya a la segona meitat del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> i publicat el 1959, que va proporcionar una detallada plataforma de modernització que va portar el partit al govern als anys seixanta.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Va ser nomenada professora de filosofia i física a la Pädagogische Hochschule de Bremen i va tenir un paper rellevant en la Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft. De 1961 a 1978, va presidir la Philosophisch-Politische Akademie, una organització fundada per Nelson en 1922, orientada cap a l'educació, la justícia social, l'acció política responsable i la seva base filosòfica.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSoler2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Soler</span>, Léna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9510-8_20"><i>The Convergence of Transcendental Philosophy and Quantum Physics: Grete Henry-Hermann's 1935 Pioneering Proposal</i></a> (en anglès).  Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009, p. 329–344. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9510-8_20">10.1007/978-1-4020-9510-8_20</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781402095092" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781402095092">ISBN 9781402095092</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Convergence+of+Transcendental+Philosophy+and+Quantum+Physics%3A+Grete+Henry-Hermann%27s+1935+Pioneering+Proposal&rft.aulast=Soler&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9na&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=329%E2%80%93344&rft.isbn=9781402095092&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9510-8_20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9510-8_20"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHerzenberg2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Herzenberg</span>, C. L. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.3986">Grete Hermann: An early contributor to quantum theory</a>». <i>arXiv:0812.3986 [physics]</i>, 20-12-2008.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCiro.2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ciro.</span>, Ciliberto,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840307840"><i>Applications of Algebraic Geometry to Coding Theory, Physics and Computation</i></a>.  Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9789401010115" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9789401010115">ISBN 9789401010115</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Algebraic+Geometry+to+Coding+Theory%2C+Physics+and+Computation&rft.aulast=Ciro.&rft.aufirst=Ciliberto%2C&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.isbn=9789401010115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F840307840"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBacciagaluppiCrull2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bacciagaluppi</span>, Guido; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Crull</span>, Elise «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1355219809000501">Heisenberg (and Schrödinger, and Pauli) on hidden variables</a>». <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>, 40, 4, 12-2009, pàg. 374–382. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2009.08.004">10.1016/j.shpsb.2009.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2198">1355-2198</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/341597738"><i>Constituting objectivity : transcendental perspectives on modern physics</i></a>.  [Dordrecht]: Springer, 2009. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781402095108" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781402095108">ISBN 9781402095108</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constituting+objectivity+%3A+transcendental+perspectives+on+modern+physics&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Springer&rft.place=%5BDordrecht%5D&rft.isbn=9781402095108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F341597738"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jagdish,</span>, Mehra,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7944997"><i>The historical development of quantum theory</i></a>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0387906428" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0387906428">ISBN 0387906428</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+development+of+quantum+theory&rft.aulast=Jagdish%2C&rft.aufirst=Mehra%2C&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=0387906428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7944997"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Elise</span>, Crull,; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guido</span>, Bacciagaluppi,. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8590/">Translation of: W. Heisenberg, ‘Ist eine deterministische Ergänzung der Quantenmechanik möglich?’</a>» (en anglès). [Consulta: 1r octubre 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGrete_Hermann1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Grete Hermann</span> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210851/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1999/Hermann.pdf">The foundations of quantum mechanics in the philosophy of nature</a>». <i>The Harvard Review of Philosophy VII</i>, 1999, pàg. 35-44. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1999/Hermann.pdf">original</a> el 2021-03-08 [Consulta: 1r octubre 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBub2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bub</span>, Jeffrey «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-010-9480-9">Von Neumann's ‘No Hidden Variables' Proof: A Re-Appraisal</a>» (en anglès). <i>Foundations of Physics</i>, 40, 9-10, 11-06-2010, pàg. 1333–1340. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-010-9480-9">10.1007/s10701-010-9480-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018">0015-9018</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMerminSchack2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mermin</span>, N. David; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schack</span>, Rüdiger «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10311">Homer nodded: von Neumann's surprising oversight</a>». <i>Foundations of Physics</i>, 48, 9, 9-2018, pàg. 1007–1020. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0197-5">10.1007/s10701-018-0197-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018">0015-9018</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFreiherr_v._WeizsäckerLindner1993"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Freiherr v. Weizsäcker</span>, C. F.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lindner</span>, Konrad «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02914089">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker über sein Studium in Leipzig</a>» (en alemany). <i>NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine</i>, 1, 1, 12-1993, pàg. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02914089">10.1007/bf02914089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-6978">0036-6978</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fes.de/archiv-der-sozialen-demokratie/">Archiv der sozialen Demokratie</a>» (en alemany). [Consulta: 1r octubre 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=3V8Fq08j1asweWhvST6FbA&scan=1">Marriage registry index</a>» (en anglès).  FreeBMD. ONS.. [Consulta: 1r octubre 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFE.2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">E.</span>, Abele, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54512292"><i>Traumjob Mathematik! : Berufswege von Frauen und Männern in der Mathematik</i></a>.  Basel: Birkhäuser, 2004. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/3764367490" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/3764367490">ISBN 3764367490</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traumjob+Mathematik%21+%3A+Berufswege+von+Frauen+und+M%C3%A4nnern+in+der+Mathematik&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Abele%2C+Andrea&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.place=Basel&rft.isbn=3764367490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54512292"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Brune</span>, Jens Peter. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophisch-politische-akademie.de/">Philosophisch-Politische Akademie (PPA)</a>». [Consulta: 1r octubre 2018].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Hermann&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0812/0812.3986.pdf">Grete Hermann: An early contributor to quantum theory</a> per Herzenberg, C. L. 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